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1
Art fractaliste: La complexité du regard. Paris, France: Harmattan, 2005.
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2
L' imaginaire de l'homme romain: Dualité et complexité. Bruxelles: Éditions Latomus, 2006.
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3
Borzyh, Stanislav. Universality of uniqueness. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1840173.
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The monograph is devoted to the uniqueness and universality of our being, earthly life, complexity, primarily multicellular organisms, intelligence and civilization. Despite the fact that all these phenomena are presented to us and in our person in the singular, their very existence indicates that, on the one hand, they obey the logic that runs through them all, and on the other hand, they observe certain universal rules for the implementation of something like this. That is, they are unique in their local representation, but they are constructed according to a template that applies to all such cases. The monograph consistently examines the multiplicity of hypostases of these realities and formulates the conclusion that, no matter how many of them there are, they must all fit into the mainstream of two principles — the embodied and the functional. Local conditions determine their final appearance, but the imperatives are the same for them all, and therefore these epithets do not contradict each other, but, on the contrary, are mutually complementary.
It is intended both for specialists in the field of epistemology, ontology and philosophy of life, and for the general public interested in real issues.
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Ezcurdia, Maite. Semantic complexity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714217.003.0006.
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Neale has presented a bold empirical thesis about noun phrases in natural language, namely that they are either semantically structured restricted quantifiers or semantically unstructured rigidly referring expressions. This chapter aims to undermine this thesis by questioning whether there are any prima facie or general reasons for believing it and for adopting the strategy of explaining seeming counterexamples away. The chapter questions the second disjunct, in particular whether there are any good reasons for thinking that there are no semantically structured or complex referring expressions. It reviews a variety of considerations from reference, rigidity, the intelligibility of sentences with referring expressions, Neale’s own act-syntactic framework, and syntax. It argues that none of these provides good prima facie or general motivation for upholding the thesis. It claims that referring expressions could be semantically complex and provides some reasons for thinking that complex demonstratives are an example.
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Brandts, Wendy Anne Maria. On models of complexity in biophysical systems. 1986.
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6
Tran, Chuong Van. Extensive chaos and complexity of two-dimensional turbulence. 2001.
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7
Vollmer, Laura J., and Kocku von Stuckrad. Science. Edited by Michael Stausberg and Steven Engler. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198729570.013.32.
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This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the ways religion and science have been related to each other since the nineteenth century, taking into account contemporary debates on the role of the church in society and of the professionalization of science. There are at least four different positions on how to conceptualize the relationship: the conflict thesis, the complexity thesis, the dynamism thesis, and the discursive perspective. Most discussions of the relationship between religion and science operate with a conceptual distinction that defines ‘religion’ and ‘science’ as clear, separate categories, which then are related to each other, creating rigid dichotomies. The chapter discusses integrative and discursive approaches that are more suitable to capture the complexity of meanings of ‘religion’ and ‘science’ and that attempt to move beyond problematic dichotomous constructions. Two case studies demonstrate the usefulness of discursive approaches for the study of religion and science.
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Michaelson, Eliot. The Lies We Tell Each Other Together. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198743965.003.0010.
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A great deal of attention has been directed at the question of what exactly is required for an utterance to count as a lie. At the center of recent discussion stand bald-faced lies, which have proven to be remarkably resistant to philosophical analysis. This chapter focuses on a related, yet curiously under-explored, set of cases: lies that we construct together, as friends, families, colleagues, and communities. This sort of lie exhibits a degree of moral and linguistic complexity not found in more standard examples of lying. That moral complexity will ultimately put pressure on the enduring thesis that the distinctive wrong of lying is that it threatens to undermine the potential for communication. The linguistic complexity, in contrast, will stand as a challenge to standard theories of conversational dynamics.
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Thomas, Emily. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807933.003.0012.
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This Conclusion draws the study to a close, and recounts its developmental theses. The first thesis is that the complexity of positions on time (and space) defended in early modern thought is hugely under-appreciated. An enormous variety of positions were defended during this period, going far beyond the well-known absolutism–relationism debate. The second thesis is that during this period three distinct kinds of absolutism can be found in British philosophy: Morean, Gassendist, and Newtonian. The chapter concludes with a few notes on the impact of absolutism within and beyond philosophy: on twenty-first-century metaphysics of time; and on art, geology, and philosophical theology.
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Dahl, Östen. Polysynthesis and Complexity. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.3.
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The notion of polysynthesis has been linked up with that of complexity from the very start. A discussion of the relationship between these two concepts is thus highly motivated, also in view of the recent increased interest in questions relating to complexity among linguists. The chapter discusses different ways of understanding and measuring complexity and how these can be applied to polysynthetic languages. Other topics treated in the chapter are how complexity develops over time in polysynthetic languages, the question of to what extent the notions of maturation and non-linearity as defined in Dahl (2004) are relevant to the synchrony and diachrony of polysynthesis, and how the complexity of constructions in polysynthetic languages compares to functionally equivalent constructions elsewhere.
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Leon, Sharon. Complexity and Collaboration. Edited by Paula Hamilton and James B. Gardner. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199766024.013.2.
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Since the popular emergence of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s, nothing has been clearer about the digital environment than that it changes at a breakneck pace, making it a constant challenge of adaptation for content providers. Public historians who may have come of age in the context of writing either concise wall labels for the public or extended scholarly articles and conference papers for their fellow historians might find the pace and the level of flexibility and interactivity of the Web disconcerting, but in the end, the advantages for the practice of public history are extensive. Breaking the constraints of a physical site by effectively using the Web leaves public historians constrained only by their time, resources, and imagination. This chapter deals specifically with the various modes of communication that are available to public historians through the use of new media.
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"Yellow" Coffins from Thebes: Recording and decoding complexity in Egyptian funerary arts. British Archaeological Reports (Oxford) Ltd, 2020.
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13
Vigdor, Steven E. Randomness and Complexity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814825.003.0007.
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Chapter 7 describes the fundamental role of randomness in quantum mechanics, in generating the first biomolecules, and in biological evolution. Experiments testing the Einstein–Podolsky–Rosen paradox have demonstrated, via Bell’s inequalities, that no local hidden variable theory can provide a viable alternative to quantum mechanics, with its fundamental randomness built in. Randomness presumably plays an equally important role in the chemical assembly of a wide array of polymer molecules to be sampled for their ability to store genetic information and self-replicate, fueling the sort of abiogenesis assumed in the RNA world hypothesis of life’s beginnings. Evidence for random mutations in biological evolution, microevolution of both bacteria and antibodies and macroevolution of the species, is briefly reviewed. The importance of natural selection in guiding the adaptation of species to changing environments is emphasized. A speculative role of cosmological natural selection for black-hole fecundity in the evolution of universes is discussed.
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Kohler, Timothy A. Evolutionary and Complexity Theory. Edited by Barbara Mills and Severin Fowles. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199978427.013.6.
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Echoes of all the major approaches to applying evolutionary theory and method to the archaeological record can be found in the Southwest. Prior to about 1980, cultural evolutionary approaches were quite common; after that time, until the mid-1990s, selectionism was the dominant approach. More recently, human behavioral ecology and, to a smaller degree, dual inheritance theory have oriented most evolutionary research, while at the same time, research that draws on the theories and methods of complex adaptive systems has become more prominent. All of these approaches are likely to contribute to solving the grand challenges facing archaeology in the Southwest.
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Соловйов, Володимир Миколайович, Андрій Олександрович Бєлінський,, A. V. Matviychuk, and O. A. Serdyuk. Permutation Based Complexity Measures and Crashes. Братислава-Харьков, ВШЭМ – ХНЭУ им. С. Кузнеца, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4397.
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A comprehensive analysis of permutation measures of the complexity of economic systems is performed by calculating the permutation entropy and the Kullback-Leibler divergence within the algorithm of a sliding window. A comparative analysis of these measures with the daily values of the Dow Jones index, WTI oil prices and Bitcoin prices indicate the possibility of their use as indicators-precursors of the known crashes in selected markets
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Succi, Sauro. Generalized Hydrodynamics Beyond Navier–Stokes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199592357.003.0006.
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The work of Chapman and Enskog opened a long period, lasting about three decades, in which most of the activity in kinetic theory was directed to the computation of the transport coefficients for different types of intermolecular potentials. Seeking the solution of the full Boltzmann equation itself was not much in focus, mostly on account of its daunting complexity. This situation took a sharp turn in 1949, with the publication of Harold Grad’s thesis. This Chapter presents the derivation of generalized hydrodynamics beyond the realm of the Navier-Stokes description, with special reference to Grad’s thirteen-moment formulation.
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Shagrir, Oron. Advertisement for the Philosophy of the Computational Sciences. Edited by Paul Humphreys. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199368815.013.3.
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This chapter deals with those fields that study computing systems. Among these computational sciences are computer science, computational cognitive science, computational neuroscience, and artificial intelligence. In the first part of the chapter, it is shown that there are varieties of computation, such as human computation, algorithmic machine computation, and physical computation. There are even varieties of versions of the Church-Turing thesis. The conclusion is that different computational sciences are often about different kinds of computation. The second part of the chapter discusses three specific philosophical issues. One is whether computers are natural kinds. Another issue is the nature of computational theories and explanations. The last section of the chapter relates remarkable results in computational complexity theory to problems of verification and confirmation.
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Percus, Allon, Gabriel Istrate, and Cristopher Moore, eds. Computational Complexity and Statistical Physics. Oxford University Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195177374.001.0001.
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Computer science and physics have been closely linked since the birth of modern computing. In recent years, an interdisciplinary area has blossomed at the junction of these fields, connecting insights from statistical physics with basic computational challenges. Researchers have successfully applied techniques from the study of phase transitions to analyze NP-complete problems such as satisfiability and graph coloring. This is leading to a new understanding of the structure of these problems, and of how algorithms perform on them. Computational Complexity and Statistical Physics will serve as a standard reference and pedagogical aid to statistical physics methods in computer science, with a particular focus on phase transitions in combinatorial problems. Addressed to a broad range of readers, the book includes substantial background material along with current research by leading computer scientists, mathematicians, and physicists. It will prepare students and researchers from all of these fields to contribute to this exciting area.
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Boland, Lawrence A. Equilibrium models vs. complexity economics. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190274320.003.0013.
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This chapter will critically examine the non-equilibrium-based complexity theory approach to model building. Complexity theory replaces equilibrium-based models with algorithm-based models. Attention will be paid to the work of W. Brian Arthur and the other researchers at the Santa Fe Institute, with a particular assessment of their approach to including knowledge and learning recognition in their alternative to equilibrium models. Topics discussed include complexity economics, technology, increasing returns, diversity, learning, path dependency and evolution. Particular attention is given to the Santa Fe Institutes use of inductive learning to characterize how a market participant acts in the face of incomplete and uncertain information.
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Brunsson, Nils, and Mats Jutterström. Multiplicity, Complexity, and Recurrent Change. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815761.003.0017.
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The empirical studies presented in the book are used to describe four types of market organizers observed—sellers, buyers, profiteers, and ‘others’—and to describe the elements of organization used. In the cases analysed most of the organization elements were used many times, to the extent that the term market bureaucracy is appropriate. Often market organization was supported with information and artefacts. The processes of market organizing and reorganizing were complex and dynamic. They involved several organizers with different interests, including organizations primarily active in other markets, recurrently or even perpetually reorganizing the market. Market organization often led to unintended consequences and met resistance, ideals of how to organize often shifted, and market organizers were more or less able to learn from their experience of organizing. The organization of markets tends to lead to a fragile order. The present state of market organization must be understood as a (temporary) result of organizing processes rather than a stable state due to some inherent characteristics of a market.
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Kwan, Letty Y. Y., and Chi-yue Chiu. Cultural Diversity (Fractionalization) and Economic Complexity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190455675.003.0005.
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Does cultural diversity drive creativity and human development? The answer seems to be no, according to the diversity debit hypothesis. In this chapter, we will review the evidence pertaining to the linkages between cultural diversity, on the one hand, and innovation and human development, on the other. To understand these linkages, we consider the multidimensional nature of cultural diversity and distinguish between cultural fractionalization and cultural complexity. Specifically, we argue with evidence from a multinational study that although the extent of ethnolinguistic fractionalization within a country is negatively related to its innovation performance and progress in human development, cultural complexity is positively related to innovation performance, and it can attenuate the negative association between ethnolinguistic fractionalization and progress in human development.
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Borgo, David. The Ghost in the Music, or the Perspective of an Improvising Ant. Edited by George E. Lewis and Benjamin Piekut. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195370935.013.005.
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One of the particular joys of improvising music together is not knowing precisely the relationship between one’s own actions and thoughts (one has to surprise oneself, after all) or between one’s actions and those of other improvisers (did you do that because I did that? Or did I do that because you did that?). Drawing on research in social psychology, actor-network theory, and the extended mind thesis in cognitive science, this chapter argues that one’s experience of musical “authorship” can be enhanced or undermined rather easily by social, material, and technological forms of agency in the environment. It concludes that musical improvisation offers simultaneously a situated practice for exploring interagency—and thereby exorcising the humanistic ghost of a “self-luminous” will—and the possibility of creating some provisional closure, some fleeting reduction of complexity, in a world increasingly characterized by relentless machinic heterogenesis.
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Sethna, James P. Statistical Mechanics: Entropy, Order Parameters, and Complexity. 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865247.001.0001.
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This text distills the core ideas of statistical mechanics to make room for new advances important to information theory, complexity, active matter, and dynamical systems. Chapters address random walks, equilibrium systems, entropy, free energies, quantum systems, calculation and computation, order parameters and topological defects, correlations and linear response theory, and abrupt and continuous phase transitions. Exercises explore the enormous range of phenomena where statistical mechanics provides essential insight — from card shuffling to how cells avoid errors when copying DNA, from the arrow of time to animal flocking behavior, from the onset of chaos to fingerprints. The text is aimed at graduates, undergraduates, and researchers in mathematics, computer science, engineering, biology, and the social sciences as well as to physicists, chemists, and astrophysicists. As such, it focuses on those issues common to all of these fields, background in quantum mechanics, thermodynamics, and advanced physics should not be needed, although scientific sophistication and interest will be important.
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Meunier, Fanny, Julie Van de Vyver, Linda Bradley, and Sylvie Thouësny. CALL and complexity – short papers from EUROCALL 2019. Research-publishing.net, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2019.38.9782490057542.
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The theme selected for the 2019 EuroCALL conference held in Louvain-la-Neuve was ‘CALL and complexity’. As languages are known to be intrinsically and linguistically complex, as are the many determinants of learning (additional) languages, complexity is viewed as a challenge to be embraced collectively. The 2019 conference allowed us to pay tribute to providers of CALL solutions and to recognize the complexity of their task. We hope you will enjoy reading this volume as it offers a rich glimpse into the numerous debates that took place during EuroCALL 2019. We look forward to continuing those debates and discussions with you at the next EuroCALL conferences!
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Negus Cleary, Michelle. Social Complexity and Political Capitals in Ancient Eurasia. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935413.013.19.
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This article draws upon archaeological evidence of settlement and enclosure sites as key indicators of social complexity in agro-pastoral societies of Central Asia and Inner Eurasia during the Late Iron Age–Late Antique periods. Large fortified enclosures (kalas) were the political capitals of mobile states and empires, embodying and displaying the power, status, and prestige of ruling elites. Low-density “urban” sites were located in dispersed settlement zones associated with rivers or water management systems in the Eurasian steppe and oases. These capitals were an alternative form of urbanism suited to the political organization of mobile ruling elites. This analysis provides insights into the varied modes of settlement utilized by agro-pastoral and mobile societies in extreme environmental zones.
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Taylor, Barnaby. Lucretius and the Language of Nature. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198754909.001.0001.
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Lucretius’ Epicurean poem De Rerum Natura (‘On the Nature of Things’), written in the middle of the first century BC, made a fundamental and lasting contribution to the language of Latin philosophy. This book is a study of Lucretius’ linguistic innovation and creativity. Lucretius is depicted as a linguistic trailblazer, extending and augmenting the technical language of Latin in order to describe the Epicurean universe of atoms and void in all its complexity and sublimity. A core thesis of the book is that a detailed understanding of Epicurean linguistic theory will bring with it a greater appreciation of Lucretius’ own language. Accordingly, the book features an in-depth reconstruction of certain core features of Epicurean linguistic theory. Elements of Lucretius’ style that are discussed include his attitudes to and use of figurative language (especially metaphor); his explorations, both explicit and implicit, of Latin etymology; his uses of Greek; and his creative deployment of compounds and prefixed words. His practice is related throughout not only to the underlying Epicurean theory but also to contemporary Roman attitudes to style and language.
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Quaglia, Lucia. The Politics of Regime Complexity in International Derivatives Regulation. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198866077.001.0001.
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This book examines the post-crisis international derivatives regulation by bringing together the international relations literature on regime complexity and the international political economy literature on financial regulation. Specifically, it addresses three interconnected questions. What factors drove international standard-setting on derivatives post-crisis? Why did international regime complexity emerge? How was it managed and with what outcomes? Theoretically, this research innovatively combines a state-centric, a transgovernmental and a business-led explanations. Empirically, it examines all the main sets of standards (or elemental regimes) concerning derivatives, namely: trading, clearing, and reporting derivatives; resilience, recovery, and resolution of central counterparties; bank capital requirements for bank exposures to central counterparties and derivatives; margins for derivatives non-centrally cleared. Regime complexity in derivatives ensued from the multi-dimensionality and the interlinkages of the problems to tackle, especially because it was a new policy area without a focal international standard-setter. Overall, the international cooperation that took place in order to promote regulatory precision, stringency, and consistency in the regime complex on derivatives was remarkable, especially considering the large number of policy actors involved (states, private actors, regulators). The main jurisdictions played an important role in managing regime complexity, but their effectiveness was constrained by limited domestic coordination. Networks of regulators facilitated international standard-setting and contributed to managing regime complexity through formal and informal tools. The financial industry, at times, lobbied in favour of less precise and stringent rules, engaging in international ‘venue shopping’; other times, it promoted regulatory harmonization and consistency.
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Ladyman, James, and Karoline Wiesner. What Is a Complex System? Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300251104.001.0001.
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What is a complex system? Although “complexity science” is used to understand phenomena as diverse as the behavior of honeybees, the economic markets, the human brain, and the climate, there is no agreement about its foundations. In this introduction for students, academics, and general readers, the authors develop an account of complexity that brings the different concepts and mathematical measures applied to complex systems into a single framework. The book begins with an overview and a brief history of complexity science. Complexity science is relatively new but already indispensable. Many of the most important problems in engineering, medicine, and public policy are now addressed with the ideas and methods of complexity science. The conceptual foundations of complexity science are disputed, and there are many and diverging views among scientists about what complexity and complex systems are. Its origins lie in cybernetics and systems theory and it is related to dynamical systems theory and the study of cellular automata. The book introduces the different features of complex systems and discusses different conceptions of complexity with the authors documenting their own account. In do so, they explain why complexity science is so important in today's world.
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Mathieu, Éric, Brandon J. Fry, and Michael Barrie. Adjunction of complex heads inside words. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778264.003.0011.
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Piggott and Travis (2013) argue that Ojibwe words, despite their flagrant complexity, are complex heads. In order to maintain this analysis, they claim that complex adjuncts inside Ojibwe words must be complex heads formed in a separate workspace before being adjoined to the main structure. This chapter argues that nothing in their argumentation requires these adjuncts to be complex heads. Their analysis in terms of the independent spell-out of adjuncts goes through equally well if these adjuncts are analysed as phrasal elements. Furthermore, it is shown that by analysing Ojibwe words as phrasal units as opposed to complex heads, the theoretical landscape of syntactic theory is cleaner, since the many problems introduced by head movement are eliminated; and greater empirical coverage is achieved, specifically with respect to the scope of preverbs and the complexity of noun incorporation constructions.
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Schwalbe, Harald, and Matthias Lutz-Bachmann, eds. Komplexität – System – Evolution. Verlag Karl Alber, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783495825464.
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Complexity challenges science and society. In their different approaches to research, sciences address systems and processes that are not yet adequately (or sufficiently) recognized if we reduce them to their individual components and disregard their interaction. The course of many processes is neither predictable nor can they be reliably controlled. In shape of Globalisation, digitalisation and an increasing interdependence of different social and political systems, society is also facing an increase in complexity. Starting from an integrative definition of complex systems, the volume brings together different perspectives from the life sciences, the humanities and the nature sciences, in order to gain a better understanding of complexity, also as a basis for dealing with it.
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Haslam, Nick. Reliability, Validity, and the Mixed Blessings of Operationalism. Edited by K. W. M. Fulford, Martin Davies, Richard G. T. Gipps, George Graham, John Z. Sadler, Giovanni Stanghellini, and Tim Thornton. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199579563.013.0058.
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The concepts of reliability and validity are fundamental for evaluating psychiatric diagnosis, including the "operationalist" approach pioneered in DSM-III. This chapter explores the complexity of these psychometric concepts and their interrelations. Although reliability constrains validity it does not guarantee it, and pursuing reliability in diagnosis can reduce validity. It is widely believed that the operationalist emphasis on diagnostic reliability has compromised the validity of recent psychiatric classifications. In particular, writers have argued that the drive for atheoretical diagnostic criteria has come at the cost of phenomenological richness and psychodynamic complexity. This chapter argues that although the operationalist turn may have impaired the validity of psychiatric diagnosis in some respects, these criticisms must be balanced by an appreciation of its benefits. In addition, it is suggested that some criticisms rest on a misunderstanding of the goals of operational descriptions. They should be evaluated primarily on pragmatic grounds as identification procedures and judged on their success in serving epistemic and communicative functions. Operational descriptions should not be viewed as comprehensive definitions of clinical phenomena or judged on their failure to encompass the richness and complexity of mental disorders. A diagnostic system is best understood as an intentionally delimited instrument for enabling clinical inference and communication. In essence, it is a simplified pidgin with which clinicians who speak different first languages (theoretical orientations) can conduct their shared business.
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Puranam, Phanish. An introduction to the microstructural approach to organization design. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199672363.003.0001.
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Organization design research is a branch of organization science that is concerned with understanding how organizations work in terms of aggregating the actions of their members towards organizational goals, and how to make organizations work better. The microstructural approach to organization design abstracts away from the variety and complexity of organizations to a few fundamental and universal problems of organizing (that relate to how they aggregate their members’ efforts), as well as a few reusable building blocks, called microstructures (which capture common patterns of interaction between members of an organization). The complexity and variety of organization designs, this approach claims, can be understood in terms of these simpler elements. I give an overview of the basic ideas of the microstructural approach, and its implications for theory, methodology and practice.
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Anderson, Stephen R. ‘Defaults’ and morphological structure. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712329.003.0011.
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While the other chapters are primarily concerned with the question of how default notions in morphological structure should be expressed, this chapter takes a somewhat different approach, attempting to characterize the notion of morphological ‘default’ from the other direction by investigating the range of phenomena in morphology that deviate from the default and thereby introduce structural complexity. This chapter argues that morphological complexity, the focus of much recent attention, is in fact simply the opposite side of the coin from structural defaults. Accordingly, if we want to understand defaults, we have to study their opposite sides, the sorts of complexity that characterize the morphologies of particular languages.
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Sheppard, Charles. 1. Geology or biology? Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199682775.003.0001.
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Early seafarers were wary of coral reefs, naturalists were confused by them, but many coastal people benefited greatly from these rocky structures that grew up to the sea’s surface. ‘Geology or biology?’ highlights the discovery of reefs by early explorers, discusses the various theories of how they are formed, and considers their biological complexity. Coral reefs will grow upwards to meet the surface when sea level is high, and will be eroded away during periods when sea level is low. A progressive understanding of vertical land movement and of vast changes in sea level lasting thousands of years show the layers of complexity that must be superimposed on Charles Darwin’s central theory of atoll formation.
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Snead, James E. Eastern Pueblo Archaeology. Edited by Barbara Mills and Severin Fowles. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199978427.013.21.
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The Eastern Pueblo region, home to numerous modern Indigenous communities and the archaeological remains associated with their ancestors, is one of the largest cultural areas in the Southwest. This terrain, including sites of extraordinary size and complexity, has been studied by archaeologists for more than 150 years, attracting the attention of such pioneers as Adolph Bandelier, A. V. Kidder, and Anna Shephard. This continuity of scholarship provides the distinctive opportunity to track long-term trends in research themes and aspects of archaeological practice. These traditions, with specific reference to the topics of migration, aggregation, and landscape, are explored in this chapter.
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Onuf, Nicholas Greenwood. Transitional Figures: Edmund Husserl, Emile Durkheim, the Fabian Society. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190879808.003.0010.
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Discussion of modernism tends to be confined to specific modes of expression—architecture, art, literature, music, photography. Generalizing nonetheless, modernism works by breaking the surface and working through layers. There is no empty space; there are only ensembles of relations, stable or shifting, linked by purpose. Form follows function; complexity induces functional differentiation. A distinctively modernist philosophy must dig beneath, or get inside, the questions: what is it possible to think, and ask? What is doing the work called thinking? Husserl’s phenomenology is the one philosophical program of its time directed to these questions and their implications for social existence. Durkheim expressly developed a functionalist perspective for social theory. Looking below the surface, he found social complexity subject to the differentiation of ever more specialized institutions performing more specialized tasks. Closely affiliated with London modernists, the Fabian Society began the task of assessing global administration in just these terms.
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Silveira, Jose, and Patricia Rockman. Managing Uncertainty in Mental Health Care. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197509326.001.0001.
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This book is about coming to grips with the uncertainty and complexity inherent to the assessment of people presenting with possible mental disorders. It is an exploration of the impact of objective uncertainty on clinical judgment and decision making and its relevance to mental health care. This is often not emphasized in clinical care and training. The book examines the relative utility of current nosology and clinical approaches in managing these challenges. The high prevalence of error in diagnosis and risk assessment related to existing clinical approaches is illustrated. An expanded view of common harms and impairments related to disrupted mental health is provided. These are used to populate a cognitive framework, to be used as a clinical tool during assessment. This transdiagnostic approach is intended to assist clinicians in identifying potential harm and impairment in their clients, independent of diagnostic clarity or errors. Finally, the book explores implications of irreducible uncertainty and complexity on approaches to clinician training and continuing professional development.
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Agras, W. Stewart, and Athena Robinson. Afterword. Edited by W. Stewart Agras and Athena Robinson. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190620998.013.31.
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This chapter reflects on core themes raised within this Handbook, which collectively reflect the state of the science in the eating disorder field. Such themes include the growing recognition of the complexity of eating disorders including their etiological underpinnings and the contributions of basic sciences to an understanding of processes underlying the expression of maladaptive eating patterns. The status of the prevention and treatment of these disorders as reflected in the literature to date is considered with questions raised about future progress. Looking toward the future, new technologies may offer opportunities to bring cost-effective evidence-based treatments to underserved populations. However, such opportunities bring with them new ethical and practical considerations. Also highlighted are potential areas for further research.
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Ashurst-McGee, Mark, Robin Scott Jensen, and Sharalyn D. Howcroft. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190274375.003.0001.
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Mark Ashurst-McGee, Robin Scott Jensen, and Sharalyn D. Howcroft introduce Foundational Texts of Mormonism: Examining Major Early Sources by noting the rich documentary record of the early history of Mormonism and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Among these the documents from the founding era under Joseph Smith are several major sources to which historians continually turn for information. However, as the authors explain, this is often with little appreciation for the complexity of the circumstances under which these documents were produced. The volume provides several examples of how understanding the complexity of documentary production helps historians to use these sources more critically. The authors individually introduce the chapters of the book.
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Miller, Roger, Donald Lessard, and Vivek Sakhrani. Megaprojects as Games of Innovation. Edited by Bent Flyvbjerg. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732242.013.12.
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Megaprojects are intricate solutions shaped over many years to fit specific contexts and market needs. This chapter focuses on megaprojects as games of innovation in which sponsors, experts, and potentially opposing stakeholders interact to shape opportunities into projects and to design and deliver these projects. Each project calls for multiple innovative choices over time in the face of foreseeable and emerging issues, in a design tradespace that reflects multiple dimensions of value. Keeping these trade-offs alive over the life of the project requires that sponsors and experts master the inherent complexity of megaprojects and develop architectures and processes that deliver with requisite complexity.
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Sikorski, Krzysztof A. Optimal Solution of Nonlinear Equations. Oxford University Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195106909.001.0001.
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Optimal Solution of Nonlinear Equations is a text/monograph designed to provide an overview of optimal computational methods for the solution of nonlinear equations, fixed points of contractive and noncontractive mapping, and for the computation of the topological degree. It is of interest to any reader working in the area of Information-Based Complexity. The worst-case settings are analyzed here. Several classes of functions are studied with special emphasis on tight complexity bounds and methods which are close to or achieve these bounds. Each chapter ends with exercises, including companies and open-ended research based exercises.
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Brown, Ruth Nicole. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037979.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter presents an overview of what Saving Our Lives Hear Our Truths (SOLHOT) is and is not about, its major themes, and the contributions it makes to envisioning Black girlhood critically among and with Black girls. SOLHOT is a particular methodology of creating spaces to practice and enact a visionary Black girlhood. Whether the vision is simply stated as the celebration of Black girlhood in all of its complexity, or even revised and elongated, SOLHOT as utopia, SOLHOT as dismal failure, and SOLHOT as mostly everything in between is about foregrounding complexity in collective and creative work with Black girls and women.
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Trudgill, Peter. The Anthropological Setting of Polysynthesis. Edited by Michael Fortescue, Marianne Mithun, and Nicholas Evans. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199683208.013.13.
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A sociolinguistically oriented study of polysynthesis literature reveals one rather striking observation. Varieties often cited as being incontrovertibly polysynthetic include languages from many different language families and different areas of the world. But many of these languages have a number of social characteristics in common: they are spoken in relatively small, traditional, non-industrialized communities, over relatively small territories. This chapter suggests that this is not a coincidence. There seems to be considerable agreement in the literature, for instance, that polysynthetic languages are ‘highly’, ‘extremely’, or ‘extraordinarily’ complex. And the literature on polysynthesis abounds in descriptors referring to their complexity as ‘exuberant’, ‘unusual’, ‘spectacular’, ‘baroque’, ‘rich’, ‘daunting’, and ‘startling’. This tallies nicely with the suggestion (Trudgill 2011) that linguistic complexity is particularly associated with relatively small, isolated, stable communities which have dense social-network structures; and is relatively unlikely to be found in large, high-contact (for example urban, colonial, standard) language varieties.
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Ronen, Boaz, Joseph S. Pliskin, and Shimeon Pass. The Modern Healthcare Environment (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190843458.003.0001.
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Management has become more demanding and difficult considering the fierce competition, increased complexity, and diversity of services. Hospitals and clinics face increased demand for their services along with pressure to contain costs. This chapter suggests that the solution is the implementation of novel managerial approaches to identify and improve relevant value drivers. These innovative approaches include the theory of constraints (TOC), Lean, and Six Sigma. These managerial approaches are based on common sense, have evolved from field practice, and negate the input–output myth (“To do more, you more resources”). Instead, these approaches emphasize “doing more with what you have.”
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Davis, Coralynn V. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038426.003.0001.
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This introductory chapter provides an overview of Maithil women and storytelling. Through the imperatives of purdah, Maithil womanhood entails a significant degree of constriction of movement and speech both in and outside domestic spaces. They do, however, tell and listen to stories in the context of women- and children-only settings and have collectively promulgated a rich body of tales, which, while inevitably modified at least slightly with each telling, nonetheless display strong continuities in their themes, structures, and complexity of cosmological thinking and moral lessons. The behavioral norms of purdah have never been totalizing, yet they have been subject to new challenges as well as reassertion in the era of globalization, with its attendant and uneven expansion of mobility, mediation, education, and consumption. It is in these shifting conditions that Maithil women continue to weave their tales and navigate the terrain of their increasingly unstable lives.
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Hain, Richard D. W., and Satbir Singh Jassal. Religion and ritual. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745457.003.0020.
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Religion and ritual have featured in human society for many thousands of years. The complexity of the rituals of different religions and their diversity can seem overwhelming at times, but interestingly all religions appear to follow many similar themes. Even though each culture has its own approach to death, in almost all faiths, death is seen as a time of transition. This chapter covers approaches to death found in the major UK religions and cultures. Examining the main features of Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Judaism, Buddhism, and traditional African cultures, this chapter covers both the general aspects of these faiths and cultures, and the main beliefs and practicalities that these groups associate with the death of a child. As well as providing information on specific issues, this chapter covers usual procedures before and after death, funeral rituals, and typical rituals on the anniversary of death.
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Jones, Roy W. Safety, legal issues and driving. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199569854.003.0010.
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• A person with dementia’s autonomy must be respected as far as possible and recognition given to their remaining abilities and rights• People with dementia usually reach a point where they cannot manage their own legal and financial affairs• The capacity needed to make a particular decision depends on the nature and complexity of the decision...
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Edmondson, Ricca, and Hans-Joachim von Kondratowitz, eds. Valuing Older People. Bristol University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.46692/9781847422934.
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How can we understand older people as real human beings, value their wisdom, and appreciate that their norms and purposes both matter in themselves and are affected by those of others? Using a life-course approach, this book argues that the complexity and potential creativity of later life demand a humanistic vision of older people and ageing.
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Gough, Peter, and Peggy Seeger. “Spit, Baling Wire, Mirrors” and the WPA. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039041.003.0005.
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This chapter focuses on the Musical Projects in Colorado, Utah, Oregon and Washington. The intermountain states of Colorado and Utah and the Pacific northwestern states of Oregon and Washington all maintained Federal Music Project (FMP) programs. These FMP programs strove, to varying degrees, to integrate indigenous themes and folksong into their musical repertoire. While none experienced the confrontations with the federal or regional administrations that Arizona or New Mexico did, or the unceasing internal squabbling of California, all demonstrated a desire for agency and autonomy in their musical productions. These programs also reflected the regional and musical complexion of their individual states. Indeed, the goals of the individual programs and the resultant power plays between local, state, and national administrations—as well as the subsequent compromises and adjustments—determined the direction of Federal Music in each of these projects.
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Boyer, Robert. Expectations, Narratives, and Socio-Economic Regimes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198820802.003.0002.
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The chapter proposes a history of the grand narratives associated with a succession of recent socio-economic regimes. Since the 2000s, radical uncertainty has greatly increased, given widespread innovation, and the unprecedented complexity of domestic and international interdependencies. In these circumstances, actors cannot form fully rational expectations because the past is a poor predictor of the future. This agony of the rational expectation hypothesis has opened a wide space to consider the role played by economic narratives in conditions of uncertainty. These narratives are generally rather simple in form and promise a drastic reduction of radical uncertainty and system complexity. Businesses use storytelling to convince markets to finance daring, uncertain projects, and economic policy-makers rely on it to coordinate action. In this way, imaginaries and narratives are crucial in moving capitalist spirits—but at the cost of recurring financial and economic crises as each is found wanting in turn.