Academic literature on the topic 'Complex compounds'

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Journal articles on the topic "Complex compounds":

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Eichler, Robert, M. Asai, H. Brand, N. M. Chiera, A. Di Nitto, R. Dressler, Ch E. Düllmann, et al. "Complex chemistry with complex compounds." EPJ Web of Conferences 131 (2016): 07005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201613107005.

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Farzaliyev, V. M., M. P. Bayramov, S. Kh Jafarzadeh, P. Sh Mammadova, E. R. Babayev, and I. M. Eyvazova. "METAL COMPLEX COMPOUNDS AS EFFECTIVE ADDITIVES TO CUTTING FLUIDS." Chemical Problems 17, no. 1 (2019): 81–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/2221-8688-2019-1-81-86.

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Setyawati, Harsasi. "SINTESIS DAN KARAKTERISASI SENYAWA KOMPLEKS Zn(II)-EDTA SEBAGAI SENAYAWA ANTIALGA PADA COOLING WATER INDUSTRI." Jurnal Kimia Riset 2, no. 1 (June 13, 2017): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jkr.v2i1.3689.

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ABSTRACTA research on the synthesis and characterization of complex compounds of Zn (II)-EDTA as antialgae compound is applied to the cooling water industry. This research aims to determine the activity of complex compounds of Zn (II)-EDTA against algae that live in the water cooling water. The activity antialgae assay of comple compound of Zn(II)-EDTA with luminescence method and dry cell weight method. Complex compound of Zn (II)-EDTA made with mole ratio of ZnCl2: Na2EDTA is 1:1. Complex compound of Zn (II)-EDTA analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometer and FTIR spectrophotometer. The results of UV-Vis spectrophotometer analysis showed that the complex compounds of Zn (II)-EDTA has a maximum wavelength at 752 nm. While the results of FTIR analysis showed Zn-O vibration absorption at wave number 478.35 cm-1 and Zn-N vibration absorption at wave number 516.92 cm-1. In the activity antialgae assay of complex compound of Zn (II)-EDTA made with a concentration of 5 ppm, 10 ppm, 50 ppm and 100 ppm. The test results showed that the activity of complex compounds of Zn (II) -EDTA can kill green algae and brown algae. Of the four concentrations of complex compounds of Zn (II)-EDTA, green algae and brown algae can be killed optimally at a concentration of 50 ppm.Keywords: complex Zn(II)-EDTA, cooling water, antialgae, green algae, brown algae
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Peni, Peni, Risya Sasri, and Imelda Hotmarisi Silalahi. "Synthesis of Metal–Curcumin Complex Compounds (M = Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Cu²⁺)." Jurnal Kimia Sains dan Aplikasi 23, no. 3 (March 20, 2020): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jksa.23.3.75-82.

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Curcumin complex compound, MLn (L = curcumin; M = Na+, Mg2+, Cu2+) has been synthesized from the reaction between curcumin and metal precursors (NaCl, MgSO4.7H2O, CuCl2.2H2O) in ethanol under reflux conditions. Synthesis takes place through the reaction between the metal ions Na+, Mg2+, or Cu2+ as the central atom and curcumin as the ligand. Curcumin has been consumed after the reaction lasts for four hours, shown by thin-layer chromatography in which a new spot appears at higher Rf as the spot of curcumin disappears in the reaction mixture. Compared with the spectrum of curcumin, the FTIR spectra of the complexes show changes in the absorption bands and shifts of wave numbers particularly in absorption bands of phenolic –OH and C=O enol groups which strongly indicates the coordination of metal ions with the curcumin ligand which is proposed to be in β–1,3 diketone system. Also, the FTIR spectra of the reaction product showed typical absorption bands for the metal-oxygen group, M–O, at 524 cm–1, 670 cm–1 and 470 cm–1 in Na+–curcumin, Mg2+–curcumin and Cu2+–curcumin, respectively.
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Vasil'ev, V. P. "Thermochemistry of complex compounds." Theoretical and Experimental Chemistry 27, no. 3 (May 1991): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01372486.

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Hausmann, David, and Claus Feldmann. "Complex Zinc Bromide Compounds." Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 638, no. 10 (August 2012): 1596. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zaac.201204059.

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Ranskiy, Anatoliy, and Natalia Didenko. "Direct Synthesis of Cuprum(II) Complex Compounds Based on Thioamide Ligands." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 8, no. 4 (December 5, 2014): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht08.04.371.

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van Lente, Jéré, Monica Pazos Urrea, Thomas Brouwer, Boelo Schuur, and Saskia Lindhoud. "Complex coacervates as extraction media." Green Chemistry 23, no. 16 (2021): 5812–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1gc01880a.

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Macroscopic complex coacervates can be used to extract compounds from aqueous supernatants. Compound partitioning depends on the ionic strength, complex composition, and temperature. These findings show their potential as aqueous extraction media.
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Mayer, G. V., V. Ya Artyukhov, T. N. Kopylova, and I. V. Sokolova. "Photoprocesses in complex organic compounds." Russian Physics Journal 41, no. 8 (August 1998): 809–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02510645.

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Pechenyuk, S. I., and D. P. Domonov. "Properties of binary complex compounds." Journal of Structural Chemistry 52, no. 2 (April 2011): 412–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0022476611020259.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Complex compounds":

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Malgas, Rehana. "The application of novel multinuclear catalysts derived from dendrimeric ligands in the polymerization and oligomerization of unsaturated hydrocarbons." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_7858_1183727432.

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G1 and G2 dendrimeric salicylaldimine ligands containing both substituted and unsubstituted aryl rings were synthesized via a Schiff base condensation of the appropriate salicylaldehyde and the peripheral amino groups of the corresponding G1 and G2 polypropyleneimine dendrimers. The new ligands were characterized using FTIR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and ESI mass spectrometry. The dendrimeric ligands were converted to multinuclear nickel complexes by reaction with nickelacetate. The metal complexes were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, elemental analysis and ESI mass spectrometry.

Some of the dendritic complexes were evaluated as catalyst precursors in the oligomerization of &alpha
-olefins such as ethylene and 1-pentene, using aluminium alkyls such as EtAlCl2 and modified methylaluminoxane (MMAO) as activators. All the dendrimeric catalysts evaluated are active in the oligomerization reactions. From the oligomerization results it was observed that there is a clear dendritic effect, in that both catalyst activity as well as selectivity are impacted by the dendrimer generation. In most cases it was observed that the second generation complexes show higher activity than the corresponding first generation complexes.

The dendrimeric complexes were also evaluated as catalyst precursors in the vinyl polymerization of norbornene. In this case methylaluminoxane (MAO) were employed as an activator. Once again it was noted that a dendritic effect is operative, with second generation metallodendrimers having a higher activity than the first generation complexes.

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Kean, Suzanna Dawn. "Modified cyclodextrins and their complexes." Title page, contents and abstract only, 1999. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phk243.pdf.

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Addendum page pasted onto front end paper. Copies of author's previously published articles inserted. Includes bibliographical references. Investigates the factors that govern the stability of cyclodextrin inclusion complexes with a range of systematically modified cyclodextrins.
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Pyrka, Gloria Jean. "Electrochemical and structural studies of one-dimensional copper charge transfer complexes." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184493.

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The electrochemistry of solid electrodes of charge transfer complexes of tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and copper complexes with nitrogen containing chelates, such and dipyridylamine (dpaH), bipyridyl (bpy) and 1,10-dimethyl-2,9-phenanthroline (dmp), has been investigated with cyclic voltammetry. Pressed pellet electrodes of these complexes exhibit a broad electrochemically stable region. The oxidative and reductive breakdown reactions involve solid state reactions into the bulk electrode. These materials also act as electron mediators for glucose oxidation in glucose oxidase modified electrodes. The structure of the model compound, copper(I)(dpaH)₂Cl has been determined to have a distorted tetrahedral coordination sphere. The electrochemistry of solid electrodes of charge transfer complexes of tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) with copper chloride and copper bromide has been investigated with cyclic voltammetry. Pressed pellet electrodes do not exhibit a broad stable region, as do the TCNQ complexes. A preliminary structure of the organic part of tetramethyltetraselenafulvalene copper chloride has been determined from the solution of the Patterson function and exhibits a displacive modulation with a repeat unit of seven TMTSF molecules. (TTF)(SCN)₀ͺ₆₆ and (TTF)Cu(SCN)₂ have been investigated by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. (TTF)(SCN)₀ͺ₆₆ crystallized in a tetragonal space group with a disordered column of thiocyanate anions. (TTF)Cu(SCN)₂ is an insulator with a two-dimensional network of Cu(SCN)₂⁻ ions. X-ray crystal structures of four compounds prepared in association with copper complex chemistry have been determined; (1) 5,5'-dibromo-2,2'-bithiophene, (2) 3,5,5'-tribromo-2,2'-bithiophene, (3) Cu(dmp)(CN)₂ ⁻ · Bu₄N⁺ and (4) the 1:2 adduct of dimercaptosuccinic acid and dimethylformamide.
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Leung, Wai-ho Wilkie. "Synthesis, reactivities and electrochemistry of ruthenium and osmium oxo complexes with polypyridine ligands /." [Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong], 1989. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B12474332.

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Hui, Ching-sum, and 許正心. "Study of photosensitizing properties in some rhenium diimine complex containing polymers." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B26666650.

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McQuaid, Michael James. "Spectroscopic characterization of metal-based complexes and metal-based complex oxidation processes." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30334.

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Stander, Elzet. "Nuwe reaksies van gedeprotoneerde Fischer-tipe karbeenkomplekse." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1222.

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Salam, Md Abdus. "Studies in vanadium chemistry /." Title page, contents and summary only, 1986. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phs1595.pdf.

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Mitchell, S. H. "Structural studies on some complex compounds containing imines." Thesis, Cardiff University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.332450.

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Ko, Hyunjin. "Structural and electronic investigations of complex intermetallic compounds." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.

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Books on the topic "Complex compounds":

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Yatsimirskii, K. B., and V. P. Vasil’ev. Instability Constants of Complex Compounds. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8404-5.

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Tomasik, Piotr. Pyridine-metal complexes. New York: Wiley, 1985.

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Tomasik, Piotr. Pyridine-metal complexes. New York: Wiley, 1985.

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Tomasik, Piotr. Pyridine-metal complexes. Edited by Ratajewicz Zbigniew, Newkome George R, and Strekowski Lucjan. New York: Wiley, 1985.

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Tomasik, Piotr. Pyridine-metal complexes. Edited by Ratajewicz Zbigniew, Newkome George R, and Strekowski Lucjan. New York: Wiley, 1985.

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Tomasik, Piotr. Pyridine-metal complexes. Edited by Ratajewicz Zbigniew, Newkome George R, and Strekowski Lucjan. New York: Wiley, 1985.

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Tomasik, Piotr. Pyridine-metal complexes. Edited by Ratajewicz Zbigniew, Newkome George R, and Strekowski Lucjan. New York: Wiley, 1985.

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Tomasik, Piotr. Pyridine-metal complexes. Edited by Ratajewicz Zbigniew, Newkome George R, and Strękowski Lucjan. New York: Wiley, 1985.

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T, Talipov Sh, Ishankhodzhaeva M. M, and V.I. Lenin nomidagi Toshkent davlat universiteti., eds. Issledovanii͡a︡ v oblasti khimii kompleksnykh soedineniĭ: Sbornik nauchnykh trudov. Tashkent: Tashkentskiĭ gos. universitet im. V.I. Lenina, 1987.

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1935-, Skopenko V. V., Gorelov I. P, and Kalininskiĭ gosudarstvennyĭ universitet, eds. Problemy khimii kompleksonov: Sbornik nauchnykh trudov. Kalinin: Kalininskiĭ gos. universitet, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Complex compounds":

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Fitzpatrick, Brian J. "More Complex Compounds." In Inorganic Reactions and Methods, 240–41. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470145333.ch175.

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Pardasani, R. T., and P. Pardasani. "Magnetic properties of coordination compound having complex cation and complex anion." In Magnetic Properties of Paramagnetic Compounds, 699–700. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54231-6_377.

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Pardasani, R. T., and P. Pardasani. "Magnetic properties of coordination compound having complex cation and complex anion." In Magnetic Properties of Paramagnetic Compounds, 701. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54231-6_378.

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Pardasani, R. T., and P. Pardasani. "Magnetic properties of coordination compound having complex cation and complex anion." In Magnetic Properties of Paramagnetic Compounds, 702. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54231-6_379.

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Pardasani, R. T., and P. Pardasani. "Magnetic properties of coordination compound having complex cation and complex anion." In Magnetic Properties of Paramagnetic Compounds, 703–4. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54231-6_380.

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Pardasani, R. T., and P. Pardasani. "Magnetic properties of coordination compound having complex cation and complex anion." In Magnetic Properties of Paramagnetic Compounds, 705–6. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54231-6_381.

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Weber, Edwin, and Fritz Vögtle. "Crown-Type Compounds — An Introductory Overview." In Host Guest Complex Chemistry / Macrocycles, 1–41. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70108-5_1.

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Batsanov, Stepan S., Evgeny D. Ruchkin, and Inga A. Poroshina. "Crystallohydrates of Simple and Complex Compounds." In Refractive Indices of Solids, 85–100. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0797-2_11.

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Pardasani, R. T., and P. Pardasani. "Magnetic properties of cyanide bridged bimetallic assembly of complex cation and complex anion." In Magnetic Properties of Paramagnetic Compounds, 253–54. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54231-6_138.

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Blasius, Ewald, and Klaus-Peter Janzen. "Analytical Applications of Crown Compounds and Cryptands." In Host Guest Complex Chemistry / Macrocycles, 189–215. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-70108-5_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Complex compounds":

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Tomenko, D., E. Aksenov, and Lyudmila Novikova. "PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS OF CONIFEROUS TREES." In Modern machines, equipment and IT solutions for industrial complex: theory and practice. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/mmeitsic2021_351-356.

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The paper discusses the classification, structure and properties of natural phenolic compounds found in conifers wood species of Russia. The reasons for the variety of detected phenolic compounds (more than 2000) are considered, including the type and conditions of plant growth, environmental factors, as well as methods for extraction of substances. Coniferous extractives include monomeric, dimeric and polymeric phenolic compounds in bound and free form, and their content differs significantly for various species and parts of a woody plant. Depending on the polarity of the solvent used (water, petroleum ether, dimethyl ether, ethyl acetate, acetone, etc.), the yield, chemical composition and structure of the extracted phenolic compound change. It was shown that bark extracts of Larch and Fir contain the most phenolic acids and extractive substances than Pine, Cedar and Spruce, while the content of polar substances is higher in needles, and non- polar substances in plant shoots. Phenolic compounds are secondary plant metabolites, exhibiting fungicidal, virucidal and strong antioxidant effects, that make them a valuable basis for the creation of drugs.
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Ivanova, Elena N., Yu A. Kovalevskaya, and Valentin G. Bessreguenev. "Synthesis ZnS:Sm thin films from volatile complex compounds." In International Symposium on Optical Science and Technology, edited by Ian T. Ferguson, Nadarajah Narendran, Steven P. DenBaars, and Yoon-Soo Park. SPIE, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.452564.

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Antonichen, Magno R., Sergio R. de Lazaro, Luis H. S. Lacerda, Flavia Marszaukowski, Ivelise D. L. Guimarães, Karen Wohnrath, and Rene Boere. "DFT simulations for the [6-p-cymene)RuCl2(apy)] complex." In VIII Simpósio de Estrutura Eletrônica e Dinâmica Molecular. Universidade de Brasília, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21826/viiiseedmol202097.

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Anticarcinogen compounds are extensively investigated in current days. Among the potential alternatives to develop effective drugs for this purpose, stands out the ruthenium (II) complex presents satisfactory anti-tumor activity. In particular, this kind of compounds has been investigated as a possible substitute for Platinum-based drugs. However, Ru (II) complexes need more investigation to understand the ligands' effect on biological environments, such as cytotoxicity, metabolism, accumulation on tumor issues, and others. Therefore, in this work, a robust DFT/B3LYP theoretical investigation was performed using GAUSSIAN09 in order to investigate the effects of the +1 and -1 charges on structural and electronic properties of the (6-p-cymene)Ru(II)Cl2(apy) complex. The structure evaluation indicates that +1 charged complex has a slight reduction on the Ru – cymene, Ru – Cl and Ru – apy bond lengths regarding the neutral complex. On the other hand, -1 charged complex shows bond lengths very similar to the neutral compound, except by a very large distance between Ru and one Cl atom, indicating that such atoms were expelled.
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Isaac, Rohan, Ajith Ashokan, Veaceslav Coropceanu, and Laurie McNeil. "Organic charge-transfer compounds: complex interactions at the nanoscale." In Quantum Sensing and Nano Electronics and Photonics XVI, edited by Manijeh Razeghi, Jay S. Lewis, Giti A. Khodaparast, and Eric Tournié. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2505784.

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Ershov, V. S., S. M. Gaidar, M. Yu Karelina, and A. A. Akulov. "Method of Alloying Engine Oil with Complex Copper Compounds." In 2021 Intelligent Technologies and Electronic Devices in Vehicle and Road Transport Complex (TIRVED). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tirved53476.2021.9639115.

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Saetchnikov, Anton V., and Andreas Ostendorf. "Intelligent detection of complex biochemical compounds with multiplexed microresonator sensor." In Label-free Biomedical Imaging and Sensing (LBIS) 2023, edited by Natan T. Shaked and Oliver Hayden. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2649694.

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Voytovich, Ilya Igorevich, Daniil Eduardovich Stupalev, and Maria Alexandrovna Vartanyan. "SINGLE-STAGE SYNTHESIS OF ULTRAFINE POWDERS OF COMPLEX OXIDE COMPOUNDS." In НАУКА, ИННОВАЦИИ И ТЕХНОЛОГИИ: ОТ ИДЕЙ К ВНЕДРЕНИЮ. Комсомольск-на-Амуре: Комсомольский-на-Амуре государственный университет, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.17084/978-5-7765-1502-6-2022-298.

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Rockenfeller, Uwe, Paul Sarkisian, and Lance D. Kirol. "Coordinative Complex Compounds for Efficient Storage of Polar Refrigerants and Gases." In 27th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (1992). 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/929275.

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Neganova, Margarita, Sergey Klochkov, Yulia Alexandrova, Ekaterina Yandulova, and Alexey Semakov. "COMPLEX APPROACH IN STUDYING THE NEUROPROTECTOR POTENTIAL OF NATURAL COMPOUNDS DERIVATIVES." In XVI International interdisciplinary congress "Neuroscience for Medicine and Psychology". LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1175.sudak.ns2020-16/344-345.

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Riswandi, Riswandi, Prihantono Prihantono, Indah Raya, and Rizal Irfandi. "Potential of Breast Anticancer Compounds (MCF-7) from Synthesis Results and Characterization of Complex Compounds of Mg(II) Isoleucinedithiocarbamate." In 1st International Conference on Science and Technology, ICOST 2019, 2-3 May, Makassar, Indonesia. EAI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.2-5-2019.2284630.

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Reports on the topic "Complex compounds":

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Mosher, Daniel A., Susanne M. Opalka, Xia Tang, Bruce L. Laube, Ronald J. Brown, Thomas H. Vanderspurt, Sarah Arsenault, et al. Complex Hydride Compounds with Enhanced Hydrogen Storage Capacity. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/923778.

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Pope, David P., and David E. Luzzi. Twinning Mechanisms in Complex High Tm Intermetallic Compounds. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada362826.

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Ko, Hyunjin. Structural and Electronic Investigations of Complex Intermetallic Compounds. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/939378.

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Xie, Weiwei. The role of zinc on the chemistry of complex intermetallic compounds. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1226562.

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Hargis, P. J. Jr, B. L. Preppernau, and G. C. Osbourn. Automated detection and reporting of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in complex environments. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/469115.

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Sarkisian, Paul, Kaveh Khalili, Lance Kirol, James Langeliers, and Uwe Rockenfeller. Ammonia Storage as Complex Compounds for a Safe and Compact Hydrogen Storage. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada429096.

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Schneider, J. F., H. J. O`Neill, L. A. Raphaelian, N. A. Tomczyk, L. F. Sytsma, V. J. Cohut, H. A. Cobo, D. P. O`Reilly, and R. E. Zimmerman. Air monitoring for volatile organic compounds at the Pilot Plant Complex, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/95561.

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Phillips, Donald A., Yitzhak Spiegel, and Howard Ferris. Optimizing nematode management by defining natural chemical bases of behavior. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2006.7587234.bard.

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Abstract:
This project was based on the hypothesis that nematodes interacting with plants as either parasites or beneficial saprophytes are attracted to their host by natural products. This concept was supported by numerous observations that parasitic nematodes are attracted to root exudates. Our overall goal was to identify nematode sensory compounds from root exudates and to use that information for reducing nematicide applications. We applied skills of the investigators to achieve three specific objectives: 1) Identify nematode behavioral cues (e.g., attractants or repellents) in root exudates; 2) Identify new natural nematicidal compounds; and 3) Combine a natural attractant and a nematicide into a nematode trap. Because saprophytic nematodes benefit plants by mineralizing organic matter, we sought compounds attractive primarily to parasitic nematodes. The project was constructed on several complementary foundations. First, data from Dr. Spiegel’s lab showed that under aseptic conditions Ditylenchus dipsaci, a parasite on onion, is attracted to certain fractions of onion root exudates. Second, PI Phillips had a sizeable collection of natural plant products he had identified from previous work on Rhizobium-legume interactions, which could be tested “off the shelf”. Third, Dr. Ferris had access to aseptic and natural populations of various saprophytic and parasitic nematodes. The project focused on five nematode species: D.dipsaci, Heterodera avenae, and Tylenchulussemipenetransat ARO, and Meloidogyne javanicand Caenorhabditis elegans at UCD. Ten pure plant compounds, mostly flavonoids, were tested on the various nematode species using six different assay systems. Results obtained with assorted test systems and by various scientists in the same test systems were essentially irreproducible. Many convincing, Many convincing, i.e. statistically significant, results in one system or with one investigator could not be repeated with other assays or different people. A recent report from others found that these compounds, plus another 30, were inactive as attractants in three additional parasitic nematode species (Wuyts et al. Nematology 8:89- 101, 2006). Assays designed to test the hypothesis that several compounds together are required to attract nematodes have thus far failed to find a reproducibly active combination. In contrast to results using pure plant compounds, complex unfractionated exudates from aseptic onion root reproducibly attracted D. dipsaci in both the ARO and UCD labs. Onion root exudate collection, separation into HPLC fractions, assays using D. dipsaci and MS-MS experiments proceeded collaboratively between ARO and UCD without any definitive identification of an active compound. The final active fraction contained two major molecules and traces of several other compounds. In the end, analytical studies were limited by the amount of onion root exudate and the complexity of the purification process. These tests showed that aseptic plant roots release attractant molecules, but whether nematodes influence that release, as insects trigger release of attractants from plants, is unknown. Related experiments showed that the saprophyte C. elegans stimulates its prey, Pseudomonas bacteria, to increase production of 2, 4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) a compound that promotes amino acid exudation by plant roots. It is thus possible that saprophytic nematodes are attracted primarily to their bacterial or fungal prey and secondarily to effects of those microorganisms on root exudation. These observations offer promising avenues for understanding root-zone interactions, but no direct routes to controlling nematodes in agriculture were evident. Extracts from two plant sources, Chrysanthemum coronarium and Sequoia sempervirens, showed nematicidal activity at ARO and UCD, respectively. Attempts to purify an active compound from S. sempervirens failed, but preliminary results from C. coronarium are judged to form a potential basis for further work at ARO. These results highlight the problems of studying complex movement patterns in sentient organisms like nematodes and the issues associated with natural product isolation from complex mixtures. Those two difficulties combined with complications now associated with obtaining US visas, slowed and ultimately limited progress on this project. As a result, US investigators expended only 65% of the $207,400 originally planned for this project. The Israeli side of the project advanced more directly toward its scientific goals and lists its expenditures in the customary financial report.
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Fridman, Eyal, and Eran Pichersky. Tomato Natural Insecticides: Elucidation of the Complex Pathway of Methylketone Biosynthesis. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7696543.bard.

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Plant species synthesize a multitude of specialized compounds 10 help ward off pests. and these in turn may well serve as an alternative to synthetic pesticides to reduce environmental damage and health risks to humans. The general goal of this research was to perform a genetic and biochemical dissection of the natural-insecticides methylketone pathway that is specific to the glandular trichomes of the wild species of tomato, Solanumhabrochaites f. glabratum (accession PI126449). Previous study conducted by us have demonstrated that these compounds are synthesized de novo as a derivate pathway of the fatty acid biosynthesis, and that a key enzyme. designated MethylketoneSynthase 1 (MKS 1). catalyzes conversion of the intermediate B-ketoacyl- ACPs to the corresponding Cn-1 methylketones. The approach taken in this proposed project was to use an interspecific F2 population. derived from the cross between the cultivated lV182 and the wild species PIl26449. for three objectives: (i) Analyze the association between allelic status of candidate genes from the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway with the methylketone content in the leaves (ii) Perform bulk segregant analysis of genetic markers along the tomato genome for identifying genomic regions that harbor QTLs for 2TD content (iii) Apply differential gene expression analysis using the isolated glands of bulk segregant for identifying new genes that are involved in the pathway. The genetic mapping in the interspecific F2 population included app. 60 genetic markers, including the candidate genes from the FAS pathway and SSR markers spread evenly across the genome. This initial; screening identified 5 loci associated with MK content including the candidate genes MKS1, ACC and MaCoA:ACP trans. Interesting observation in this genetic analysis was the connection between shape and content of the glands, i.e. the globularity of the four cells, typical to the wild species. was associated with increased MK in the segregating population. In the next step of the research transcriptomic analysis of trichomes from high- and 10w-MK plants was conducted. This analysis identified a new gene, Methy1ketone synthase 2 (MKS2), whose protein product share sequence similarity to the thioesterase super family of hot-dog enzymes. Genetic analysis in the segregating population confirmed its association with MK content, as well as its overexpression in E. coli that led to formation of MK in the media. There are several conclusions drawn from this research project: (i) the genetic control of MK accumulation in the trichomes is composed of biochemical components in the FAS pathway and its vicinity (MKS 1 and MKS2). as well as genetic factors that mediate the morphology of these specialized cells. (ii) the biochemical pathway is now realized different from what was hypothesized before with MKS2 working upstream to I\1KS 1 and serves as the interface between primary (fatty acids) and secondary (MK) metabolism. We are currently testing the possible physical interactions between these two proteins in vitro after the genetic analysis showed clear epistatic interactions. (iii) the regulation of the pathway that lead to specialized metabolism in the wild species is largely mediated by transcription and one of the achievements of this project is that we were able to isolate and verify the specificity of the MKS1 promoter to the trichomes which allows manipulation of the pathways in these cells (currently in progress). The scientific implications of this research project is the advancement in our knowledge of hitherto unknown biochemical pathway in plants and new leads for studying a new family in plants (hot dog thioesterase). The agricultural and biotechnological implication are : (i) generation of new genetic markers that could assist in importing this pathway to cultivated tomato hence enhancing its natural resistance to insecticides, (ii) the discovery of MKS2 adds a new gene for genetic engineering of plants for making new fatty acid derived compounds. This could be assisted with the use of the isolated and verified MKS1 promoter. The results of this research were summarized to a manuscript that was published in Plant Physiology (cover paper). to a chapter in a proceeding book. and one patent was submitted in the US.
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Jung, Carina, Karl Indest, Matthew Carr, Richard Lance, Lyndsay Carrigee, and Kayla Clark. Properties and detectability of rogue synthetic biology (SynBio) products in complex matrices. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/45345.

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Synthetic biology (SynBio) aims to rationally engineer or modify traits of an organism or integrate the behaviors of multiple organisms into a singular functional organism through advanced genetic engineering techniques. One objective of this research was to determine the environmental persistence of engineered DNA in the environment. To accomplish this goal, the environmental persistence of legacy engineered DNA building blocks were targeted that laid the foundation for SynBio product development and application giving rise to “post-use products.” These building blocks include genetic constructs such as cloning and expression vectors, promoter/terminator elements, selectable markers, reporter genes, and multi-cloning sites. Shotgun sequencing of total DNA from water samples of pristine sites was performed and resultant sequence data mined for frequency of legacy recombinant DNA signatures. Another objective was to understand the fate of a standardized contemporary synthetic genetic construct (SC) in the context of various chassis systems/genetic configurations representing different degrees of “genetic bioavailability” to the environmental landscape. These studies were carried out using microcosms representing different environmental matrices (soils, waters, wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) liquor) and employed a novel genetic reporter system based on volatile organic compounds (VOC) detection to assess proliferation and persistence of the SC in the matrix over time.

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