Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Complex Disaster'

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) play a major role in disasters around the world. As they carry out disaster work NGOs are often grouped together as the "NGO sector," although their varied size, scope, focus and country of origin make generalizations difficult. Coordinating NGO disaster work has been an ongoing challenge for governments and for NGOs themselves for reasons ranging from the wishes of NGO funders to uncertainty about what coordination means to competition for funds.

This thesis uses a complex adaptive system (CAS) framework to understand how NGOs may coordinate their own work. A complex adaptive system is made up of a set of independent agents that interact with each other to form a whole entity without the benefit of an explicit central control mechanism.

The qualitative study carried out semi-structured interviews with 16 NGOs active in disaster in Honduras to explore to what extent their interactions conformed to six characteristics of complex adaptive systems - 1) schemata; 2) self-organization; 3) communication and information; 4) rules; 5) learning and adaptation; and 6) aggregate outcomes, and relations with government.

Results of the interviews showed that many NGOs have multiple links among themselves with active communication channels that depend heavily on personal relationships. Interviews showed that collaboration among NGOs has increased over the past decade, although the degree of cooperation among them was inconsistent. Interviewees found it difficult to name an aggregate system-wide outcome. Government relations were found to be mixed - many NGOs had both positive and negative things to say about their relationships with government.

The NGOs were found to have both characteristics of a CAS and factors that did not fit a CAS description. NGOs must continually invest energy to maintain a system because entropic forces away from increased organization remain strong.

Thesis (M.S. in Information Technology Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2002.
Thesis advisor(s): Nancy Roberts, Alex Bordetsky. Includes bibliographical references (p. 159-162). Also available online.

This thesis examines how humanitarian assistance and political aspects interact in complex humanitarian emergencies (CHEs) in both negative and positive ways, how to minimize negative outcomes, and how humanitarian assistance can contribute to conflict resolution. Although humanitarian assistance has long been considered to be separate from politics, the division between the two has posed serious difficulties for humanitarian aid agencies responding to disasters and even has resulted in negative impacts on political and humanitarian aspects. In order to confront CHEs today, humanitarians need to collaborate conceptually and practically with political actors, while political actors need to be sensitive to humanitarian needs. A priority is considered the minimalist position, aiming at "doing no harm." Under the right circumstances, the maximalist approach can be viewed as an opportunity for maximizing the effects of humanitarian efforts to alleviate people's suffering and contributing to conflict resolution by employing humanitarian assistance as a powerful instrument.

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Since the beginning of this century, the Argentine Army has used Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) wireless products, equipment, and communication systems to support Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HA/DR) operations. The participation of Military, Governmental, and Non-Governmental Organizations in these activities requires more wireless coverage area. These communication systems are an integration of several subsystems that provide an initial Hastily Formed Network (HFN), but they did not provide enough coverage area to support Command and Control centers from different organizations. This thesis explore different solutions to address the lack of coverage area of the current wireless systems, analyzing new COTS technologies that could be applied to the Argentine Military HFN Centers to satisfy the new emerging requirements of HA/DR operations. This research is focused on Wireless Subsystems, and gather data from actual HA/DR experiments and exercises organized by NPS. The experiments provide analytic data from the latest generation equipment which are being tested at the NPS HFN center. The thesis determines the benefits that the applicability of different wireless subsystem would provide to support HA/DR operations in an Argentine environment based on the information gathered during field exercises and experiments.

La coordinació és un factor important que afecta directament el resultat de les operacions de resposta en les xarxes de gestió d’emergències. Marcs de treball i protocols de gestió de catàstrofes estableixen una base per a la col·laboració de l’organització i coordinació en el cas d’una crisi (provocada per l’home o per causes naturals). Existeixen marcs de treball de gestió d’emergències que es basen en conceptes agafats de les pràctiques militars (i.e. comandament i control) i de les operacions organitzatives convencionals. Degut a la naturalesa complexa d’un desastre o d’una emergència, l’enfocament actual està fallant per a enfrontar-se a aquests alts nivells d’incertesa i a la intensa aparició de canvis en el transcurs d’un desastre. En comptes de romandre bloquejats amb plans de resposta rígids, les organitzacions i els individus es gestionen per a enfrontar-se a la complexitat dels desastres mitjançant la formació d’estructures en xarxa. Aquestes xarxes es formen en resposta a les necessitats que es desenvolupen per a enfrontar-se a un incident de desastre. La comprensió de les característiques d’aquestes noves xarxes en les operacions de resposta a desastres és fonamental per a tot el procés de l’elaboració de marcs de treball de resposta a desastres, els quals podrien ajudar en la prevenció de pèrdues de vides humanes i béns. En aquesta investigació, s’examinen exemples d’operacions de resposta a desastres per a estudiar els patrons de la xarxa de coordinació entre les organitzacions que participen en aquestes operacions de resposta. Per a assolir els objectius de la investigació, es desenvolupa una nova metodologia per a examinar la coordinació dinàmica en xarxes de resposta a desastres. El resultat de l’anàlisi ofereix una perspectiva dinàmica que descriu l’evolució de la coordinació dels clústers en les estructures organitzades en xarxes. La comprensió de las característiques dels clústers de coordinació ajuda a identificar les tasques crítiques i les unitats més enllà dels recursos requerits durant les operacions de resposta a desastres. El treball de recerca contribueix als continus canvis en els conceptes de la gestió de desastres i crisis i canviar vers una xarxa i vers sistemes de resposta basats en funcions.
La coordinación es un factor importante que afecta directamente el resultado de las operaciones de respuesta en las redes de gestión de catástrofes. Marcos de trabajo y protocolos de emergencias establecen una base para la colaboración de la organización y coordinación en caso de una crisis (provocada por el hombre o por causas naturales). Existen marcos de trabajo de gestión de emergencias que se basan en conceptos tomados de las prácticas militares (i.e. comando y control) y de las operaciones organizativas convencionales. Debido a la naturaleza compleja de un desastre o emergencia, el enfoque actual está fallando para hacer frente a estos altos niveles de incertidumbre y a la intensa aparición de cambios en el transcurso de un desastre. En lugar de estar bloqueados con planes de respuesta rígidos, las organizaciones y los individuos se gestionan para hacer frente a la complejidad de los desastres mediante la formación de estructuras organizadas en redes. Estas redes se forman en respuesta a las necesidades que se desarrollan para hacer frente a un incidente de desastre. La comprensión de las características de estas nuevas redes en las operaciones de respuesta a desastres es fundamental para todo el proceso de la elaboración de marcos de trabajo de respuesta a desastres, los cuáles podrían ayudar en la prevención de pérdidas de vidas humanas y bienes. En esta investigación, se examinan ejemplos de las operaciones de respuesta a desastres para estudiar los patrones de la red de coordinación entre las organizaciones que participan en estas operaciones de respuesta. Para lograr los objetivos de la investigación, se desarrolla una nueva metodología para examinar la coordinación dinámica en redes de respuesta a desastres. El resultado del análisis ofrece una perspectiva dinámica que describe la evolución de la coordinación de los clústeres en las estructuras de las redes. La comprensión de las características de los clústeres de coordinación ayuda a identificar las tareas críticas y las unidades más allá de los recursos requeridos durante las operaciones de respuesta a desastres. El trabajo de investigación contribuye a los continuos cambios en los conceptos de la gestión de desastres y crisis y cambiar hacia una red y hacia sistemas de respuesta basados en funciones.
Coordination is an important factor that affects directly the outcome of response operations in disaster management networks. Disaster management frameworks and protocols establish a foundation for organizational collaboration and coordination in the event of a crisis (natural or man-made). Existing disaster management frameworks are based on concepts borrowed from military practices (i.e. command and control) and conventional organizational operations. Due to the complex nature of a disaster or emergency, the existing approach is failing to cope with such high levels of uncertainty and intense occurrence of changes during the course of a disaster. Instead of being locked-in rigid response plans, organizations and individuals managed to cope with disasters’ complexities by forming network-governed structures. Those networks are formed in response to the unfolding needs of coping with a disaster incident. Understanding the characteristics of those emerging networks in disaster response operations is critical to the whole process of developing proper disaster response frameworks that would help in preventing losses in human lives and assets. In this research, we examine examples of disaster response operations to study the patterns of networked-coordination between the organizations engaged in those response operations. To achieve the research goals, we develop a new methodology for examining the coordination dynamic in disaster response networks. The analysis outcome provides a dynamic perspective that describes the evolution of coordination-clusters in network-governed structures. Understanding characteristics of coordination-clusters helps to identify critical tasks and units beyond the resources required during disaster response operations. The research work contributes to the continuous changes in concepts of disaster and crisis management and the shift towards a network and function-based response systems.

Background: This thesis presents three research papers that evaluate the current tools and methods used to assess the availability of health resources and services during humanitarian emergencies. Methods: A systematic review of peer-reviewed and grey literature was conducted to locate all known health facilities assessment tools currently in use in low- and middle-income countries. The results of this review were used to generate a framework of essential health facilities assessment domains, representative of seven health systems building blocks. Using this framework, a field-based evaluation of tools used to assess the availability of health resources and services in emergencies in Haiti and the Darfur states of Sudan was conducted. The collected assessment tools from these countries were compared against the framework from the systematic review, as well as the Minimum Standards for Health Action in the Sphere Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Humanitarian Response, and the Global Health Cluster’s Set of Core Indicators and Benchmarks by Category. A coding system was developed using all of these frameworks that enabled the comparison of the assessments collected in both countries. Field-based interviews were conducted with key informants using a convergent interviewing methodology, to gain perspectives on data collection and the use of evidence in formulating health systems interventions in emergencies. Results: 10 health facility assessments were located in the systematic review of the literature, generating an assessment framework comprised of 41 assessment domains. Of the included assessments, none contained assessment criteria corresponding to all 41 domains, suggesting a need to standardize these assessments based on a structured health systems framework. In Haiti and Sudan, a total of 9 (Haiti, n=8; Sudan, n=1) different assessment tools were located that corresponded to assessments of the availability of health resources and services. Of these, few collected data that could reasonably have corresponded to the different assessment domains of the health facilities assessment framework or the Sphere Standards, nor could many have provided the necessary inputs for calculating the Global Health Cluster’s indicators or benchmarks. The exception to this was the one tool located in Sudan, which fared reasonably well against these criteria. The interviews with participants revealed that while evidence was viewed as important, systematically-collected data were not routinely being integrated into program planning in emergency settings. This was, in part, due to the absence of reliable information or the perceived weaknesses of the data available, but also due uncertainty as to how to best integrate large amounts of health system data into programs. Conclusions: Greater emphasis is needed to ensure that data on the availability and functionality of health services during major emergencies is collected using methodologically-sound approaches, by field staff with expertise in health systems. There is a need to ensure that baseline data on the health system is available at the outside of emergency response, and that humanitarian health interventions are based on reliable evidence of needs and capacities from within the health system.

This paper analyzes humanitarian assistance to complex humanitarian emergencies to understand why suboptimal outcomes result even when humanitarians have ethical principles and good intentions. It focuses on the International Committee of the Red Cross, the United Nations, and Médecins Sans Frontières to understand their core principles before looking at how these principles operationalize during emergencies. Challenges arise due to complex relationships with donors, local actors, and recipients, along with issues of marketization and competition. This paper’s case studies of the post-genocide Rwandan refugee crisis and post-9/11 Afghanistan explore how humanitarian principles clash with such dilemmas. In the end, humanitarian organizations are often unable to adhere to principles in the midst of crises and make compromises of competition and complicity that lead to suboptimal outcomes for the people they are trying to help. Looking to modern emergencies in Syria, Yemen, and South Sudan, it is critical to understand these dynamics and seek to improve institutions of humanitarian aid to make assistance actually beneficial for those in need.

Many of the technological and social systems our society has come to depend on can be classified as complex adaptive systems (CAS). These systems are made of many individual parts that self-organize to respond and adapt to changing outside and inside influences affecting the system and its actors. These CAS can be placed on a spectrum ranging from loosely- to tightly-coupled, depending on the degree of interrelatedness and interdependence between system components. This research has explored how the process of collaboration occurs in both a loosely- and tightly-coupled setting using one exemplar of each system. The loosely-coupled exemplar related to disaster risk reduction in two Canadian communities while the tightly-coupled one involved the implementation of a surgical information management system in a Canadian hospital. A list of core elements of collaboration that should be considered essential to the success of all collaborative endeavours was developed as a result: Engagement, Communication, Leadership, Role Clarity, Awareness, Time, and Technical Skills and Knowledge. Based on observing how the core elements of collaboration interacted with one another within each of these example systems, two models were created to represent their relationships. A list of considerations that collaborative tool designers should consider was also developed and the implications of these considerations were discussed. As businesses and other organizations increasingly incorporate team-based work models, they will come to depend more heavily on technology-based solutions to support collaboration. By incorporating collaborative technologies that properly support the activity of these teams—based on the specific type of complex adaptive system in which their organization exists—organizations can avoid wasting time and resources developing tools that hinder collaboration.

With the increasing complexity of modern day threats and the growing sophistication of interlinked and interdependent operating environments, Business Continuity Management (BCM) has emerged as a new discipline, offering a strategic approach to safeguarding organisational functions. Of significant interest is the application of BCM frameworks and strategies within critical infrastructure, and in particular the aviation industry. Given the increased focus on security and safety for critical infrastructures, research into the adoption of BCM principles within an airport environment provides valuable management outcomes and research into a previously neglected area of inquisition. This research has used a single case study methodology to identify possible impediments to BCM adoption and implementation by the Brisbane Airport Corporation (BAC). It has identified a number of misalignments between the required breadth of focus for a BCM program, identified differing views on specific roles and responsibilities required during a major disruptive event and illustrated the complexities of the Brisbane Airport which impede the understanding and implementation of effective Business Continuity Management Strategies.

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To design large projects in the Amazon region never stopped being a governmental pretense. Since the 1960’s, we have seen a series of investments in infrastructure, being built in the most unimaginable places in the region. The installation of such “monuments” have affected various aspects of the lives of “traditional peoples and communities”, instigating local social conflicts. The implantation of the “Madeira Complex” represents one more milestone in the history of “traditional peoples and communities” by generating “forced displacements” and the separation of organizational units, in order to make way for “integrationist" actions. Those “people affected” (“atingidos”) by this process, whom are the focus of this research, have established a struggle for the recognition of their rights, related to various issues, above all, the collective existence as “atingidos” by the “Madeira Complex” hydroelectric project. In this research, I highlight various conflicting situations, specifically those that occurred between 2011 and 2014. During this period the conflict situations have become more intense. The struggle of the “atingidos” caused by the hydroelectric companies has been based on the maintenance of their territories, the recognition of their rights, the guarantee of their way of life, as well as the practices through which they have socially constructed their concepts and ways of relating to each other. Considering the disputes and impositions, I start from the understanding of how such social agents have reacted to all of the onslaughts that prioritize the establishment of infrastructure that benefits the coalition of interests between “private companies and governments”; taking into account that this association denies the recognition of the social agents and their rights over the territories historically occupied in the Madeira River region.
Projetar grandes obras na Amazônia nunca deixou de ser uma pretensão governista. Desde a década de 60, temos visto uma sucessão de investimentos em infraestrutura, sendo erguidos nos mais inimagináveis lugares da região. A instalação de tais monumentos afetaram/afetam variados aspectos da vida de povos e comunidades tradicionais, acirrando os conflitos sociais locais. A implantação do "Complexo Madeira" representa mais um marco na história dos povos e comunidades tradicionais ao gerar processos de deslocamento compulsório e desagregação de unidades organizativas para dar passagem a ações “integracionistas”. Os atingidos focalizados nesta pesquisa têm travado uma luta pelo reconhecimento de seus direitos, relacionados a diversas questões, sobretudo, à existência coletiva enquanto atingidos pelo projeto hidrelétrico “Complexo Madeira”. Destaco nesta pesquisa várias situações conflituosas, tendo como marco dos acontecimentos, os anos de 2011 a 2014. Durante este período as situações de conflito social têm se aguçado. A luta dos atingidos pelas hidrelétricas tem se dado pela manutenção de seus territórios, pelo reconhecimento de seus direitos, pela garantia de seu modo de vida e pelas práticas através das quais construíram socialmente suas concepções e formas de relacionar-se. Considerando as disputas e imposições, parto da compreensão de como tais agentes sociais têm reagido a todas as investidas que priorizam a instauração de uma infraestrutura que beneficia a coalizão de interesses entre “empresas privadas e governos”; levando em conta que essa associação nega o reconhecimento dos agentes sociais e de seus direitos sobre os territórios historicamente ocupados no rio Madeira.

Researchers and practitioners continue to study the causes of high consequence failures in complex socio-technical systems. Often linear causal pathways are identified in investigations that blame individual human error, or technical malfunctions. This study represents a significant expansion in the analysis of high profile accidents, crimes, crises, and tragedies to accommodate system complexity. Presented is a model of socio-technical system wholeness that provides an integral framework with which socio-technical system deficiencies are analyzed. The research questions if lack of systemic wholeness is the cause for selected high profile events.

This case study used historical documents pertaining to 13 actual events that included espionage, high consequence accidents, mass killings, and the response to natural disasters. The documentation included government commission reports and previously recorded interviews. A hermeneutic analysis method guided the iterative development of deficiency codes. These codes were assigned to key statements in the documentation that described the varied deficiencies. The qualitative analysis software, Atlas.ti aided in the coding of approximately 5,000 of pages of documentation. Deficiency codes were then organized and the highest frequency codes are listed and are also shown graphically on the integral model, to reveal characteristic patterns.

In all of the cases, significant deficiencies are shown in all dimensions of the integral wholeness model. Deficiencies are described as systemic holes and shadow aspects. Holes and shadow aspects form patterns within and among cases, spanning the various subject areas. Systemic boundaries pertaining to each case are also described using the wholeness model. In several of the cases, multiple systems are shown with systemic links. Deficiencies in the links were also identified from the data and are presented.

The dynamic process of movement towards socio-technical systems wholeness is perpetual. It is also essential when the consequence of socio-technical systems failure threatens individuals, communities or the natural environment. The research shows the need for constant vigilance and attention to holes in protective defenses, and reconciliation with shadow aspects to avert systemic failure. This research has a broad span. Additional research opportunities include using this wholeness model for in-depth analysis of single socio-technical system prior to failure

This thesis analyzes the feasibility, efficacy and usability of medical operations working in concert with a Fly-Away Kit (FLAK) and the forming of Hastily Formed Networks (HFNs) in support of Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HA/DR) operations. The initial focus of this research is on the requirements, situation, area of operations, and mission differences between nongovernmental organizations and governmental organizations. The thesis researches and discusses the possibilities for implementing medical technology in the field and the conditions and scenarios in HA/DR that may affect its success. This process will also define the requirements for medical operations as well as facilitate a methodology for ensuring those requirements are met. This thesis investigates the suitability of currently available COTS hardware and software components for medical operations. In addition, it includes a comprehensive review of the value of electronic medical records and telemedicine technologies. Virtually all organizations responding to the December 26, 2004 Southeast Asia tsunami did not have the benefit of large scale medical information technology. For example, the ability to ascertain the real extent of injuries due to the tsunami was hampered by the lack of a central database. Initial media reports claimed a death toll of over 300,000 people, when in fact hindsight now provides a more accurate tally of just over 200,000 dead. This disparity resulted from an archaic system of tracking and accounting. Undoubtedly, humanitarian medical organizations will greatly benefit from the implementation of medical information technology capabilities. This thesis lays the groundwork for further research into medical technologies that can be deployed in the field with humanitarian medical teams in the near future.

PhD Thesis Abstract: John Michael Quinn V In the 21st century, the prevention of illness, disease and risks to health ushered in public health and medical practice with mixed results. War, hybrid warfare, conflict, complex emergencies and disasters remain significant public health risks and areas of strategic concern; focused epidemiological study in health policy remains elusive. The paradigm shift from major world powers leading global affairs and affecting global health to multiple state and non-state actors vying for power and influence regionally has possibly led to an increase in small scale and low intensity conflict with high morbidity and mortality, including both noncommunicable (NCD) and communicable diseases. The basic research carried out for this PhD project includes: 1) mental health surveys and trauma associated with war; 2) the migration of, and the need for, advanced medical personnel and their services in war and hybrid warfare, including how the negative movement or adverse flow through 'brain drain' of doctors affects disaster; 3) a quantitative study of infectious diseases, health and human security associated with state stability and the mitigation of state failure; 4) a qualitative food security review, the origins of food security and its impact; and 5) the general concepts of...

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
土木與防災研究所
101
In recent years, there are many disasters happened around the world. Sometimes after an earthquake, a tsunami induced by the previous earthquake caused more serious damage. This study focused on the assessment and retrofitting of complex disaster with earthquake and tsunami for reinforced concrete structures. In the currently, many scholars provided different assessment methods for structural retrofitting. Therefore, those assessment results are usually different. In order to improve it, this study introduced simulate methods for general retrofitting methods. The simulate method combined TEASPA method with plastic hinge definitions into ETABS program. Moreover, this study also introduced the comparison results of the simulation and the experiment with the RC jacketing retrofitting, the wing wall retrofitting, the steel jacketing retrofitting, the steel bracing retrofitting, and the external frame retrofitting with shear walls.

碩士
逢甲大學
運輸與物流學系
106
In the global climate change, the forces of nature do not allow us to be petty, and often the damage caused by disasters exceeds our expectations. I was privileged to serve as the helicopter pilot of the Republic of China’s Army aviation, and participated in material transportation and personnel evacuation after the occurrence of major disasters in the country. It also witnessed the public sector’s urgency and sense of helplessness after the large-scale disaster, irrespective of cost, and quickly minimized the damage. This article will use the MOREK typhoon disaster as a background to summarize and study the location of the disaster at that time, the relevant command and control centers, material supply points, aircraft dispatch, and dispatch intervals. It is hoped that effective prevention will be provided under sufficient preparation in the future; It is hoped that the more efficient dispatch method will be found through past experience analysis so that all resources at the time of the disaster can maximize their effectiveness.

碩士
東南技術學院
防災科技研究所
96
A procedure in order to prevent the calamity from happen or take the right measures when facing it and decrease the severity of its injury, is an important topic in fact. This research tries to use an industrial area as example, and according to the possible toxic chemical potential rick, set up and keep in control of the toxic inventory , and district, emergency response resources in advance(the quantities and its operation and allocation) , the command system ,the mobilization and the notice procedures, not only prevent the emergence of the accident, and circulate can meet an the notice simultaneous to rapidly while facing an accident, and near factory and relevant organization, and via already setting emergency response system, helping the accident factory and unit to carry on the emergency response effective and essence, and minimize the lose and influence made by the disaster .

This thesis investigates the application of Complex Systems Thinking (CST) to Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) strategies in order to build resilience in preparation for unexpected risks. The increasing uncertainty and hyper-connectivity in world networks means that the exposure to unexpected risks is rising. National and international DRR strategies have been shown to be insufficient to move countries, states, communities and individuals to prepare in a more responsible way. Complex Systems Thinking offers a holistic understanding of a disaster in time and space, while appreciating the uncertainty involved in risk management. However, its operationalisation is encountering numerous difficulties because of the reductionist model on which DRR strategies are formulated. This thesis argues that these efforts need to be complemented with systemic methods that may overcome the hierarchical structures in which current DRR strategies are conceived and implemented. This requires systems to develop the ability to be ambidextrous, that is, to keep current DRR structures in place while extending their range to include unexpected events for which no prescribed actions exist. The question arises, how should this be done? The portfolio of papers and commentary that comprises the substance of the thesis addresses these thematic questions in an integrated way. Taken together, they advance the core argument of the thesis, which is that CST offers an alternative approach to moving from a reductionist to an ambidextrous mindset; this will enable DRR practitioners to ‘think outside the box’ and to take better account of the complex systemic conditions in which disasters develop. Paper 1 shows how disasters are characterised by interacting systems that need to develop the capability to adapt and to be flexible beyond predefined frameworks and regulations in order to be better prepared to face uncertainty. Paper 2 highlights that disaster risk reduction operates at the interface between knowable and unknown risks and, for this reason, reductionist and systemic approaches to disaster risk reduction need to be integrated. In Paper 3, these concepts are juxtaposed with the concept of resilience in the Australian context and three scales of enquiry are presented: (1) members of the public from two South Australian councils, (2) the Australian Red Cross and (3) the South Australian Government organisations that are responsible for DRR. The concept of resilience is further explored in a conceptual framework in Paper 4, where the overall methodology adopted in this thesis is illustrated. Current DRR strategies are overbalanced towards mitigation of identified risks, but neglect to take into account that disasters are largely unexpected events. ‘What is preventing communities and institutions from developing a culture of safety and resilience?’ Paper 5 addresses this question on an international level and suggests that interdependencies between strategic priorities need to be taken into consideration, if international targets are to be met. Paper 6 provides an overview of the South Australian DRR context and an integrated cross-scale perspective of potential and systemic constraints that act as barriers to change. Finally, Paper 7 summarises the state of the art of DRR at the South Australian level and suggests possible ways forward. The final chapter includes key insights and recommendations, while introducing future research steps.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, Entrepreneurship, Commercialisation and Innovation Centre (ECIC), 2015

碩士
國立高雄大學
高階經營管理碩士在職專班(EMBA)
106
In recent years, the global climate has been rapidly changing due to the rapid changes in climate. Taiwan is located in the Pacific Rim and subtropical monsoons. Taiwan suffers about 3.6 typhoons and 239 earthquakes each year. Looking back at the various disasters in the past few years, from the 921 earthquake in 1999 to the central region, the typhoon in Morakot in 2009 caused many villages in the southern region to be destroyed. In 2016, the Kaohsiung Mein earthquake, which reached 6.6, caused 117 People died and 551 people were injured. Among them, 115 people in the Weilong Jinlong Building in Yongkang District, Tainan City, set a record for the most serious collapse of Taiwan's single building, which can plague the severity of Taiwan's past disasters. This study hopes to conduct a preliminary analysis through relevant literature and related research reports, focusing on the background of understanding, risk analysis and preliminary research on the existing practices of disaster management and risk management, and the National Army disaster relief and maintenance work. Through the online questionnaire method, the relevant national army engaged in disaster relief work to implement the above-mentioned risk problem implementation questionnaire survey, and then analyze the current disaster recovery risk management and control of the lack of space and refined space.

碩士
國立中興大學
食品暨應用生物科技學系所
103
Rice（Oryza sativa. L.）is one of the important crops in Taiwan. In 2014, the total cultivation area was 271,051 hectare. Taiwan have rice plants lodging and rice germination problems which is affected by typhoon and torrential rain every year,due to Taiwan’s location in the west north Pacific. It makes farmers lose severely. The use of disaster rough rice become problems which is needed to be solve from agricultural authorities, farmers and academics. In this study water cultivation was used to simulate the paddy soaked by rain water in the field. We evaluate the component changed of disaster rough rice and coat by microencapsulation technology. In order to development and utilization value of disasters rice. In this study, the analysis of disaster rough rice and rough rice as a control group with general. The results were as follows: After disaster rough rice and rough rice soaking, the internal hydrolysis enzyme (amylase, protease) is activated. The stach of endosperm is hydrolyzed to produce reducing sugars which is small molecular substance. With germination time increase, the phytic acid content have decreased. After hydrolysis reaction, the production of enzyme hydrolysis can offer main nutrient of seedling growth. With germination time increased, the chlorophyll, dietary fiber, total phenol, flavonoid and antioxidant capacity of seedling have increase trend. Overall, at the same time germination, germination rough rice functional component will be higher than germination disaster rough rice. In lodging test, total counts of microorganisms from lodging 0 days had 4.30 * 106 CFU / g → lodging eight days 3.97 * 108 CFU / g. The disaster paddy purification is divided into physical, chemical and physical chemical purification. Effect of purifying disaster rough rice surface microorganisms, temperature treatment is good physical purification and 3.5% hydrogen peroxide is good chemical treatment. In the overall, effect on the physical chemical purification process is best, total counts of microorganisms decreased the rapidly. Preparation of chlorophyll -liquid core microparticles, the microparticles prepared from 2%HMP CC and 0.2% CMC CC have good appearance, hardness and loading efficiency except swelling capacity. In simulated gastrointestinal, microparticles prepared from 2%HMP CC can release little chlorphyll content in stomach, but chlorphyll release fastly in intestine. Microparticles preparaed from 0.2% CMC CC have good control release effect in gastrointestinal. During preparation of complex liquid core hydrogel beads, The flow rate will affect the size of the particle size of the hydrogel beads. Hydrogel beads of small size have good rate to success. Complex liquid core hydrogel beads, liquid ratio Rsa% : 35% of the hydrogel beads with small particles have better physical strength and appearance than the other groups. Complex liquid core hydrogel beads, liquid ratio Rsa% : 45% of the hydrogel beads with large particles have better physical strength and appearance than the other groups. The hope of experiment results can provide reference for processing and application of disaster paddy. Create additional value of disaster rough rice.

abstract: Traditionally, emergency response is in large part the role and responsibility of formal organizations. Advances in information technology enable amateurs or concerned publics to play a meaningful role in emergency response. Indeed, in recent catastrophic disasters or crises such as the 2010 Haiti earthquake and the 2011 Japan earthquake and nuclear crisis, participatory online groups of the general public from both across the globe and the affected areas made significant contributions to the effective response through crowdsourcing vital information and assisting with the allocation of needed resources. Thus, a more integrative lens is needed to understand the responses of various actors to catastrophic crises or disasters by taking into account not only formal organizations with legal responsibilities, but also volunteer-based, participatory groups who actively participate in emergency response. In this dissertation, I first developed an “event-driven” lens for integrating both formal and volunteer-based, participatory emergency responses on the basis of a comprehensive literature review (chapter 1). Then I conducted a deeper analysis of one aspect of the event-driven lens: relationships between participatory online groups and formal organizations in crisis or disaster situations. Specifically, I explored organizational and technical determinants and outcomes of forming such relationships (chapter 2). As a consequence, I found out three determinants (resource dependence, shared understanding, and information technology) and two outcomes (inter-organizational alignment and the effectiveness of coordinated emergency response) of the relationship between participatory online groups and formal organizations and suggested seven hypotheses. Furthermore, I empirically tested these hypotheses, focusing on the 2015 Nepal earthquake case (chapter 3). As a result, I found empirical evidence that supports that shared understanding and information technology improve the development of the relationship between participatory online groups and formal organizations. Moreover, research findings support that the development of the relationship enhances inter-organizational coordination. Lastly, I provide implications for future research (chapter 4). This dissertation is expected to contribute to bridging the disconnect between the emergency management literature and the crisis informatics literature. The theoretical insight from inter-organizational relations (IOR) theory provides another contribution.
Dissertation/Thesis
Doctoral Dissertation Public Administration 2016

碩士
高苑科技大學
土木工程研究所
107
Polaris Lane, Liouguei District, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, is the most important settlement before entering the Line-20 Road (South Cross-Island Highway). Landslides, such as Slide and Debris Flow, have been reported since the onset of the Morakot storm, highlighting the aftermath of the compound disaster in the area. In this study, from the northern section of the Chaozhou fault belt to the north of Bailai County, from the geological, rainfall, barrier lake, landslide to earth-rock flow and other complex disasters and the past 5 years of earthquake and typhoon data, After the earthquake coupled with delay rainfall will have to do to explore the trend of disasters; Finally, in addition to "Restore Line-20 Road project" the road and bridge after eight years of repair and construction, it is proposed by the central rescue department unit planning rope rescue mechanism and hardware and software facilities, The government promotes the fusion of academia (engineering, biology, food and wine ... outdoor class) and local endemic flora and fauna, Bunun and hot spring cultural industries. During the flood season, in addition to enhancing peoples ability to seek shelter from disasters, during the non-flood season, it will be open to academic and non-government-funded disaster prevention engineering courses and tourism projects to promote people from all walks of life to support planning and relocation of social and economic relocations in areas with fragile territories and post-disaster reconstruction capabilities and enhance the unique sightseeing value of the Line-20 Road (South Cross-Island Highway).

碩士
臺北市立教育大學
自然科學系碩士班
96
The purpose of this study is to develop a set of teaching program about typhoon and disaster-prevention for sixth graders in elementary schools and compare the differences of students' learning effects and attidtude of disaster-prevention between using current curriculum and the self-compiled teaching programs. This study is quantitative and qualitative. It adopts quadri-experiment design of pretest and tests between experient group and control group. Subjects are students of four six-grade classes in Shi-lin elementary school. Classes are randomly assigned into experiment and control groups. The experiment group is under the self-compiled teaching programs while the control group is under current curriculum. The period is four classes of 160 minutes. Pretests and tests are taken one week before and after the program. It collects subjects' data and do the statistical analysis, along with qualitative data of subjects' interviews, teacher's interview to analyze and discuss, comes up with concluions and provides suggestions for the study. Study results are as followed: 1. Most students have basic knowleedge about typhoons and the causes of typhoons, but they are not familiar with related concepts about air pressure. 2. It has dominant results in elevating students' typhoon-related concepts and attitude in disaster-prevention using this teaching program. 3. It is dominant in students' learning effects about typhoon-related concept using this teaching program than current curriculum. 4. It is dominant in students' attitude about disaster-prevention using this teaching program than current curriculum.

The purpose of this study is to explore, compare, and analyze the process of learning and the importance of adaptation and resilience in a continuously evolving environment amidst natural disasters as seen in two earthquake-prone communities located in southern Peru. The framework of complex adaptive systems offers insight into understanding human limitations to control an environment that is constantly far from equilibrium. Complexity science theory supports the study and the self-organization of communities in the process of coping with a disaster. Reports generated from informal interviews and participatory techniques further support all evidential findings. The co-evolution process given by the participation of diverse agents may include the collaboration and involvement of victims as well as local, state, and national organizations. Results from the co-evolution process may derive from previous experiences, preparedness, education, the development of previous relationships, and the capacity of improvisation. Furthermore, solidarity, self-organization and adaptation of agents in a community may further influence the ability to deal effectively with unexpected adversity.
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