Relevant bibliographies by topics / Complex Structural Models

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Complex Structural Models'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Complex Structural Models"

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Dupont, B., E. Pillet, and S. Cogan. "Superelement Verification in Complex Structural Models." Shock and Vibration 15, no. 3-4 (2008): 369–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2008/237124.

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The objective of this article is to propose decision indicators to guide the analyst in the optimal definition of an ensemble of superelements in a complex structural assembly. These indicators are constructed based on comparisons between the unreduced physical model and the approximate solution provided by a nominally reduced superelement model. First, the low contribution substructure slave modes are filtered. Then, the minimum dynamical residual expansion is used to localize the superelements which are the most responsible for the response prediction errors. Moreover, it is shown that static residual vectors, which are a natural result of these calculations, can be included to represent the contribution of important truncated slave modes and consequently correct the deficient superelements. The proposed methodology is illustrated on a subassembly of an aeroengine model.
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Capiluppi, Marta, and Marcel Staroswiecki. "FROM STRUCTURAL TO FUNCTIONAL MODELS OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 39, no. 13 (2006): 1276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3182/20060829-4-cn-2909.00213.

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DUCROT, ARNAUD. "STRUCTURAL STABILITY OF COMBUSTION MODELS WITH COMPLEX CHEMISTRY." Mathematical Models and Methods in Applied Sciences 16, no. 06 (June 2006): 793–817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218202506001352.

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This work is devoted to the study of semi-linear elliptic systems in unbounded cylinders with linear dependence of the components of the nonlinearity vector. We reduce the study of such a problem with non-Fredholm operator to the study of a perturbation of some reaction-diffusion operator which satisfies the Fredholm property. Then sufficient conditions that ensure the structural stability of particular solutions are given. These conditions are applied to derive some existence results for some combustion model with complex chemistry and for some KPP like system.
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Preacher, Kristopher J. "Testing Complex Correlational Hypotheses With Structural Equation Models." Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal 13, no. 4 (December 2006): 520–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15328007sem1304_2.

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Wang, Chao, Li Wan, Tifan Xiong, Yuanlong Xie, Shuting Wang, Jianwan Ding, and Liping Chen. "Hierarchical Structural Analysis Method for Complex Equation-Oriented Models." Mathematics 9, no. 21 (October 21, 2021): 2660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9212660.

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Structural analysis is a method for verifying equation-oriented models in the design of industrial systems. Existing structural analysis methods need flattening of the hierarchical models into an equation system for analysis. However, the large-scale equations in complex models make structural analysis difficult. Aimed to address the issue, this study proposes a hierarchical structural analysis method by exploring the relationship between the singularities of the hierarchical equation-oriented model and its components. This method obtains the singularity of a hierarchical equation-oriented model by analyzing a dummy model constructed with the parts from the decomposing results of its components. Based on this, the structural singularity of a complex model can be obtained by layer-by-layer analysis according to their natural hierarchy. The hierarchical structural analysis method can reduce the equation scale in each analysis and achieve efficient structural analysis of very complex models. This method can be adaptively applied to nonlinear-algebraic and differential-algebraic equation models. The main algorithms, application cases and comparison with the existing methods are present in this paper. The complexity analysis results show the enhanced efficiency of the proposed method in the structural analysis of complex equation-oriented models. Compared with the existing methods, the time complexity of the proposed method is improved significantly.
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L.V., Ponomarova. "STRUCTURAL MODELS OF COMPLEX TERMS IN INSTITUTIONALLY LEGAL DISCOURSE." South archive (philological sciences), no. 86 (June 29, 2021): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-2691/2021-86-5.

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Goal. The aim of the study is to identify structures typical for the speech realization of terminological compounds in the institutionally legal segment of judicial discourse. The article presents an analysis of terminological compounds of different quantitative structure.Methods. To bring the need for terminological spoluks as more detailed and unambiguous forms of the term are supplemented by advanced methods: for the definition and description of the semantic structure of the previously described terminological spheres of the methodists; spiritual and visual signs of pre-visualized structures appeared for the additional statutory method; kіlkіsny method vikoristano for the value of the frequency of implantation of terminological spoluks in the texts of the institute and legal discourse.Results. The result of the investigation was the classification of terminological compounds of institutionally legal discourse by syntactic and semantic indicators. In modern terminology, the problem of modification, loss of properties of the term as a result of convergence of terminology with common vocabulary is relevant. This convergence is especially noticeable in legal discourse, due to its proximity to everyday communication. For this reason, so-called illusion of understanding the text appears. This is especially noticeable in the use of terminological compounds, where part of them is common vocabulary. Conclusions. Given the functional approach to the definition of the term, it can be stated that multicomponent terminological compounds meet all the requirements for the term, namely, are lexicalized phrases of special function, are included in all semiotic relations, and so on. They also perform a number of other functions that are uncharacteristic of one-word terminology. The functions of multicomponent terms are determined by the needs of institutionally legal discourse, and are related to the methods of word formation, each of which affects the coherence, connectivity and other characteristics of the text. The choice of terminology allows to provide absolutely comprehensive, detailed and accurate information.Key words: terminological connection, terminological system, professional vocabulary, common vocabulary, term structure. Мета. Метою дослідження є виявлення структур, типових для мовленнєвої реалізації термінологічних сполук в інституційно-правовому сегменті юридичного дискурсу. У статті представлений аналіз термінологічних сполук різної семантичної структури.Методи. Довести необхідність термінологічних сполук як більш вичерпних та деталізованих і однозначних форм терміна допомогають такі методи: для визначення і опису семантичної структури досліджуваних термінологічних сполук використовувався структурний метод; спільні і відмінні ознаки досліджуваних структур виявлялись за допомогою зіставного методу; кількісний метод використано для визначення частотності вживання термінологічних сполук у текстах інституційно-правового дискурсу. Результати. Результатом розвідки стала класифікація термінологічних сполук інституційно-правового дискурсу за синтаксичними та семантичними показниками. У сучасній термінології виникає проблема видозмінювання, втрати властивостей терміна в результаті конвергенції термінології із загальновживаною лексикою. Ця конвергенція помітна у юридичному дискурсі через його наближеність до повсякденного спілкування. Із цієї причини виникає так звана ілюзія розуміння тексту. Висновки. Зважаючи на функціональний підхід до визначення терміна, можна констатувати, що багатокомпонентні тер-мінологічні сполуки задовольняють всім вимогам, що пред’являються до терміна. Вони також виконують ряд інших функцій, які невластиві однослівній термінології. Термінологічна сполука має чітку дефініцію та структуру, завдяки чому усувається можливість неоднозначності. Семантична структура зазначених одиниць визначається потребами інституційно-правового дискурсу і пов’язана з методами словотворення, кожен з яких впливає на зв’язність, з’єднаність й інші характеристики тексту. Ключові слова: термінологічна сполука, терміносистема, професійна лексика, загальновживана лексика, структура терміна.
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VILLACAMPA, Y., and J. L. USO-DOMENECH. "MATHEMATICAL MODELS OF COMPLEX STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS. A LINGUISTIC VISION." International Journal of General Systems 28, no. 1 (June 1999): 37–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03081079908935228.

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Autin, Ludovic, Mårten Steen, Björn Dahlbäck, and Bruno O. Villoutreix. "Proposed structural models of the prothrombinase (FXa-FVa) complex." Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics 63, no. 3 (January 25, 2006): 440–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prot.20848.

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Wilson, Sandra Jo, Joshua R. Polanin, and Mark W. Lipsey. "Fitting meta-analytic structural equation models with complex datasets." Research Synthesis Methods 7, no. 2 (June 2016): 121–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1199.

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Urbina, Angel, and Thomas Paez. "Probabilistic Numerical Analysis of Large, Complex, Structural Dynamic System Models." Journal of the IEST 46, no. 1 (September 14, 2003): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17764/jiet.46.1.p3k33743858u56hx.

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In recent years, great progress has been made in the construction and solution of large finite element models of complex structural dynamic systems. For example, structural models with millions of degrees of freedom are being built and used to approximate responses of structural systems. Further, great progress is being made in stochastic system analysis. Techniques for the construction of stochastic system models have been developed and solution techniques proposed. However, the two areas have not been combined, on a large scale, because stochastic finite element approaches appear very intrusive in their pure form. That is, substantial modifications of deterministic finite element codes are required to accommodate stochastic analysis. In view of this, a technique that uses the techniques of stochastic finite elements in a non-intrusive manner is required. This research provides one such approach. Specifically, the problem is divided into three parts: (1) model structural dynamic excitations using traditional approaches, and model physical system randomness using techniques of stochastic finite elements, namely, the Karhunen-Loeve expansion and polynomial chaos; (2) generate stochastic structural realizations and realizations of the random excitation using a Monte Carlo approach, and analyze structural responses with parallel computation in a suitable, large-scale finite element code; and (3) analyze structural dynamic responses using the techniques of stochastic finite elements, namely, the Karhunen-Loeve expansion and polynomial chaos. This paper supplies the details of the analytical approach. A numerical example is presented.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Complex Structural Models"

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PAFUNDI, PIA CLARA. "SPECIFICATION AND ESTIMATION OF COMPLEX STRUCTURAL MODELS WITH COVARIATE EFFECTS." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/54182.

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Molti approcci statistici hanno studiato la specificazione e il fitting di Modelli ad Equazioni Strutturali con covariate esterne. Tali metodi differiscono per modelli di misurazione (modelli formativi o riflessivi, variabili latenti o composite, presenza di variabili osservate esogene e/o endogene con effetti diretti sulle variabili latenti/composite) e strategie di stima (parametriche/algoritmiche). Il presente lavoro si focalizza in particolare sulla possibilità di inserire covariate esterne che possono influenzare entrambi gli indicatori endogeni direttamente e/o indirettamente, attraverso le composite. Sono stati introdotti i fondamenti dei Modelli ad Equazioni Strutturali, descrivendo brevemente LISREL, PLS e le metodologie più nuove e innovative, tra cui la Generalized Maximum Entropy (GME), nonché i loro limiti, spiegando se consentono o meno l’inserimento di covariate esterne. È stata quindi discussa l’introduzione di covariate esterne nell’ambito della Component Analysis, attraverso metodi quali la Redundancy Analysis, la Multiblock Redundancy Analysis (MbRA) e la Extended Redundancy Analysis (ERA). Ogni singola metodologia verrà illustrata, esplicitandone vantaggi e svantaggi e miglioramenti giustificanti l’introduzione di una nuova strategia di stima nota come Generalized Redundancy Analysis (GRA), sulla quale è stato condotto uno studio di simulazione completo, con tre diversi scenari, volto a valutare le performance del GRA nella specificazione di estensioni complesse, covariate e differenti scenari di distribuzione.
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Abdullah, Aslam. "Quantifying guidelines and criteria for using turbulence models in complex flows." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2011. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/7454.

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A framework for assessing the key statistical parameters of complex flows in choosing appropriate turbulence prediction methods on a quantitative basis is developed. These parameters characterise flow/modelling matching conditions quantified in this work. Matching conditions are important in classifying complex turbulent flows in order to frame best practice for model predictions to inform computational aerodynamics design optimisation in the context of virtual test beds. In the incompressible low Reynolds number shear flows considered here, the boundaries of the 'conforming domain' within which turbulence models are valid need to be defined, based on basic mechanisms of turbulence, and the statistical parameters. This has led to a new guideline ‘localness map’ for standard model applications. Since the choice of turbulence model depends on the complexity of the flows considered, it is useful if systematic sets of the parameters indicate the type of flow. They are that of residence time, the degree of spatial non-locality, the straining, and the non-Gaussianity, each of which is appropriately normalised. It can be demonstrated that the quantified map, in particular that of localness for the shear flows, provides a firm foundation for evaluating a wider range of Underlying Flow Regimes, including locating the Underlying Flow Regimes on the generalised localness modeling map as a framework for best practice guidelines. This work produces 7 sets of quantitative localness-structural parameters, which are used as baseline sets for grouping the Underlying Flow Regimes, and hence it opens the possibility of having complete modelling maps for Application Challenges to assess the need for zonal modelling.
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Chauvet, Jocelyn. "Introducing complex dependency structures into supervised components-based models." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTS008/document.

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Une forte redondance des variables explicatives cause de gros problèmes d'identifiabilité et d'instabilité des coefficients dans les modèles de régression. Même lorsque l'estimation est possible, l'interprétation des résultats est donc extrêmement délicate. Il est alors indispensable de combiner à leur vraisemblance un critère supplémentaire qui régularise l'estimateur. Dans le sillage de la régression PLS, la stratégie de régularisation que nous considérons dans cette thèse est fondée sur l'extraction de composantes supervisées. Contraintes à l'orthogonalité entre elles, ces composantes doivent non seulement capturer l'information structurelle des variables explicatives, mais aussi prédire autant que possible les variables réponses, qui peuvent être de types divers (continues ou discrètes, quantitatives, ordinales ou nominales). La régression sur composantes supervisées a été développée pour les GLMs multivariés, mais n'a jusqu'alors concerné que des modèles à observations indépendantes.Or dans de nombreuses situations, les observations sont groupées. Nous proposons une extension de la méthode aux GLMMs multivariés, pour lesquels les corrélations intra-groupes sont modélisées au moyen d'effets aléatoires. À chaque étape de l'algorithme de Schall permettant l'estimation du GLMM, nous procédons à la régularisation du modèle par l'extraction de composantes maximisant un compromis entre qualité d'ajustement et pertinence structurelle. Comparé à la régularisation par pénalisation de type ridge ou LASSO, nous montrons sur données simulées que notre méthode non seulement permet de révéler les dimensions explicatives les plus importantes pour l'ensemble des réponses, mais fournit souvent une meilleure prédiction. La méthode est aussi évaluée sur données réelles.Nous développons enfin des méthodes de régularisation dans le contexte spécifique des données de panel (impliquant des mesures répétées sur différents individus aux mêmes dates). Deux effets aléatoires sont introduits : le premier modélise la dépendance des mesures relatives à un même individu, tandis que le second modélise un effet propre au temps (possédant donc une certaine inertie) partagé par tous les individus. Pour des réponses Gaussiennes, nous proposons d'abord un algorithme EM pour maximiser la vraisemblance du modèle pénalisée par la norme L2 des coefficients de régression. Puis nous proposons une alternative consistant à donner une prime aux directions les plus "fortes" de l'ensemble des prédicteurs. Une extension de ces approches est également proposée pour des données non-Gaussiennes, et des tests comparatifs sont effectués sur données Poissonniennes
High redundancy of explanatory variables results in identification troubles and a severe lack of stability of regression model estimates. Even when estimation is possible, a consequence is the near-impossibility to interpret the results. It is then necessary to combine its likelihood with an extra-criterion regularising the estimates. In the wake of PLS regression, the regularising strategy considered in this thesis is based on extracting supervised components. Such orthogonal components must not only capture the structural information of the explanatory variables, but also predict as well as possible the response variables, which can be of various types (continuous or discrete, quantitative, ordinal or nominal). Regression on supervised components was developed for multivariate GLMs, but so far concerned models with independent observations.However, in many situations, the observations are grouped. We propose an extension of the method to multivariate GLMMs, in which within-group correlations are modelled with random effects. At each step of Schall's algorithm for GLMM estimation, we regularise the model by extracting components that maximise a trade-off between goodness-of-fit and structural relevance. Compared to penalty-based regularisation methods such as ridge or LASSO, we show on simulated data that our method not only reveals the important explanatory dimensions for all responses, but often gives a better prediction too. The method is also assessed on real data.We finally develop regularisation methods in the specific context of panel data (involving repeated measures on several individuals at the same time-points). Two random effects are introduced: the first one models the dependence of measures related to the same individual, while the second one models a time-specific effect (thus having a certain inertia) shared by all the individuals. For Gaussian responses, we first propose an EM algorithm to maximise the likelihood penalised by the L2-norm of the regression coefficients. Then, we propose an alternative which rather gives a bonus to the "strongest" directions in the explanatory subspace. An extension of these approaches is also proposed for non-Gaussian data, and comparative tests are carried out on Poisson data
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Hang, Huajiang Engineering &amp Information Technology Australian Defence Force Academy UNSW. "Prediction of the effects of distributed structural modification on the dynamic response of structures." Awarded by:University of New South Wales - Australian Defence Force Academy. Engineering & Information Technology, 2009. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/44275.

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The aim of this study is to investigate means of efficiently assessing the effects of distributed structural modification on the dynamic properties of a complex structure. The helicopter structure is normally designed to avoid resonance at the main rotor rotational frequency. However, very often military helicopters have to be modified (such as to carry a different weapon system or an additional fuel tank) to fulfill operational requirements. Any modification to a helicopter structure has the potential of changing its resonance frequencies and mode shapes. The dynamic properties of the modified structure can be determined by experimental testing or numerical simulation, both of which are complex, expensive and time-consuming. Assuming that the original dynamic characteristics are already established and that the modification is a relatively simple attachment such as beam or plate modification, the modified dynamic properties may be determined numerically without solving the equations of motion of the full-modified structure. The frequency response functions (FRFs) of the modified structure can be computed by coupling the original FRFs and a delta dynamic stiffness matrix for the modification introduced. The validity of this approach is investigated by applying it to several cases, 1) 1D structure with structural modification but no change in the number of degree of freedom (DOFs). A simply supported beam with double thickness in the middle section is treated as an example for this case; 2) 1D structure with additional DOFs. A cantilever beam to which a smaller beam is attached is treated as an example for this case, 3) 2D structure with a reduction in DOFs. A four-edge-clamped plate with a cut-out in the centre is treated as an example for this case; and 4) 3D structure with additional DOFs. A box frame with a plate attached to it as structural modification with additional DOFs and combination of different structures. The original FRFs were obtained numerically and experimentally except for the first case. The delta dynamic stiffness matrix was determined numerically by modelling the part of the modified structure including the modifying structure and part of the original structure at the same location. The FRFs of the modified structure were then computed. Good agreement is obtained by comparing the results to the FRFs of the modified structure determined experimentally as well as by numerical modelling of the complete modified structure.
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Hinojosa-Prieto, Hector R. "Tectonothermal history of the La Noria-Las Calaveras region, Acatlán Complex, southern Mexico implications for Paleozoic tectonic models /." Ohio : Ohio University, 2006. http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd/view.cgi?ohiou1151434573.

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Grundmeier, Alexander Peter [Verfasser]. "The water-oxidizing manganese complex of oxygenic photosynthesis : structural models based on X-ray absorption spectroscopy / Alexander Peter Grundmeier." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2012. http://d-nb.info/1026883717/34.

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Ameen, Masood, and Mini Jacob. "Complexity in Projects : A Study of Practitioners’ Understanding of Complexity in Relation to ExistingTheoretical Models." Thesis, Umeå University, Umeå School of Business, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-18376.

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In the last three decades, complexity theory has gained a lot of importance in several scientific disciplines like astronomy, geology, chemistry etc. It has slowly extended its usage in the field of project management. While trying to understand the managerial demands of modern day projects and the different situations faced in projects, the term ‘complexity’ is progressively becoming a benchmark term. In the recent past some of the challenging projects that have been completed are the Heathrow Terminal 5 and the construction of venues for the Beijing Olympics. But can we call these projects complex?It is probably too simplistic to classify projects as complex or non-complex. What is particularly important is to identify the source of the complexity, the level and also the implications of the complexity. Several academicians have studied the different dimensions and established different classifications of complexity. These are put together into models of complexity.But is this classification well-grounded in reality? This is what we aim to explore through this research. The specific questions that we wish to explore by conducting this research are:

  • How does the understanding of project complexity in actuality conform to the theoretical complexity models?

In an effort to answer the primary question, our study will also throw some light on factors of complexity across different sectors. We hope that this distinction will pave way for further research within these sectors. This now brings us to our sub-question:- How do the factors that contribute to complexity compare across different sectors?At the outset of this research, the literature on complexity was reviewed. An attempt was made to understand what complexity means with a focus on the field of project management.It was observed that there is a new wave of thinking in this field and a camp which believes that regular project management tools and techniques cannot be used for complex projects.

This has drawn several academicians to generate models of complexity based on various factors. In this research we have focused on some important models like that of Turner and Cochrane, Ralph Stacey, Terry Williams, Kahane and Remington and Pollack. We have tried to see if any of these models fit in with how practitioners understand complexity.To find out how practitioners comprehend complexity, we followed a grounded theory approach and also used quantitative methods to supplement the results in accordance in a mixed methodology. Semi-structured interviews were carried out with nine project managers from different sectors and different  geographical locations. The interviews were analyzed and the data was broken down to different categories referred to as open coding where labelling was done. This was followed by Axial coding where we describe the properties and build relations between these categories. The final stage is selective coding where the emerged theory is integrated and refined.Quantitative data was collected through a short questionnaire which listed out some factors which could cause or lead to complexity in projects. A total of 29 responses were obtained for the questionnaires. By analyzing this data we were able to determine the factors that project managers thought caused complexity in projects. A new dimension was also added by analyzing it sector-wise. Since we collected data from two different sources, via interviews and through questionnaires, it gave us the opportunity to triangulate the findings. Wesincerely hope that this piece of work will pave way for future research on similar areas like models of complexity and perception of complexity in project management

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Estienne, Jacques. "Des halogènes dans les édifices moléculaires étioniques : études cristallographiques, corrélations structure-réactivité, structure-conductivité, modèles structuraux." Aix-Marseille 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986AIX11001.

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Etude structurale de substances pouvant intervenir en tant que catalyseurs ou conducteurs electriques dans le monde industriel, dans le cadre de trois modeles : modele de l'atome cl mu -ponsteur co::(3) cl(c::(2)f::(3)o::(2))::(3)(so::(4))(c::(4)h::(10)o::(2))::(3) et mn::(4)cl::(4)(c::(2)f::(3)o::(2))::(4)(c::(4)h::(10)o)::(6), modele de l'ion tribromure dans des composes organiques et modele de l'iodure simple (iodures organiques comportant des dications diazoniatricycliques c::(14)h::(28)n::(2)**(2+). 2i**(-) et c::(15)h::(30)n::(2)**(2+). 2i**(-) et de l'ion iodoargentate (ag::(4) i::(8)**(4-). 2c::(15)h::(30)n::(2)**(2+))
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Sun, Daning. "Structured policies for complex production and inventory models." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31002.

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For inventory models minimizing the long-run average cost over an infinite horizon, the existence of optimal policies was an open question for a long time. Consider a deterministic, continuous time inventory system satisfies the following conditions: the production network is acyclic, the joint setup cost function is monotone, the holding cost and the backlogging cost rates are nonnegative, the demand rates are constant over time, the production rates are infinite or finite non-increasing, and backlogging may be allowed or not. For this very general extension of the Wilson-Harris EOQ model, we prove the existence of optimal policies. Very few properties of optimal policies have been discovered since the 1950's. Restricting the above inventory model to infinite production rates, we present some new properties of optimal policies, such as the Latest Ordering Property, and explicit expressions for echelon inventories and order quantities in terms of ordering instants. An assembly production system with n facilities has a constant external demand occurring at the end facility. Production rates at each facility are finite and non-increasing along any path in the assembly network. Associated with each facility are a set-up cost and positive echelon holding cost rate. The formulation of the lot-sizing problem is developed in terms of integer-ratio lot size policies. This formulation provides a unification of the integer-split policies formulation of Schwarz and Schrage [34] (1975) and the integer-multiple policies formulation of Moily [20] (1986), allowing either assumption to be operative at any point in the system. A relaxed solution to this unified formulation provides a lower bound to the cost of any feasible policy. The derivation of this Lower Bound Theorem is novel and relies on the notion of path holding costs, a generalization of echelon holding costs. An optimal power-of-two lot size policy is found by an 0(n³ log n) algorithm and its cost is within 2% of the optimum in the worst case. Mitchell [18] (1987) extended Roundy's 98%-effectiveness results for one-warehouse multi-retailer inventory systems with backlogging. We extend this 98%-effectiveness result for series inventory systems with backlogging. The nearly-integer-ratio policies still work. The continuous relaxation provides a lower bound on the long-run average cost of any feasible policy. The backlogging model is also reduced in 0{n) time to an equivalent model without backlogging. Roundy's results [27] (1983) are then applied for finding a 98%-effective backlogging policy in O(nlogn) time. In an EOQ model with n products, joint setup costs provide incentives for joint replenishment. These joint setup costs may be modelled as a positive, nondecreasing, submodular set function. A grouping heuristic partitions the n products into groups, and all products in the same group are always jointly replenished. Each group is then considered as a single "aggregate product" being replenished independently of the other groups, and therefore according to the EOQ formula. As a result, possible savings when several groups are simultaneously replenished are simply ignored. Our main result is that the cost of the best such grouping solution cannot be worse than 44.8% above the optimum cost. Known examples show that it can be as bad as 22.4% above the optimum cost. These results contrast with earlier results for power-of-two policies, the best of which never being worse than about 2% above the optimum cost.
Business, Sauder School of
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Sele, Céleste. "Caractérisation structurale des interactions moléculaires au sein du complexe de réplication du virus de la vaccine." Thesis, Grenoble, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GRENV085.

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Le virus de la vaccine (VACV) est un grand virus à ADN, modèle du genre orthopoxvirus, et partage plus de 97% d'identité de séquence avec le virus de la variole (VARV), un pathogène humain majeur éradiqué en 1977 grâce au programme de vaccination mondial avec le VACV. Celle-ci ayant été stoppée dans les années 80, un pourcentage significatif de la population mondiale est aujourd'hui considérée comme immunologiquement naïf vis à vis du virus de la variole, ce qui fait de lui un agent bioterroriste potentiel. De plus, la vaccination implique un grand nombre de complications, particulièrement graves chez les personnes immunodéprimées ; et les antiviraux disponibles sont peu développés, ce qui souligne le besoin de nouvelles molécules. Le complexe de réplication apparait comme étant une cible privilégiée, de par son importance dans le cycle viral mais aussi par sa localisation cytoplasmique qui le rend plus accessible aux molécules antivirales. Nous nous sommes intéressés à 4 protéines essentielles de ce complexe : l'ADN polymérase E9, le facteur de processivité composé de la protéine A20 et de l'uracile ADN glycosylase D4 et l'hélicase-primase D5. Nous avons pu exprimer ces protéines de manière recombinante, seules ou en complexe ainsi que les caractériser biochimiquement et biophysiquement. Nous avons finalement abouti à une reconstruction strcuturale du complexe A20D4E9 à basse résolution grâce à la technique de SAXS, ce qui nous a permis de proposer le premier modèle structural de la fourche de réplication du virus de la vaccine
Vaccinia virus (VACV) is a large DNA virus, prototypic virus of the orthopoxvirus genus, and shows over 97% amino acid sequence identity with the variola virus (VARV), a major human pathogene eradicated in 1977 thanks to the universal vaccination program with VACV. As this vaccination was halted in the 1980s, a significant percentage of the world population is now immunologically naïve, which makes the VARV a potent bioterrorist agent. Vaccination against smallpox may result in a variety of complications, particularly in immunologically depressed patients, and the available antiviral therapeutics are rare, which enhance the need of new molecules. The replication complex appears as an ideal target because of its importance in the viral cycle and its cytoplasmic localization, more accessible for the molecules. We have focused our study on 4 essential proteins of this complex: the DNA polymerase E9, the processivity factor composed by the A20 protein and the uracil DNA glycosylase D4 and the helicase-primase D5. We could express these recombinant proteins, alone and in complex, and characterize them biochemically and biophysically. Using the SAXS technic, we finally reached a low resolution model of the A20D4E9 complex which allow us to propose the first structural model of the vaccinia virus replication fork
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Books on the topic "Complex Structural Models"

1

Simple models of complex nuclei: The shell model and interacting boson model. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1993.

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G, Chen. Fundamentals of complex networks: Models, structures, and dynamics. Singapore: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2015.

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Laeven, Luc. Complex ownership structures and corporate valuations. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2006.

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Laeven, Luc. Complex ownership structures and corporate valuations. [Washington, D.C.]: International Monetary Fund, Research Dept., 2007.

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Pierre, Antoine Jean, and Workshop on Geometric Methods in Physics (13th : 1994 : Białowieża, Województwo Podlaskie, Poland), eds. Quantization, coherent states, and complex structures. New York: Plenum, 1996.

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Complex manifolds and deformation of complex structures. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1986.

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Complex manifolds and deformation of complex structures. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1986.

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1946-, Eve Raymond A., Horsfall Sara, and Lee Mary E, eds. Chaos, complexity, and sociology: Myths, models, and theories. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications, 1997.

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Kuijlaars, Arno B. J., 1963- and Mo Man Yue, eds. The Hermitian two matrix model with an even quartic potential. Providence, R.I: American Mathematical Society, 2011.

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Basic structures of function field arithmetic. Berlin: Springer, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Complex Structural Models"

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Stronge, William James, and Tongxi Yu. "More Complex Configurations." In Dynamic Models for Structural Plasticity, 191–258. London: Springer London, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-0397-4_6.

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Belov, Mikhail V., and Dmitry A. Novikov. "Structural Models of Complex Activity." In Studies in Systems, Decision and Control, 61–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48610-5_3.

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Wu, Pan, and Xin M. Tu. "Structural Functional Response Models for Complex Intervention Trials." In Statistical Causal Inferences and Their Applications in Public Health Research, 217–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41259-7_12.

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Urbina, Angel, and Sankaran Mahadevan. "Quantification of Aleatoric and Epistemic Uncertainty in Computational Models of Complex Systems." In Structural Dynamics, Volume 3, 519–35. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-9834-7_47.

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Kimberlain, Jon, Valerie Hayez, Jie Feng, and Mark Mirgon. "Material Models for Structural Silicone Sealant in Complex Loading." In Durability of Building and Construction Sealants and Adhesives: 7th Volume, 76–95. 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959: ASTM International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/stp163320200073.

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Ouisse, M., and E. Foltête. "Identification of Reduced Models from Optimal Complex Eigenvectors in Structural Dynamics and Vibroacoustics." In Vibration and Structural Acoustics Analysis, 303–27. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-1703-9_11.

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Lauro, C., D. Nappo, M. G. Grassia, and R. Miele. "Method of Quantification for Qualitative Variables and their Use in the Structural Equations Models." In Classification and Multivariate Analysis for Complex Data Structures, 325–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-13312-1_34.

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Allen, David T., and Dimitris Liguras. "Structural Models of Catalytic Cracking Chemistry: A Case Study of a Group Contribution Approach to Lumped Kinetic Modeling." In Chemical Reactions in Complex Mixtures, 101–25. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-6530-3_6.

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Hair, Joseph F., G. Tomas M. Hult, Christian M. Ringle, Marko Sarstedt, Nicholas P. Danks, and Soumya Ray. "An Introduction to Structural Equation Modeling." In Classroom Companion: Business, 1–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7_1.

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AbstractStructural equation modeling is a multivariate data analysis method for analyzing complex relationships among constructs and indicators. To estimate structural equation models, researchers generally draw on two methods: covariance-based SEM (CB-SEM) and partial least squares SEM (PLS-SEM). Whereas CB-SEM is primarily used to confirm theories, PLS represents a causal–predictive approach to SEM that emphasizes prediction in estimating models, whose structures are designed to provide causal explanations. PLS-SEM is also useful for confirming measurement models. This chapter offers a concise overview of PLS-SEM’s key characteristics and discusses the main differences compared to CB-SEM. The chapter also describes considerations when using PLS-SEM and highlights situations that favor its use compared to CB-SEM.
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Grundmeier, Alexander, Paola Loja, Michael Haumann, and Holger Dau. "The Manganese Complex of Photosystem II: Extended-Range EXAFS Data and Specific Structural Models for Four S-States." In Photosynthesis. Energy from the Sun, 405–8. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6709-9_91.

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Conference papers on the topic "Complex Structural Models"

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Mikheev, M. Yu, T. V. Zhashkova, A. B. Shcherban, A. K. Grishko, and I. M. Rybakov. "Generalized structural models of complex distributed objects." In 2016 IEEE East-West Design & Test Symposium (EWDTS). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ewdts.2016.7807742.

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Gordon, Robert, and Joseph Hollkamp. "Coupled Structural-Acoustic Response Prediction with Complex Modal Models." In 50th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2009-2307.

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Wang, X. Q., Ricardo A. Perez, and Marc P. Mignolet. "Nonlinear Reduced Order Modeling of Complex Wing Models." In 54th AIAA/ASME/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2013-1520.

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Russell, Steven G. "Complex Potential Stress Field Models for Damage Evaluation in Composites." In 2018 AIAA/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2018-1472.

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Souche, L., F. Lepage, and G. Iskenova. "Volume Based Modeling - Automated Construction of Complex Structural Models." In 75th EAGE Conference and Exhibition incorporating SPE EUROPEC 2013. Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.20130037.

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Gorbachov, Valeriy, Abdulrahman Kataeba Batiaa, Olha Ponomarenko, and Yuri Romanenkov. "Formal transformations of structural models of complex network systems." In 2018 IEEE 9th International Conference on Dependable Systems, Services and Technologies (DESSERT). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dessert.2018.8409175.

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Hollkamp, Joseph J., and Patrick J. O'Hara. "Using Complex Variables to Estimate the Derivatives of Nonlinear Reduced-Order Models." In 57th AIAA/ASCE/AHS/ASC Structures, Structural Dynamics, and Materials Conference. Reston, Virginia: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2016-1707.

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Capra, Lorenzo. "Applying Structural Techniques for Efficient Analysis of Complex SWN Models." In Proceedings. Eighth International Workshop on Discrete Event Systems. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wodes.2006.382529.

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Jensen, H. A., A. Muñoz, and E. Millas. "THE USE OF MODEL REDUCTION TECHNIQUES IN COMPLEX SIMULATION-BASED PROBLEMS INVOLVING FINITE ELEMENT MODELS." In 5th International Conference on Computational Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering Methods in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. Athens: Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research School of Civil Engineering National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) Greece, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.7712/120115.3376.1367.

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Nazarevich, S. A. "BIHEVIORISTIC MODELS OF ORGANIZATIONAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL RELIABILITY." In MODELING AND SITUATIONAL MANAGEMENT THE QUALITY OF COMPLEX SYSTEMS. Saint Petersburg State University of Aerospace Instrumentation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31799/978-5-8088-1558-2-2021-2-143-145.

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The article presents behavioral models that describe situational events when introducing new processes or organizing new structural units. The characteristic features for assessing the organizational and technological reliability of new processes, created by integrating normative and technical documents, taking into account the requirements for the attributes of the levels of maturity of processes are presented.
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Reports on the topic "Complex Structural Models"

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Wozniakowska, P., D. W. Eaton, C. Deblonde, A. Mort, and O. H. Ardakani. Identification of regional structural corridors in the Montney play using trend surface analysis combined with geophysical imaging, British Columbia and Alberta. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328850.

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The Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) is a mature oil and gas basin with an extraordinary endowment of publicly accessible data. It contains structural elements of varying age, expressed as folding, faulting, and fracturing, which provide a record of tectonic activity during basin evolution. Knowledge of the structural architecture of the basin is crucial to understand its tectonic evolution; it also provides essential input for a range of geoscientific studies, including hydrogeology, geomechanics, and seismic risk analysis. This study focuses on an area defined by the subsurface extent of the Triassic Montney Formation, a region of the WCSB straddling the border between Alberta and British Columbia, and covering an area of approximately 130,000 km2. In terms of regional structural elements, this area is roughly bisected by the east-west trending Dawson Creek Graben Complex (DCGC), which initially formed in the Late Carboniferous, and is bordered to the southwest by the Late Cretaceous - Paleocene Rocky Mountain thrust and fold belt (TFB). The structural geology of this region has been extensively studied, but structural elements compiled from previous studies exhibit inconsistencies arising from distinct subregions of investigation in previous studies, differences in the interpreted locations of faults, and inconsistent terminology. Moreover, in cases where faults are mapped based on unpublished proprietary data, many existing interpretations suffer from a lack of reproducibility. In this study, publicly accessible data - formation tops derived from well logs, LITHOPROBE seismic profiles and regional potential-field grids, are used to delineate regional structural elements. Where seismic profiles cross key structural features, these features are generally expressed as multi-stranded or en echelon faults and structurally-linked folds, rather than discrete faults. Furthermore, even in areas of relatively tight well control, individual fault structures cannot be discerned in a robust manner, because the spatial sampling is insufficient to resolve fault strands. We have therefore adopted a structural-corridor approach, where structural corridors are defined as laterally continuous trends, identified using geological trend surface analysis supported by geophysical data, that contain co-genetic faults and folds. Such structural trends have been documented in laboratory models of basement-involved faults and some types of structural corridors have been described as flower structures. The distinction between discrete faults and structural corridors is particularly important for induced seismicity risk analysis, as the hazard posed by a single large structure differs from the hazard presented by a corridor of smaller pre-existing faults. We have implemented a workflow that uses trend surface analysis based on formation tops, with extensive quality control, combined with validation using available geophysical data. Seven formations are considered, from the Late Cretaceous Basal Fish Scale Zone (BFSZ) to the Wabamun Group. This approach helped to resolve the problem of limited spatial extent of available seismic data and provided a broader spatial coverage, enabling the investigation of structural trends throughout the entirety of the Montney play. In total, we identified 34 major structural corridors and number of smaller-scale structures, for which a GIS shapefile is included as a digital supplement to facilitate use of these features in other studies. Our study also outlines two buried regional foreland lobes of the Rocky Mountain TFB, both north and south of the DCGC.
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Riveros, Guillermo, Felipe Acosta, Reena Patel, and Wayne Hodo. Computational mechanics of the paddlefish rostrum. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/41860.

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Purpose – The rostrum of a paddlefish provides hydrodynamic stability during feeding process in addition to detect the food using receptors that are randomly distributed in the rostrum. The exterior tissue of the rostrum covers the cartilage that surrounds the bones forming interlocking star shaped bones. Design/methodology/approach – The aim of this work is to assess the mechanical behavior of four finite element models varying the type of formulation as follows: linear-reduced integration, linear-full integration, quadratic-reduced integration and quadratic-full integration. Also presented is the load transfer mechanisms of the bone structure of the rostrum. Findings – Conclusions are based on comparison among the four models. There is no significant difference between integration orders for similar type of elements. Quadratic-reduced integration formulation resulted in lower structural stiffness compared with linear formulation as seen by higher displacements and stresses than using linearly formulated elements. It is concluded that second-order elements with reduced integration and can model accurately stress concentrations and distributions without over stiffening their general response. Originality/value – The use of advanced computational mechanics techniques to analyze the complex geometry and components of the paddlefish rostrum provides a viable avenue to gain fundamental understanding of the proper finite element formulation needed to successfully obtain the system behavior and hot spot locations.
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Ansari, S. M., E. M. Schetselaar, and J. A. Craven. Three-dimensional magnetotelluric modelling of the Lalor volcanogenic massive-sulfide deposit, Manitoba. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328003.

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Unconstrained magnetotelluric inversion commonly produces insufficient inherent resolution to image ore-system fluid pathways that were structurally thinned during post-emplacement tectonic activity. To improve the resolution in these complex environments, we synthesized the 3-D magnetotelluric (MT) response for geologically realistic models using a finite-element-based forward-modelling tool with unstructured meshes and applied it to the Lalor volcanogenic massive-sulfide deposit in the Snow Lake mining camp, Manitoba. This new tool is based on mapping interpolated or simulated resistivity values from wireline logs onto unstructured tetrahedral meshes to reflect, with the help of 3-D models obtained from lithostratigraphic and lithofacies drillhole logs, the complexity of the host-rock geological structure. The resulting stochastic model provides a more realistic representation of the heterogeneous spatial distribution of the electric resistivity values around the massive, stringer, and disseminated sulfide ore zones. Both models were combined into one seamless tetrahedral mesh of the resistivity field. To capture the complex resistivity distribution in the geophysical forward model, a finite-element code was developed. Comparative analyses of the forward models with MT data acquired at the Earth's surface show a reasonable agreement that explains the regional variations associated with the host rock geological structure and detects the local anomalies associated with the MT response of the ore zones.
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Nechaev, V., Володимир Миколайович Соловйов, and A. Nagibas. Complex economic systems structural organization modelling. Politecnico di Torino, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/0564/1118.

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One of the well-known results of the theory of management is the fact, that multi-stage hierarchical organization of management is unstable. Hence, the ideas expressed in a number of works by Don Tapscott on advantages of network organization of businesses over vertically integrated ones is clear. While studying the basic tendencies of business organization in the conditions of globalization, computerization and internetization of the society and the results of the financial activities of the well-known companies, the authors arrive at the conclusion, that such companies, as IBM, Boeing, Mercedes-Benz and some others companies have not been engaged in their traditional business for a long time. Their partner networks performs this function instead of them. The companies themselves perform the function of system integrators. The Tapscott’s idea finds its confirmation within the framework of a new powerful direction of the development of the modern interdisciplinary science – the theory of the complex networks (CN) [2]. CN-s are multifractal objects, the loss of multifractality being the indicator of the system transition from more complex state into more simple state. We tested the multifractal properties of the data using the wavelet transform modulus maxima approach in order to analyze scaling properties of our company. Comparative analysis of the singularity spectrumf(®), namely, the difference between maximum and minimum values of ® (∆ = ®max ¡ ®min) shows that IBM company is considerably more fractal in comparison with Apple Computer. Really, for it the value of ∆ is equal to 0.3, while for the vertically integrated company Apple it only makes 0.06 – 5 times less. The comparison of other companies shows that this dependence is of general character. Taking into consideration the fact that network organization of business has become dominant in the last 5-10 years, we carried out research for the selected companies in the earliest possible period of time which was determined by the availability of data in the Internet, or by historically later beginning of stock trade of computer companies. A singularity spectrum of the first group of companies turned out to be considerably narrower, or shifted toward the smaller values of ® in the pre-network period. The latter means that dynamic series were antipersistant. That is, these companies‘ management was rigidly controlled while the impact of market mechanisms was minimized. In the second group of companies if even the situation did changed it did not change for the better. In addition, we discuss applications to the construction of portfolios of stock that have a stable ratio of risk to return.
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Makarenko, S. I., and K. V. Ushanev. Program imitating model of formation of a traffic of complex structure. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/ofernio.2014.20514.

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Montville, Thomas J., and Roni Shapira. Molecular Engineering of Pediocin A to Establish Structure/Function Relationships for Mechanistic Control of Foodborne Pathogens. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568088.bard.

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This project relates the structure of the bacteriocin molecule (which is genetically determined) to its antimicrobial function. We have sequenced the 19,542 bp pediocin plasmid pMD136 and developed a genetic transfer system for pediococci. The pediocin A operon is complex, containing putative structural, immunity, processing, and transport genes. The deduced sequence of the pediocin A molecule contains 44 amino acids and has a predicted PI of 9.45. Mechanistic studies compared the interaction of pediocin PA-1 and nisin with Listeria monocytgenes cells and model lipid systems. While significant nisin-induced intracellular ATP depletion is caused by efflux, pediocin-induced depletion is caused exclusively by hydrolysis. Liposomes derived from L. monocytogenes phospholipids were used to study the physical chemistry of pediocin and nisin interactions with lipids. Their different pH optima are the results of different specific ionizable amino acids. We generated a predicted 3-D structural model for pediocin PA-1 and used a variety of mutant pediocins to demonstrate that the "positive patch" at residues 11 and 12 (and not the YGNGV consensus sequence) is responsible for the binding step of pediocin action. This structure/function understanding gained here provides necessary prerequisites to the more efficacious use of bacteriocins to control foodborne pathogens.
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Baader, Franz, and Felix Distel. A finite basis for the set of EL-implications holding in a finite model. Technische Universität Dresden, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.160.

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Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) can be used to analyze data given in the form of a formal context. In particular, FCA provides efficient algorithms for computing a minimal basis of the implications holding in the context. In this paper, we extend classical FCA by considering data that are represented by relational structures rather than formal contexts, and by replacing atomic attributes by complex formulae defined in some logic. After generalizing some of the FCA theory to this more general form of contexts, we instantiate the general framework with attributes defined in the Description Logic (DL) EL, and with relational structures over a signature of unary and binary predicates, i.e., models for EL. In this setting, an implication corresponds to a so-called general concept inclusion axiom (GCI) in EL. The main technical result of this report is that, in EL, for any finite model there is a finite set of implications (GCIs) holding in this model from which all implications (GCIs) holding in the model follow.
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Radnell, David. A Complex Structure on the Moduli Space of Rigged Riemann Surfaces. Journal of Geometry and Symmetry in Physics, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/jgsp-5-2006-82-94.

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Balat, Jorge, Juan Esteban Carranza, Juan David Martin, and Álvaro Riascos. El efecto de cambios en la regulación del mercado mayorista de electricidad en Colombia en un modelo estructural de subastas complejas. Banco de la República, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1211.

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We investigate the effects of a change in the regulation of the spot market for electricity in Colombia that took place in 2009. Specifically, the regulation switched from an auction mechanism with simple bids to one with complex bids to allow generators to separately bid on variable and quasi-fixed components. This greater flexibility was introduced to reduce production inefficiencies that arise from non-convexities in the cost structures of thermal generators. In this paper, we estimate and compute a structural model to quantify the effects of this change on allocation efficiency along with the effects on the wholesale price of electricity in Colombia. Consistently with previous reduced form evidence, we show that the production efficiency increased under the new dispatch mechanism, but prices increased.
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Baumann, William T., Richard L. Moose, Hugh F. VanLandigham, Mauro J. Caputi, Stephen H. Jones, and Bhaskar Gorti. Active Control of Generalized Complex Modal Structures in a Stochastic Environment. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada251910.

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