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Books on the topic 'Complex and heterogeneous dynamic system'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 12 October 2024

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1

Voros, Nikolaos S., Alberto Rosti, and Michael Hübner, eds. Dynamic System Reconfiguration in Heterogeneous Platforms. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2427-5.

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2

Vittorio, D'Amato, and Maccheroni Carlo 1942-, eds. Dynamic analysis of complex systems. Milano, Italy: FrancoAngeli, 1990.

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3

Albers, Michael J. Communication of complex information: User goals and information needs for dynamic Web information. Mahwah, N.J: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Pub., 2005.

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4

Peter, Entel, and Wolf Dietrich E, eds. International Symposium on Structure and Dynamics of Heterogeneous Systems: From atoms, molecules and clusters in complex environment to thin films and multilayers : Duisburg, Germany, 24-26 February 1999. Singapore: World Scientific, 2000.

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5

Lazareva, Marina. Dynamic stability of holdings. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1154382.

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The monograph attempts to rethink the theoretical and methodological approaches to building a management system for the dynamic stability of holdings. The author's view on the construction of such a system is justified, and a new combined model of dynamic stability management is proposed, which is based on the cost approach. The holding company is considered as a complex dynamic system. The conclusions are based on the author's empirical research. For practitioners, teachers, postgraduates and students, students of business schools.

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6

Tarakanov, Andrey, A. Sumin, and A. Hvostov. Mathematical problems of decision-making in dynamic organizational systems. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1871445.

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The monograph develops the theory of decision-making in dynamic organizational systems with a complex structure in conditions of conflict and uncertainty. An overview of the current state of the theory is given. The systems are studied: hierarchical, coalition and coalition-hierarchical (hybrid). The main attention in the process of constructing mathematical models of systems is paid to the description of ways of information interaction of decision makers. At the same time, the variants of their unfavorable (conflict) and benevolent "attitude" to each other are taken into account. Two approaches to decision-making based on the principle of guaranteed results and approaches of game theory are proposed. Exactly: 1) making decisions from the point of view of a dedicated participant in the system based on penalty functions and obtaining the necessary optimality conditions; 2) making decisions based on special optimality principles constructed using the principles of Nash, Pareto, Joffrion, Stackelberg, Slater, threats — counter-threats and obtaining sufficient optimality conditions. Some theoretical results are illustrated by model examples. For researchers, postgraduates and students dealing with theoretical and practical issues of decision-making in complex systems.

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7

Berihanova, Rumisa, and Inessa Minenko. Complex non-drug correction of menopausal disorders in patients with metabolic syndrome. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1599004.

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The monograph is devoted to the complex non-drug correction of menopausal disorders in patients with metabolic syndrome in the period of menopausal transition. Modern ideas about menopausal and metabolic syndromes are presented, a review of modern approaches to their treatment is carried out. A complex personalized system of non-drug correction of functional disorders in patients with metabolic syndrome and menopausal syndrome of mild and moderate severity in the period of menopausal transition is presented, including preformed therapeutic factors (vibrotherapy, chromotherapy, aeroionotherapy, musicotherapy (melotherapy), aromatherapy), physical therapy with pelvic floor muscle training, drinking balneotherapy, vitamins and minerals against the background of lifestyle modification. The algorithm of dynamic clinical and laboratory examination of women with menopausal disorders of mild and moderate severity and metabolic syndrome in the period of menopausal transition has been developed, including a general clinical examination, assessment of alimentary, thyroid, psycho-emotional, gynecological, urological statuses, the state of the intestinal microbiota, the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary complex, biochemical blood profile, hemostasis, levels of markers of inflammation, assessment of the state of the musculoskeletal system, sexual function, allowing to get an idea of the state of mental and physical health of patients, evaluate the effectiveness of the complex of measures, optimize therapeutic tactics. It is addressed to a wide range of readers interested in women's health. It can be useful for students, postgraduates, teachers of medical universities, obstetricians, gynecologists, endocrinologists, cardiologists, specialists of restorative medicine.

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8

Babina, Ol'ga. Theory, methodology and practice of regional strategic planning. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1738755.

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In the monograph, the region is presented as a complex, multilevel socio-economic system consisting of many heterogeneous, interacting economic entities of different levels (economic agents and markets, management, resources and economic processes), jointly organizing reproduction processes embedded in the economic space of the national economy on the local territory. Currently, the role of rational management of the socio-economic development of the region is increasing. In such conditions, it is advisable to use strategic planning, which, in turn, has increasingly been carried out using a simulation model. The simulation model in regional strategic planning allows government agencies to predict their activities in the presence of various controlled and uncontrolled factors of the external and internal environment. In this study, the list of principles of strategic planning focused on the processes of strategic planning of the region using the method of simulation modeling is supplemented. A methodology for organizing strategic planning processes at the meso-level using simulation modeling technology is proposed. For a wide range of readers interested in the problems of regional strategic planning.

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9

Gruzdev, Vladimir, Sergey Suslov, Vladimir Kosinskiy, and Mariya Hrustaleva. Changes in the composition and structure of the components of the landscapes of the forest zone in the conditions of technogenesis. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1850657.

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The monograph is devoted to the analysis of changes in the structure of natural and agricultural landscapes under conditions of anthropogenic, including man-made, impact on landscapes. The author summarizes his own research conducted in the forest zone in the subzones of the middle and southern taiga and broad-leaved coniferous forests. The studies were carried out in forests, meadows and swamps, and also studied the formation of the quality of natural waters and the overgrowth of reservoirs in the forest zone. The composition and structure of zonal plant communities and the dynamic successional stages of secondary, derived communities formed in logging, burning, flooding by reservoirs, man-made pollution, as well as integrated anthropogenic impact are considered. Factors of technogenic transformation of landscapes are analyzed. The analysis of the complex of anthropogenic impacts has been carried out and the main trends of anthropogenic dynamics of soil and vegetation cover have been identified, recommendations for optimization and rationalization of nature management under anthropogenic impact are given. The issues of formation of geotechnical systems, their structure and issues of interaction in the system "man and nature" are considered. It is of interest to ecologists, geographers, biologists. It can be used in the work of state bodies for monitoring the state of the environment and in the educational process — by teachers and students dealing with ecology, nature management, biology, environmental monitoring, territory engineering, as well as by researchers, graduate students and applicants.

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10

Ismailov, Nariman, Samira Nadzhafova, and Aygyun Gasymova. Bioecosystem complexes for the solution of environmental, industrial and social problems (on the example of Azerbaijan). ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1043239.

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A key objective of the modern development of society is the observance of ecological and socio-economic unity in human life and comprehensive improvement of environment and quality of life should be considered in close connection with the quality of the natural landscape. The formation of scientific understanding of the unity of society and nature is driven by the need for practical implementation of such unity. This defines the focus of this monograph. Given the overall assessment of the current state of the environment in Azerbaijan, considers the scenarios for the future development of the area. The prospects of the use of biotechnology in integrated environmental protection. In the framework of the above to address complex social, environmental and production problems in Azerbaijan developed scientific basis of integrated system of industrial farms — biclusters with a closed production cycle through effective utilization of regional biological resources, whose interactions and relationships take on the character of vzaimodeistvie components for obtaining focused final result with high practical importance. Microbiological, biochemical and technological processes are the basis of all development of biotechnology. Presents the development will help strengthen the ties between science and production, establishing mechanisms to conduct applied research in the field of innovation and creation of knowledge-based technologies in solving current and future environmental problems in Azerbaijan. We offer innovative ideas distinguishes the potential need for their materialization into new products, technologies and services, including the widespread use of digital technologies to design dynamic digital environmental map in space and in time. For students, scientific and engineering-technical workers, students and specializing in environmental technology, environmental protection.

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11

Hübner, Michael, Nikolaos Voros, and Alberto Rosti. Dynamic System Reconfiguration in Heterogeneous Platforms: The MORPHEUS Approach. Springer, 2009.

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12

Hübner, Michael, Nikolaos Voros, and Alberto Rosti. Dynamic System Reconfiguration in Heterogeneous Platforms: The MORPHEUS Approach. Springer, 2010.

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13

Dynamic system reconfiguration in heterogeneous platforms: The MORPHEUS approach. Dordrecht: Springer, 2009.

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14

Zhu, Quanmin, Giuseppe Fusco, Jing Na, Weicun Zhang, and Ahmad Taher Azar, eds. Complex Dynamic System Modelling, Identification and Control. MDPI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/books978-3-0365-7660-2.

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15

Boukas, El-Kébir, and Roland P. Malhamé. Analysis, Control and Optimization of Complex Dynamic Systems. Springer, 2014.

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16

Ng, Brenda Moyin. Factored inference for efficient reasoning of complex dynamic systems. 2006.

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17

Structure and Dynamics of Heterogeneous Systems: From Atoms, Molecules and Clusters in Complex Environment to Thin Films and Multilayers. World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd, 2000.

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18

Entel, Peter, Dietrich E. Wolf, and International Symposium on Structure And. Structure and Dynamics of Heterogeneous Systems: From Atoms, Molecules and Clusters in Complex Environment to Thin Films and Multilayers. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2000.

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19

Structure and Dynamics of Heterogeneous Systems: From Atoms, Molecules and Clusters in Complex Environment to Thin Films and Multilayers. World Scientific Publishing Co Pte Ltd, 2000.

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20

Bruun, Charlotte. Advances in Artificial Economics: The Economy As a Complex Dynamic System. Springer London, Limited, 2006.

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21

Bird, Terri. Forming. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474429344.003.0003.

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The aim of art for Deleuze and Guattari is to render perceptible forces that lie beyond perception and to capture, in what is given, the forces that are not given. They task artists with producing compounds of sensation, heterogeneous assemblages of affects and intensities, extracted from forces lying at the limits of sensibility. This chapter explores the forming of these assemblages through processes of capture orientated around practices employing sculptural methodologies. Although Deleuze and Guattari have little to say about sculpture in general or specific works, they refer to the sensations of stone and metal as vibrating according to the order of strong and weak rhythms. Drawing on the writing of Gilbert Simondon these rhythms are discussed as dynamic modulations that emphasise temporal appearance. And examined in relation to Jack Burnham’s use of systems thinking identified in the artworks, by artists such as Hans Haacke and Public Share, that register complex flows of matter-energy exchanges.

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22

Analysis, Control and Optimization of Complex Dynamic Systems (Gerad 25th Anniversary). Springer, 2005.

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23

Yu, Wenwu, Peijun Wang, Guanghui Wen, and Yuezu Lv. Cooperative Control of Complex Network Systems with Dynamic Topologies. Taylor & Francis Group, 2021.

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24

Cooperative Control of Complex Network Systems with Dynamic Topologies. Taylor & Francis Group, 2023.

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25

Cooperative Control of Complex Network Systems with Dynamic Topologies. Taylor & Francis Group, 2021.

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26

Cooperative Control of Complex Network Systems with Dynamic Topologies. Taylor & Francis Group, 2021.

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27

Shukla, Sandeep Kumar, and Hiren Patel. SystemC Kernel Extensions for Heterogeneous System Modeling: A Framework for Multi-MoC Modeling & Simulation. Springer, 2010.

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28

Shukla, Sandeep Kumar, and Hiren Patel. SystemC Kernel Extensions for Heterogeneous System Modeling: A Framework for Multi-MoC Modeling and Simulation. Springer London, Limited, 2006.

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29

Zaccaro, Stephen J., Michelle A. Marks, and Leslie DeChurch. Multiteam Systems: An Organization Form for Dynamic and Complex Environments. Taylor & Francis Group, 2012.

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30

Zaccaro, Stephen J., Michelle A. Marks, and Leslie DeChurch. Multiteam Systems: An Organization Form for Dynamic and Complex Environments. Taylor & Francis Group, 2012.

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31

Zaccaro, Stephen J., Michelle A. Marks, and Leslie DeChurch. Multiteam Systems: An Organization Form for Dynamic and Complex Environments. Taylor & Francis Group, 2012.

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32

Multiteam systems: An organization form for dynamic and complex environments. New York: Routledge, 2011.

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33

Albers, Michael J. Communication of Complex Information: User Goals and Information Needs for Dynamic Web Information. Taylor & Francis Group, 2004.

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34

Albers, Michael J. Communication of Complex Information: User Goals and Information Needs for Dynamic Web Information. Taylor & Francis Group, 2004.

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35

Albers, Michael J. Communication of Complex Information: User Goals and Information Needs for Dynamic Web Information. Taylor & Francis Group, 2004.

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36

Albers, Michael J. Communication of Complex Information: User Goals and Information Needs for Dynamic Web Information. Taylor & Francis Group, 2004.

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37

Communication of Complex Information: User Goals and Information Needs for Dynamic Web Information. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2004.

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38

Communication of Complex Information: User Goals and Information Needs for Dynamic Web Information. Lawrence Erlbaum, 2004.

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39

Advances in Artificial Economics: The Economy as a Complex Dynamic System (Lecture Notes in Economics and Mathematical Systems). Springer, 2006.

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40

Modeling, Control and Optimization of Complex Systems: In Honor of Professor Yu-Chi Ho (The International Series on Discrete Event Dynamic Systems). Springer, 2002.

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41

Raydugin, Yuri G. Modern Risk Quantification in Complex Projects. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844334.001.0001.

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There are multiple complaints that existing project risk quantification methods—both parametric and Monte Carlo—fail to produce accurate project duration and cost-risk contingencies in a majority of cases. It is shown that major components of project risk exposure—non-linear risk interactions—pertaining to complex projects are not taken into account. It is argued that a project system consists of two interacting subsystems: a project structure subsystem (PSS) and a project delivery subsystem (PDS). Any misalignments or imbalances between these two subsystems (PSS–PDS mismatches) are associated with the non-linear risk interactions. Principles of risk quantification are developed to take into account three types of non-linear risk interactions in complex projects: internal risk amplifications due to existing ‘chronic’ project system issues, knock-on interactions, and risk compounding. Modified bowtie diagrams for the three types of risk interactions are developed to identify and address interacting risks. A framework to visualize dynamic risk patterns in affinities of interacting risks is proposed. Required mathematical expressions and templates to factor relevant risk interactions to Monte Carlo models are developed. Business cases are discussed to demonstrate the power of the newly-developed non-linear Monte Carlo methodology (non-linear integrated schedule and cost risk analysis (N-SCRA)). A project system dynamics methodology based on rework cycles is adopted as a supporting risk quantification tool. Comparison of results yielded by the non-linear Monte Carlo and system dynamics models demonstrates a good alignment of the two methodologies. All developed Monte Carlo and system dynamics models are available on the book’s companion website.

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42

Schmid, Hans-Jörg. The Dynamics of the Linguistic System. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198814771.001.0001.

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This book develops a model of language which can be characterized as functionalist, usage-based, dynamic, and complex-adaptive. Its core idea is that linguistic structure is not stable and uniform, but continually refreshed and in fact reconstituted by the feedback-loop interaction of three components: usage, i.e. the interpersonal and cognitive activities of speakers in concrete communication; conventionalization, i.e. the social processes taking place in speech communities; and entrenchment, i.e. the cognitive processes taking place in the minds of individual speakers. Extending the so-called Entrenchment-and-Conventionalization Model, the book shows that what we call the Linguistic System is created, sustained, and continually adapted by the ongoing interaction between usage, conventionalization, and entrenchment. The model contributes to closing the gap in usage-based models concerning how exactly usage is transformed into collective and individual grammar and how these two grammars in turn feed back into usage. The book exploits and extends insights from an exceptionally wide range of fields, including usage-based cognitive linguistics, psycholinguistics, interactional linguistics and pragmatics, historical linguistics, sociolinguistics and the sociology and philosophy of language, as well as quantitative corpus linguistics. It makes numerous original suggestions about, among other things, how cognitive processing and representation are related and about the manifold ways in which individuals and communities contribute to shaping language and bringing about language variation and change. It presents a coherent account of the role of forces that are known to affect language structure, variation, and change, e.g. economy, efficiency, extravagance, embodiment, identity, social order, prestige, mobility, multilingualism, and language contact.

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43

Railsback, Steven F., and Bret C. Harvey. Modeling Populations of Adaptive Individuals. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691195285.001.0001.

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Ecologists now recognize that the dynamics of populations, communities, and ecosystems are strongly affected by adaptive individual behaviors. Yet until now, we have lacked effective and flexible methods for modeling such dynamics. Traditional ecological models become impractical with the inclusion of behavior, and the optimization approaches of behavioral ecology cannot be used when future conditions are unpredictable due to feedbacks from the behavior of other individuals. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to state- and prediction-based theory, or SPT, a powerful new approach to modeling trade-off behaviors in contexts such as individual-based population models where feedbacks and variability make optimization impossible. This book features a wealth of examples that range from highly simplified behavior models to complex population models in which individuals make adaptive trade-off decisions about habitat and activity selection in highly heterogeneous environments. The book explains how SPT builds on key concepts from the state-based dynamic modeling theory of behavioral ecology, and how it combines explicit predictions of future conditions with approximations of a fitness measure to represent how individuals make good—not optimal—decisions that they revise as conditions change. The resulting models are realistic, testable, adaptable, and invaluable for answering fundamental questions in ecology and forecasting ecological outcomes of real-world scenarios.

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44

Reckson, Lindsay V. Realist Ecstasy. NYU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479803323.001.0001.

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Realist Ecstasy: Religion, Race, and Performance in American Literature recovers a series of ecstatic performances in late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century American realism. From camp meetings to Native American ghost dances to storefront church revivals, Realist Ecstasy explores how realism represents ecstatic bodies as objects of fascination, transforming spiritual experience into the very material of realist description. In an era of “separate but equal” religious pluralism and systematic racial terror, realism mobilized the gestural and performative idioms of religious ecstasy to confront ongoing histories of violence and imagine new modes of social affiliation. Realist Ecstasy demonstrates how the realist imagining of possessed bodies helped produce and naturalize racial difference, while excavating the complex, shifting, and dynamic possibilities embedded in ecstatic performance. Approaching realism as both an unruly archive of performance and a wide-ranging repertoire of media practices, Realist Ecstasy argues that the real was repetitively enacted and reenacted through bodily practice, at a moment when the body’s capacity to reliably signify was everywhere at stake. Interrogating realist practices that worked to order, disorder, and reify racial and religious difference under Jim Crow, Realist Ecstasy challenges and transforms conventional understandings of realism’s relationship to histories of secularization, while reframing secularism itself as a densely heterogeneous set of performances and representations.

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45

Ratcliff, Jonathan J., and David W. Wright. Neuroprotection for Traumatic Brain Injury. Edited by David L. Reich, Stephan Mayer, and Suzan Uysal. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190280253.003.0008.

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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a common, clinically complex, heterogeneous global public health problem. Neuroprotection strategies focus on preventing secondary injury by creating a physiologic environment devoid of extremes while targeting normal physiologic parameters. Careful attention must be paid to aggressively avoid and treat hypoxia, hypotension, hypoglycemia, intracranial hypertension, and cerebral hypoperfusion (low cerebral perfusion pressure). Aggressive management of intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure through optimal patient positioning, appropriate use of sedation and analgesia, and administration of hyperosmolar therapy remain the hallmark for the care of the TBI patient. Surgical decompressive craniectomy and hypothermia hold promise but remain controversial and should be used in carefully selected clinical situations. Early identification of injury progression is aided through careful monitoring by clinical examination and cerebral physiological monitoring. Multimodal monitoring provides an early warning system to guide appropriate clinical responses to identified deranged physiology.

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46

Majumdar, Sumit K. India’s Mixed Economy Experiments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199641994.003.0005.

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This chapter describes the evolution of India’s industrial structure. Unlike industrialization carried out through large state-owned firms, or industrialization through a cadre of large private corporations, or industrialization through a network of small firms, many alternative organizational dynamics play simultaneously in the Indian system. The system consists of many private businesses that constitute the large-scale industrial sector. Policies were put in place to develop the molecular economy and to develop State-owned firms investing in large-scale units. These policies led to the emergence of important and dynamic segments making up India’s heterogeneous model of capitalism. Each has been in coexistence with the other and added variety to the economy. In the quest for economic progress, if Indian society was to be industrialized, modernized, autonomous, self-reliant, able to defend itself, and an independent center of economic power, State-directed industrialization was realized as a key solution for national development.

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47

Wälchli, Bernhard. The rise of gender in Nalca (Mek, Tanah Papua). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795438.003.0004.

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This chapter reconstructs how Nalca, a Mek language of the Trans-New Guinea phylum, has acquired gender markers and describes the non-canonical properties of this highly unusual gender system. Gender in Nalca is mainly assigned by two different defaults, phonological assignment is holistic, there is a gender switch depending on the syntax of the noun phrase, controller and target are adjacent, and gender has the function of case marker hosts. Gender in Nalca is only weakly entrenched in the lexicon and predominantly phrasal. It is argued that canonical gender is an attractor (a complex, diachronically stable structure with heterogeneous origins). A model of the gender attractor based on the notion of information transfer chain is developed. The rise of Nalca gender is an instance of system emergence where several diachronic processes, such as grammaticalization, reanalysis, and analogy, interact. Chains of rapid diachronic change are triggered by anomalies that entail other anomalies.

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48

Gordon, Caroline, and David Isenberg, eds. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739180.001.0001.

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Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a systemic, autoimmune disease that can affect any part of the body, causing the immune system to attack the body’s cells and tissue, and resulting in inflammation and tissue damage. It is characterized by the presence of autoreactive B and T cells and the production of a broad, heterogeneous group of autoantibodies (autoAb); the absence of a unique presentation makes its diagnosis difficult, even for qualified clinicians. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus focuses on providing a practical approach to the assessment and management of patients with this complex, multisystem, autoimmune disease, in order to improve the diagnosis and treatment of the disease and its complications. It provides detail on the history and epidemiology of SLE alongside comprehensive sections on clinical features, treatment, and special situations. As well as detailing the challenging management issues of SLE, this title provides an overview of the numerous investigations specific to the condition, assessment of disease activity, symptomatic treatment, patient education, and biologic therapies. A specific section on juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus also provides the practising clinician with the knowledge needed to manage this distinct and aggressive stage of SLE.

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49

Bartkowicz, Leszek. Tekstura drzewostanów naturalnych w polskich parkach narodowych na tle teorii dynamiki lasu. Publishing House of the University of Agriculture in Krakow, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15576/978-83-66602-20-5.

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The aim of the study was to compare a patch-mosaic pattern in the old-growth forest stands developed in various climate and soil conditions occurring in different regions of Poland. Based on the assumption, that the patch-mosaic pattern in the forest reflect the dynamic processes taking place in it, and that each type of forest ecosystem is characterized by a specific regime of natural disturbances, the following hypotheses were formulated: (i) the patches with a complex structure in stands composed of latesuccessional, shade-tolerant tree species are more common than those composed of early-successional, light-demanding ones, (ii) the patch-mosaic pattern is more heterogeneous in optimal forest site conditions than in extreme ones, (iii) in similar site conditions differentiation of the stand structure in distinguished patches is determined by the successional status of the tree species forming a given patch, (iv) the successional trends leading to changes of species composition foster diversification of the patch structure, (v) differentiation of the stand structure is negatively related to their local basal area, especially in patches with a high level of its accumulation. Among the best-preserved old-growth forest remaining under strict protection in the Polish national parks, nineteen research plots of around 10 ha each were selected. In each plot, a grid (50 × 50 m) of circular sample subplots (with radius 12,62 m) was established. In the sample subplots, species and diameter at breast height of living trees (dbh ≥ 7 cm) were determined. Subsequently, for each sample subplot, several numerical indices were calculated: local basal area (G), dbh structure differentiation index (STR), climax index (CL) and successional index (MS). Statistical tests of Kruskal- Wallis, Levene and Generalized Additive Models (GAM) were used to verify the hypotheses. All examined forests were characterized by a large diversity of stand structure. A particularly high frequency of highly differentiated patches (STR > 0,6) was recorded in the alder swamp forest. The patch mosaic in the examined plots was different – apart from the stands with a strongly pronounced mosaic character (especially subalpine spruce forests), there were also stands with high spatial homogeneity (mainly fir forests). The stand structure in the distinguished patches was generally poorly related to the other studied features. Consequently, all hypotheses were rejected. These results indicate a very complex, mixed pattern of forest natural dynamics regardless of site conditions. In beech forests and lowland multi-species deciduous forests, small-scale disturbances of the gap dynamics type dominate, which are overlapped with less frequent medium-scale disturbances. In more difficult site conditions, large-scale catastrophic disturbances, which occasionally appear in communities formed under the influence of gap dynamics (mainly spruce forests) or cohort dynamics (mainly pine forests), gain importance.

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50

Dürsteler, Max R., and Erika N. Lorincz. Stereo Rotation Standstill and Related Illusions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199794607.003.0106.

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When we fixate the center of a rotating three-dimensional structure, such as a physically rotating wheel made out of sectors, which stereo cues are encoded with a static random-dot “texture,” a rather striking global motion illusion occurs: the rotating three-dimensional wheel appears as standing still (stereo rotation standstill). Even when using a dynamic (flickering) random-dot texture, it is still impossible to gain a percept of smooth rotation. However, local motion can still be clearly perceived. When the random-dot texture “overlaying” the wheel is also rotating, the concealed wheel is perceived as rotating at the same velocity as the texture, regardless of its velocity (stereo rotation capture). Stereo complex motion standstill and capture is shown to occur for other categories of complex motions such as expanding, contracting, and spiraling motions thus providing evidence for a dominance of luminance inputs over stereo inputs for complex motion detectors in our visual system.

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