Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Comportement optimal'
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Laflamme, François. "Analyse et contrôle du comportement vibratoire d'un toit d'hélicoptère." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/5951.
Full textLemonnier, Florian. "Étude du comportement en temps long d'équations aux dérivées partielles par des méthodes probabilistes." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1S027/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we are interested in studying ergodic BSDEs, and our main goal is to apply our results to the large time behaviour of some PDEs. First, we prove some results (already known in the case where the underlying SDE has an additive noise) in the case of an underlying multiplicative noise. Then, we introduce a Poisson process and it leads us to the large time behaviour of a system of coupled PDEs. Finally, when the underlying SDE has a Lévy noise, we make a link with partial integro-differential equations. We also apply these equations to solve some optimal control problems
Sedrakyan, Hayk. "Comportement limite des systèmes singuliers et les limites de fonctions valeur en contrôle optimal." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066681/document.
Full textThis thesis consists of two main parts. In the first part, Chapter 3 is devoted to the investigation of the limit behavior of a singularly perturbed control system with two state variables which are weakly coupled. In order to prove our approximation result we use the so called averaging method and a recent result on nonexpansive control. The main novelty of our averaging approach lies in the fact that the limit dynamic may depend on the initial condition of the fast system. In the literature, the investigation of the limit behavior of such systems has been usually addressed under conditions that ensure that the limit dynamic is independent from the initial condition of the fast system. In Chapter 4, we generalise the results of Chapter 3 by considering a more general nonexpansivity condition. Moreover, we consider an example where the new nonexpansity condition is satisfied but the nonexpansivity condition of Chapter 3 does not hold true. The second part deals with Hamilton-Jacobi equations under state constraints. Chapter 5 focuses on the stable representation of convex Hamiltonians by functions describing a Bolza optimal control problem. In Chapter 6 we investigate stability of solutions of Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equations under state constraints by studying stability of value functions of a suitable family of Bolza optimal control problems under state constraints. We show that under suitable assumptions, the value function is a unique viscosity solution to Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation and that solutions are stable with respect to Hamiltonians and state constraints
Robert-Schaal, Laurence. "Optimisation du comportement dynamique d'un échangeur de chaleur soumis au phénomène d'encrassement." Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10304.
Full textFroissart, Lucie. "Acquisition et utilisation d’informations passées : des mécanismes de mémorisation aux conséquences adaptatives du comportement." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10250/document.
Full textIn an uncertain and changing world, being able to shape its phenotype according to the current environmental conditions should provide individuals with a major fitness benefit. This depends on information gathering. In the context of behavioural plasticity, it more specifically implies to combine past and current information pieces. Past information use happens through learning and memory, that enables animals to store information in memory for a subsequent decision making. This thesis aims at strengthen the links between behavioural ecology and cognition. First, we tackled two questions specific to past information use. (i) Which weight is given to an older information piece in front of a more recent one? (ii) If several redundant information pieces are gathered, are they all stored? We showed that (i) the parasitoid wasp Venturia canescens seems, at the time scaled we worked with, to weight equally information pieces coming from older and more recent host patches successively foraged. (ii) Among three possible past information sources, only one is stored for a later use. Second, we tested the hypothesis that learning and memory evolved in response to ecological constraints. We conducted a comparative study with arrhenotokous and thelytokous V. canescens thriving in different habitats. Results obtained through olfactory conditioning partially matched our initial predictions; this support the idea of a link between resource distribution and learning features. From the theoretical point of view, the question of the adaptive significance of the length of memory phases has not been tackled yet. Here is shown a model, as a first attempt to fill this gap
Šimleša, Milija. "Collectif flow : sociocognitive model of optimal collaboration." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=2029&f=14449.
Full textWith the increasing pressure to innovate, companies are led to find solutions how to increase the creativity of the teams working on innovation projects in a sustainable way. Research has shown that the flow (Csikszentmihalyi, 1975-2000), the optimal psychological experience of hyperfocused human functioning has benefits on subjective eudaemonic well-being as well as objective performance. However, the topic is poorly explored when it comes to flow experience in social settings. Therefore we decided to address the concept of collective flow. Funded by a French company SBT Human(s) Matter, this research project has also an applicative goal of gathering more knowledge about flow and team creativity in order to improve sustainable well-being and reach optimal collaboration for SBT's clients. We define collective flow as a state manifesting when a group acts as a whole. The members of the group are absorbed in the common activity, are coordinating efficiently and feel good together. Subsequently, we have built a sociocognitive model that conceptualizes collective flow as a process mainly relying on motivational and social identification processes, and triggered by specific preconditions such as team members' empathy, collective ambition and shared group identity. Six laboratory studies and few field tests allowed us to test our theoretical model and therefore test our hypotheses. The research was mainly conducted with French engineering students working on innovation projects. Results of the first study show that average level of Theory of Mind of group members does not predict neither the collective flow nor the creative output of the groups. This challenges previous findings related to collective intelligence of teams. However, analyses indicate that collective flow can be predicted by intrinsic motivation and social identification relative to group membership. Moreover, we have found that creativity of groups is predicted by individual flow experience. Results of the second, experimental study, which manipulated the level of action identification (high versus low) showed that high level action identification boosts social identification, intrinsic motivation, and flow of individual group members. Also, mediation analysis indicates that the effect of action identification on flow experience is mediated by social identification and intrinsic motivation. Third, experimental study testing the impact of social identity showed that, contrary to our expectations, the salience of social identity cues (wearing special T-shirts) neither impacts collective flow nor the creative output of the teams. Just like in the first study we found that intrinsic motivation and social identification are significant predictors of both individual and collective flow. However, collective flow did not seem to be predicted by the individual flow of group members. Finally, the fourth experimental study exploring flow experience in a Computer-Mediated Communication setting, relying on Social Identity model of Deindividuation Effects, tested online group creativity in anonymous, identified, synchronous and asynchronous virtual environment. Our results show that asynchronous mode of collaboration is not a flow-killer and that synchronous mode is not a flow booster. This means that individuals engaged in a collective task can indeed experience flow even when working remotely and asynchronously. Consistent in all four studies, our results show that flow in group settings is predicted by intrinsic motivation and social identification. Collective team ambition is also likely to considerably increase the experience of flow in team context. Lastly, our results concerning the impact of collective flow on creativity are less clear, indicating that in some cases the experience of individual flow boosts the creativity. However, this might be more complex and therefore provides a good reason to seek further refinement and better understanding
Allain, Pierre. "Analyse et synthèse de mouvements de foules par contrôle optimal." Lorient, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORIS257.
Full textIn the communities of computer graphics and vision the study of human crowds phenomena has raised an increasing interest over the past years. The main reasons stem from a continuous increase in the world population and the associated problems, but also from a search of a good visual realism in computer games or computer-generated images for the movie industry. Yet, most of the navigation mechanisms or collision avoidance strategies among pedestrians are not fully understood, resulting in empirical models inspired by qualitative observations. On the contrary, data- driven methods oppose to this qualitative methods by giving ways to describe quantitatively those phenomena. From crowd videos, it should be possible to enrich the behavioral simulation models through parameterization or calibration. In this thesis, an original approach is proposed to analyze and simulate crowd motions from videos, which exploits the optimal control formalism, and more specifically the variational data assimilation principles. By exploiting some existing physical models describing the dynamics of a crowd flow, and combining this information to the perceived motion in the image, it is shown in this thesis how to extract a high level information on the flow related to a disturbance potential. The information conveyed in this process is by essence Eulerian, and opposes to the Lagrangian nature of pedestrians. To overcome this plurality of representation, a new powerful graph-based representation is introduced. The control of individuals driven by a dynamical method and under external constraints (designed by an animator or acquired from videos) is then studied and discussed
Benbahia, Ilham. "L'influence de la digitalisation d'un magasin sur l'expérience vécue et le comportement des clients." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01E002.
Full textIn this thesis we study the impact of the shopping experience on consumer behavior in a physical store context offering digital devices to its customers. We thus seek to measure the added value ofthe use of digital devices on the experience lived in store and on the consumer’s behavior. We alsotest the moderating role of the individual variables which are the need to touch (Need For Touch) and the optimal level of stimulation (Optimal Level of Stimulation) on the link between the degreeof use of digital devices and the lived experience. After carrying out a literature review on our keyconcepts, we conducted three successive studies: a qualitative study with managers, then two quantitative studies conducted in store with customers. Research has shown a positive impact of the degree of use of in-store digital devices on consumer experience and behavior. The moderating effect of the optimal level of stimulation has been validated ; that of the need for touch has beenpartially
Romano, de Paula Valéria. "Social networks as a trade-off between optimal information transmission and reduced disease transmission." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ056/document.
Full textSocial structure can theoretically regulate information transmission and disease risk via social contact or proximity. In theory, the same network properties that favor information transmission also favor pathogen transmission creating a potential trade-off between them. In my thesis, I used empirical data, network analysis and individual-based modelling to understand the influence of social structure on social transmission in primate and theoretical networks. My studies show that i) central Japanese macaques transmit disease faster but are also more prone to acquiring infectious agents; ii) the number of infected individuals in 40 wild primate groups is dependent on global network properties and epidemic time; iii) network efficiency peaks with intermediate values of group substructure in theoretical and empirical networks; and, iv) variation in the network properties is a consequence of individual decisions given the trade-offs between collecting information and avoiding infection. Altogether, my thesis reveals the mechanisms of social transmission and indicates that network properties might reflect a trade-off between information and pathogen transmission
Froissart, Lucie. "Acquisition et utilisation d'informations passées : des mécanismes de mémorisation aux conséquences adaptatives du comportement." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00984371.
Full textKetata, Lassaâd. "Etude et identification du comportement macroscopique de structures en matériaux anisotropes à l'aide d'essais d'optique cohérente." Rouen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ROUES050.
Full textMouti, Saad. "Le management du risque pour les compagnies d'assurance : une approche marchés financiers." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066744.
Full textThis thesis tackles several aspects of financial risks encountered in the life insurance industry and particularly in a class of the products insurers offer; namely variable annuities and unit-linked products. It consists of three distinct topics and is split into six chapter that can be read independently.In variable annuities (VAs), policyholders’ behavior is a major risk for the insurer that affects life insurance industry in almost every aspect. The first two chapters of this first part deal with policyholders’ optimal policyholder for two VAs products. We address the rational lapse behavior in the guaranteed minimum account benefit (GMAB), and optimal withdrawals in the guaranteed minimum income benefit (GMIB). The third chapter is dedicated to a class of unit-linked products from a managing and hedging point of view. The second topic consists of one chapter and addresses the optimal execution of a large book of options. Typically, life insurance products are partially hedged using vanilla options. We consider the case where trades are affected by the traded quantity, and seek to find an optimal strategy that minimizes the expected cost and the mean-variance criterion.Finally, in the last topic we study the volatility process using two different proxies. First, range based estimators that rely on the asset price range data allow us to double-check that volatility is a rough process in the sense that it has a scaling parameter H less than 1/2. Then, using short time-to-maturity implied volatility, and a refined version of it, allows us to confirm that the rough aspect of volatility is universal along different proxies
Janc, Anaïs. "Comportement des capitaines, des orques Orcinus orca et des cachalots Physeter macrocephalus dans le contexte de compétition autour de la pêcherie palangrière à la légine australe Dissostichus eleginoides dans les eaux subantarctiques françaises." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LAROS033.
Full textOverexploitation of fisheries resources leads to increasing competition between fisheries and marine biodiversity. This competition gives rise to depredation-type interactions (consumption of fish directly on the fishing gears by marine predators). Depredation has i) socio-economic consequences for fisheries (reduced yields); ii) ecological for marine predators (increased risk of bycatch or exposure to a lethal response) and iii) ecosystems (impacts on target and auxiliary resources). This thesis proposes to study, on one of the most lucrative fisheries, the most selective but also the most exposed to depredation, the decisional mechanisms (captains) and behavioural (marine predators) involved in the depredation exerted by the orcas (Orcinus orca) and sperm whales (Physeter macrocephalus) on the demersal longline fishery targeting Patagonian toothfish (Dissostichus eleginoides) in the French Exclusive Economic Zones of the Crozet and Kerguelen, Indian Ocean. By an original approach combining human and animal ethology against the backdrop of optimal foraging theory at two spatio-temporal scales, we show that i) this depredation is marked with a competition all the more important as the captains are experienced; (ii) odontocetes adjust their natural behaviour to benefit from the supply of food from the fisheries; (iii) no decision-making simultaneously allows high fishing yield and reduced depredation. These results highlight the importance of fisheries pressure on natural resources and the relevance of future bio economic and socio-ecosystem assessments to ensure the economic viability of fisheries and the sustainability of exploited and ancillary natural resources
Li, Linlin. "Analyse mathématique d'un modèle d'équations aux dérivées partielles décrivant l'adaptation des moustiques face à l'usage des insecticides." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0097/document.
Full textThis dissertation is concerned with an age structured problem modelling mosquito plasticity. The main results can be divided into four parts.The first part presents an age structured problem modelling mosquito plasticity in a natural environment. We first investigate the analytical asymptotic solution through studying the spectrum of an operator A which is the infinitesimal generator of a C0-semigroup. Additionally, we get the existence and nonexistence of nonnegative steady solutions under some conditions.In the second part, we study the optimal control of an age structured problem. Firstly, we prove the existence of solutions and the comparison principle for a generalized system. Then, we prove the existence of the optimal control for the best harvesting. Finally, we establish necessary optimality conditions.In the third part, we investigate the local exact controllability of an age structured problem modelling the ability of malaria vectors to shift their biting time to avoid the stressful environmental conditions generated by the use of indoor residual spraying (IRs) and insecticide-treated nets (ITNs). We establish a new Carleman's inequality for our age diffusive model with non local birth processus and periodic biting-time boundary conditions.In the fourth part, we model a mosquito plasticity problem and investigate the large time behavior of matured population under different control strategies. Firstly, we prove that when the control is small, then the matured population will become large for large time and when the control is large, then the matured population will become small for large time. In the intermediate case, we derive a time-delayed model for the matured population which can be governed by a sub-equation and a super-equation. Finally, we prove the existence of traveling fronts for the sub-equation and use it to prove that the matured population will finally be between the positive states of the sub-equation and super-equation
Vilches, Karina. "Study of mathematical models of phenotype evolution and motion of cell populations." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066117/document.
Full textIn Chapter 1, we consider a cell population where the individuals live in the same environmental conditions for some fixed period of time where they compete for nutrients among themselves, considering that offspring has the same trait as their parents, we were defining a fitness function that is trait and density dependent, assuming there were a unique trait best adapted at fixed environmental conditions. We modeled this phenomenon using a Transport Equation. The main result have been obtaining a Dirac mass concentration like solutions for the asymptotic behavior, incorporating a parameter, which is biologically sustained. We applied the classical framework to obtain this result. First, we give the apriori estimates and existence result to the simplified problem, next we add terms to have a more realistic model, then we study an approximate problem given some regularity and properties at solutions, finally we obtain this limit. We used tools as BV convergence properties, Anzats, sub and super solutions, maximum principle, etc.Chapter 2 had been publishing in the following papers (see part II):- E. ESPEJO, K. VILCHES, C. CONCA (2012), Sharp conditon for blow-up and global existence in a two species chemotactic Keller-Segel system in R^2, European J. Appl. Math- C. CONCA, E. ESPEJO, K. VILCHES (2011), Remarks on the blow-up and global existence for a two species chemotactic Keller-Segel system in R^2. European J. Appl. Math.In this chapter, we give the main results obtained in these two publications. We have been studying the sharp condition to global existence and Blow-up in time to the parabolic PDE system in R^2, inspired by the studies were done in the one species case. We model the movement for two chemotactic populations produced by one chemical substance. The main result is to extend the result obtained to classical simplified Keller-Segel model in one species case to the multispecies case, using the adequately tools for PDE’s systems. We used the moment method to prove Blow-up and have been bounding the entropy to show global existence
Paruta, Tuarez Emilio Alberto. "Émulsions inverses très concentrées : formulation, comportement rhéologique et modélisation." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPL008N/document.
Full textThis thesis deals with the study of the influence of formulation on the rheological behavior of highly concentrated reverse emulsions. We used an original approach consisting in representing the elastic modulus (G’) of these emulsions on a formulation-composition bidimensional map to study, in particular, the effect of the so-called optimum formulation. Two major effects are observed in relation to this one: emulsions prepared at HLB=10, i.e. at the proximity of optimum value (HLB=10.5) present values of G’ remarkably lower than those at other formulations, while at a certain distance (HLB=7.7) the values of G’ are higher in comparison to others formulations. This last particular HLB matches with the occurrence of a maximum stability and a minimum drop size of dispersion. Highly concentrated emulsions being generally opaque and fragile, the analysis of incoherent polarized steady light transport, that does not imply any dilution, has been used as an alternative method to classical techniques to determine the average film thickness (h). The average drop size (R) has then to be determined from a geometrical model linking it to the average film thickness (h), to the dispersed phase volume fraction (f) and to a geometrical factor (f9) that takes into account the polyhedral shape of the drops. Hence, a modified expression of the model proposed by Mougel et al. (2006) has been established to model the elastic modulus (G’) by relating it to the average drop size (R), the interfacial tension (s) and the dispersed phase volume fraction (f)
Gautier, Jean-François. "Réformes fiscales et comportement de fraude : une taxe optimale pour les licornes?" Paris 9, 2001. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=2001PA090051.
Full textFleury, Benoît. "Comportement des supercondensateurs en environnement sévère et conception optimale d’alimentations hybrides embarquées aérospatiales." Thesis, Ecole centrale de Lille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ECLI0004/document.
Full textThe aim of this study is to develop an hybrid power supply using the complementarities between batteries and supercapacitors in order to improve the mass of electrical storage systems on aircrafts and spacecrafts.The study is divided into three parts: In the first part, a decision-making tool to develop a hybrid power supply given a mission profile is presented. Thanks to this tool, an estimation of the optimal mass of the hybrid power supply is done based only on the specific energy and the specific power of the sources.The second part is firstly composed of a synthesis of bibliography results on the internal behavior of supercapacitors; secondly an experimental test campaign is described. Its aim is characterizing, modeling and identifying the multiphysics behavior and ageing of supercapacitors on several commercial references. Those models are required for the fine sizing optimization of the hybrid power supply. Basing on the internal model of the sources, the aim of the third part of this study is to present the development of an hybrid architecture battery/supercapacitors which fulfills the electrical need for a specific application. This hybrid power supply takes dynamically advantage of the electrical sources at the maximum of their possibilities, but without overstressing them at the same time. Thanks to that, the aging rate of the sources and the failure rate of the system are limited
Vu, Ngoc Tuan. "Dynamique régénérative du véhicule : Transfert de puissance optimal par la maîtrise des comportements du véhicule de distribution." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0104/document.
Full textIn this work, we have studied the energy optimal transfer by controlling the delivery vehicle behaviors. We studied, in particular, the energy consumed by a hybrid vehicle in the urban area. This context led us to investigate the use of a regenerative dynamics by taking into account the vehicle lateral dynamics on a variety of architectures associated with a method for controlling an over-actuated system. To do this, we have developed: (i) a modular virtual test bench to study the energy terms of delivery hybrid vehicle, (ii) an optimal control to determine the actuator inputs of over-actuated system, (iii) and regenerative dynamics to manage energy by taking into account the vehicle lateral dynamics. The virtual test bench constructed in this work allow for studies of the energy consumed for all architectures without changing of each module. This bench is composed the models of vehicle dynamics, steering, traction, braking, and electrical components systems. All models of this bench have been validated by experiments. It provides us the ability to validate and justify the control inputs of actuators and to evaluate the energy consumed terms. The optimal control module by using the allocation controller was also built in this work. It allows us to determine the optimal inputs of the actuators and to simulate the behaviors of all vehicle architectures under the constraints related with different architectures. The results show that the allocation controller is sufficient to determine the actuator inputs and to ensure the vehicle stability without the integration of additional criteria in the optimization problem. The energy gains in comparison with conventional architecture, which have been determined, ensure that the proposed approach effectively reduce the energy consumed by the vehicle. The parametric studies show that the regenerative dynamics can be used to recover energy in the case where the actuators have a very good performance and fast dynamics. In this case, the principle of regenerative dynamics is being improved for delivery vehicles (heavy load and in urban areas)
Chen, Mei-Ling. "Commandes optimale et robuste des équations aux dérivées partielles régissant le comportement des systèmes hydrauliques à surface libre." Grenoble INPG, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001INPG0053.
Full textVaninetti, Livio. "La tarification forfaitaire optimale : Essais théoriques et analyse empirique. Une application au cas de l'opérateur " SFR "." Paris, ENST, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ENST0045.
Full textCouderc, Maxime. "Analyse et contrôle de quelques problèmes aux limites en mécanique du contact." Thesis, Perpignan, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PERP0024.
Full textThe topic of this thesis concerns the optimal control of some boundary value problems describing the contact between a deformable body and a foundation. The thesis is divided into three parts. The first part contains preliminaries on functional analysis. The second part summarize our results in the study of four boundary value problems. The first one describes the process of static frictionless contact between an elastic body and a rigid-plastic foundation with unilateral constraint. In the second one we consider a second contact surface with Coulomb friction law and normal compliance. The third problem is a dual problem. The contact is frictionless and is modelled by a version of the Signorini condition. The last problem we consider is evolutionary, leading to the study of an history-dependent quasivariational inequality. For each problem we provide existence, uniqueness and convergence results for the weak solu- tion. Finally, we deal with some optimal control problems associated to our contact models above. The last part of the thesis contains four papers. Here we turn back on the above mentionned contact problems and present the details in proof
Laguzet, Laetitia. "Modélisation mathématique et numérique des comportements sociaux en milieu incertain. Application à l'épidémiologie." Thesis, Paris 9, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA090058/document.
Full textThis thesis propose a mathematical analysis of the vaccination strategies.The first part introduces the mathematical framework, in particular the Susceptible – Infected – Recovered compartmental model.The second part introduces the optimal control tools used to find an optimal vaccination strategy from the societal point of view, which is a minimizer of the societal cost. We show that the associated value function can have a less regularity than what was assumed in the literature. These results are then applied to the vaccination against the whooping cough.The third part defines a model where the cost is defined at the level of the individual. We rephrase this problem as a Nash equilibrium and compare this results with the societal strategy. An application to the Influenza A(H1N1) 2009-10 indicates the presence of inhomogeneous perceptions concerning the vaccination risks.The fourth and last part proposes a direct numerical implementation of the different strategies
Souesme, Bruno. "Contribution à l'étude des lois de commande et du comportement dynamique du convertisseur à résonance série non réversible : commande optimale." Toulouse, INPT, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990INPT082H.
Full textMirabel, François. "Energie, transports et externalités : comportements et politiques optimales de localisation et de déplacement dans l'espace urbain." Montpellier 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996MON10040.
Full textThe main object of this thesis is to bring to light the fondamental features of individual's rational behaviours in order to specify the equilibrium configuration of locations and movements in urban area. In such a case, the object is to compare this equilibrium configurations with socially optimal structures and to identify the externalities which explain the differences between the two types of configurations. In a normative approach, the final object is to precise the public policies that the government has to set in order to modify (or to influence) the location's and movement's homogeneous behaviours of individuals and finally, to restore the urban social optimum. From this point of view, the theoretical analysis of this thesis (which are conducted in spatial and temporal dynamic frameworks) are lead in the neoclassical paradigm of the "welfare economics". . . Our work is divided into two parts based on the distinction between location's questions and movement's questions
Rolland, Arnaud. "Comportement mécanique et durabilité de structures en béton renforcées par des armatures composites internes." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PEST1065/document.
Full textCorrosion of the steel reinforcing bars (rebars) is the main process involved in the degradation of reinforced concrete (RC) structures, and has large repercussions on the maintenance/reparation expenses. To prevent such degradations on new infrastructures, the use of corrosion-free reinforcements, such as Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) bars based on glass, carbon or aramid fibers, is gaining interest. Specific guidelines are already available in several countries (USA, Canada or Japan for instance), that define the design principles and good practices for this type of internal rebars; beside, many FRP RC structures have been built and are in service in these countries. Although the development of these new reinforcing bars is quite promising, infrastructures owners are still reluctant for their wide-scale use, especially in France. There are still major concerns regarding the long term behavior of FRP RC structures, and more particularly, the durability of glass fibers reinforced polymers (GFRP) when subjected to an alkaline environment, and the ageing behavior of the GFRP/concrete bonding as well. In this context, the present study aims at developing for the first time in France, a set of methodologies that allows : to characterize the main physical/mechanical properties of different types of FRP bars from the marketto assess the durability of GFRP bars (the most common type of bar) and their interface with concrete through relevant accelerated ageing procedures. The first part of this study was thus devoted to the physical/mechanical characterization of a selection of commercially available FRP rebars, based on glass, carbon or aramid fibers, and to the mechanical behavior of corresponding FRP/concrete interfaces. Beside the microstructural characterization of the various FRP materials by microscopy and thermal analysis techniques, tensile and short beam tests were developed in order to determine the tensile properties (Young's modulus and strength) and the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS) of the bars. Specific pull-out tests then made it possible to evaluate the influence of several parameters (type of fibers, diameter and surface geometry of the bars) on the mechanism of load transfer at the bar/concrete interface. A main originality of the proposed approach relied on the instrumentation of several test bodies by optical fiber strain sensors, which were installed along the bar/concrete interface. Such a distributed measurement system provided local information in the form of tensile strain profiles of the bars along the interface, and made it possible to determine the effective transfer length of the various types of FRP bars. As a complement to the previous experimental study, an analytical and numerical modeling work was initiated to simulate the pull-out tests and investigate more closely the interfacial mechanisms involved in the FRP bar/concrete bond behavior. In this line, an improved interface model was first proposed, which was then implemented in a finite element model (cohesive zone model formulated in the context of damage mechanics).Finally, an accelerated ageing protocol was developed and applied to the GFRP bars, either alone or embedded in a concrete medium. The retention properties of both bars and interfaces were determined after various periods of exposure (up to 240 days). Except a drop of tensile properties observed for GFRP bars that were directly immersed in an alkaline solution, which is considered as a very severe environment compared to actual service conditions, no significant loss of interfacial properties was detected on aged specimens compared to the initial state
Biver, Claudine. "Formation d'amas dans les solutions de polymères hydrosolubles : influence sur le comportement en solution d'un polysaccharide végétal : le scléroglucane." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066199.
Full textGhallaf, Abderrahmane. "Le comportement d'endettement des entreprises dans une économie d'endettement : cas de la France." Clermont-Ferrand 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993CLF10005.
Full textCALZADA, MICHEL. "Influence de la non sphericite sur le comportement spectral d'un aerosol a partir d'une comparaison sphere-spheroide." Toulouse 3, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989TOU30026.
Full textHachicha, Farah. "Qualité des Produits, Qualité de la main d’oeuvre et Sanctions optimales dans la Théorie de l’Agence." Thesis, Paris 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA020032/document.
Full textAfter a general introduction and a survey of literature, the contribution of this thesis is to establish a link between the goods market and the labor market and to propose optimal legal system to deter opportunistic behavior within the company. Throughout the thesis, we consider a monopoly that produces two types of good. Consumers are heterogeneous according to their preferences to quality. Chapter 2 analyzes different agency structures to determine the best structure that allows both to maximize the profit of the company and maximize the welfare of consumers and employees. Chapter 3 examines distortion of the quality of goods and the level of the workers’ effort with adverse selection on the goods market and the labor market compared with perfect information. This chapter examines the role of the consumer and the judge to discourage this kind of opportunistic behavior.Keywords: Quality of goods, quality of labor, optimal contract, portfolio of contract, opportunism, collusion, social welfare, optimal sanctions, firm design, law and economics
Baladi, Fadwa. "Comportement dynamique de diodes laser de puissance multimodes à 980 nm soumises à un retour optique sélectif en fréquence provenant d’un réseau de Bragg photoinscrit." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCD111/document.
Full textIn this thesis, we have studied spectrums and the dynamics properties of a high-powerlaser diode emitting at 980 subject to optical feedback via a fibre Bragg grating (FBG). In such a configuration, FBG is a key element of this work because it establishes an ex-ternal cavity with a reflection like a mirror on one hand and it is a filter which provides frequency selective optical feedback (FOF : Filtered Optical Feedback) at around 980 nm on the other hand. We are interested in investigating this FOF configuration for a project in a collaboration between 3S Photonics Group and the Laboratoire de Physique des Lasers.In order to observe, identify and understand its dynamical behaviours, especially low frequency fluctuations (LFF), the experimental studies have been undertaken particularly with time series from an oscilloscope, RF spectra from an RF spectrum analyser and optical spectra from an optical spectrum analyser and Fabry-Perot interferometer. Onlyfew studies have been done with this FOF laser system and our thesis work may allow new technical and scientific understanding for recent application, particularly application to Erbium-doped fibre amplifier
Weymann, Jacques. "Commande du trafic par guidage des véhicules avec prise en compte du comportement humain et de la saturation." Toulouse, ENSAE, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ESAE0010.
Full textKaligora, Koffi. "Caractérisation du comportement mécanique des oxydes sous stoechiometriques sous températures et atmosphères controlées." Thesis, Orléans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ORLE2062.
Full textThis thesis deals with the development of mechanical set up that allows characterizing the oxygen partial pressure effect on the mechanical behavior of sub-stoichiometric perovskites oxides, used due to their potential oxygen semi-permeation properties. In order to study these materials, a new experimental set up and a new post-process routine are developed. Diametric compression tests and creep by diametric compression are conducted in an original mechanical test furnace with reinforced sealing and controlled atmospheres. The tests are instrumented by optical measurements. In order to control the oxygen partial pressure in the test zone, and to study its real influence on mechanical properties, an oxygen sensor is monitored to the device. To analyze experiences, a new post-process routine called DigImCo.v2 is developed that permits to identify material parameters. This approach combine Digital Image Correlation method and an inverse identification method. The optimization technic is based on Levenberg-Marquardt module and the numeric model simulation of the tests are performed on Abaqus software. For the creep parameters identification, Norton creep model is simulated in Abaqus. Tests results reflect the relatively weak influence of oxygen partial pressure on studies materials, which exhibit negligible creep strains compared to literature
Truong, Tan Viet Anh. "Un modèle de locomotion humaine unifiant comportements holonomes et nonholonomes." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00512405.
Full textBesson, Pierre. "Compréhension des comportements électrique et optique des modules photovoltaïques à haute concentration, et développement d’outils de caractérisations adaptés." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEI013/document.
Full textThe goal of this doctoral thesis is to bring answers to a better understanding of the electrical and optical behavior of CPV modules, under different operating conditions. In the first part, a study on module performance under real conditions is presented. Using an outdoor automated test bench, the sensitivity of four different CPV module technologies to most operating conditions relevant to CPV systems has been studied, namely DNI, spectrum, cell and lens temperature and clearness of the sky. In order to isolate the influence of a single operation parameter, the analysis of outdoor monitoring data from one month to two years is performed. The results show how the optical design influences the sensitivity of the electrical parameters to the mentionned operating conditions. The effect of lens temperature on cell current has been found to be maximum for the CPV module without Secondary Optical Element. Also the $V_{oc}$ thermal coefficient was found to vary between module technologies. Finally, the important variations of the fill factor for one technology underlines the need of studying non-uniformities effects on the cell performance. According to the results observed outdoors, an indoor tool was developed in order to uncorrelate outdoor parameters. A test bench that measures multi-spectral irradiance profiles, through CMOS imaging and bandpass filters in conjunction with electrical $IV$ curves, is used as a mean to visualize and characterize the effects of chromatic aberrations and nonuniform flux profiles under controllable testing conditions. The bench allows decoupling the temperatures of the Primary Optical Element and cell allowing the analyze of their respective effects on optical and electrical performance. In varying the temperature of the Primary Optical Element, the effects on electrical efficiency, focal distance, spectral sensitivity, acceptance angle, or multi-junction current matching profiles can be quantified. Calibration procedures and validation process are detailed. Finally, the developed testbench is used for analyzing the behvaior of three different CPV devices : one without Secondary Optical Element, and two with different Secondary Optical Elements. The impacts of cell position and lens temperature on the cell performance are quantified optically and electrically. The results show how these parameters modify the current density distribution of the subcells, and hence the electrical behavior of the device. They underline more specifically how spectral and spatial non-uniformities affect the cell performance for the different devices. The device without SOE shows a strong sensitivity to lens temperature and POE-cell distance, that will correspond to a decrease of energy production under real conditions of operation
Spaeter-Loehrer, Sandrine. "Le role de la fonction de couts de l'assureur et du comportement de prudence de l'assure : une etude theorique des contrats d'assurance optimaux." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996STR1EC04.
Full textIn this work, we study the link existing between the design of the administrative costs borne by the insurer and the optimal insurance contracts. In order to deal with this subject, we propose a new methodology based on some adapted topological characterizations. This allows us to unify and to generalize the existing results in a unique framework which holds for any continuous cost function (constant, linear, convex, concave,. . . ). Further, by taking into account the prudence concept, we state more precisely the design of the optimal indemnity functions and we stress the following results. A risk-averse insured always prefers a strictly positive deductible when costs are increasing with indemnities. The design of insurance for damages higher than this deductible is essentially characterized by the sense of variation of the marginal cost : if costs are convex (respectively concave), the solution displays a straight deductible with coinsurance above (respectively a disappearing deductible). Moreover, when costs are non-linear (convex or concave), the insured still bears a risk after insurance, since his net loss remains random. Thus he manages this latter in a different manner, depending on whether he is prudent or not prudent (kimball 1990). Finally, optimal contracts are rarely piecewise linear because the sign of the third derivative of the utility function has an influence on the evolution of the marginal indemnities. In the last model, we introduce a background risk in the economy. In such an environment, the prudence has also an impact on the slope of the indemnity function, contrary to the one-risk cases
Laborde, Maxime. "Systèmes de particules en interaction, approche par flot de gradient dans l'espace de Wasserstein." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLED014/document.
Full textSince 1998 and the seminal work of Jordan, Kinderlehrer and Otto, it is well known that a large class of parabolic equations can be seen as gradient flows in the Wasserstein space. This thesis is devoted to extensions of this theory to equations and systems which do not have exactly a gradient flow structure. We study different kind of couplings. First, we treat the case of nonlocal interactions in the drift. Then, we study cross diffusion systems which model congestion for several species. We are also interested in reaction-diffusion systems as diffusive prey-predator systems or tumor growth models. Finally, we introduce a new class of systems where the interaction is given by a multi-marginal transport problem. In many cases, we give numerical simulations to illustrate our theorical results
Sy, Mouhamadou. "Etude par microscopie optique des comportements spatio-temporels thermo- et photo-induits et de l’auto-organisation dans les monocristaux à transition de spin." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV032/document.
Full textThis thesis work is devoted to visualization by optical microscopy of thermo- and photo-induced phase transitions, in switchable spin transition single crystals. The study of crystals of the compound [{Fe (NCSe) (py) 2} 2 (m-bpypz)] showed the possibility to control reversibly the dynamics of the HS/LS interface through a photo-thermal effect generated by an irradiation of the whole crystal or using a spatially localized light spot on the crystal surface. The investigations of the effect of the light intensity on the transition temperature have highlighted the importance of the coupling between the crystal and the thermal bath in these experiments. Concomitantly, we developped a reaction diffusion model allowing to describe and iden-tify the relevant physical parameters involved in the control of the movement of HS/LS interface. The obtained results are very encouraging and reproduce the main features of the experimental data. However the origin of the interface orientation observed by the optical microscopy in the crystal of the compound [{Fe (NCSe) (py) 2} 2 (m-bpypz)] re-mained mysterious, and needed an elastic approach to be handled. At this end, an electro-elastic model including the volume change at the spin transition was developed. By taking into account for the anisotropy of the unit cell deformation at the transition, we were able to reproduce quantitatively the experimental HS/LS interface orientation. This result confirms the crucial role of the lattice symmetry and its elastic properties in the emergence of a stable interface orientation. The last part of the thesis is devoted to the investigation of photo-induced effects at very low temperatures (~10K). There, we visualized for the first time the real time transformation of a single crystal under LIESST (Light Induced Excited Spin State Trapping) effect as well as its subsequent relaxation at higher temperatures. We have also studied the light induced instabilities through investigation on the LITH (Light Induced Thermal Hysteresis) loops. Around the latter, a fascinating world made of nonlinear effects, and patterns formation emerged, recalled the well known Turing structures. These results lead to new horizons that will give access to new theories and original experimental observations that will enrich the topics opening the new avenues to study of nonlinear phenomena in spin crossover solids
Abou, Diwan Elie. "Matériau composite de silice dopée par des nanoparticules magnétiques de ferrite de cobalt : influence de la structuration 3D sur le comportement spectral de l'effet Faraday." Thesis, Saint-Etienne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STET4015/document.
Full textLT2C laboratory uses since recent years a low temperature sol-gel process to develop a magneto-optical composite material that is perfectly compatible with glass integrated optics. However, due to an actual low figure of merit, this material cannot be embedded on integrated non-reciprocal devices. In order to exalt the magneto-optical effects and figure of merit, the LT2C laboratory adopted a process based on opals to 3D structure the material. The selected process consists in elaborating direct opals by self-assembling monodisperse polystyrene microspheres on glass substrate. Those opals are then impregnated with a homogeneous solution of sol-gel silica precursors doped with cobalt ferrite nanoparticles. Resulting samples are later oven dried for 1 hour at 90°C. Finally, polystyrene spheres are dissolved in ethyl acetate to obtain a 3D structure formed by air voids in doped silica matrix. In this context, the objective of this thesis is to optimize the fabrication process of opals in order to improve their structural and magneto-optical quality. Furthermore, it consists in making a systematic study of the magneto-optical effect in these structures in order to investigate the spectral behavior of the Faraday effect and thus quantify the figure of merit. Analysis of SEM images and optical characterization prove that our elaboration process leads to the fabrication of opals with good structural and optical quality. Measurements of Faraday rotation and ellipticity as a function of applied magnetic field show hysteresis loops with an unambiguous non-reciprocal behavior. These observations highlight the magneto-photonic character of the doped inverse opals. A systematic spectral study of the magneto-optical effect in these 3D structures displays two peaks and an attenuation of Faraday rotation and ellipticity, respectively at the edges and the center of the photonic band gap. However, these significant spectral modifications do not increase the value of figure of merit. This ascertainment is primarily due to structural defects that lower the transmission magnitude of the doped inverse opals in comparison to a magneto-optical reference monolayer
Montardy, Quentin. "Lier l'activité de population de neurones du cortex visuel primaire avec le comportement oculomoteur : des saccades de fixation à V1, et de V1 à la réponse de suivi oculaire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5069.
Full textWe analyzed population activity in V1 to understand (i) the consequence of eye movements on integration of visual information, and (ii) the influence of the processing performed at the level of V1 on the generation of eye movements.1. We recorded fixational saccades, relating, trial-by-trial, these eye movements with the representation of the position of a local stimulus in V1. After a fixational saccade, activity moves consistently in V1. However, the time-course of responses display a biphasic dynamic. This results in a global increase of the extent of cortical activity representing the local stimulus. We propose that the behavior of populations of neurons studied is explained by the contribution of two main phenomena: (i) an early suppressive response that could be attributed to the corollary discharge and (ii) the lateral connections generating lateral interactions between pre and post-saccadic lci of activity.2. We recorded the ocular following response, determining whether the response of V1 influences the oculomotor response. We studied the contrast response function of the population V1 activity and the OFR. The dynamics of CRF for a local stimulus are similar and shifted in time. We found no correlations between the single trial latencies between V1 and the OFR. At the chosen scale, surround suppression was found to be distance-dependent only in V1. The dynamics of the surround suppression shows two phases: an early suppression present over a wide cortical area, and a later peripheral spread. We propose that the early surround suppression originates from feedback from MT and MST, while the later is explained by the horizontal connections
Nguyen, Cong Doan. "Etude expérimentale de l'impact de l'érosion par suffusion sur les propriétés physiques et mécaniques des sols." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0676/document.
Full textThis thesis work has investigated, on the one hand, the mechanism of internal erosion by suffusion in earthen hydraulic structures, and, on the other hand, the consequences suffusion can cause on the mechanical behavior of soils, the main objective being to improve our understanding of both the suffusion process and the behavior of eroded soils. The approach adopted was mainly experimental, by a multi-scale scope: from macroscopic, at the material scale, to microscopic, at the grain scale. At the macroscopic scale, suffusion experiments were performed on gap-graded cohesionless soil samples using a newly developed testing device, called the suffusion permeameter. Then, the eroded samples are transferred by a freeze/thaw procedure to a triaxial device to study their behavior under mechanical loading. The achieved results provide a general overview of the suffusion mechanism at the sample scale and highlight its impact on soil shear resistance properties. At the microscopic scale, the suffusion mechanism has been studied by performing a suffusion test with in-operando x-ray tomography and using local visualization based on optical techniques in an artificial soil. Subsequent grain-scale analysis has provided a deeper understanding of suffusion process through the characterization of the eroded soil microstructure, particularly highlighting the occurrence and development of strong heterogeneities, which appear to play a key role in the macroscopic mechanical behavior of eroded soils
Khlifi, Imad. "Optimisation of optical methods for strain field measurements dedicated to the characterisation of the fracture behaviour of refractories : Application to magnesia based materials." Thesis, Limoges, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIMO0123.
Full textMagnesia-spinel and magnesia-hercynite bricks destined for thermal shock applications in cement rotary kilns often show an enhanced crack propagation resistance due to an engineered microstructure design. In these materials, microcrack networks resulting from the thermal expansion mismatch between magnesia matrix and spinel/hercynite aggregates promote the activation of energy dissipating mechanisms within the so-called Fracture Process Zone (FPZ) during loading. In this research, the fracture behaviour of magnesia-based model materials was investigated by coupling a refined Digital Image Correlation method (2P-DIC) with the Wedge Splitting Test (WST). The coupling of these advanced characterisation methods has proven to be very effective in measuring important fracture parameters accurately and in highlighting characteristic fracture mechanisms, such as crack-branching. The investigation of microstructure-property relationships underlined the impact of thermally induced microcracks on the thermomechanical behaviour of magnesia-spinel and magnesia-hercynite materials. Despite the rather similar elastic and dilatometric properties of spinel and hercynite single constituents, peculiar microcracking patterns were observed, especially in magnesia-hercynite. In fact, extensive diffusion between magnesia and hercynite during sintering led to the formation of spinel solid solutions around hercynite aggregates. As a result of thermal expansion mismatch with magnesia, these solid solutions contributed to creating numerous fine microcracks confined within the diffusion zone. Initially present within the microstructure, microcrack networks promote an increase of the specific fracture energy during WST experiments. Moreover, the analysis of strain fields measured by 2P-DIC revealed extensive crack branching for magnesia-hercynite materials. In essence, 2P-DIC and WST measurements showed that microcrack networks promoted the development of the FPZ, which in turn induced higher fracture energies. In a refined R-curve approach, effective fracture energies were calculated using crack lengths measured by 2P-DIC, which helped establish strong links between FPZ development and an enhanced crack propagation resistance. The tendencies observed at room temperature during WST experiments were confirmed during thermal cycling experiments using a novel thermal shock device
Borderie, Joceran. "La quête du Team Flow dans les jeux vidéo coopératifs : apports conceptuels et méthodologiques." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN20015/document.
Full textRecent studies have explored social forms of the optimal experience (i.e. group flow and team flow). However, knowledge about these processes and ways to identify them, is very limited. Therefore, the present thesis aims, first, to define the team flow and its conceptual dimensions, and second, to create a new method to detect the different forms of flow through observation of players’ behavior and game replays. In this vein, three studies were carried out on different cooperative games (League of Legends, Resident Evil 5…) and revealed that: 1) team flow is a phenomenon qualitatively different from individual flow and therefore posseses unique conceptual dimensions; 2) positive interdependence and shared mental models seem to play a major role in the emergence of team flow. Positive interdependence links players in action and points them in a common direction. Mental models appear to allow players to build a shared organizational framework that promotes the emergence of an effective and smooth cooperation; 3) flow, team flow and group flow are mental states that seem to be possibly detectable by observing players’ behavior and their actions in the game. The joint outcomes of these studies help to define the optimum cooperative experience, its functioning, its specific characteristics compared to the individual version of flow, as well as ways to identify these mental states in real time. After discussing the main results of this thesis, we suggest research perspectives and applications beyond the scope of gaming
Mechernene, Lahcène. "Comportement des centres colores dans les fluorines sous l'effet d'irradiations lumineuses intenses : realisation d'un laser a centres "f::(2a") dans le fluorure de strontium dope au sodium." Caen, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988CAEN2013.
Full textAtmani, Hassane. "Investigations dans le domaine des comportements thermiques de matériaux désordonnés : application au sélénium et aux mélanges Se-Bi à faible concentration en bismuth." Rouen, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ROUES009.
Full textLe, Barbier Laura. "Etude théorique de l'interférométrie à rétro-injection optique en vue d'applications en dynamique des matériaux." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017INPT0018/document.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to study the feasibility of optical feedback interferometry (OFI) for measuring velocities for dynamical material's behaviour studies. Dynamical material's behaviour studies permit to analyse the shocked material when subjects to shocks (laser shocks, isentropic compression, projectiles, etc.). In these conditions, we seek to measure velocities up to 10 km/s. The OFI technique is regularly used as an embedded system to measure slow velocities in various fields. However, very few studies have been performed for determining velocities measurement limits for this system. As a matter of fact, the optical feedback induces nonlinear effects into the laser's cavity : it disrupts the laser's emitted optical power. Depending on the optical feedback strength, the laser can show chaotic behaviour, then it is no longer possible to get the information for the target's velocity or displacement regarding the signal. In this study, we have been developing mathematical models and performing a wide range of numerical simulations to study the performances and the limits of the OFI technique. We have been also studying the influence of the targets reflectivity, the length and the modulation frequency of the external cavity
Rodichkina, Sofia. "Electrical and thermal properties of silicon nanowire arrays." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI129.
Full textSilicon nanowires (SiNWs) attract growing attention in view of their promising thermoelectric applications. Low thermal conductivity and bulk-like electrical properties make them a perfect candidate as a thermoelectric material in framework of the concept “phonon-glass/ electroncrystal”. Theoretically, the values of figure of merit (ZT) for SiNWs as high as three can be achieved at room temperature, and experimentally ZT = 0.7 were already observed for individual SiNWs, which is close to ZT for commonly used bismuth chalcogenides (ZT = 0.8-1.0). For practical application of SiNWs, the low-cost fabrication methods for SiNWs arrays with high ZT should be achieved. In this thesis we aimed: (i) to adapt available semiconductor technology for fabrication of highly-doped SiNWs arrays, (ii) to develop contactless methods for non-destructive characterization of electrical and thermal properties of the SiNWs arrays, (iii) to fabricate and characterize SiNWs arrays with high electrical and low thermal conductivities. The arrays of SiNWs with the morphology and doping level necessary for maximum ZT were fabricated using metal-assisted chemical etching of silicon wafers and post-fabrication doping procedure, which consisted of the thermal diffusion of dopant atoms from spin-on dopant solutions. In particular, the arrays of silicon nanowires with a typical diameter of 100 nm, length of 10 mm, bulk core/rough surface morphology and doping level of 1020 cm
Saidi, Mohamed. "Mesure et analyse de l'état de déformation et d'endommagement interne dans les composites à matrice cimentaire utilisés pour le renforcement des structures de génie civil." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSE1092.
Full textDue to their mechanical, environmental and aesthetic compatibility, textile reinforced cementitious matrix composites are used on a large scale for rehabilitation and reinforcement of the built heritage and civil engineering structures. Under the effect of mechanical or environmental loads, the phenomena of interaction and damage between the textile reinforcement and the cementitious matrix are more complex than in the case of polymer matrix composites. These are mainly related to the cracking behaviour of the composite, the fragile nature of the matrix and the behaviour of the reinforcement/matrix bond. In particular, knowledge and understanding of the load transfer mechanisms at the reinforcement/matrix interface and crack initiation remain a major scientific challenge.Conventional measurement techniques used to characterise the mechanical behaviour of cementitious matrix composites (mechanical extensometers, digital image correlation, etc.) are able to provide information on the strain and stress state at the surface of a tested specimen. The different mechanisms of internal forces and degradation of the components (reinforcement, matrix, interface) are deduced using approaches of continuum and fracture mechanics.In this context, this work aims at implementing and adapting a measurement system that can be integrated into the core of composites: distributed optical fibre sensors. In order to check its reliability, this measurement technique is coupled with classical extensometer technics such as strain gauges implemented on the surface of the composites and digital image correlation. The main objective is to analyse more precisely the mechanical parameters at the micro scale and the load transfer mechanisms, crack initiation and propagation as well as damage mechanisms. On the basis of uni-axial tensile tests, coupled with the chosen instrumentation, a methodology for identifying local laws of reinforcement/matrix interaction is implemented. The aim of the thesis work is, using these local laws, to determine the micro-mechanical parameters of the composite (load transfer length, shear stress at the reinforcement/matrix interface, etc.) and to establish parameters characteristic of the local and global behaviour (cracking pattern and crack opening, damage indicators, constitutive equations, etc.). Nine configurations are tested and analysed in this work: two types of matrix, two types of textile reinforcement and three reinforcement ratios. The adaptation of the experimental protocol and the reliability of the results obtained are validated. The global and local behaviour of the composite, matrix, textile and their interface are measured and analysed. Load transfer length, shear stress at the textile/matrix interface, interface damage and crack opening are quantified and discussed. The effects of reinforcement ratio, matrix and textile type, mechanical and geometrical parameters of the composite on its mechanical tensile response are identified and evaluated. These results are used for the refinement and/or development of mechanical models of the stiffness and fracture behaviour of textile and cement-matrix reinforced composites
RINDISBACHER, Marcel. "Trois essais sur le comportement optimal dans les marchés financiers." Thèse, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/1179.
Full textMostefa-Kara, Leïla. "Le loisir fondé sur un projet pour les personnes qui présentent un trouble du comportement alimentaire : l'exemple du voyage comme expérience optimale (une rencontre franco-québécoise hors des sentiers battus)." Thèse, 2021. http://depot-e.uqtr.ca/id/eprint/9695/1/eprint9695.pdf.
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