Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Comportements habituels'
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Renaudo, Erwan. "Des comportements flexibles aux comportements habituels : meta-apprentissage neuro-inspiré pour la robotique autonome." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066508/document.
Full textIn this work, we study how the notion of behavioral habit, inspired from the study of biology, can benefit to robots. Robot control architectures allow the robot to be able to plan to reach long term goals while staying reactive to events happening in the environment (Kortenkamp et Simmons, 2008). However, these architectures are rarely provided with learning capabilities that would allow them to acquire knowledge from experience. On the other hand, learning has been shown as an essential abiilty for behavioral adaptation in mammals. It permits flexible adaptation to new contexts but also efficient behavior in known contexts (Dickinson, 1985). The learning mechanisms are modeled as model-based (planning) and model-free (habitual) reinforcement learning algorithms (Sutton et Barto, 1998) which are combined into a global model of behavior (Daw et al., 2005). We proposed a robotic control architecture that take inspiration from this model of behavior and embed the two kinds of algorithms, and studied its performance in a robotic simulated task. None of the several methods for combining the algorithm we studied gave satisfying results, however, it allowed to identify some properties required for the planning process in a robotic task. We extended our study to two other tasks (one being on a real robot) and confirmed that combining the algorithms improves learning of the robot's behavior
Quirk, Denise. "ADOLESCENTS AMERICAINS ET FRANÇAIS : OBESITE, TROUBLES DU COMPORTEMENT ALIMENTAIRE, ATTITUDES ET HABITUDES ALIMENTAIRES." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00848280.
Full textLE, QUINTREC FRANCOISE. "Des habitudes alimentaires des bretons." Rennes 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993REN1M065.
Full textDupont, Mariève. "Étude des comportements alimentaires consécutifs à un travail intellectuel exigeant selon une perspective d’autorégulation du comportement humain." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26194.
Full textKnowledge-based work (KBW) has been recently identified as a potential factor that might induce overeating, especially for women, which may contribute to the epidemic obesity. However, the reasons underlying this association are partially known. This master’s thesis further investigates the results of a randomized controlled study on KBW. Based on self-regulation theory, the objective is to explore the relationships between mental effort, psychological characteristics and food intake in order to explain overeating. The results show that motivation variables and restraint variables are not significant factors mediating the relationship between KBW and food intake. Nevertheless, the controlled form of motivation is associated to eating behaviour traits related to overeating. Additional studies are needed to understand the complex interactions between psychological characteristics, KBW and ad libitum food intake.
Rochefort, Gabrielle. "Associations entre les comportements alimentaires et l'endocannabinoïdome." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68170.
Full textWorldwide, the prevalence of obesity continues to increase, and some eating behavior traits have been identified as risk factors for this condition. In parallel, the endocannabinoidome,a lipid signaling system comprising several mediators, has been shown to play a critical role in the regulation of energy homeostasis and food intake. Scientific evidence suggests that alterations of the endocannabinoidome are implicated in obesity but also in the etiology of eating disorders. However, few studies have linked the endocannabinoidome to non-pathological eating behaviors. The objective of this master's project is therefore to study the associations between parameters of the endocannabinoidome and non-pathological eating behaviours such as cognitive restraint, disinhibition, susceptibility to hunger and intuitive eating. To do this, plasma levels of several endocannabinoidome mediators belonging to the N-acyl-ethanolamine and 2-monoacyl-glycerol families were measured in a cohort of 190 participants. Eating behaviours were assessed using the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire and the Intuitive Eating Scale-2. The results of this project demonstrate that some endocannabinoidome mediators derived from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids belonging to the 2-monoacyl-glycerol family are positively associated with intuitive eating. Conversely, almost no association was observed between the endocannabinoidome mediators and cognitive restraint, disinhibition and susceptibility to hunger. The results of the present study suggest a potential role of endocannabinoidome mediators derived from omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the regulation of healthy and adaptive eating behaviors.
Marchant-Gonzalez, Gonzalo. "Propriétés automatiques et maintien du comportement : le cas de l'activité physique et de la sédentarité." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONT4003/document.
Full textMuch of our daily life, including our physical activities (PA) and our sedentary behaviours (SB), is organized around habitual behaviours that have acquired a high degreeof automaticity. This thesis adopts a multidimensional approach to automaticity (i.e., lack ofintentionality, difficulty in controlling behaviour, efficiency), with the main objectives of: (a)demonstrating validity of measure instruments in French and Spanish, applied to PA and SB,(b) examining the extent to which these properties predict the adoption of PA and SB, (c)studying the evolution of these properties during the adoption of a new behaviour (practiceof a new PA), and following an intervention (reduction of SB at work). To this end, aprogramme of 8 empirical studies has been carried out. The main results indicate that (a) theFrench and Spanish versions of the Generic Multidimensional Scale of Automaticity havesatisfactory psychometric properties (internal validity, external convergent and predictivevalidity); (b) automatic properties contribute significantly to the amount of PA and SB, evenwhen they are assessed by accelerometers; (c) the level of lack of control increases over timewhen a new PA is adopted, and the level and changes in automaticity are influenced by thecharacteristics of the PA performed; (d) lastly, an intervention targeting automatic processesis effective in decreasing sedentary time at work.Key-words: automaticity, triggering, lack of control, efficiency, mode of transport, sitting,health
Blanchet, Rosanne. "Effets du polymorphisme P73T de la neuromédine-B sur les habitudes et comportements alimentaires." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/25984/25984.pdf.
Full textBlanchet, Rosanne. "Effets du polymorphisme P73T de la neuromédine-β sur les habitudes et comportements alimentaires." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20596.
Full textNadeau, Dominic. "Portrait des habitudes de jeu de patients atteints de la maladie de Parkinson." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26872.
Full textThe risk of developing a gambling disorder in Parkinson’s disease (PD) is increasingly documented. A type of drug that control motor symptoms, the dopamine agonist, is one of the main factors related to the development of this disorder. Through a narrative synthesis presented in chapter 3, the neurobiological mechanisms and other related factors are discussed. However, an important finding is clear: the study of gambling habits of these patients is virtually absent. This is surprising since the gambling literature is packed with information to consider in the development of this disorder, such as type of game played, amounts spent, reasons to play and the presence of relatives. The second article aims to address this deficiency by establishing a portrait of their gambling habits. Twenty-five people with PD were recruited and among these, fifteen have gambled in the last six months. The review of their gambling habit reveals that favorite games are lottery and slot machine and they mostly started playing these games before the diagnosis of PD. They are less interested in playing slot machines compared to a sample of players aged over 55 but, in return, this game is the one to which the largest amounts were spent in participants who reported having developed a gambling problem. Participants reported gambling for fun or to make money, but several reasons related to their disease have been identified. These patients did not seek help of caregivers to assist them in the practice of their favorite game. Moreover, these caregivers revealed their ignorance of the participant’s gambling habits. Among all participants met, three of them were at risk gamblers. In addition to playing slot machines, erroneous beliefs and specific motivations to gamble were found among these. The reflection from these results will stimulate research in the study of the psychosocial variables related to the development of gambling problems in these patients.
Paris, Arnaud. "Modélisation du comportement habituel de la personne âgée dépendante en environnement incertain pour la détection d'évolutions et d'activités anormales." Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE2079/document.
Full textDue to demographic changes, it is expected that the number of French having over 80 years will increase drastically and the number of dependent elderly people will grow twice between 2010 and 2060. To manage this increasing number of dependent elderly person, nursing homes are required to improve the care of residents and to improve the working conditions of health workers. In this context, we plan to develop a monitoring system, based on a set of sensors, to detect modifications in the behavior of a person, and unusual behavior. Detection of abnormal activities in smart homes is an important topic of research, unlike the detection of the evolutions of behavior, which take into account the specifics activities of the person in time. Thus, we proposed a Markov model which allow to learn the usual behavior in the room, with a reduced number of a priori. The model is try on data acquired on a Living Lab (GIS Madonah). We proposed a new method to compute the distance between two Markov models, to estimate the evolution of the behavior. These methods allow to compute the probability of the current activities with the usual behavior, and the slow evolutions of the behavior
Legrand, Eve. "Effets de l'implémentation d'intention sur la persistance des comportements." Thesis, Lille 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL30050/document.
Full textImplementation intention is a planning strategy that promotes goal achievement beyond goal intentions. While goal intentions merely specify a desired goal-directed behavior (“I intend to do Y”), implementation intentions link a goal-relevant situation to a goal-directed behavior in an “if, then” format (“If I encounter the situation X, then I’ll perform the behavior Y”). The efficacy of this strategy to promote goal achievement originates from its ability to create instant habits, habits for which the literature reveal the strength to persist over time. In this work, we examine the efficacy of this strategy to shield ongoing goal pursuit from the cost of behaviors and the situational changes. In three studies using a decision paradigm, we varied the cost associated to the realization of the behavior. The results, even weak, suggest that forming an implementation intention leads to maintaining a response for a longer period of time than goal intentions. In three studies using a categorization paradigm, we presented situations: physically similar versus non-similar to the situation X specified in the implementation intention; that afforded the behavior Y specified in the plan versus a different behavior. The results suggest that, compared to forming goal intentions, forming implementation intentions leads to a generalization, meaning that the behavior is realized in other situations than the specified one. However, a generalization does not occur for all kind of situation but only when situations that are strongly physically similar to the specified one and that afford the critical behavior are encountered. We discuss the contribution of some social psychology theories to understand the observed results
Garabuau-Moussaoui, Isabelle. "Cuisine et indépendances, jeunesse et alimentation /." Paris ; Budapest ; Torino : l'Harmattan, 2002. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb389260226.
Full textEn appendice, la méthode d'enquête. Bibliogr. p. 325-344.
Maltais-Giguère, Julie. "Associations entre les symptômes dépressifs, les habitudes et les comportements alimentaires et l'indice de masse corporelle chez la femme." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29493/29493.pdf.
Full textMoussavou-Nzamba, Nicolas. "Habitudes alimentaires et effets d'un programme nutritionnel sur les comportements et les connaissances alimentaires de joueurs de soccer adolescents." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 2008. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/1494/1/030096513.pdf.
Full textLavoie, Jean. "Apprentissage des comportements et de l'environnement d'un utilisateur mobile en support à l'amélioration des transferts intercellulaires autonomes utilisant la technologie Wifi." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6696.
Full textChoquette, Anne. "Étude des déterminants génétiques des comportements et des apports alimentaires associés à l'obésité." Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/28708/28708.pdf.
Full textGravel, Karine. "Manger avec sa tête ou selon ses sens : Perceptions et comportements alimentaires." Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/30068/30068.pdf.
Full textWhile the prevalence of obesity has increased in the population, the thin-idealization can lead to concerns about body weight. Dieting is a common practice, especially among women. Even if a small weight loss has positive effects in the short term on obesity-related problems, success of energy-restricted diets is negligible over the long term. Losing weight is not without consequence, since some physiological adaptations can occur and persist over time, and may promote weight regain after diet-induced weight loss. One psychological consequence of dieting may be described as the perceived deprivation related to cognitive restraint, i.e. feeling of not eating what or as much as one would like. Energy-restricted diet and restrictive approach to lose weight show limits and this fact leads to consider effective alternatives in the long term. It is in this context that the work of the present thesis has been conducted, through: 1) an experimental study among 352 men and women; and 2) a randomized clinical trial among 50 restrained women. The first study focused on the cognitive perceptions of foods and the purposes were to investigate the impact of nutrition claims on food perceptions and intake, as well as the influence of gender, body weight and the level of restrained eating on these variables. The results showed that nutrition claims were effective in changing perceived “healthiness” and “fatteningness” of a food, but these changes in perceptions did not translate into a change in the food behaviors, as measured by food intake. The second study focused on the sensory perceptions of food and the purposes were to investigate whether a sensory-based intervention can influence eating-related attitudes and behaviors, reliance on physical signals for hunger and satiety, as well as the number and the type of terms used to describe a food. The results have shown that the sensory intervention has improved some eating-related attitudes and behaviors, without exacerbating other undesirable behaviors such as restrained eating. Then, the sensory-based intervention has also helped restrained women to be more objective about food, which may facilitate a more intuitive approach to eating. The results of this work suggest that the cognitive dimension of food should not be overrated at the expense of the sensory dimension.
Savard, Annie-Claude. "Habitudes problématiques de jeux de hasard et d'argent à l'adolescence : une analyse axée sur la perspective de l'acteur." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26891.
Full textArtaud, Fanny. "Comportements de santé, dépendance et déclin moteur au cours du vieillissement dans deux études de cohorte." Thesis, Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015VERS033V/document.
Full textPhysical decline and disability are two important components of ageing. In this thesis, based on the Trois Cités-Dijon et Whitehall II studies, we show that physical decline, measured through walking speed, is a good predictor of subsequent disability.Some people have a more pronounced physical decline than others or become disabled. The objective of the second part of this thesis was to identify health behaviours that could explain this heterogeneity. Physical inactivity, smoking, and low consumption of fruit and vegetables were associated in older people with a higher risk of disability. Moreover, decreasing physical activity, smoking, or stopping drinking alcohol in adulthood were also associated with a higher risk of disability in older people. Finally, obesity and increasing or decreasing weight are associated in older people with a faster decline of physical performances.This thesis has contributed to demonstrate the harmful effects of adverse lifestyle during ageing. It appears therefore important to educate people about the consequences of their lifestyle at any age on their quality of life once older
Bordeleau, Christiane. "Lien entre l'intention et les habitudes avec les stades du changement de comportement de la théorie transthéorique de Prochaska /." Thèse, Trois-Rivières : Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1999. http://www.uqtr.ca/biblio/notice/resume/03-2204591R.html.
Full textBordeleau, Christiane. "Lien entre l'intention et les habitudes avec les stades du changement de comportement de la théorie transthéorique de Prochaska." Thèse, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, 1999. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/3356/1/000662167.pdf.
Full textOuellet, St-Hilaire Geneviève. "Différences liées à la récompense alimentaire, au statut pondéral et aux comportements alimentaires chez la femme." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27144.
Full textThis master’s project presents a study whose objective was to examine the associations between food reward for high-fat sweet foods, weight status and eating behaviour traits. One hundred and fifty normal-weight or obese women were asked to complete two questionnaires: one on food reward (explicit liking, explicit wanting and implicit wanting) and the other on eating behaviour traits [cognitive dietary restraint (total, flexible and rigid), disinhibition (total, habitual, emotional and situational) and susceptibility to hunger (total, internal and external)]. No associations were observed between food reward and weight status. However, higher explicit liking and wanting for foods in general were noted in women with a higher score of flexible restraint. Moreover, higher implicit wanting for high fat foods tended to be associated with a higher score of emotional susceptibility to disinhibition and was significantly associated with a higher score of external hunger. These results suggest that eating behaviour traits have a greater influence on food reward than weight status.
Filiatrault, Marie-Lou. "Traitement diététique de l'obésité : influence des comportements alimentaires et des perturbations du sommeil sur la perte de poids et de graisse corporelle." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25500.
Full textPlante, Anne-Sophie. "Comportements alimentaires et alimentation intuitive durant la grossesseh[ressource électronique] : association avec le gain de poids gestationnel." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33309.
Full textPregnancy has long been recognized as a decisive period in a woman’s life where numerous physiological and metabolic changes occur. Weight gain represents one of the most important changes. In North America, most women gain weight outside of the recommended range, which can impact both the mother and child health. Gestational weight gain represents a complex and multifactorial problem, which is still only partially understood. Numerous physiological, psychosocial and dietary factors influence the weight gained during the course of pregnancy. In particular, behaviours and attitudes toward diet can have a substantial impact on weight gain. Up to now, no study has prospectively evaluated eating behaviours in association with weight gain during pregnancy. Hence, the general aim of this study is to examine the association between eating behaviours, which include intuitive eating, and gestational weight gain during pregnancy. The main results show that most eating behaviours remained stable over the course of pregnancy and that intuitive eating may represent a promising approach to promote healthy weight gain. This master’s thesis contributes to the existing literature on the multiple factors associated with gestational weight gain. Eventually, the precise identification of all these elements will help elaborate intervention studies designed to optimize gestational weight gain.
Bau, Chang Martha T. C. "Contribution à l'étude de l'évolution du comportement alimentaire des adolescents vivants à Taïwan." Nancy 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992NAN10046.
Full textBoulahrir, Lotfi. "Efficience, comportement spéculatif et formation des habitudes sur les marchés financiers : application à un marché émergent : le cas de la bourse de Casablanca." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA111006.
Full textMassicotte, Elsa. "Interactions entre le stress, la cognition, le craving pour la nourriture et les comportements alimentaires." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35455.
Full textObesity is a worldwide epidemic health condition whose prevalence has doubled over the last forty years. It is a multifactorial disease and thus many factors are involved. Among them, an enhanced motivational drive towards food, namely food craving, and a reduced behavioral control over food intake through poor executive functions have been observed. These characteristics, taken together, lead to a lack of self-regulation toward food and could, therefore, contribute to the obesity phenotype. Moreover, the imbalance between food craving and executive functions is promoted by stress, which is also associated with obesity. Even though food craving and executive functioning are now better understood in the context of obesity, their interaction as well as their impact on eating behaviors, particularly in relation to acute stress, remain unclear. Thus, the objective of this thesis was to clarify these interrelations, firstly without the contribution of stress, and secondly with this contribution. To do so, a first experimental study has been conducted with participants whose BMI were ranging between a healthy weight and class 3 obesity. The results from this study showed a negative association between state food craving and executive functions. Specifically, a low cognitive flexibility was associated with a high food craving following induction. Moreover, the latter was also predictive of a higher junk food intake but showed no relationship with healthy food intake. In the second experimental study, where participants with BMI ranging from a healthy weight to class 2 obesity were enrolled, an acute social stressor was induced. Results from this study showed that food craving positively predicted food intake. Finally, stress predicted food craving increase following induction in a complex interaction with executive functions and BMI. Specifically, stress enhanced food craving when executive functions werelow and BMI was high. Taken together, these results shed some light on the importance of food craving, executive functions, stress and the interaction of these variables in the clinical understanding of obesity. Furthermore, it allows a more global comprehension of this health condition, which could lead to new interventions. Indeed, the thesis discusses the relevance of integrating new components into classic behavioural treatment for obesity such as interventions targeting food craving, executive functions or stress in a clinical population of obese people. In sum, this thesis offers new research perspectives in order to improve and diversify available therapeutic options for obesity.
Lainé, Michaël. "Quelle rationalité pour les esprits animaux ? : étude sur le comportement d'investissement des entrepreneurs en incertitude non probabilisable." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0151/document.
Full textIn a background of fundamental uncertainty, entrepreneurs cannot rely on a precise calculus of profitability. For their investment expectations, they have to lean on their animal spirits, that is an analogical, instinctive judgment about the future associated with an automatic emotional decision under the guidance of motivations. The notion traces back to the Ancient times. She was then synonymous with “nerve impulse”. Nowadays, if one probes neuroscience, it appears that somatic markers could shed some light on them. Emotions are useful to stop thoughts, restrict the states of nature and value certain options. They contribute to the intelligence of decisions. It is the excess, be it of cognition or emotion, that is detrimental. Emotions also serve to update or strengthen our beliefs. By their own momentum, they can create cycles, which I propose to dub “the confidence paradox”. When confidence is high, the terrain for the future fall is being prepared. Conversely, when it is low, little by little the conditions for a reversal are being staged. Our work proposes an analysis of inductive reasoning responsible for the elaboration of anticipative scripts. Cultural and symbolic capital also appears to come into play. Our empirical inquiry establishes a link between cultural capital and risk-taking. It outlines as well a clustering of animal spirits so as to grasp the heterogeneity of entrepreneurs. 11 different sorts are outlined and sorted by their motivations, emotions, cultural capital, investment behaviors and preferred anticipative scripts
Tran-Tu-Yen, Delphine. "Coordination des actions et des habitudes : approche neurocomportementale chez le rat." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14178/document.
Full textPrevious research has established that instrumental conditioning, in both primates and rats, is mediated by two concurrent associative systems. In early stages of training, instrumental response is thought to be mediated by an association between the action and the outcome (A-O). While training proceeds however, as the response becomes less sensible to the outcome value, it is conceived as being mediated by an association between thestimulus and the response (S-R). Recent evidences suggest that the both systems operate in tandem and/or competition from the beginning of training. This work aimed at studying the mechanisms that coordinate the control of the instrumental response by the goal-directedsystem or the habit system. A first batch of results indicates no effect of the amount of training sessions on the goal-directed nature of the conditioned instrumental response. Indeed,the outcome devaluations by CTA or selective satiety reduced the instrumental performances,independently of the training procedure applied. The instrumental responses resulting from our 3 training procedures depend of an actualized representation of their outcomes. A secondbatch of results indicates that information about the context of instrumental conditioning isincluded in the incentive representation of the outcome. Indeed, we observed no sensitivity tooutcome devaluation when devaluation occurred outside the training context. These results offer new original hypotheses about context encoding and the nature of instrumental responding. A third batch of experiments investigates the role of the prelimbic cortex in acquisition vs. expression of goal-directed instrumental behaviour, using reversible neuronal inactivation. The results show that the prelimbic cortex plays a transient but crucial role in theacquisition of goal-directed responding and that the A-O and S-R systems can operate in a competitive fashion early in training. Using ex-vivo imaging, a last batch of experiments aimed to study the temporal cerebral activation throughout instrumental training with a focuson prefrontal and striatal regions. Results show levels of Fos expression that vary with regions. At the beginning of conditioning, the density of Fos positive nuclei is high in the prefrontal regions. It decreases with training. Labelling is denser in the dorsomedial striatumthan in the dorsolateral striatum. The weak activation in the dorsolateral striatum appears consistent with the absence of habit. These data are in accordance with data of the literature concerning dynamics of activation in cortico-striatal circuits. Furthermore, they are in agreement with the suggestion that activity in the prelimbic cortex could promote the acquisition of goal-directed action by the induction of neuronal plasticity in the dorsal striatum
Le, Conte Johanna. "Comparer sa consommation d'électricité à celle d'autrui : perspectives temporelles, habitudes et feedbacks." Thesis, Paris 10, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA100077/document.
Full textThe representation of electric energy consumption and the-related behaviours is addressed from the perspective of the individual's forecasting. According to the construal level theory (Trope & Liberman, 2003) we asked individuals to assess their electric energy consumption in terms of actions (low level of construal) and consumption (high level of construal) at different time perspectives (from today to 15 years from now). In a first research program, the assessments were expressed comparatively (same as people of my age). A long temporal distance leads to more desirable assessments in that the individuals (students and general population) reported more actions relatively to their peers. Participants stated that they would perform more actions and consume less electric energy consumption in long term rather than short term. This effect is cancelled through strong pro-environmental habits and disappears beyond 50 years old. Normative feedbacks allow for correcting these assessments. A second research program dealt with the influence of normative feedbacks on the use of the computer sleep mode within a professional context. This type of feedback provides significant increase in setting up sleep mode (up to one month after) for individuals that previously didn't do it much. The promotion of energy conservation can be enhanced by construal levels and normative feedbacks
Laramée, Catherine. "Évaluation d'une intervention visant la promotion de comportements alimentaires favorables à une saine gestion du poids chez les jeunes athlètes féminines." Thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2014/30438/30438.pdf.
Full textMorissette, Éliane. "Prévalence et déterminants des comportements alimentaires reliés à la gestion du poids chez les athlètes féminines de niveau secondaire." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24140.
Full textLa littérature démontre une forte préoccupation à l'égard du poids ainsi qu'une prévalence élevée de désordres alimentaires chez les athlètes féminines, particulièrement chez les athlètes d'élite pratiquant des sports esthétiques et à catégories de poids. Puisque l'adoption de ces comportements entraîne des conséquences importantes, l'implantation d'un programme de prévention primaire auprès des adolescentes athlètes s'avère pertinente. Toutefois, la connaissance des facteurs influençant l'adoption de ces comportements demeure inconnue. Ce mémoire présente les résultats d'une étude ayant pour objectif général d'évaluer les comportements alimentaires reliés à la gestion du poids chez les athlètes féminines de niveau secondaire. Les facteurs psychosociaux de l'intention d'adopter ces comportements sont également identifiés. Basés sur la théorie du comportement planifié, nos résultats démontrent que seule l'attitude prédit cette intention. Ainsi, ce projet permet une compréhension plus approfondie des éléments permettant le développement d'un programme de prévention primaire auprès d'athlètes féminines de niveau secondaire.
Dufour, Bouchard Andrée-Ann. "Le niveau de stress, mesuré par le cortisol salivaire, et les comportements alimentaires chez des femmes préménopausées présentant un surplus de poids." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/19129.
Full textLeblanc, Vicky. "Profil alimentaire de femmes préménopausées présentant un surpoids : associations avec les comportements alimentaires et effet d'une intervention s'inspirant du nouveau paradigme sur le poids corporel." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27789/27789.pdf.
Full textTherrien, Fanny. "Caractérisation du lien entre le statut pondéral et l'axe corticotrope : contribution de la distribution du tissu adipeux et des comportements alimentaires." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24566/24566.pdf.
Full textGuillaumie, Laurence. "Développement, implantation et évaluation d'une intervention de promotion de la consommation de fruits et de légumes dans la population adulte française." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27590/27590_1.pdf.
Full textMarsaudon, Antoine. "Impact of health shocks on personality traits, economic preferences, and risky behaviors." Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01E013.
Full textThis PhD dissertation aims to document whether personality traits and economic preferences are stable parameters after the occurrence of a significant health event. Given the massive impacts of traits and preferences on life outcomes, it is necessary to provide information as to how much these can change. Results show that traits are slightly modified when individuals face a health event (Chapter 1). Economic preferences, however, do not change after the occurrence of such events (Chapter 2). The finding that preferences are stable might call for a genetic transmission of these parameters. However, results show that economic preferences are not determined in-utero (Chapter 3). Additionally, individuals facing health events are more likely to adopt healthier behaviors than those who do not face such events (Chapter 4). These findings can be used by economic researchers and policymakers. For the former, relying solely upon individual fixed-effect estimations or first difference methods might not account for trait variation. For the latter, changes in traits might modify the willingness to invest in various health, education and labor outcomes, subsequently influencing macroeconomic performance
Odier, Nicolas. "Apports des sciences sociales à la compréhension des addictions : un enjeu de santé publique ?" Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5009/document.
Full textIn the last century, Freud spoke of "Discontents in Civilisation" (Freud, 1929), our century not hide a deeper malaise ?Indeed, we can think that the sum of the constraints, now exceed the adaptive capacity of individuals and their family and social networks, that the use of addictions become so much a survival strategy or a control mechanism to keep a psychosocial balance. Everything happens in the reality of the management of addictions related or not with a psychiatric disorder or vice versa, as if the individual was in an empty social world. However, the social context - and Freud was one of the first to demonstrate - interacts according to interactionist tradition on all deviant behavior. One of our aims is to highlight the contributions of the social sciences and especially sociology in understanding addictions. Indeed, he is admitted today that purely medical approaches, somatic or cognitive, haven't met the expectations of patients and health professionals. We therefore propose to demonstrate through this study that the sociological approach to addictions can help us both to understand why an individual at a time of his life gets caught in a risky behavior and how we can try to help him regain a state of pleasure. The challenge is to understand the addiction through the social history of the individual. The various models proposed so far are failures for normative reasons. However, we know that we can change our behavior to preserve our health. We propose a model of care that takes into account both an individualized management over the long term and the social history of each
Levasseur, Francisca. "Un programme de réadaptation cardiorespiratoire dans le suivi de l’activité physique chez les gens en prévention primaire et secondaire d’une maladie cardiovasculaire." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/5301.
Full textCôté, Marilou. "Liens entre le stress conjugal, la suppression émotionnelle et la prise alimentaire au sein de couples hétérosexuels." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27443.
Full textL’étude de l’alimentation induite par le stress et les émotions négatives a été largement menée jusqu’à maintenant en vue d’identifier différentes caractéristiques individuelles pouvant être désignées comme facteur de risque à la suralimentation. À cet effet, le fait de souffrir de surpoids ou d’obésité, de même que la présentation d’un profil alimentaire restrictif ont été identifiés. Bien que certaines études se soient intéressées à la variation des types de stress auxquels sont soumis les individus, aucune n’a élargie sa perspective aux relations de couple. Pourtant, les émotions vécues au sein du couple et la régulation qui en est faite peuvent sans contredit contribuer à l’installation et l’exacerbation de comportements alimentaires problématiques pouvant mener à une prise de poids. En ce sens, à l’aide d’une expérimentation en laboratoire impliquant l’induction d’un stress de nature conjugale, la thèse vise à approfondir les connaissances actuelles quant aux liens qui unissent les émotions vécues dans le contexte d’une discussion conjugale stressante et la prise alimentaire qui s’en suit chez des individus en couple hétérosexuel. Pour ce faire, 80 couples ont été recrutés et ont discuté, en laboratoire, d’aspects qu’ils aimeraient voir changer chez l’autre. La quantité de nourriture consommée suite à la discussion a été mesurée, à leur insu, à l’aide d’un test de goût. Les couples ont été invités à évaluer leur humeur ainsi que la suppression émotionnelle qu’ils ont exercée pendant la discussion, de même qu’à remplir des questionnaires auto-rapportés. L’indice de masse corporelle (IMC) des partenaires a été calculé à partir de mesures objectives. Le premier objectif spécifique de la thèse vise plus particulièrement à étudier l’impact d’un changement d’humeur suite à la discussion conjugale stressante sur la prise alimentaire subséquente des hommes et des femmes, et de tester l’effet modérateur de l’IMC et de la restriction alimentaire sur cette relation. Les résultats indiquent d’abord des associations différentes chez les hommes et les femmes en réponse à la situation expérimentale. Chez les hommes, seules les perceptions d’appétit prédisent la prise alimentaire, tandis que chez les femmes, un patron plus complexe se dessine. Un sous-groupe de femmes à risque de se suralimenter en réponse au stress conjugal est identifié, soit les femmes présentant un IMC élevé et un profil alimentaire restrictif. Ces résultats ajoutent à la littérature actuelle en ce sens où l’impact d’un stresseur de nature conjugale sur la prise alimentaire n’avait jamais été testé auparavant. De plus, ils soulignent l’importance de tenir compte en concomitance de l’IMC et de la restriction dans la compréhension du phénomène de l’alimentation induite par le stress chez les femmes. Le deuxième objectif spécifique de la thèse a pour but d’examiner, à l’aide d’un modèle dyadique, l’effet médiateur de la suppression émotionnelle sur le lien entre le changement d’humeur suite à la discussion conjugale stressante et la prise alimentaire subséquente, en fonction de l’IMC des deux membres du couple. Les résultats de cette étude révèlent que la suppression émotionnelle est un médiateur valide de la relation entre le changement d’humeur et la prise alimentaire, et met également en évidence l’effet modérateur de l’IMC sur cette médiation. Plus particulièrement, la dégradation de l’humeur des individus présentant un IMC élevé est associée à une plus grande prise alimentaire via l’adoption de suppression émotionnelle pendant la discussion avec le partenaire, tandis que chez les individus présentant un IMC faible, la dégradation de l’humeur est plutôt associée à une plus faible prise alimentaire via la suppression. D’un point de vue dyadique, la suppression émotionnelle d’un membre du couple agit comme médiateur de la relation entre le changement émotionnel et la prise alimentaire de son partenaire, sans égard à l’IMC des conjoints. En d’autres mots, la dégradation de l’humeur de l’un mène à une plus grande consommation via la suppression émotionnelle de l’autre. Ces résultats font ressortir le rôle clé de la suppression émotionnelle dans l’alimentation induite par le stress conjugal non seulement au plan individuel, mais également au plan dyadique. Ils soulignent la pertinence de s’intéresser aux interrelations entre les membres d’un couple pour prédire leurs comportements alimentaires. Dans leur ensemble, les travaux de la thèse suggèrent que le couple puisse générer du stress et des affects négatifs qui peuvent mener à la suralimentation. Une attention grandissante devrait être portée à ce type de stresseur dans l’avenir, de même qu’à l’étude de la réponse alimentaire d’un sous-groupe de personnes précis face au stress conjugal, soit les femmes qui présentent des difficultés de régulation du poids et de l’alimentation.
Stress-induced eating has been widely studied up until now in order to identify individual characteristics which may be designated as risk factors to overeating. Being overweight or obese, as well as being a restrained eater, have been identified. Although some studies have investigated the impact of different types of stressors on eating, none has broadened its investigation on romantic relationships. However, emotions experienced through couple interactions as well as the way partners deal with (or regulate) those emotions may certainly contribute to the development and exacerbation of problematic eating behaviors that can lead to weight gain. Thus, using a laboratory experiment involving a dyadic stress, the present thesis aims to deepen the current understanding of the relationship between emotions following a stressful couple discussion and food intake among heterosexual couples. Eighty couples were recruited and discussed an aspect that they wanted their partner to change. Food intake was measured following the discussion with a bogus taste test. Both partners assessed their mood state, as well as emotion suppression, and completed self-reported questionnaires. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated with objective measures. The first specific objective of the thesis was to examine the impact of mood change induced by a stressful couple discussion on food intake in both spouses, while simultaneously taking into account the moderating effect of BMI and restraint on this association. First, results showed different responses in men and women following the discussion. Among men, only appetite perceptions significantly predicted food intake, while a more complex pattern emerged among women. A subgroup of women at risk to overeat in response to dyadic stress was identified, those with a high BMI and a restrictive eating profile. These results add to the current literature since the impact of a dyadic stressor on food intake had never been tested before. Moreover, these results highlight the importance of considering the concomitant effect of BMI and restraint in the understanding of stress-induced eating among women. The second specific objective of the thesis was to examine, using dyadic analysis, whether emotion suppression was a valid mediator in the relationship between mood change following a stressful couple discussion and subsequent food intake among couples, while taking into account spouses’ BMI. Results showed that emotion suppression was a valid mediator in the relationship between mood change and food intake, and that BMI significantly moderated this mediation. That is, mood worsening was related to high food intake through emotion suppression among high BMI spouses, while for low BMI spouses, mood worsening rather predicted low food intake through emotion suppression. Dyadic analysis revealed that emotion suppression in one partner acted as a mediator in the association between mood change and food intake in the other partner, regardless of BMI. In other words, mood worsening of one partner led to a greater consumption of food via emotion suppression in the other partner. These results emphasise the key role of emotion suppression in the relationship between mood change and food intake in the context of a stressful couple discussion. They also underscore the relevance to focus on the interrelationships between spouses to predict their eating behaviors. Taken together, the thesis results suggest that romantic relationships can generate stress and negative emotions that can lead to overeating. More attention should be paid to this type of stressor in the future, as well as to the study of the eating response to dyadic stress of a specific subgroup of people, i.e. women presenting eating and weight regulation issues.
Akpaki, Kossi. "Évaluation et analyse des déterminants du comportement alimentaire et de l'environnement alimentaire reliés à la consommation des aliments riches en fer chez les enfants âgés de 6-23 mois au Sénégal." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69598.
Full textIn Senegal, more than seven out of ten children aged 6-59 months suffer from anemia. Moreover, child feeding practices are inadequate in the country; thus, less than half of children aged 6-23 months had consumed iron rich foods (IRF) during the days covered by the 2018 Demographic and Health Survey. In the region of Matam, located in north of Senegal, 74 % of children aged 6-59 months suffer from anemia. In order to assess factors underlying the provision of IRF to children aged 6-23 months, we conducted a cross-sectional study from January to July 2018 in four localities of the Matam region. An extended version of the theory of planned behaviour was used to assess, amongst the determinants of food environment and the psychosocial factors of mothers, which were the best predictors of the provision of IRF to children aged 6-23 months. Interviews with heads of households and mothers of children as well as direct observation methods and focus group discussions were used to assess the determinants of food environment. Psychosocial factors and mothers' intention to provide IRF to their children were assessed using a questionnaire with pictograms developed and validated in this study. A total of 103 households were included in this study. Overall, 65% of mothers had given IRF, mainly fish, to their children the day before the survey. Attitude (? = 0.26; p = 0.015) and subjective norm (? = 0.22; p = 0.047) were the psychosocial factors associated with mothers' intention to provide IRF to their children. Furthermore, 64% of households were severely food insecure. Food availability at the community and household level as well as socioeconomic status of the household were the determinants of household food insecurity. Child's age (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.03 - 1.26, p = 0.012) and household food insecurity score (OR = 0.80, 95% CI % = 0.68 - 0.96, p = 0.014) were the main predictors of the provision of IRF to children aged 6-23 months in the present study. The results obtained during the current research may help to better target behaviour change interventions by ensuring that from the age of six months, iron rich foods are offered to young children in the study setting.
Cherfane, Michèle. "Non-pharmacological determinants of hypertension at the population level." Thesis, Paris 13, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA131081.
Full textBACKGROUND: Hypertension is the most common chronic disease worldwide and a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Modifiable risk factors contribute partially to an increasing prevalence and inadequate blood pressure control. On this basis, non-pharmacological recommendations are available in worldwide guidelines for the prevention and management of hypertension. These measures include: maintain a normal body weight, engage in regular physical activity, limit alcohol consumption, reduce dietary salt intake and adhere to a healthy diet. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this thesis is to study the determinants of high blood pressure and to evaluate the relationship between lifestyle behavior and hypertension. In particular, the aim is to investigate the influence of an unhealthy behavior on blood pressure and the magnitude of the individual and combined effect of lifestyle factors on hypertension and blood pressure control. METHODS: Cross-sectional analyses were conducted using data from a representative sample of the adult Lebanese population and the French CONSTANCES cohort study. The Lebanese sample consisted of 2088 adults aged 20 years and above randomly selected following a sampling scheme across Lebanon. While CONSTANCES is an ongoing prospective cohort that included between February 2012 and January 2018 a total of 87,808 volunteer participants aged 18–69 randomly selected from the National Health Insurance Fund. In both studies, blood pressure measurements were done following standard operational procedures and lifestyle behaviors were assessed using self-reported validated questionnaires. Mostly, logistic regression models and general linear models were used to estimate the magnitude of the associations and to study adjusted mean blood pressure parameters, respectively. Adjusted odds ratios were presented along with 95% confidence interval. Statistical analyses were conducted using different statistical analysis software. RESULTS: Results of this thesis describe a high prevalence of hypertension and poor blood pressure control among treated individuals in the Lebanese population. While in France, epidemiologic data are in accordance with results of recent studies. From the conducted 3 analyses, increased body mass index (obesity and overweight), heavy alcohol consumption and non-adherence to dietary recommendations were seen to be independently associated with hypertension and poor blood pressure control, and they influenced systolic blood pressure levels. Controversial results were seen with physical activity in both studies and across different study populations. In terms of the magnitude of the association, body mass index and adherence to dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet seem to have the biggest impact on increasing the odds of hypertension and uncontrolled blood pressure. Moreover, a combination of unhealthy behavior increased the odds of hypertension by more than 1.5 times, which highlighted the detrimental effect of an overall poor lifestyle on the risk of hypertension. Furthermore our findings suggest that the extent to which these factors are associated with hypertension is different by gender. CONCLUSION: Findings of this thesis provided needed epidemiologic data on hypertension in Lebanon and France. They emphasize that non-adherence to widely recommended lifestyle modifications has important impact on the risk of hypertension and influences BP control. From a population-based perspective, these findings promote that a global healthy lifestyle through improvement of modifiable behaviors could have major benefits in the prevention of hypertension
Costa, Campos Renan. "Striatum, Dopamine et Automatisation dans l’Addiction à la Cocaïne et dans la Rechute : Investigation Pharmacologique et Comportementale." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0934/document.
Full textFor many, drug taking may continue on an occasional basis for a long time; however, some individuals lose control of their drug use and are unable to stop. The transition from casual use to addiction is accompanied by drug-induced changes in the brain, followed by associated changes in behavioral functions. One of the most problematic aspects of addiction is the enduring vulnerability to relapse that persists even long after withdrawal symptoms have abated. Rodent models of drug self-administration (SA) show that re-exposure to the drug itself, drug associated cues or stress are major triggers of relapse. While different classes of drugs vary in their primary pharmacological mechanisms, they all share an acute effect of raising dopamine (DA) levels in the striatum. Following repeated use, the addictive properties of psychostimulants such as cocaine (COC) are believed to take place through the induction of neuroadaptations within the mesocorticolimbic DA system.The striatum is a major target of the DA system, where DA acts on two families of metabotropic receptors (D1-like or D2-like) that are segregated into two pathways of medium spiny neurons (MSNs) and have different roles in addiction and relapse. For instance, while systemic D2 receptor (D2R) stimulation induces reinstatement of COC seeking in rats, D1 receptor (D1R) stimulation does not. DA signaling in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) responds to rewarding and aversive stimuli; in turn, the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) plays a key role in the transition to compulsive use, and the habitual aspects of drug-seeking after prolonged drug SA. Despite several works examining their role in relapse, the results remain somewhat unclear. Given their critical but differential involvement in COC seeking, here we investigated the role of D1R and D2R receptors of the NAcc and DLS in relapse, employing pharmacological manipulations, as well as assessing their protein expression using an animal model of COC SA. Our results showed a double dissociation between the actions of both DA receptors (DARs) in the striatum. Pharmacological activation of the D1R, but not D2R of the NAcc induces reinstatement of COC seeking, whereas the same effect is triggered by the activation of D2R, but not D1R of the DLS. Also, the reinstating effects of the systemic D2R stimulation is blocked by D1R or D2R antagonists injected into the NAcc or D1R antagonist into the DLS, while being blunted by the D2R inhibition in the DLS. These results convey an interaction between both receptor subtypes, likely relying on ascending spiraling connections associating the ventral and the dorsal striatum through midbrain-reaching loops. Finally, we found the reinstatement of COC seeking elicited by D1R or D2R agonists in either region is not due to changes in DAr expression.These results enticed us to examine the behavioral mechanisms underpinning reinstating behavior. Though initially goal-directed, COC seeking is argued to become habitual after extended training. This progression is believed to initially elicit functional changes within the NAcc, and gradually hijack the circuitry of the dorsal striatum. The activation of D1R in the NAcc and D2R in the DLS has been associated with the processing of rewarding properties and habitual responding for drugs, respectively. Therefore, we aimed to assess whether the reinstatement of COC seeking triggered by the D2R stimulation within the DLS would involve incentive motivational or reinforcing processes likely underlying those induced by the D1R stimulation within the NAcc. Also, we aimed to assess whether the D1R stimulation within the NAcc involves the overtaking of the behavioral control by habitual stimulus-response mechanisms which may be involved in the reinstatement of drug-seeking after the D2R stimulation in the DLS
Labéy-Guimard, Guénolé. "Comprendre l'altruisme : motivations, valeurs et prédispositions sociales dans le bénévolat caritatif." Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0105.
Full textHow can we explain disinterested behaviors and altruistic practices? What are the social logic leading a person to develop and maintain an altruistic behavior? To answer this question, we have chosen to study volunteers in charities. The survey is based on fifty interviews and one year of i participant observation in two associations (Croix-Rouge, Secours Catholique). The fieldwork ! consists of secular and faith-based organizations dealing with homeless people (CCFD, Secours Catholique, Croix-Rouge, Restos du Coeur). At first, we will study the socialization process leading to commit into charity. On the one hand, a process of social regulation will steer the individual to internalize norms and values that predispose to commit to others. On the other hand, a process of social integration will connect and maintain the individual inside the association. In a second step, we will analyze the motivations of our volunteers. Are they interested or altruistic? Within a mechanism of gift, their motivation is built on reciprocity between what they give and what they receive. Finally, our third research axis will detail values and beliefs espoused by our respondents. Which are the implications of religious beliefs and political motivations among those who decided to give some of their time to others ? These are the three areas of research that will lead this exploration to understand, through the example of volunteer charity, the operation of an altruistic practice
Trudel, Guy Catherine. "Peut-on promouvoir la saine alimentation par des messages axés sur le plaisir ?" Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34657.
Full textThe concerning increase in the incidence of overweight and obesity has triggered a cascade of preventive programs focused on health, including targeting eating behaviours. Moreover, despite the many efforts made in this regard, there seem to be still some limitations to the adoption of these behaviours and that is why some researchers are addressing this problem by proposing alternative prevention strategies at the population level. Currently, health communication proposes the use of different messages that can be more or less understood and adopted by the entire population. Under our social backdrop of productivity, food being omnipresent, and choices seem to be dictated by the desires of society, it would seem that proposing empowering messages holds promise for the adoption of sustainable healthy behaviours. In particular, messages focused on the dimensions of pleasure would allow us to better liberate our food identity. The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the relevance of a message promoting healthy eating habits, oriented towards the pleasure of eating healthy. Moreover, the objective of this paper is to compare food choices and the reasons and emotions associated with these choices between the different groups studied, i.e. a group receiving a message focused on pleasure, a group receiving a message focused on health and a control group, without a message. The results show no difference in healthy choices according to the message received. In addition, for individuals with low eating habits, either a pleasure- or a health-oriented message tend to lead to healthier food choices compared to individuals who do not receive any messages. The results of this thesis provide an innovative approach to the promotion of healthy eating and provide a better focus for future research that combines pleasure and health.
Mukherjee, Anouk. "Espaces organisationnels et systèmes d'information." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED028/document.
Full textThe dominant narrative of the collapsing of space due to ICT in organizations is challenged by this study. It is argued that this is due to a general lack of interest in organizational space in IS scholarship combined with technological determinism. This study seeks to understand the relationship between ICT and organizational space by mobilizing affordance theory based on J.J. Gibson’s work. A qualitative multiple-case study covering two business schools, in Canada and the UK, was undertaken. The spatial practices of academics were scrutinized using a model based on affordance theory to ascertain the role of ICT, as part of the wider environment, in the shaping of these practices. The results clearly demonstrate the inadequacy of affordance theory for the study of ICT in general. An alternative perspective based on the phenomenology of perception of Merleau-Ponty is proposed and successfully tested against the data. This alternative perspective suggests that, based on the experience of academics, ICT simultaneously collapses and expands space. ICT acts as a point of singularity where proximate and remote spaces converge to produce a singular sphere of experience. The study further develops Merleau-Ponty’s concepts of intentionality, body schema, habitus, knowing body, and habitual body in the context of the spatial practices of academics. I propose abandoning affordance theory in favour of an experiential approach to understand the relationship between organizational space and ICT
Bourennane, Walid. "Etude et conception d'un système de télésurveillance et de détection de situations critiques "par suivi actimétrique" des personnes à risque en milieu Indoor et Outdoor." Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00903767.
Full textBricard, Damien. "Construction des inégalités des chances en santé à travers les modes de vie." Phd thesis, Université Paris Dauphine - Paris IX, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00984626.
Full textBetoko, Aisha. "L’alimentation précoce : ses déterminants, son influence sur la croissance postnatale et les consommations alimentaires à 3 ans." Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA11T038/document.
Full textBackground: Early eating patterns can determine later eating habits and food preferences and they have been related child growth. In the literature, the determinants and health effects of breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices have often been analyzed separately. Yet, breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices are interrelated and there are arguments to suggest that both influence later health. Objectives : We aimed to characterize feeding practices over the first year of life and to examine their associations with family and infant characteristics, with growth changes in the first 3 years of life, and their relations with food intake at 3 years of age. Methodes : Subjects were participants of the EDEN mother-child cohort. The study recruited 2,002 pregnant women aged 18-45 years attending their prenatal visit before 24 weeks’ gestation at Nancy and Poitiers University Hospitals between 2003 and 2006. Dietary practices and anthropometric measurements were collected through maternal self-report and clinical examinations at birth, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 36 months. Principal component analysis was applied to derive patterns from breastfeeding duration, age of introduction of complementary foods (CF) and type of food used at 1y (ready-prepared baby foods, home-made foods, ready-prepared ordinary foods). Multiple linear and logistic regressions were used to analyze associations between feeding patterns, growth and food intake at 3 years of age. Results : i) The type infant formula (partially hydrolyzed, thickened, enriched in pre- or probiotic and others) used in the first four months of life was related to maternal return to employment, parity but not to infant growth in the same period. ii) Three major feeding patterns were identified in the EDEN study. The main source of variability in infant feeding was characterized by a pattern labeled ‘Late weaning and use of ready-prepared baby foods’. Older, more educated, primiparous women with high monthly income and recruited in Nancy ranked high on this pattern. The second pattern, labeled ‘Longer breastfeeding, late CF introduction and use of home-made foods’ was the closest to infant feeding guidelines. Mothers with high scores on this pattern were older, more educated and recruited in Poitiers. The third pattern labeled ‘Use of ordinary foods’ is more suggestive of infants having a less age-specific diet. Mothers ranking high on this pattern were often younger, multiparous and recruited in Nancy. iii) High scores on the second pattern were related to significant lower 0-1y weight and height change, higher 1-3y weight and height change and to a significant higher fruit and vegetables intake at 3 years of age after controlling for a wide range of potential confounding variables. An additional adjustment on breastfeeding duration attenuated the relationships without making them disappear completely, suggesting an effect of the overall feeding practices in the first year of life on the parameters that we studied. Conclusions : Our results confirm the importance of socio-cultural determinants on feeding practices over the first year of life. They also confirm the relations between early nutrition and growth in the first three years of life and later eating habits. Our results emphasize the need to consider infant feeding over the first year of life including breastfeeding duration, age of complementary foods introduction as well as type of foods used when examining effects of early infant feeding practices on later health
Maréchal, Kevin. "The economics of climate change and the change of climate in economics: the implications for climate policy of adopting an evolutionary perspective." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210278.
Full textClimate change is today often seen as one of the most challenging issue that our civilisation will have to face during the 21st century. This is especially so now that the most recent scientific data have led to the conclusion that the globally averaged net effect of human activities since 1750 has been one of warming (IPCC 2007, p. 5) and that continued greenhouse gas emissions at or above current rates would cause further warming (IPCC, 2007 p. 13). This unequivocal link between climate change and anthropogenic activities requires an urgent, world-wide shift towards a low carbon economy (STERN 2006 p. iv) and coordinated policies and measures to manage this transition.
The climate issue is undoubtedly a typical policy question and as such, is considered amenable to economic scrutiny. Indeed, in today’s world economics is inevitable when it comes to arbitrages in the field of policy making. From the very beginning of international talks on climate change, up until the most recent discussions on a post-Kyoto international framework, economic arguments have turned out to be crucial elements of the analysis that shapes policy responses to the climate threat. This can be illustrated by the prominent role that economics has played in the different analyses produced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) to assess the impact of climate change on society.
The starting point and the core idea of this PhD research is the long-held observation that the threat of climate change calls for a change of climate in economics. Borrowing from the jargon used in climate policy, adaptation measures could also usefully target the academic discipline of economics. Given that inherent characteristics of the climate problem (e.g. complexity, irreversibility, deep uncertainty, etc.) challenge core economic assumptions, mainstream economic theory does not appear as appropriately equipped to deal with this crucial issue. This makes that new assumptions and analyses are needed in economics in order to comprehend and respond to the problem of climate change.
In parallel (and without environmental considerations being specifically the driving force to it), the mainstream model in economics has also long been (and still is) strongly criticised and disputed by numerous scholars - both from within and outside the field of economics. For the sake of functionality, these criticisms - whether they relate to theoretical inconsistencies or are empirically-based - can be subsumed as all challenging part of the Cartesian/Newtonian legacy of economics. This legacy can be shown to have led to a model imprinted with what could be called “mechanistic reductionism”. The mechanistic side refers to the Homo oeconomicus construct while reductionism refers to the quest for micro-foundations materialised with the representative agent hypothesis. These two hypotheses constitute, together with the conjecture of perfect markets, the building blocks of the framework of general equilibrium economics.
Even though it is functional for the purpose of this work to present them separately, the flaws of economics in dealing with the specificities of the climate issue are not considered independent from the fundamental objections made to the theoretical framework of mainstream economics. The former only make the latter seem more pregnant while the current failure of traditional climate policies informed by mainstream economics render the need for complementary approaches more urgent.
2. Overview of the approach and its main insights for climate policy
Starting from this observation, the main objective of this PhD is thus to assess the implications for climate policy that arise from adopting an alternative analytical economic framework. The stance is that the coupling of insights from the framework of evolutionary economics with the perspective of ecological economics provides a promising way forward both theoretically as well as on a more applied basis with respect to a better comprehension of the socioeconomic aspects related to the climate problem. As claimed in van den Bergh (2007, p. 521), ecological economics and evolutionary economics “share many characteristics and can be combined in a fruitful way" - which renders the coupling approach both legitimate and promising.
The choice of an evolutionary line of thought initially stems from its core characteristic: given its focus on innovation and system change it provides a useful approach to start with for assessing and managing the needed transition towards a low carbon economy. Besides, its shift of focus towards a better understanding of economic dynamics together with its departure from the perfect rationality hypothesis renders evolutionary economics a suitable theoretical complement for designing environmental policies.
The notions of path-dependence and lock-in can be seen as the core elements from this PhD research. They arise from adopting a framework which is founded on a different view of individual rationality and that allows for richer and more complex causalities to be accounted for. In a quest for surmounting the above-mentioned problem of reductionism, our framework builds on the idea of ‘multi-level selection’. This means that our analytical framework should be able to accommodate not only for upward but also for downward causation, without giving analytical priority to any level over the other. One crucial implication of such a framework is that the notion of circularity becomes the core dynamic, highlighting the importance of historicity, feedbacks and emergent properties.
More precisely, the added value of the perspective adopted in this PhD research is that it highlights the role played by inertia and path-dependence. Obviously, it is essential to have a good understanding of the underlying causes of that inertia prior to devising on how to enforce a change. Providing a clear picture of the socio-economic processes at play in shaping socio-technical systems is thus a necessary first step in order to usefully complement policy-making in the field of energy and climate change. In providing an analytical basis for this important diagnosis to be performed, the use of the evolutionary framework sheds a new light on the transition towards low-carbon socio-technical systems. The objective is to suggest strategies that could prove efficient in triggering the needed transition such as it has been the case in past “lock-in” stories.
Most notably, the evolutionary framework allows us to depict the presence of two sources of inertia (i.e at the levels of individuals through “habits” and at the level of socio-technical systems) that mutually reinforce each other in a path-dependent manner. Within the broad perspective on path dependence and lock-in, this PhD research has first sketched the implications for climate policy of applying the concept of ‘technological lock-in’ in a systemic perspective. We then investigated in more details the notion of habits. This is important as the ‘behavioural’ part of the lock-in process, although explicitly acknowledged in the pioneer work of Paul David (David, 1985, p. 336), has been neglected in most of subsequent analyses. Throughout this study, the notion of habits has been studied at both the theoretical and applied level of analysis as well as from an empirical perspective.
As shown in the first chapters of the PhD, the advantage of our approach is that it can incorporate theories that so far have been presented opposite, partial and incomplete perspectives. For instance, it is shown that our evolutionary approach not only is able to provide explanation to some of the puzzling questions in economics (e.g. the problem of strong reciprocity displayed by individual in anonymous one-shot situations) but also is very helpful in bringing a complementary explanation with respect to the famous debate on the ‘no-regret’ emission reduction potential which agitates the experts of climate policy.
An emission reduction potential is said to be "no regret" when the costs of implementing a measure are more than offset by the benefits it generates such as, for instance, reduced energy bills. In explaining why individuals do not spontaneously implement those highly profitable energy-efficient investments ,it appears that most prior analyses have neglected the importance of non-economic obstacle. They are often referred to as “barriers” and partly relate to the ‘bounded rationality’ of economic agent. As developed in the different chapters of this PhD research, the framework of evolutionary economics is very useful in that it is able to provide a two-fold account (i.e. relying on both individual and socio-technical sources of inertia) of this limited rationality that prevent individuals to act as purely optimising agents.
Bearing this context in mind, the concept of habits, as defined and developed in this study, is essential in analysing the determinants of energy consumption. Indeed, this concept sheds an insightful light on the puzzling question of why energy consumption keeps rising even though there is an evident increase of awareness and concern about energy-related environmental issues such as climate change. Indeed, if we subscribe to the idea that energy-consuming behaviours are often guided by habits and that deeply ingrained habits can become “counter-intentional”, it then follows that people may often display “locked-in” practices in their daily energy consumption behaviour. This hypothesis has been assessed in our empirical analysis whose results show how the presence of strong energy-consuming habitual practices can reduce the effectiveness of economic incentives such as energy subsidies. One additional delicate factor that appears crucial for our purpose is that habits are not fully conscious forms of behaviours. This makes that individuals do not really see habits as a problem given that it is viewed as easily changed.
In sum, based on our evolutionary account of the situation, it follows that, to be more efficient, climate policies would have to both shift the incumbent carbon-based socio-technical systems (for it to shape decisions towards a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions) and also deconstruct habits that this same socio-technical has forged with time (as increased environmental awareness and intentions formulated accordingly are not sufficient in the presence of strong habits).
Accordingly, decision-makers should design measures (e.g. commitment strategies, niche management, etc.) that, as explained in this research, specifically target those change-resisting factors and their key features. This is essential as these factors tend to reduce the efficiency of traditional instruments. Micro-level interventions are thus needed as much as macro-level ones. For instance, it is often the case that external improvements of energy efficiency do not lead to lower energy consumption due to the rebound effect arising from unchanged energy-consuming habits. Bearing this in mind and building on the insights from the evolutionary approach, policy-makers should go beyond the mere subsidisation of technologies. They should instead create conditions enabling the use of the multi-layered, cumulative and self-reinforcing character of economic change highlighted by evolutionary analyses. This means supporting both social and physical technologies with the aim of influencing the selection environment so that only the low-carbon technologies and practices will survive.
Mentioned references:
David, P. A. (1985), Clio and the economics of QWERTY, American Economic Review 75/2: 332–337.
IPCC, 2007, ‘Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis’, Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Solomon, S. D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Chen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and H.L. Miller (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 996 pp.
Stern, N. 2006, ‘Stern Review: The economics of Climate Change’, Report to the UK Prime Minister and Chancellor, London, 575 p. (www.sternreview.org.uk)
van den Bergh, J.C.J.M. 2007, ‘Evolutionary thinking in environmental economics’, Journal of Evolutionary Economics 17(5): 521-549.
Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished