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1
Мадаминов, Абдураҳмон. "Derivation of complex words in the uzbek literary language." SCIENTIFIC WORK 66, no. 05 (May 20, 2021): 27–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/66/27-29.
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The article deals with the processes that complicate the simple phrase on the basis of word-formation laws. Cases of the formation of components of complex phrases are shown by formation methods. There are presentation about the formation of complex word combinations by methods of contamination and conversion in the Uzbek literary language. Of these, nominal complex phrases are more often used; adjectives, numbers, pronouns and modal words are less common. The given examples are substantiated scientifically and theoretically. Key words: main, dependent word, derivation, contamination, conversion, nominal complex phrases, methods of complication, descriptive, attributive
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Rus, Maria-Laura. "Dynamics of Nominal Phrases." Acta Marisiensis. Philologia 4, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amph-2022-0069.
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Abstract We focused in this paper on the “behaviour” of the noun, centre in a nominal phrase, in the presence or absence of different determiners: articles (definite, indefinite), demonstrative adjectives, possessive adjectives, indefinite adjectives, negative adjectives. We deal with more or less complex structures including compulsory or optional rules of nominal definite/indefinite determination or no determination.
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Coenen, Pascal, and Michael Frotscher. "The nominative/vocative plural of Vedic masculine a-stems in complex nominal expressions." Indogermanische Forschungen 125, no. 1 (November 1, 2020): 165–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/if-2020-009.
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AbstractIn Vedic Sanskrit, masculine a-stem nominals exhibit two different forms of the nom/voc.pl, a short form (ending in ‑ās) and a long form (ending in ‑āsas). In this article, we will argue that the scope of this variation is not a single nominal but the entire noun phrase. This means that whereas the short form may occur several times in a noun phrase, the long form is either absent or occurs only once. From a functional point of view, complex noun phrases containing one long form are equivalent to simple noun phrases consisting of one long form. In contrast, complex noun phrases containing only short forms are equivalent to simple noun phrases consisting of one short form. The presence or absence of the long form marks the presence or absence of a certain linguistic feature, the exact nature of which still has to be determined. We will argue that in those cases in which two long forms occur in relative proximity to each other, they either have to, or at least can be interpreted as being part of two distinct noun phrases. In order to do so, we will apply morphological, semantic, syntactic as well as stylistic and metrical criteria.
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GÜNTHER, CHRISTINE. "A difficult to explain phenomenon: increasing complexity in the prenominal position." English Language and Linguistics 23, no. 3 (May 15, 2018): 645–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1360674318000084.
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In English, the position of the AP in the nominal phrase is determined by its form: only structurally simpler phrases are said to be licit in prenominal position, more complex ones have to follow the noun. Recent studies have reported an increasing use of nominal premodifiers in English, so the question arises whether this trend affects only simpler phrases or whether a new structural option emerges – complex APs in prenominal position. Drawing on data from COHA, this article investigates which types of AP occur prenominally. The data show that certain types of complex APs are gaining ground in the prenominal position. Most of these can be analyzed as complex words rather than complex phrases and hence do not indicate major syntactic changes in the English NP. However, some of the attestations, such as easy-predicates with a to-infinitival clause, are complex phrases. It is argued that it is the dependency relation between their rightmost element, a lexical verb, and the noun they modify which makes them occur in prenominal position.
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Jheng, Wei-Cherng Sam. "The syntax of nominal modification and complex noun phrases in Siwkolan Amis." Concentric. Studies in Linguistics 48, no. 1 (May 2, 2022): 70–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/consl.21014.jhe.
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Abstract This work investigates the syntax of nominal modification involving the linker a in Siwkolan Amis, one of the dialects of Amis, an Austronesian language spoken in Taiwan. Based on the two observed types of NP-ellipsis patterns and the formal licensing condition, I argue that Amis displays two types of modification. Modifiers in direct modification are functional heads projecting extended functional projections of NP, whereas those in indirect modification are modifier phrases base-generated at [Spec, ModP]. This distinction adds weight to J. Wu’s (2003) view that relative clauses and description-denoting modifiers marked by -ay are clausal modifiers that have a full-fledged CP structure from a cartographic perspective. Furthermore, I argue that a projects the Modifier Phrase (ModP) and is a modificatory clitic endowed with a [+mod] feature that attaches to a head element moving from a lower head position to form a morphological word. Very much in line with Philip (2012), the proposed analysis suggests that a is endowed with an interpretative profile in marking a modification relation between an extended functional projection (a modifier phrase) and a dependent word (a modified noun) in the nominal domain. Issues involved in dealing with the structure of Amis complex noun phrases are discussed.
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Njobvu, Naomi. "VN Phrasal Compounds in Cinyanja." Journal of Law and Social Sciences 3, no. 1 (September 30, 2020): 68–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.53974/unza.jlss.3.1.453.
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This article aims at discussing verb-noun compounds with a locative prefix in the nominal part of the compounds in Cinyanja. The singular and plural forms of the compounds have been presented to show that the complex forms are nouns. With regard to the internal structure, the compounds show that they have a phrasal structure. Since verb-noun compounds in this study resemble the structure of synthetic compounds in English, the analysis of these words followed the syntactic approach. The results show that internally, the compounds with a locative have a verb phrase internal structure, and follow the verb-argument word order. In the syntactic context, it is shown that the compounds with the phrasal internal structure function as determiner phrases because they can appear in the subject and object positions in simple sentences and relative clauses. Further, the entire compound word can be modified by adjectives, and be coordinated with simple nouns, which suggests that the compounds with a locative are indeed determiner phrases. Finally, with the application of the lexical integrity hypothesis, the results reveal that the compounds with the locative in the nominal part are genuine compounds because they adhere to the lexical integrity principle.
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Kim, Kyumin. "Oblique nominals, a verbal affix and late merge." Linguistics 58, no. 6 (November 25, 2020): 1737–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2020-0179.
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AbstractThe goal of this paper is to address the syntax of certain oblique nominals in Blackfoot (Algonquian) that are introduced by a set of verbal prefixes called linkers. In the literature, an oblique nominal introduced by a verbal affix always shows certain properties of objects, e.g., agreement. This type of affix is analyzed as forming a complex verb with the main verb via head movement, and the oblique nominal is treated as an object of the complex verb. However, this paper demonstrates that oblique nominals introduced by linkers in Blackfoot do not show certain object properties even though the linker looks like it forms a complex verb. Building on the lack of object properties, linker phrases are proposed to be adjuncts. As proposed for adjuncts generally (e.g., Stephanov, Arthur. 2001. Late adjunction and minimalist phrase structure. Syntax 4(2). 94–125), this paper proposes a late merge analysis for linker phrases. Within an Agree-based model (Chomsky, Noam. 2000. Minimalist inquiries: The framework. In Roger Martin, David Michaels & Juan Uriagereka (eds.), Step by step: Essays on minimalist syntax in honor of Howard Lasnik, 89–155. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 2001. Derivation by phase. In Michael Kenstowicz (ed.), Ken Hale: A life in language, 1–52. Cambridge: The MIT Press) where the derivation proceeds by phases (Chomsky 2008), a linker phrase, as an adjunct, lacks the relevant features to participate in the derivation via Agree, and thus it merges late at the end of a given phasal derivation such as vP. When spell out applies, the linker linearizes with a [V-v] complex in the base position, i.e., vP, giving its surface appearance as a verbal affix. Under this view, a linker does not lead to formation of a complex verb as it does not undergo head movement to the verb, unlike applicative affixes, consistent with the absence of object properties.
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Millaku, Shkelqim, Xhevahire Millaku, and Teuta Kafexholli. "The Nominal Clause and the Noun Phrases: A Comparative Study of Albanian and English." World Journal of English Language 12, no. 2 (March 17, 2022): 352. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v12n2p352.
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The nominal clause and noun phrases in Albanian and English are in an oppositional relationship. This study makes descriptions of syntactic structure using constituent analysis between the two languages. The question that now emerges is what kind of language is implied by this type of description. Tufte (1971, p.41) rightly noted that “Noun phrases are any and all structures headed by a noun, or by a pronoun, or any other word or structure that stands in for a noun. Thus, even an entire clause may function as a noun phrase”. Furthermore, the fact that phraseological categories coexist or are "projections" of specific word-level categories demonstrates that categories are complex entities. This was originally emphasized in Harris (1951) and was expanded upon by Muysken (1985) and Chomsky (1970).
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Jalilifar, Alireza, Peter White, and N. Malekizadeh. "Exploring nominalization in scientific textbooks: A cross-disciplinary study of hard and soft sciences." International Journal of English Studies 17, no. 2 (December 1, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/ijes/2017/2/272781.
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<p>Given the importance of disciplinary specificity in terms of the potential differences in the functionality of nominalizations in scientific textbooks and the dearth of studies of this type, the current study explores the extent to which nominalization is realized across two disciplines. To this aim, eight academic textbooks from Physics and Applied Linguistics are analyzed to identify the nominal patterns and expressions and their related types. Findings indicate that, despite the similarity of the first three most prevalent patterns in the sample textbooks, the distribution of these patterns marks disciplinary distinctions. That is, Physics academic writers tend to (a) use a more complex, lexically dense style of writing and package more information into compound nominal phrases by deploying a pattern where nominals are followed by strings of prepositional phrases in comparison to writers in Applied Linguistics; and (b) express particularity using nominals preceded by classifiers more frequently than Applied Linguistics writers. Writers in Applied Linguistics, on the other hand, are found to manifest a greater tendency toward conveying generality by using a pattern where nominals are realized with few pre/post modifiers.</p>
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García-Page, Mario. "Collocations complexes (application à l’espagnol)." Lingvisticæ Investigationes. International Journal of Linguistics and Language Resources 34, no. 1 (July 7, 2011): 68–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/li.34.1.03gar.
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Complex collocations are a type of collocation whose syntactic structure is more complex than that of simple collocations. Thus, they are binary standardized or frequent phrases whose components show a lexical restriction relationship. The complex character of its structure means that one of its components, the collocative, is not a lexical unit, but rather a fixed phrase. Most of them are adverbial, either in the case of verbal predicates (llover a cántaros) or adjectival predicates (loco de atar), although they can also — in less frequent cases — be adjectival, as when combined with a noun (dinero en efectivo), or also nominal, in combination with a verb (hacer un corte de mangas).
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Bakhmatov, Daniil Andreevich. "On life cycle of a phrase (a case study of German language)." Litera, no. 8 (August 2020): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2020.8.33502.
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The goal of this research consists in identification and complex description of the stages of existence of a phrase. The subject of this research is changes in the use that afflict phrases in diachrony. The author determines the types of such changes, which characterize the stages of existence of a phrase since its emergence, as well as possible ways of development of a phrase (in terms of unchangeability of its composition and level of idiomaticity).Based on the material of verbal-nominal phrases in German language, both free and phraseologisms, and attraction of corpus-based data, the changes in use are perceived as elements of a single process. The scientific novelty lies in the attempt to describe the models of diachronic changes as cyclic processes; reveal common trends in development of phrases and in applicability of the definition of “life cycle” to the indicted processes. The concept of “life cycle”, used in various sciences for designating the natural, repeating processes, found its reflection in linguistics. However, cyclic processes in phraseology yet remain unstudied, despite the existing description of such phenomena as usualization, phraseologization, and dephraseologization. In conclusion, the author presents a dynamic model of life cycle of a phrase; the changes in use are viewed as its part; as well as offers the terms “deusualization” and “reusualization”. The obtained life cycle model can find application in further research in the area of diachronic phraseology and phrase formation.
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Keturakis, Antanas. "Endophoric definiteness: An analysis based on Romanian data." Kalbotyra 71 (February 5, 2019): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/kalbotyra.2018.4.
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[full article and abstract in English]
Definiteness as a grammatical or pragmatic category is usually explained via the act of reference. In this spirit, a definite noun phrase is said to ensure that the hearer can identify the entity to which the NP refers, thus establishing a successful act of communication. The well-known typology of definiteness types developed by Hawkins (1978) relies on this assumption. However, such an explanation fails to clarify all the definite noun phrases in discourse.This paper argues that the information provided in the complex nominal constituent can yield a definite interpretation of the nominal regardless of the hearer’s ability to identify the real-life referent to which the noun refers. Such types of definite noun phrases are subsumed in this article under the term “endophoric definiteness”. I will discuss two subtypes of endophoric definiteness. First, the relational definiteness, based on the notion of reference-point constructions will be discussed. Then I will turn to modificational definiteness where the use of modifiers contribute to the definite interpretation of the nominal. The article focuses on how the endophoric definiteness types function and what strategies can be used to mark them formally. To illustrate this point, I use the qualitative analysis of Romanian data. It shows that a language may have different grammatical patterns for the two subtypes of endophoric definiteness. This formal distinction in linguistic expression shows that relational and modificational definiteness types must be taken into account as contributing, in distinct ways, to the category of definiteness.
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Safonova, Irina. "Verb-and-Nominal Phrases with Semantics of Visual Perception: Synchronic and Diachronic Approach." Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Serija 2. Jazykoznanije, no. 6 (December 2022): 132–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/jvolsu2.2022.6.11.
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The article deals with the issue of perception representation potential by Russian verbs. The study is focused on stylistically marked verb-and-nominal phrases with the meaning of visual perception (vperit' glaza / vzgljad / vzor; lupit' glaza; pjalit' glaza; taraschit' glaza). The analysis was based on various materials from lexicographic sources that reflect the state of the Russian language in various periods of its evaluation and the data from the National Russian Language Corpus on functioning of verb-and-nominal phrases. The complex approach made it possible to identify collocation potential of the language units under analysis in modern Russian language and to define limitations on their usage in fiction and media styles. Semantic changes in the meaning of verbal constituents define patterns aimed at constructing semantics of perception in a pair with the nouns of perception that represent intense visual ability to perceive. It is concluded that semantic changes are based on correlation between the process of visual perception and another process that is not directly associated with the instance of perceiving, but may be apprehended with the sight conceptualization (during movement in space or physical impact at an object). The results might become the basis for further studies in the field of sensory linguistics.
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Móia, Telmo, and Rui Marques. "Estruturas comparativas complexas: variação e desvio e questões de tradução." Revista da Associação Portuguesa de Linguística, no. 5 (November 21, 2019): 265–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.26334/2183-9077/rapln5ano2019a19.
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In this paper, we analyse two subtypes of related comparative constructions in Portuguese, with a focus on grammatical anomaly and change – whether expressed in translated text, as a result of calquing (from English), or in autochthonous text, evincing an area of grammatical instability and change in progress. These are: on the one hand, comparative clauses using multiplicative numbers or fractions, like the Portuguese counterparts of the president is twice as popular as the prime minister or women are four times less likely to develop coronary problems than men, and, on the other hand, nominal phrases resorting to the same quantifying operators, but in a non-clausal environment, like the counterparts of Spain has twice the level of unemployment of Portugal or this game console has four times the memory of the previous one. The observed anomalies – or disputed constructions – involve the non-canonical: (i) use of equative operators (tão/tanto, ‘as’) in comparative clauses with multiplicative numbers or fractions (likely, as a result of calquing from English); (ii) use of a connective (que/do que, ‘than’) in nominal phrases with quantifying operators similar to those of comparative clauses (likely, as a result of autochthonous hybridization); (iii) use of complex prepositional expressions like comparativamente com (‘in comparison with’) or em relação a (‘relatively to’) either instead of the connective (do) que in comparative clauses, or before modifiers inside nominal phrases with multiplicative numbers or fractions. Overall, an intriguing area of grammatical unrest is discussed, with a particular focus on its bearing on translating texts into standard Portuguese.
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Xu, Jiajin, and Zhaoxia Liu. "The ordering of relative clauses and determiner phrases in Chinese interlanguage: a multifactorial study." Corpora 17, Supplement (October 2022): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/cor.2022.0246.
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In English, a relative clause (rc) follows the head noun phrase (np). Conversely, the rc in Chinese precedes the head np directly before it or is separated by a determiner phrase (dp). This is uncommon in the subject-verb-object order language and results in two types of constructions. For Chinese as foreign language (cfl) learners, this construction alternation is complex to acquire and is dependent on many factors. This study aims to explore the underlying factors influencing cfl learners’ outer modifier nominal (omn)/inner modifier nominal (imn) alternation and whether they have multiple interactions. A multifactorial exploration of the significant predictors of the omn/imn alternation in Chinese interlanguage data, taken from the International Chinese Interlanguage Corpus, was conducted. Conditional inference trees and random forests were used to analyse the data. The predictors studied consist of head np animacy (HeadNPAnimacy), head np length (HeadNPLength), grammatical roles of head nps in matrix clauses (HeadNPMatRole), grammatical roles of head nps in rcs (HeadNPRelRole), length of rcs (RCLength), types of native languages (NLType), and learners’ Chinese proficiency (CHProficiency). Examinations of omn/imn alternation show predictors’ significant effects in descending order of their effect size: HeadNPRelRole, HeadNPMatRole, RCLength, NLType, and HeadNPAnimacy.
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Okicic, Melisa. "Zašto nam je teško usvojiti engleske složene imenice / Why We Struggle with the Acquisition of English Nominal Compounds." Journal of the Faculty of Philosophy in Sarajevo / Radovi Filozofskog fakulteta u Sarajevu, ISSN 2303-6990 on-line, no. 24 (November 10, 2021): 130–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.46352/23036990.2021.130.
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The paper deals with the problem of poor acquisition of English nominal compounds in EFL university students who are native speakers of Bosnian/Croatian/Serbian (BCS). The problem was tackled by a brief comparison of noun morphology and declension suffixes in English and BCS, the introduction of negative transfer in the process of foreign language acquisition, and the analysis of BCS translation equivalents. The discussion revealed that the productivity of compounding largely depends on the complexity of noun morphology. Put simply, the more complex noun morphology is, the less productive compounding will be. In addition, the analysis of the translation equivalents also highlighted that a vast majority of problems related to poor acquisition of English nominal compounds stems from the fact that EFL learners usually translate L1 phrases word-forword into L2. Finally, it was pointed out that teaching English nominal compounds to EFL learners could be improved by tailored-made instructions provided in L1.
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Yang, Yang, Ngee Thai Yap, and Afida Mohamad Ali. "A Corpus-Based Comparative Study on Syntactic Complexity in University Students’ EFL Writing in Southwestern China: A Case of Pu’er University." World Journal of English Language 12, no. 8 (October 11, 2022): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v12n8p172.
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Syntactic complexity is the variety and sophistication degree of the syntactic structures conveyed in written production. The syntactic complexity of general Chinese university students’ EFL writing has been studied previously, but the performance of university students in educationally underdeveloped Southwestern China remains unclear. Taking Pu’er University as a case, this study collected 400 EFL compositions from 100 university students in Southwestern China and compared them with 200 writing samples from the Louvain Corpus of Native English Essays. Scores of 11 syntactic complexity indices were calculated using the L2 Syntactic Complexity Analyzer. The independent samples t-test was conducted to investigate whether and the extent to which the two groups differed on syntactic complexity indices. The results showed that university EFL students in Southwestern China produce a similar length of linguistic units when compared to native English writers. However, the amount of subordination in EFL writing is significantly less than that of native English writers. For the amount of coordination, the university EFL students produced a lower proportion of coordinate phrases than that of native writers, but the proportion of coordinate sentences is not significantly different between the two groups. Finally, for degree of phrasal sophistication, university EFL students in Southwestern China produce significantly fewer complex nominals than native writers do. The results imply that university students in Southwestern China should write more subordinated sentences and complex nominals, such as nominal clauses, infinitives, or gerunds, in their future EFL writing, instead of writing long sentences just heavily relying on simple coordination.
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Jiang, Xiangyu, Liang Chen, and Qin Zhou. "Literate and linguistic features of Chinese EFL learners’ narrative versus expository writing." Journal of Monolingual and Bilingual Speech 2, no. 1 (September 26, 2020): 24–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jmbs.14572.
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This study evaluated the narrative and expository English writing corpus from 20 Chinese English learners at three linguistic levels: the use of literate words (elaborated noun phrases, conjunctions, adverbs, and mental state verbs), the degree of sentence complexity, and the use of subordinate clauses (nominal, adverbial and relative clauses). Results first showed a genre effect on literate word use but not on utterance length and clausal density. Specifically, there were more elaborated noun phrases and conjunctions in expository texts, but more adverbs in narrative texts. Results also revealed a genre effect on the use of relative clauses but not on other clauses. Finally, a strong correlation between literate word use and the production of complex syntax was found after controlling for the effects of genre. These results highlight the need for genre-dependent writing instruction to make students aware of the different language resources expected across genres as specific contexts of communication.
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Zhang, Dan, Minglu Xu, and Yunhua Qu. "A corpus-based study on Chinese modification patterns of nouns across registers." Glottometrics 51 (2021): 13–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.53482/2021_51_392.
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Nominal modification works to describe and restrict noun phrases, making the information delivery more vivid and precise. In English, the communicative functions of different modification patterns of head-nouns have been studied in a lot of corpus-based investigations of the written and the spoken registers, but few corpus-based register studies have been ever conducted in Chinese. This research takes the initiative attempt to conduct a corpus-based study on Chinese modification patterns across registers. A one-million-word corpus including both written and spoken Chinese is first built and all the modification patterns of noun phrases are extracted in Chunker, a self-developed colligation query and analysis tool. Through classification of modification patterns and statistical processing, the study displays the distributions of simple and complex modification patterns and the relationship between the frequency of modification patterns and the information density across registers and discusses the functional implication of such distributions and relationship under the guidance of Biber’s register theory.
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Uță Bărbulescu, Oana, and Martin Maiden. "Plural formation in Istro-Romanian numeral quantifier phrases: inflexional calquing from Croatian?" Isogloss. Open Journal of Romance Linguistics 9, no. 2 (January 30, 2023): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5565/rev/isogloss.210.
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We explore the effects of prolonged contact with Croatian on the inflexional morphology of number-marking in the Istro-Romanian noun. One result of a reorganization of the nominal system is that certain bisyllabic plural desinences, originally associated with feminine gender, are reassigned to the masculine, and come to exist alongside other modes of masculine plural marking. The resultant variation in masculine plural inflexion becomes subject to new patterns of distribution which are clearly sensitive to Croatian models, including the exaptation of masculine plural morphology to provide distinctive specialized morphological marking of plurals in certain numeral quantifier expressions for ‘smaller’ numbers, in ways clearly reminiscent of Croatian. What is involved is a complex array of ‘pattern’ borrowing, although there is also some evidence for ‘matter’ borrowing of a dialectal Croatian plural ending which Istro-Romanian sometimes uses in numeral quantifier phrases with higher numerals. Overall, we seem to be in the presence of an emergent ‘numerative’. While the creation of numeratives is well known from the internal history of various languages, our data may show that they may also emerge through language contact.
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Chekalina, Elena M. "This Strong Sibilant: on the Morphological Potential of the Phoneme s in Swedish." Izvestiia Rossiiskoi akademii nauk. Seriia literatury i iazyka 81, no. 2 (2022): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s160578800019460-2.
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The phonetically strong whistling s is widely used in the inflectional morphology as well as in the word-formation patterns of the Swedish language that are connected with the former. In the noun paradigm -s is the agglutinative marker of the genitive case and derivatively a connective consonant found in a considerable number of compounds. In the verbal paradigm it is the marker of the synthetic form of the passive and of the deponent verbs with inactive voice semantics derived from nominal bases. The use of the final -s can be observed in some other morphological models too. A variant form of participle 1 that has developed by analogy with adverbs derived from nominal phrases with the genitive marker, has long existed in the language, though it failed to get the status of the literary norm. The final -s is widely represented in the word-formation structure of a number of other lexemes and fixed phrases with adverbial semantics. The ever-growing number of English nouns with the plural marker -s borrowed by Swedish suggests a tendency towards the formation of a new declension type. A number of lexemes have undergone the process of metanalysis, whereby -s has become the final sound of the Swedish lexeme. This contributes to prosodical assimilation, allowing to preserve the short vowel, protected by the final consonant +s. Thus phonomorphology reveals the complex intrasystemic links between inflection and word-formation, although there are cases where the boundaries become blurred.
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Usmani, Saadat Hasan Akhtar, and Ayaz Afsar. "Transitivity Analysis of Pakistan's Code of Civil Procedure 1908: A Corpus-Based Study." Global Language Review VI, no. II (June 30, 2021): 63–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/glr.2021(vi-ii).08.
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The language of law is complex and needs to be investigated to facilitate its easy understanding. The present study addresses this need by analyzing a mini-corpus comprising two short texts taken from Pakistan's Code of Civil Procedure 1908 and the U.K.'s Civil Procedure Rules 1998 with Halliday's ideational metafunction, which is suited for analyzing procedural texts (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004). The study identified the transitivity patterns in the mini corpus. The findings showed simpler construction of processes in the U.K. civil procedure text sample as compared to Pakistan's Civil Procedure text sample, whereas the analysis showed a similar complex construction of nominal phrases in both texts. The study is expected to contribute toward an easy understanding of legal language. It is also hoped that this study will promote further research in this important area with pedagogical implications.
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Keskin, Cem. "On the Directionality of the Balkan Turkic Verb Phrase: Variationist and Theoretical Perspectives." Languages 8, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages8010002.
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Balkan varieties of Turkic, particularly those on the periphery of the Turkic spread area in the region, such as Gagauz and West Rumelian Turkish, are commonly observed to have head-initial verb phrases. Based on a wide survey, this paper attempts a more precise description of the pattern of VP directionality across Balkan Turkic and shows that there is considerable variation in how prevalent VX order is, a pattern that turns out to be more complex than the previous descriptions suggest: Two spectrums of directionality can be discerned between XV and VX orders, contingent upon type of the dependent of the verb and dialect locale. The paper also explores the grammatical causes underlying this shift in constituent order. First, VX order seems to be dependent upon whether a clause is nominal or not. Nonfinite clauses of the nominal type have XV order across Balkan Turkic, while finite clauses and nonfinite clauses of the converbial type show differing degrees of VX order depending on type of dependent and geographical location. Second, VX order appears to be an outcome of verb movement to the left of the dependent in finite clauses and nonfinite clauses of the converbial type, rather than head parameter shift.
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Xu, Jiajin, and Jialei Li. "A syntactic complexity analysis of translational English across genres." Across Languages and Cultures 22, no. 2 (November 16, 2021): 214–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/084.2021.00015.
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Abstract This study compares the syntactic complexity between translational and non-translational English across four genres (i.e. fiction, news, general prose, and academic prose) and examines the connections between various forms and degrees of syntactic complexity measures and explicitation. Fourteen syntactic complexity indices were examined based on a one-million-word translational English corpus (COTE) and a one-million-word non-translational English corpus (i.e. FLOB), respectively. This study shows that syntactic explicitation in translations varies with the formality of discourse. The most significant complexity difference between translational vis-à-vis non-translational English is found in fiction, which is regarded as the major contributor to translational English syntactic complexity. No significant difference in syntactic complexity was observed between the two types of academic English texts. Translational English news and general prose stand between fiction and academic texts. Translational fiction and news are characterised by more phrasal complexity features such as coordinate and complex nominal phrases, and a key indicator of translational English general prose complexity is subordination. The findings of this study will help students of translation to make informed decisions on the arrangement of sentence structures when given texts of different genres.
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Parrott, Jeffrey Keith. "Introduction: Case variation and change in the Nordic languages." Nordic Journal of Linguistics 35, no. 3 (December 2012): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586513000061.
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Shortly after arriving in Copenhagen five years ago, I realized what many linguists have long understood: the case situation in the Nordic languages is formidably complex. Of course, the broad outlines of inter-speaker (or, cross-linguistic) variation in Nordic nominal case inflection are well known. Within two major language families, (North) Germanic and Uralic, there are dozens of closely related language varieties. The Finnic and Sami languages of Uralic have adpositional case systems, while the North Germanic languages can be further subdivided into the Mainland and Insular groups, partially on the basis of their different case systems. The latter group, namely Icelandic, Faroese, and Älvdalian (which is spoken in a fairly isolated rural community in the interior of Sweden), has ‘rich’ inflectional case morphology on a range of elements comprising nominal phrases, including articles, determiners, demonstratives, nouns, pronouns, wh-words, and more. The former group, namely Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish, are ‘case-poor’, maintaining only a vestige of their historically rich case morphology on a subset of personal pronouns, which have Nominative, Oblique, and Possessive forms. Furthermore, certain varieties of Swedish and Norwegian retain vestigial Dative forms of clitic pronouns.
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Kosta, Peter, and Petr Karlík. "Die Nominalisierung von Nebensätzen im Tschechischen." Zeitschrift für Slawistik 65, no. 4 (October 30, 2020): 479–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2020-0023.
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Summary The present article ties in with an earlier study by Chomsky (1970) on nominalizations in English, which was then refined primarily in the influential work of Jane Grimshaw (1990) and is dealt with in detail in Borer (2013) and in Kosta (2020). In contrast to the English gerundives, which do not lose verbal behavior due to the derivation in the syntax and maintain all grammatical categories and characteristics of verbs, which is why one can speak of a real conversion while preserving the verbal semantics, the situation is somewhat different in Czech. In the deverbal, deadjective and other derivations, the Czech apparently made the transition to the noun with its critical properties, which is shown by certain restrictions in the aspectuality marking of deverbal noun phrases on -ní-, -tí-, which, e. g., do not pass the progression durativity test (Vendler 1967). In passive constructions, as is well known, a valence point in the position of the external argument is reduced compared to the corresponding active sentences, while the external argument position in anti-causatives is also not available in the deep structure. In addition to the syntactic restrictions that are evident in nominalizations in the context of simple sentences of different sentence types (causative, anti-causative, passive) and demonstrate the nominal character of certain types of deverbal noun phrases in the first part of this article, the second part of the essay deals with more complex structures and extends its analytical and theoretical part to the phenomenon of nominalizing subordinate clauses. The aim of the central part of this contribution is therefore to test the nominal properties of embedded conjunctional sentences and of embedded headless relative sentences on the basis of empirical data and thus contribute to the knowledge of whether certain types of relative sentences can (or must) be nominalized.
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Gomes Camacho, Roberto, and Monielly Cristina Saverio Serafim. "Head identification in binominal constructions." Linguistik Online 109, no. 4 (September 3, 2021): 3–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.109.8013.
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Determining the head of complex noun phrases is in general not an easy task in Portuguese. In the case of uma garrafa de vinho ‘a bottle of wine’, in combination with quebrou-se ‘broke’ or derramou ‘spilled’, it is the selection restrictions of the verb that determine which noun functions as head. This paper deals with a specific type of Brazilian Portuguese NP, aquele idiota do médico ‘that idiot of a doctor’, called “binominal” by Aarts (1998). The two types of nominal elements, linked by the preposition de, are the first constituent, idiota ‘idiot’, which has an evaluative status, and the second constituent, médico ‘doctor’, which has a referential status. The hypothesis defended here is that the evaluative nature of the first constituent and the referential nature of the second consist in a conclusive criterion for the determination of headedness.
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Gillmann, Melitta. "Das Semikolon als Kohäsionsmittel. Eine Korpusstudie in der überregionalen Pressesprache." Zeitschrift für germanistische Linguistik 46, no. 1 (April 25, 2018): 65–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zgl-2018-0005.
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Abstract Drawing on a corpus study conducted using the German national newspaper DIE ZEIT, the paper studies usage contexts of the semicolon, considering syntactic as well as text linguistic factors. In the vast majority of cases, the semicolon is found to connect main clauses; the linkage of subordinate clauses and nominal phrases is significantly less frequent. Moreover, the average semicolon sentence is significantly longer and structurally more complex than the average sentence of the same corpus. However, the sentence elements connected by the semicolon are shorter and less complex than average sentences. The main claim of the article is that the semicolon marks coherence between two clauses. For the most part, the event expressed in the second clause is in some respect similar or equivalent to the first one or provides an explanation, an example or a reason. Less frequently, the second clause denotes a result, implies a contrast or operates in a speech-act domain. While these relations usually are not expressed explicitly by a connector, the coherence is often reflected by co-reference chains extending across both clauses.
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Tuhai, O. "THE STUDY OF COMPLEMENTARY COMPLEXES IN MODERN GRAMMAR SCHOOLS." Studia Philologica, no. 2 (2019): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2311-2425.2019.13.12.
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The article focuses on the basic theoretical approaches to the analysis of complementary complexes in modern grammar paradigms. The phenomenon of clausal complementation has been presented. Subordinate sentences are characterized as object clausal complements with the status of a core internal argument of the main predicate. Grammatical configuration and functioning of finite/infinitive complementary sentences in English have been revealed. Grammatical status of clauses under the study is postulated as object predication or the internal verbal complement in the function of an object. Grammatical indicators of finite sentences are analyzed considering specific that/wh- markers of complementation, semantics of matrix verbs as well as temporal tense-form feature in a verbal phrase. Grammatical configuration of infinitive sentences is denoted by to-/wh-markers and noun phrases in a certain case. Identifying criteria of verbal clausal complements have been distinguished. Morphology of the predicate, internal/external syntax of a complementary construction are grounded as leading features of their definition. Typology of verbal complementation in terms of transitivity, complement attachment to the perculia part of speech, functional communicative approach has been reviewed. General monotransitive, complex-transitive and ditransitive complementation has been outlined. When being attached to a particular language constituent a clause is determined as nominal, adjective or verbal complement. Due to communicative peculiarity finite subordinate clauses are positioned as content declarative, interrogative and exclamative.
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SHASHKOVA, VALENTINA N. "THE SPECIFICS OF THE LANGUAGE EXPRESSING THE CONCEPTUAL CONTENT OF THE REFERENCE ZONE “INVESTIGATIVE ACTIONS” IN RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH (AS EXEMPLIFIED BY THE CRIMINAL PROCEDURE CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE FEDERAL RULES OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA)." Cherepovets State University Bulletin 2, no. 107 (2022): 113–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23859/1994-0637-2022-2-107-9.
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The article elicits the results of the study of nominative units pertinent to the reference zone “Investigative actions” in Russian and English from the perspective of dominant nomination mechanisms, syntagmatic models of expanding the structure of nominal and verbal phrases within complex nominatives, word-formation methods characteristic of the units under study. The language aspects manifesting themselves in both languages are singled out in the articles of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation and the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure of the United States of America devoted to the order of investigative actions. These aspects are determined by the selectivity of the language means used in the legal sphere of communication. The differences are also shown as determined by the specific structure of Russian and English. The nominative items are considered under the functional-role principle of categorization within the conceptual field “Investigative actions”...
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Kazlauskienė, Vitalija. "The grammatical category of gender in noun phrases of the Lithuanian-French interlanguage." Taikomoji kalbotyra, no. 9 (December 8, 2017): 149–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/tk.2017.17451.
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It is not an easy task for a Lithuanian, who is not a native speaker of French, to learn French nouns with their inherent grammatical gender, which is expressed by suffixes and articles non-existent in L1. The understanding of the category of gender of French L2 noun phrases is a complex and time consuming process. The data of the text corpus proves that students whose French language level is B1 have not fully comprehended the grammatical category of gender on all levels of linguistic competence.
As demonstrated by the results of the present investigation, a student often does not assign a fixed gender. When in doubt, he/she eventually decides on the masculine gender as a universal choice, which in French is less codified than the feminine gender and is interpreted as the main gender from which other forms such as the feminine gender and the plural form are derived. Apparently, the cause of such confusion lies in the system of the French language itself. Students tend to assign the gender of the noun by semantic analogy, the analogy of form or meaning with the students’ first language or from a well-known word in L2; sometimes other languages such as English come into play. As regards the coordination of determiners and adjectives, the determiner coordination tends to cause fewer problems than adjectives. The latter is mostly used in the masculine form, regardless of the noun gender. Despite a number of nominal gender-related problems, a substantial number of nouns have been assigned the correct gender, as demonstrated by collocates agreeing in gender with respective nouns.
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Kenesei, István. "On a multifunctional derivational affix: Its use in relational adjectives or nominal modification and phrasal affixation in Hungarian." Word Structure 7, no. 2 (October 2014): 214–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/word.2014.0066.
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The -i derivative affix is an old conundrum in the grammar of Hungarian. It is regularly classified as a fully productive affix deriving adjectives from nouns of various semantic properties including geographical and proper names. It is usually also claimed that it can occur on postpositions and some adverbials, but since these are closed classes the use of the affix in these cases is not productive. We challenge the accepted wisdom and argue that the affix is productive across the board and the meanings its derivatives represent are highly predictable. Canonical adjectives have a number of characteristics that these derivative adjectives do not, which suggests that the latter are an alternative to modification by noun, rather than adjectives proper. On the other hand, i-affixation can take referential noun phrases as its base, a phenomenon found in other morphological processes in this language, as well as in other languages. Referential adjectives based on inherently referential expressions, proper names in particular, can carry over the referential function in a conceptual-semantic, though not in a syntactic sense. I-modifiers work much the same way in Hungarian, but there are also differences, as shown in relation to result nominals as well as complex event nominals.
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Peyman, Shahram, and Vali Rezai. "Noun Phrase or Compound Noun? An Investigation of N + A and N + N Boundary Cases in Persian." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 6, no. 8 (August 1, 2016): 1687. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0608.25.
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The present study seeks to investigate the demarcation between noun phrases (NPs) and compound nouns (CNs) in Persian at the syntax-morphology interface. This objective is accomplished through the examination of two most complex nominal patterns, viz. N + A, N + N, with special focus on boundary cases, i.e. the intermediate constructs which possess some properties of both NPs and CNs simultaneously and thus demonstrate contradictory reactions to the various NP-CN demarcation criteria. The results indicate that boundary cases ensue from partial syntactic erosion of NPs through pure lexicalization, whereby NPs turn into CNs without center-switching or category change. This study also shows that almost all boundary cases have no potential for syntactic modification of their elements. It is further demonstrated that N + A and N + N boundary cases are endocentric, head-initial constructs with optional or obligatory internal inflection as well as Ezafe. Syntactic modifiability is also introduced as the most efficient NP-CN demarcation criterion in Persian since it is the first property lost in NP lexicalization process.
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Broeder, Peter. "Acquisition of pronominal reference: a longitudinal perspective." Second Language Research 11, no. 2 (June 1995): 178–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026765839501100208.
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This article is based on a large corpus of data collected as part of the European Science Foundation Project on Second Language Acquisition by Adult Immigrants (Perdue, 1984; 1993). In this study, some empirical observations are discussed from a follow-up on the ESF project. This follow-up study dealt with the conceptual domain of people (Broeder, 1991; 1992). Mostly, the encoding of reference to people is done through nouns and pronouns. Nominal reference involves a set of proper names and more or less complex noun phrases (e.g. Ahmet, my brother, my neighbour's sister). Pronominal reference is based on an exhaustive list of frequently used and predominantly monosyllabic words (e.g., I, you, he, etc.). Learners necessarily have to use a restricted set of nouns and pronouns as efficiently as possible in daily interactions with native speakers. This study examines the acquistion of pronouns. The relevant questions are: how do people start our encoding pronominal reference, how does their repertoire of pronouns develop and why do they make the choices they make?
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Robinson, Dakota. "Double plurals in Breton: Evidence for a split analysis of plurality." Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America 7, no. 1 (May 5, 2022): 5265. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/plsa.v7i1.5265.
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Traditional analyses of plurality situate number features within Num(ber)P between NP and DP projections. However, such an analysis does not easily account for all of the properties of plural forms cross-linguistically, particularly those that surface with multiple plural morphemes affixed simultaneously to a single stem. Kramer (2016b) proposes that number features can be exponed on the n category head in addition to on the Num head, generating plural nouns with either one or two plural suffixes. Yet, questions remain about the ability of this analysis to generate multiple plurals in other languages, such as Breton. In this paper, I test the predictions made by Kramer on Breton, which has a complex set of possible plural nominal forms. I present a morphosyntactic description of Breton noun phrases from the framework of Distributed Morphology (Halle & Marantz 1993), and I propose several adjustments to the theory of split n/Num plurality as presented by Kramer (2016a). This analysis is an alternative to previous descriptions of Breton number that situate double plurals within theories of lexicality (e.g., Acquaviva 2008) or that assume a strict dichotomy between inflectional and derivational morphology (e.g., Stump 1989, 1990).
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Brzozowska-Zburzyńska, Beata. "Los condicionamientos pragmáticos del uso de los deícticos de tiempo en español." Studia Romanica Posnaniensia 48, no. 2 (July 13, 2021): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/strop.2021.482.005.
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The objective of this study is to reflect on the Spanish time expressions that function as deictic elements. Deixis is a phenomenon strictly related to aspects of a pragmatic nature since it depends on the situational context in which the participants of the communicative act are. We want to search, discover and describe the pragmatic conditioning that determines the appearance and operation of this type of element in Spanish. Our idea is to demonstrate that in time deictic expressions the semantic content is not enough for speakers to use these expressions properly. It is necessary to resort to information that exceeds the level of meaning and find guidelines for the good interpretation of the expression in the situational and personal context. The group of time deictics is not heterogeneous from the formal point of view. It includes simple elements (for example, adverbs) and more or less complex elements (noun and prepositional phrases). We will focus on this second group and, above all, on the nominal constructions that include determinants and temporal adjectives since in this type of structure each constituent element performs a different semantic-pragmatic function and only the combination of these allows us to discover the definitive value of the set.
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Kaziaba, V. V. "Self-Nominations with Function of Anthroponym in Runet." Nauchnyi dialog 11, no. 7 (October 1, 2022): 212–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2022-11-7-212-230.
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Self-nominations with the function of an anthroponym (nicknames, yuzerniki, usernames) belonging to users of the Russian-speaking segment of Internet communication are analyzed. The material includes 5,000 examples with personal metadata of communicants and the results of more than 350surveys of informants. The sources are social networks (Vkontakte, Telegram, Professionals, LovePlanet), media hosting sites (Flickr, YouTube), news portals (RT, Vzglyad), an online game (World of Tanks) and a specialized forum (Сyberforum). Nominal, morphological, syntactic, spelling, phonetic, lexical, semantic properties of self-nominations are established. A descriptive analysis of the material demonstrates both the actual features of namecreation and general verbal changes in Runet. A tendency towards deanonymization has been proven: more than half of the self-nominations are of an autonymous origin. In pseudonymous self-names, the creative and playful functions of the language are realized, humorous and self-ironic connotations are found, the features of appearance, status, and political views are implicitly and explicitly imprinted. It is shown that the structure of virtual self-nominations tends to complicate, “burden” them with additional meanings, information. It is noted that the number of self-names with a complex syntactic structure in the form of phrases is growing. It has been established that graphic means and spelling deviations are losing their former significance and popularity. It is concluded that the stability of the expansion of the English language is fixed.
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CHAPPELL, Hilary, and Sandra A. THOMPSON. "THE SEMANTICS AND PRAGMATICS OF ASSOCIATIVE DE IN MANDARIN DISCOURSE." Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 21, no. 2 (March 12, 1992): 199–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-90000330.
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Nous examinons dans cet article l'emploi du morphème "associatif de en mandarin. Il s'agit de la première analyse de discours fondée sur un important corpus d'exemples écrits et parlés. Nous nous servons d'un modèle probabiliste pour démontrer que la présence ou l'absence de de dans les phrases nominales associatives est un phénomène complexe qui est déterminé par l'interaction de variables linguistiques telles que (i) le facteur pragmatique de l'"information flow"; (ii) les propriétés sémantiques du nom principal et (iii) des propriétés structurelles et combinatoires de la phrase nominale. Pour l'explication des résultats concernant les propriétés sémantiques du déterminant et du déterminé dans cette construction associative, nous employons également une hierarchie d'égocentricité et une théorie de l'iconicité.
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Elazzazi, Maysara, Luay Jawad, Mohammed Hilfi, and Abhilash Pandya. "A Natural Language Interface for an Autonomous Camera Control System on the da Vinci Surgical Robot." Robotics 11, no. 2 (March 25, 2022): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/robotics11020040.
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Positioning a camera during laparoscopic and robotic procedures is challenging and essential for successful operations. During surgery, if the camera view is not optimal, surgery becomes more complex and potentially error-prone. To address this need, we have developed a voice interface to an autonomous camera system that can trigger behavioral changes and be more of a partner to the surgeon. Similarly to a human operator, the camera can take cues from the surgeon to help create optimized surgical camera views. It has the advantage of nominal behavior that is helpful in most general cases and has a natural language interface that makes it dynamically customizable and on-demand. It permits the control of a camera with a higher level of abstraction. This paper shows the implementation details and usability of a voice-activated autonomous camera system. A voice activation test on a limited set of practiced key phrases was performed using both online and offline voice recognition systems. The results show an on-average greater than 94% recognition accuracy for the online system and 86% accuracy for the offline system. However, the response time of the online system was greater than 1.5 s, whereas the local system was 0.6 s. This work is a step towards cooperative surgical robots that will effectively partner with human operators to enable more robust surgeries. A video link of the system in operation is provided in this paper.
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Heycock, Caroline, and Roberto Zamparelli. "Coordinated Bare Definites." Linguistic Inquiry 34, no. 3 (July 2003): 443–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438903322247551.
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Recent work on the syntax and semantics of functional projections within the noun phrase has had as one goal an explanation for the crosslinguistic distribution of “bare” (determinerless) noun phrases. This article provides an account for an apparent anomaly: the relatively free occurrence of bare noun phrases under coordination. We argue that this construction involves coordination of projections below the DP level, with the coordinated structure subsequently raising to Spec, DP.Our analysis accounts for the fact that these nominals are endowed with uniqueness conditions, but only in some cases, and for a number of other hitherto undocumented facts, including complex constraints on modification.
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Zuhria, Kholilatuz, Ho Ngoc Hieu, and Daroe Iswatiningsih. "KAJIAN ETNOLINGUISTIK BENTUK DAN MAKNA PENAMAAN PETILASAN PADA MASA KERAJAAN DI KABUPATEN BLITAR." Fon: Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 18, no. 2 (October 29, 2022): 236–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.25134/fon.v18i2.5605.
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ABSTRAK: Penamaan seringkali menjadi tempat menyimpan sejarah dan makna kultural bagi masyarakatnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan bentuk dan makna penamaan petilasan pada masa kerajaan di Kabupaten Blitar dengan menggunakan pendekatan etnolinguistik. Penelitian ini termasuk jenis penelitian studi kasus dengan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Sumber data penelitian ini diperoleh dari 2 informan, yaitu Bapak Handoko (44 tahun, Kepala Desa Serang Kabupaten Blitar) dan Ibu Sunarmi (61 tahun, juru kunci Candi Mleri). Data penelitian berupa tuturan informan yang berkaitan dengan fokus permasalahan. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara studi pustaka, wawancara, rekam, dan catat. Teknik analisis data dilakukan dengan cara mengidentifikasi, mengklasifikasi, menginterpretasi, mendeskripsikan, dan menyimpulkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bentuk penamaan petilasan pada masa kerajaan di Kabupaten Blitar terdapat dua jenis bentuk satuan bahasa yaitu, berupa (1) frasa nomina modifikatif simpleks dan (2) frasa nomina modifikatif kompleks. Pada frasa nomina modifikatif simpleks ditemukan frasa yang berstruktur nomina dan nomina, nomina dan verba, serta nomina dan adjektiva. Sementara itu, pada frasa nomina modifikatif kompleks ditemukan frasa berstruktur kata dan frasa serta frasa dan frasa. Makna penamaan petilasan pada masa kerajaan di Kabupaten Blitar terdiri atas makna leksikal dan makna kultural. Pada makna leksikal digolongkan menjadi 4 jenis, yaitu mengacu pada suatu (1) tempat, (2) bangunan, (3) daerah, dan (4) benda. Sementara itu, pada makna kultural menggambarkan pola pemikiran masyarakat untuk menyatakan (1) konservasi alam, (2) pelestarian sejarah, (3) sarana spiritual, (4) penghormatan tokoh masyarakat, dan (5) mitos.KATA KUNCI: bentuk, etnolinguistik; Kabupaten Blitar; makna, masa kerajaan; penamaan petilasanETHNOLINGUISTIC STUDY OF THE FORM AND MEANING NAMING PETILASAN AT GOVERNMENT TIME IN BLITAR REGENCYABSTRACT: Naming is often a place to store history and cultural meaning for its people. This research describes the form and meaning of naming petilasan during the kingdom in Blitar Regency using an ethnolinguistic approach. This research includes a type of case study research with qualitative descriptive methods. We got the source of this research data from 2 informants, namely Mr Handoko (44 years old, Head of Serang Village of Blitar Regency) and Mrs Sunarmi (61 years old, caretaker of Mleri Temple). Research data as informant speech related to the focus of the problem. Library studies, interviews, records, and notes did data collection techniques. Data analysis techniques are performed by identifying, classifying, interpreting, describing, and concluding. The results showed that the form of naming petilasan during the kingdom in Blitar Regency there are two types of language unit forms as (1) simplex modification noun phrase and (2) complex modification noun phrase. In the phrase, simplex modification noun found phrases that are structured noun and noun, noun and verb, and noun and adjective. Meanwhile, in complex modification, noun phrases are found structured phrases of words and phrases, and phrases and phrases. The meaning of naming petilasan during the kingdom in Blitar Regency comprises lexical meaning and cultural meaning. It classified lexical meaning into four types, which refers to a (1) place, (2) building, (3) area, and (4) objects. Meanwhile, the cultural meaning describes the pattern of public thought to state (1) conservation of nature, (2) preservation of history, (3) spiritual means, (4) respect for community leaders, and (5) myths.KEYWORDS: form, ethnolinguistic; Blitar Regency; meaning, government time; naming of petilasan
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Dargiewicz, Anna. "Wo ist der Anfang, und wo ist das Ende? Zu übersetzungsrelevanten Merkmalen der deutschen Komposita." Germanica Wratislaviensia 142 (January 11, 2018): 119–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0435-5865.142.8.
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In dem vorliegenden Beitrag wird auf grundlegende Faktoren verwiesen, denen man bei der Übertragung der deutschen Komposita ins Polnische Rechnung tragen sollte. Zu diesen Faktoren gehören: Binarität der Komposita, Reihenfolge der Kompositaglieder und Nichtvertauschbarkeit der Glieder ohne Bedeutungsverlust, unbegrenzte Ausbaumöglichkeiten der deutschen Komposita, Fugenelemente als Verbindungskitt zwischen zwei Konstituenten einer Zusammensetzung, Paraphrasierung als Mittel zur Ermittlung der semantischen Beziehungen in einem Kompositum und Ad-hoc-Bildungen als Besonderheit der deutschen Wortbildung. Angesichts der Tatsache, dass das Deutsche den Beinamen ,Substantivspracheʽ hat, wird hier die Aufmerksamkeit vorzugsweise den substantivischen kompositionellen Formationen geschenkt. Das untersuchte Korpus konzentriert sich auf die Bandwurmkomposita – darunter pressetypische, Aufmerksamkeit erregende Lexeme sog. Eyecatcher sowie Ad-hoc-Bildungen, die für den Übersetzer häufig als eine harte Nuss zu knacken sind. Bemerkenswert ist die Tatsache, dass die in einem deutschen Kompositum implizierten semantischen Relationen durch ein komplexes Vorgehen im Übertragungsprozess, durch die Vereinigung von interkulturellen, sprachlichen und translatorischen Kompetenzen effektiv in die Zielsprache übertragen werden können.Where Is the Beginning and Where the End? Features of German Compounds and Their Characteristics in the Context of Translation Translation issues deserve a lot of attention, particularly if they are related to linguistic phenomena characteristic of the given language. Translating multiple complex compounds from German into Polish constitutes just such a phenomenon and it is interesting precisely from the point of view of translation. This article is devoted to peculiar characteristics of German compounds which should be taken into account in the process of translating them into the Polish language. Several important factors have been discussed which must not be overlooked during a semantic analysis of multisegmental compounds if errors in translation are to be avoided. These are: the binarity of compounds, the sequence of individual segments in the compound and the semantic consequences of their fixed position, the potential for free expansion of German compounds, the occurrence of joint interfix, paraphrasing as a way of establishing the semantic relations between the segments of the given compound and occasional constructions as a peculiarity of German word formation. Because a characteristic feature of German word formation is the tendency to form nominal compounds, the corpus created for the purpose of the present article and subjected to analysis consists of nominal compounds. The analysis I have conducted makes it possible to draw the conclusion that German multisegmental compounds are translated into the Polish language mostly using complex syntactic structures, the so-called phrases, rather than structurally equivalent constructions. Phrases, which function as equivalents of German compounds, are in most cases exceptionally well developed, often additionally characterized by an adjectival or genitival modifier, or a subordinate clause, which, in comparison with the one-word German compounds does not seem economical as regards the quantity of words which are connected syntactically. Providing an adequate equivalent in the target language is a considerable and ambitious challenge. Apart from having linguistic skills and necessary knowledge, it requires from the translator analytical and synthetic skills as well as the ability to approach the given problem critically and creatively. Only a compilation of those skills and abilities guarantees a correct/professional translation as an end product devoid of ambiguities.
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Kennison, Shelia M. "Processing Agentive By-Phrases in Complex Event and Nonevent Nominals." Linguistic Inquiry 30, no. 3 (July 1999): 502–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002438999554183.
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Khushik, Ghulam Abbas, and Ari Huhta. "Syntactic complexity in Finnish-background EFL learners’ writing at CEFR levels A1–B2." European Journal of Applied Linguistics 10, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 142–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/eujal-2021-0011.
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Abstract The increasing importance of the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) has led to research on the linguistic characteristics of its levels, as this would help the application of the CEFR in the design of teaching materials, courses, and assessments. This study investigated whether CEFR levels can be distinguished with reference to syntactic complexity (SC). 14- and 17-year-old Finnish learners of English (N=397) wrote three writing tasks which were rated against the CEFR levels. The ratings were analysed with multi-facet Rasch analysis and the texts were analysed with automated tools. Findings suggest that the clearest separators at lower CEFR levels (A1–A2) were the mean sentence and T-unit length, variation in sentence length, infinitive density, clauses per sentence or T-unit, and verb phrases per T-unit. For higher levels (B1–B2) they were modifiers per noun phrase, mean clause length, complex nominals per clause, and left embeddedness. The results support previous findings that the length of and variation in the longer production units (sentences, T-units) are the SC indices that most clearly separate the lower CEFR levels, whereas the higher levels are best distinguished in terms of complexity at the clausal and phrasal levels.
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Wang, Weilu, Manfu Duan, and Hongmei Zhang. "Corpus-based Development of Syntactic Complexity in EFL Writing." SHS Web of Conferences 152 (2023): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202315204001.
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Syntactic complexity has long been taken as a significant factor in determining writing quality by EFL learners. And researchers in recent years have made a lot of efforts to devise and verify a wide range of factors or indicators for the purpose of measuring syntactic complexity or predicting EFL writing quality. The present study discussed bases itself on a self-built learner corpus with data collected over three years, with the aim of determining the applicable indices for predicting beginner writing quality. Based on previous research, the present study takes into account such factors as unit length, verb-VAC complexity, and clausal complexity. The results of pairwise comparisons by year indicate that there are significant differences for some indices but not for others. In terms of unit length, the three indicators of mean length of sentence, mean length of Tuni, and mean length of clause can serve as the main descriptive variables for the development of the language of beginners; for clausal complexity, seven indices: coordinate phrases per T-unit, verb phrases per T-unit, clauses per T-unit, coordinate phrases per clause, complex nominals per Tunit, complex nominals per clause and T-units per sentence, are the reliable indicators for beginner writing development. But indices for noun phrase complexity and verb-VAC complexity show no significant difference in the Kruskal-Wallis tests. The findings provide proof for the conclusion that knowledge and skills of modification, coordination, and subordination form the real difficulties for EFL beginners. It provides implications for coursebook design and classroom teaching where beginners are supposed to focus more on breeding awareness and skills in these aspects.
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Hidayat, Ashari. "NOMINA KOSMIS DALAM BAHASA JAWA." Adabiyyāt: Jurnal Bahasa dan Sastra 9, no. 2 (December 31, 2010): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.14421/ajbs.2010.09207.
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Cosmic nouns in Javanese language are a group of nouns, which refers to astronomic and geographic notion. This research aims at describing its morphologic and syntactic characteristics. This research uses distributional and equivalent method. The data is collected from everyday use of language as well as its variety of the language, literature, and dictionary. The astronomic nouns refer to "sun", "moon", and "star". The geographic nouns refer to ‘location’ and ‘direction’. Morphologically, cosmic nouns can be in the form of simple noun or complex noun from affixation. Some can be reduplicated while others can’t. Some demonstrative and negation of Javanese language can be jointed with cosmic nouns. Syntactically, cosmic nouns can be in phrasal form. The dominant phrasal form, which emerges, has endocentric relation – having center form which is clarified by peripheral form. Based on its references, astronomic and geographic nouns are categorized into specific and general noun. The complexity of cosmic noun is bound to the number as well as distance of the referent noun. The result of this research shows that cosmic nouns have its unique characteristics compared to other nouns.
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Oduaran, Fure. "Nouns as Lexical Heads in Urhobo English Code-Switching." English Linguistics Research 6, no. 1 (February 2, 2017): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/elr.v6n1p47.
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Two topics in the front burner of contact linguistics are bilingualism and code switching. Code switching between an indigenous language and the English language is pervasive where outer circle Englishes are spoken. Nigeria and other former colonies of Great Britain belong to this circle of Englishes. This study discusses nouns functioning as lexical heads in Urhobo/ English code switches. The switches include code switched NP[Z1] with determiner[Z2] s from Urhobo and head word[Z3] s from English; Urhobo –English complex Code switched NP with an adjective; complex CS NP with an adjective[Z4] prepositional phrase as complement. The study is premised on two theories. First is Noam Chomsky’s (1981) principles and parameters theory of transformational grammar which has been used for the analysis of the sentences. The second is Myers-Scotton’s (2002) Matrix Language Frame (MLF), which is used for distinguishing between the matrix and the embedded languages in the nominal phrasal constituents within the code switched sentences. In this study, Urhobo is the matrix language while English is the embedded[Z5] language based on matrix language frame (MLF) parameters. The study concludes that nouns functioning as lexical heads constitute part of the structural basis of Urhobo English code-switching. [Z1]NPs [Z2]determiners [Z3]words [Z4]adjective [Z5]embedded language
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Parafita Couto, Maria Carmen, and Marianne Gullberg. "Code-switching within the noun phrase: Evidence from three corpora." International Journal of Bilingualism 23, no. 2 (September 14, 2017): 695–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006917729543.
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Aims and objectives/purpose/research questions: This study aims to improve our understanding of common switching patterns by examining determiner–noun–adjective complexes in code-switching (CS) in three language pairs (Welsh–English, Spanish–English and Papiamento–Dutch). The languages differ in gender and noun–adjective word order in the noun phrase (NP): (a) Spanish, Welsh, and Dutch have gender; English and Papiamento do not; (b) Spanish, Welsh, and Papiamento prefer post-nominal adjectives; Dutch and English, prenominal ones. We test predictions on determiner language and adjective order derived from generativist accounts and the Matrix Language Frame (MLF) approach. Design/methodology/approach: We draw on three publicly available spoken corpora. For the purposes of these analyses, we re-coded all three datasets identically. From the three re-coded corpora we extracted all monolingual and mixed simplex NPs (DetN) and complex NPs with determiners (determiner–adjective–noun (DetAN/NA)). We then examined the surrounding clause for each to determine the matrix language based on the finite verb. Data and analysis: We analysed the data using a linear regression model in R statistical software to examine the distribution of languages across word class and word order in the corpora. Findings/conclusions: Overall, the generativist predictions are borne out regarding adjective positions but not determiners and the MLF accounts for more of the data. We explore extra-linguistic explanations for the patterns observed. Originality: The current study has provided new empirical data on nominal CS from language pairs not previously considered. Significance/implications: This study has revealed robust patterns across three corpora and taken a step towards disentangling two theoretical accounts. Overall, the findings highlight the importance of comparing multiple language pairs using similar coding.
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Donati, Caterina, and Carlo Cecchetto. "Relabeling Heads: A Unified Account for Relativization Structures." Linguistic Inquiry 42, no. 4 (October 2011): 519–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00060.
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A tenet of any version of phrase structure theory is that a lexical item can transmit its label when merged with another category. We assume that if it is internally merged, a lexical item can turn a clause into a nominal phrase. If the relabeling lexical item is a wh-word, a free relative results; if it is an N, a full relative results; if it is a non-wh D, a pseudorelative results. It follows that the head of a relative construction cannot be more complex than a lexical item. We show massive evidence that when it is otherwise (e.g., the book about Obama that you bought), the modifier is late-merged after the noun has moved and relabeled the structure.
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Alqassas, Ahmad. "The Definite Marker in Arabic: Morphological realization of the syntactic head D or a [DEF] feature." Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 39, no. 1 (December 16, 2013): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v39i1.3866.
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In lieu of an abstract, here is a brief excerpt from the text:In Arabic, the definite marker can render a noun phrase (NP) definite and it appears as a proclitic on adjectives that modify a definite NP (a phenomenon known as definiteness agreement). Arabic also has a complex adjectival construction known as Construct State Adjective (CSA) that also exhibits the definiteness agreement property. Moreover, in cardinal number constructions in Standard Arabic, the definite marker appears as a proclitic on both the numeral and the enumerated noun (another case for definiteness agreement). This CSA construction and cardinal number constructions are interesting in that definiteness agreement is optional as opposed to the canonical cases of noun-adjective constructions (with post nominal adjectives) where definiteness agreement is obligatory. This paper argues that, given these facts about definiteness agreement, it is more plausible to treat the definite marker whish appears on nominal heads as the realization of the syntactic D head while the definite marker appearing on adjectival and nominal complements as a [DEF] feature added at PF.