Journal articles on the topic 'Complex adaptive systems (CAS)'
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Naudé, Marita. "Sustainable development and complex adaptive systems." Corporate Ownership and Control 10, no. 1 (2012): 535–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv10i1c5art5.
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The aim and contribution of this paper at a theoretical level is to discuss CAS and the principles thereof as an alternative to traditional management models as an option to enhance SD in an integrated and holistic manner. At a practical level, the author discusses management and leadership suggestions to implement the principles of CAS to enhance SD. A CAS approach is not static and allows for and encourages emergence as a result to the changing internal and external environments. As CAS is a process that allows for constant change and adaptation it could be compatible in the organization’s SD challenge that is also constantly changing and adapting in response to the internal and external environments. Translating an integrated, holistic and CAS approach might require some cognitive, structural and political changes in the thinking about and understanding of how to deal with SD
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Coetzee, Christo, Dewald Van Niekerk, and Emmanuel Raju. "Disaster resilience and complex adaptive systems theory." Disaster Prevention and Management 25, no. 2 (April 4, 2016): 196–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-07-2015-0153.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the emergence of resilience into the contemporary discourse of disaster risk. As a counter position to the current status quo in defining and addressing resilience, this paper introduces the theoretical lens of complex adaptive systems theory (CAS). Some of the key characterisitcs related to CAS are discussed and linkages are made to possible benefit that they might have in enhancing the understanding of disaster resilience. Design/methodology/approach – An indepth review of literature pertaining to disaster resilience and CAS was conducted to find common grounds for theoretical synergies. Findings – The inherent similarities between the concept of resilience and CAS provides ample practical and theoretical contributions to the field of disaster risk studies. Originality/value – The paper provides a different perspective to the contemporary discourse on disaster resilience. A better understanding of disaster resilience and its underlying dynamics as illuminated by the application of CAS could in future provide an effective tool to manage disaster risks and building of resilience.
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Man Joe Ma, Andrew, and Bramwell Osula. "The Tao of complex adaptive systems (CAS)." Chinese Management Studies 5, no. 1 (April 5, 2011): 94–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/17506141111118480.
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Srinivasan, Badri N., and Debarshi Mukherjee. "Agile teams as complex adaptive systems (CAS)." International Journal of Information Technology 10, no. 3 (March 13, 2018): 367–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41870-018-0122-3.
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Eidelson, Roy J. "Complex Adaptive Systems in the Behavioral and Social Sciences." Review of General Psychology 1, no. 1 (March 1997): 42–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/1089-2680.1.1.42.
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This article examines applications of complexity theory within the behavioral and social sciences. Specific attention is given to the fundamental characteristics of complex adaptive systems (CAS)—such as individuals, groups, and societies—including the underlying structure of CAS, the internal dynamics of evolving CAS, and how CAS respond to their environment. Examples drawn from psychology, sociology, economics, and political science include attitude formation, majority–minority relations, social networks, family systems, psychotherapy, norm formation, organizational development, coalition formation, economic instabilities, urban development, the electoral process, political transitions, international relations, social movements, drug policy, and criminal behavior. The discussion also addresses the obstacles to implementing the CAS perspective in the behavioral and social sciences and implications for research methodology.
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Ramos-Villagrasa, Pedro J., Pedro Marques-Quinteiro, José Navarro, and Ramón Rico. "Teams as Complex Adaptive Systems: Reviewing 17 Years of Research." Small Group Research 49, no. 2 (July 13, 2017): 135–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1046496417713849.
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At the turn of the century, Arrow, McGrath, and Berdahl portrayed teams as complex adaptive systems (CAS). And yet, despite broad agreement that this approach facilitates a better understanding of teams, it has only now been timidly incorporated into team research. To help fully incorporate the logic of teams as CAS in the science of teams, we review extant research on teams approached from a nonlinear dynamical system theory. Using a systematic review approach, we selected 92 articles published over the last 17 years to integrate what we know about teams as CAS. Our review reveals the evidence supporting teams as CAS, and the set of analytical techniques to analyze team data from this perspective. This review contributes to teams’ theory and practice by offering ways to identify both research methods and managing techniques that scholars and practitioners may apply to study and manage teams as CAS.
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Naude, Marita. "Enhancing sustainable development through implementing complex adaptive systems and reflection: A proposed framework." Corporate Ownership and Control 10, no. 3 (2013): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv10i3art3.
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Most organizations regard Sustainable Development (SD) as important and within a tridimensional approach (including economic, social and environmental dimensions) SD comprises a range of complex issues. However, traditional management approaches do not capture the variabilities as organizations are complex adaptive systems embedded in a complex adaptive context. Consequently, there must be a fundamental shift towards a complexity theory approach (eg. Complex Adaptive Systems, CAS). When SD is viewed from a CAS approach it becomes a continuous process of co-evolution within a rapidly changing context rather than a once off project. Leaders, managers and practitioners work in this complex and rapidly shifting world need crucial skills such as reflection. This paper proposes a framework combining SD, CAS and reflection. Although a framework does not guarantee success it provides a tool to identify SD, CAS and reflection dimensions, develop an integrated approach, create goals, monitor and evaluate outcomes. Lastly, the paper includes management and research implications.
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Statsenko, Larissa, Alex Gorod, and Vernon Ireland. "A complex adaptive systems governance framework for regional supply networks." Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 23, no. 4 (June 11, 2018): 293–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/scm-08-2017-0279.
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PurposeThis paper aims to propose an empirically grounded governance framework based on complex adaptive systems (CAS) principles to facilitate formation of well-connected regional supply chains that foster economic development, adaptability and resilience of mining regions.Design/methodology/approachThis study is an exploratory case study of the South Australian (SA) mining industry that includes 38 semi-structured interviews with the key stakeholders and structural analysis of the regional supply network (RSN).FindingsFindings demonstrate the applicability of the CAS framework as a structured approach to the governance of the mining industry regional supply chains. In particular, the findings exemplify the relationship between RSN governance, its structure and interconnectivity and their combined impact on the adaptability and resilience of mining regions.Research limitations/implicationsThe data set analysed in the current study is static. Longitudinal data would permit a deeper insight into the evolution of the RSN structure and connectivity. The validity of the proposed framework could be further strengthened by being applied to other industrial domains and geographical contexts.Practical/implicationsThe proposed framework offers a novel insight for regional policy-makers striving to create an environment that facilitates the formation of well-integrated regional supply chains in mining regions through more focussed policy and strategies.Originality/valueThe proposed framework is one of the first attempts to offer a holistic structured approach to governance of the regional supply chains based on CAS principles. With the current transformative changes in the global mining industry, policy-makers and supply chain practitioners have an urgent need to embrace CAS and network paradigms to remain competitive in the twenty-first century.
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Curşeu, Petru Lucian. "Emergent States in Virtual Teams: A Complex Adaptive Systems Perspective." Journal of Information Technology 21, no. 4 (December 2006): 249–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jit.2000077.
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Research on virtual teams (VTs) has proliferated in the last decades. However, few clear and consistent theoretical attempts to integrate the literature on VTs in a systemic way have emerged. This paper uses the complex adaptive systems (CAS) perspective to integrate the literature on emergent states in VTs. According to this general framework, VT effectiveness depends on the interaction between three levels of dynamics: local, global and contextual. Team cognition, trust, cohesion and conflict are described as states that emerge from the interactions among the VT members and as parts of global dynamics, they impact on VT effectiveness, and in the same time they are influenced by the outcomes of the VT. The insights on this bidirectional causality as well as other benefits of using the CAS framework to improve our understanding of VTs are discussed in the paper. It also provides an overview of artificial simulation models as well as simulation results concerning the emergence of the four states described in the CAS framework and discusses several ways to improve the accuracy of the simulation models using empirical data collected in real VTs.
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Markose, Sheri M. "Computability and Evolutionary Complexity: Markets as Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS)." Economic Journal 115, no. 504 (June 1, 2005): F159—F192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2005.01000.x.
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Gregorian, Hrach, Lara Olson, and Brian Woodward. "Understanding Peacebuilding Coordination and Impact Using a Complex Adaptive Systems Method." Journal of Peacebuilding & Development 15, no. 1 (October 3, 2019): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1542316619871924.
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The application of complex adaptive systems (CAS) analysis can enhance the effectiveness of coordination in international peacebuilding interventions. This study demonstrates the utility of an inductive CAS analysis approach using rich field data from Kosovo in 2010. It reveals unintended patterns of interaction across key sectors that blocked many intervenors’ peacebuilding policies. Most notably, it shows that international actors pragmatically using informal coordination practices to advance peacebuilding goals also fuelled negative dynamics that, paradoxically, undermined those same goals. The methodology employed illuminates the complex, non-linear dynamics of interactions between international and local actors that led to many hybrid outcomes in Kosovo. Although the resulting insights on Kosovo’s challenges are specific to the 2010 period, many continue to resonate today. More broadly, it shows how a CAS approach can be used to support evidence-based coordination and adaptive management processes in international peacebuilding interventions to improve outcomes.
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John, Thomas, and Mantri Pam. "Complex Adaptive Blockchain Governance." MATEC Web of Conferences 223 (2018): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822301010.
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The blockchain revolution upholds the decentralizing ideal of “control nothing.” It is natural that such a pursuit would face issues of governance that demand reasonable control; control that is both operational as well as adaptive in nature. Eliminating middlemen and handing over controls to a trusted system of trustless agents does not thereby bestow trust across time. This is especially true when relentless change is the order of the day. Issues of governance rise up when blockchain systems (especially those that have embedded smart contracts) are forced to operate increasingly away from their original intent. Smart contracts need governance when beset with the problem of the unknown-unknowns. Guided by the axiomatic approach, this paper looks at the paradoxical issue of blockchain governance from a Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) perspective that helps frame the fundamental problem of decentralization. The objective is to solve the Blockchain Governance Kernel Design. Real-life examples are used to illustrate the findings.
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Burger, Annetta, William G. Kennedy, and Andrew Crooks. "Organizing Theories for Disasters into a Complex Adaptive System Framework." Urban Science 5, no. 3 (August 16, 2021): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci5030061.
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Increasingly urbanized populations and climate change have shifted the focus of decision makers from economic growth to the sustainability and resilience of urban infrastructure and communities, especially when communities face multiple hazards and need to recover from recurring disasters. Understanding human behavior and its interactions with built environments in disasters requires disciplinary crossover to explain its complexity, therefore we apply the lens of complex adaptive systems (CAS) to review disaster studies across disciplines. Disasters can be understood to consist of three interacting systems: (1) the physical system, consisting of geological, ecological, and human-built systems; (2) the social system, consisting of informal and formal human collective behavior; and (3) the individual actor system. Exploration of human behavior in these systems shows that CAS properties of heterogeneity, interacting subsystems, emergence, adaptation, and learning are integral, not just to cities, but to disaster studies and connecting them in the CAS framework provides us with a new lens to study disasters across disciplines. This paper explores the theories and models used in disaster studies, provides a framework to study and explain disasters, and discusses how complex adaptive systems can support theory building in disaster science for promoting more sustainable and resilient cities.
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R Lotrecchiano, Gaetano, and Shalini Misra. "Transdisciplinary Knowledge Producing Teams: Toward a Complex Systems Perspective." Informing Science: The International Journal of an Emerging Transdiscipline 21 (2018): 051–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/4086.
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Aim/Purpose: Transdisciplinarity is considered as a framework for understanding knowledge producing teams (KPTs). Features of transdisciplinary knowledge producing teams (TDKPTs) are provided using a complex adaptive systems (CAS) lens. TDKPT features are defined and linked to complexity theory to show how team participants might develop skills that more truly express complex adaptive conditions. Background: TDKPTs are groups of stakeholder participants tasked with producing knowledge across disciplinary, sectoral, and ecological boundaries. TDKPTs reflect components of complex adaptive systems (CAS) and exemplify how CAS behave and function. Methodology: The paper accesses literature from the Science-of-Team-Science (SciTS), complexity theory, and systems theory to construct a typology of the features of TDKPTs. Contribution: This paper provides a list of features developed from a diverse body of literature useful for considering complexity within TDKPTs. Findings: The paper proposes a series of features of transdisciplinary knowledge producing teams. In addition, the authors identify important skill building aspects needed for TDKPTs to be successful. Recommendations for Practitioners: The paper provides a framework by which team functioning can be considered and enhanced within TDKPTs. Recommendation for Researchers: The paper suggests categorical features of transdisciplinary teams for research on the collaborative processes and outcomes of TD teams. Future Research: Knowledge producing team members need to engage in theoretical, episte-mological, and methodological reflections to elucidate the dynamic nature of TD knowledge producing teams. Understanding how conflict, dissonance, and reciprocal interdependencies contribute to knowledge generation are key areas of future research and inquiry.
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Gonzalez-Rodriguez, Diego, and Jose Rodolfo Hernandez-Carrion. "Decentralization and heterogeneity in complex adaptive systems." Kybernetes 44, no. 6/7 (June 1, 2015): 1082–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-01-2015-0030.
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Purpose – Following a bacterial-based modeling approach, the authors want to model and analyze the impact of both decentralization and heterogeneity on group behavior and collective learning. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – Inspired by bacterial conjugation, the authors have defined an artificial society in which agents’ strategies adapt to changes in resources location, allowing migration, and survival in a dynamic sugarscape-like scenario. To study the impact of these variables the authors have simulated a scenario in which resources are limited and localized. The authors also have defined three constraints in genetic information processing (inhibition of plasmid conjugation, inhibition of plasmid reproduction and inhibition of plasmid mutation). Findings – The results affirmed the hypothesis that efficiency of group adaptation to dynamic environments is better when societies are varied and distributed than when they are homogeneous and centralized. Originality/value – The authors have demonstrated that in a model based on free interactions among autonomous agents, optimal results emerge by incrementing heterogeneity levels and decentralization of communication structures, leading to a global adaptation of the system. This organic approach to model peer-to-peer dynamics in complex adaptive systems (CAS) is what the authors have named “bacterial-based algorithms” because agents exchange strategic information in the same way that bacteria use conjugation and share genome.
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Shen, Tao, and Chan Gao. "Sustainability in Community Building: Framing Design Thinking Using a Complex Adaptive Systems Perspective." Sustainability 12, no. 16 (August 18, 2020): 6679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166679.
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Complex adaptive systems (CAS) theory is acquiring mainstream recognition in sustainable community building. In this paper, we bring the applicability of CAS theory into sharper focus, highlighting its potential for integrating complexity and adaptivity of community into a structured body of knowledge while also providing a thought pattern for generating, implementing and validating new design ideas. Therefore, this paper aims to propose a framework of design thinking that uses a CAS perspective to aid designers in conceiving new community building design ideas efficiently. Next, this paper presents the results of a cognitive design experiment where functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and extended protocol analysis methods were combined to examine the validities of the proposed design thinking framework in community building. The results show that the Agent-Interaction-Adaptation (AIA) design thinking framework has the ability to promote designers’ extension of idea space, brain activation and idea quality in contrast to a traditional design thinking framework, but it did not significantly increase the designers’ idea quantity.
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Kim, Yushim, and Spiro Maroulis. "Rethinking Social Welfare Fraud from a Complex Adaptive Systems Perspective." Administration & Society 50, no. 1 (May 27, 2015): 78–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095399715587520.
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Despite efforts to control fraud in public assistance programs, the perception and realities of the problem persist. Serious barriers related to data collection and research methods impede the understanding of how and why fraud occurs, thereby limiting options for improving program integrity. This article argues that based on a complex adaptive systems (CAS) perspective, social welfare fraud can be understood as a collective outcome emerging from repeated interactions among stakeholders during the routinized business processes of public assistance programs. While dealing with fraud, great attention must be paid to how it occurs and persists, not just how serious the problem is or who commits these crimes.
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Sturmberg, Joachim P., and Johannes Bircher. "Better and fulfilling healthcare at lower costs: The need to manage health systems as complex adaptive systems." F1000Research 8 (June 5, 2019): 789. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.19414.1.
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Rising healthcare costs are major concerns in most high-income countries. Yet, political measures to reduce costs have so far remained futile and have damaged the best interests of patients and citizen. We therefore explored the possibilities to analyze healthcare systems as a socially constructed complex adaptive system (CAS) and found that by their very nature such CAS tend not to respond as expected to top-down interventions. As CAS have emergent behaviors, the focus on their drivers – purpose, economy and behavioral norms – requires particular attention. First, the importance of understanding the purpose of health care as improvement of health and its experience has been emphasized by two recent complementary re-definitions of health and disease. The economic models underpinning today’s healthcare – profit maximization – have shifted the focus away from its main purpose. Second, although economic considerations are important, they must serve and not dominate the provision of healthcare delivery. Third, expected health professionals’ behavioral norms – to first consider the health and wellbeing of patients – have been codified in the universally accepted Declaration of Geneva 2017. Considering these three aspects it becomes clear that complex adaptive healthcare systems need mindful top-down/bottom-up leadership that supports the nature of innovation for health care driven by local needs. The systemic focus on improving people’s health will then result in significant cost reductions.
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McEvoy, Peter, Malcolm Brady, and Ronaldo Munck. "Capacity development through international projects: a complex adaptive systems perspective." International Journal of Managing Projects in Business 9, no. 3 (June 6, 2016): 528–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmpb-08-2015-0072.
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Purpose – International development practice has had as its dominant paradigm the rational-analytic model of project planning, management and evaluation. This is reflected in the widespread adoption by donor agencies of results-based management (RBM), side by side with conventionally used tools for monitoring and evaluation (including logical framework analysis (“logframe”), logic model and results frameworks). Donor agencies rely upon such tools to generate the evidence base for measuring “success” across the spectrum of their work, even though projects differ enormously in their nature, scope and time-span. Process-led capacity development projects and input-led infrastructural or straightforward service delivery projects require very different yardsticks of performance monitoring and appraisal. Drawing on insights from the complex adaptive systems (CAS) literature, the purpose of this paper is to explore how projects focused on capacity development necessitate a more eclectic approach, including – but not restricted to – RBM methodology. Design/methodology/approach – Using the insights of CAS theory, and with particular reference to projects which have capacity development as their prime focus, this paper explores a broadening of conventional project management practices. Findings – The paper posits an integrative approach to managing international development projects focused on capacity development – one which would recognise the values of instrumental utility and goal-setting associated with the application of the tools of RBM, while situating that within a more open, system focused and holistic approach to projects and their outcomes, placing emphasis on context, adaptability and learning. Research limitations/implications – The research enquiry presented is discursive rather than empirical, and builds on established theory and constructs of three distinct conceptual fields: first, the RBM approach to project and programme implementation; second, the “complexity” strand of organisational management literature; and third, the capacity development strand of international development discourse. Originality/value – The paper intersects disciplinary boundaries between project management, organisational studies and international development theory and practice.
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Shi, Yong Gui, and Jian Fen Yan. "Study on Complex Adaptive Features of Enterprise Network." Advanced Materials Research 328-330 (September 2011): 970–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.328-330.970.
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Based on the analysis of complex adaptive systems theory and classification of enterprise network, the article proposes that the enterprise network is a kind of CAS. Although the enterprise network has a variety of forms, they all have the basic characteristics of CAS: Aggregation, Identification, Nonlinear, Stream, Diversity, Internal model and Building blocks. The article discusses the complex adaptive features of the enterprise network which includes has active adaptive, multi-hierarchy nature, open, non-linear (butterfly effect), synergy and learning together and other characteristics, the enterprise network is made of a number of agents who are relatively autonomous and intelligent, each node enterprise in the enterprise network can be regarded as independent intelligent agents, in general the agents operate independently or semi-autonomous based on their own goal and ability of decision-making, as part of the system, these agents and their behavior have a high degree of coupling or dependency, the integrated level of system will depend on the coordination of the dependence. So the article gives the behavior model of enterprise network agents.
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Vetromille-Castro, Rafael. "Social interactive entropy and interaction in the language teacher education classroom." Revista Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada 13, no. 2 (June 2013): 625–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1984-63982013000200012.
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This paper has as core ideas the assumption that interaction is essential for knowledge construction and the claim that groups of individuals in learning contexts can be seen as complex adaptive systems (CAS). Some different, but congruous views on the classroom as a complex adaptive system are presented and the phenomenon which is constantly at work and affecting each and every CAS - the entropy - is brought to discussion. A specific type of entropy for social groups, defined as social interactive entropy, is also introduced as an attempt to promote reflection on how this phenomenon affects the behavior of a classroom under a complex perspective and how it influences such a social CAS by providing or restricting conditions for interaction and, hence, learning to emerge.
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Luo, Fu Zhou, and Shu Ling Liu. "Industry Clusters Innovation Action Model Based on the CAS Theory – Shanxi Magnesium Industry." Applied Mechanics and Materials 580-583 (July 2014): 2528–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.580-583.2528.
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Based on complex adaptive systems (CAS) theory, using the method of case studies to explore the Shaanxi Province magnesium industry cluster knowledge innovation behavior. Based on the complexity stimulus—response rules, build the knowledge innovation system of metallic magnesium industry cluster main body behavior patterns; Based on complex adaptive - learning, building the overall behavior pattern of magnesium metal industry cluster knowledge innovation system; and based on the complex level—emerge theory, build the magnesium industry cluster evolution behavior pattern of knowledge innovation system. Use CAS theory to solve the problem of knowledge innovation in industrial cluster, which offers a basis for realize the sustainable and health development of industry cluster better.
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Sweetman, Roger, and Kieran Conboy. "Portfolios of Agile Projects." Project Management Journal 49, no. 6 (October 11, 2018): 18–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8756972818802712.
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While agile approaches can be extremely effective at a project level, they can impose significant complexity and a need for adaptiveness at the project portfolio level. While this has proven to be highly problematic, there is little research on how to manage a set of agile projects at the project portfolio level. What limited research that does exist often assumes that portfolio-level agility can be achieved by simply scaling project level agile approaches such as Scrum. This study uses a complex adaptive systems lens, focusing specifically on the properties of projects as agents in a complex adaptive portfolio to critically appraise current thinking on portfolio management in an agile context. We then draw on a set of 30 expert interviews to develop 16 complex adaptive systems (CAS)-based propositions as to how portfolios of agile projects can be managed effectively. We also outline an agenda for future research and discuss the differences between a CAS-based approach to portfolio management and traditional approaches.
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Markose, Sheri M. "Novelty in complex adaptive systems (CAS) dynamics: a computational theory of actor innovation." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 344, no. 1-2 (December 2004): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physa.2004.06.085.
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Biltz, George R. "Physical Activity, Aerobic Fitness, and Causality: Reflections from Complex Adaptive Systems." Pediatric Exercise Science 18, no. 2 (May 2006): 182–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/pes.18.2.182.
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In their article, Kemper and Koppes have presented their assessment of the long-term relationship between physical activity (PA) and aerobic fitness (AF). Specifically, their autoregression analysis did not support a significant causal relationship between current PA and subsequent AF as measured by VO2max. Thus, the authors question how to interpret this unexpected result. Which way does the causal arrow point between PA and AF? This reflection aims to conceptually reframe the causality question, not to resolve its behavioral or physiologic components. This reflection will explore potential sources of unexpected outcomes, analyze dimensions of cognitive difficulty in the context of exercise science, and introduce complex adaptive systems (CAS) as an alternative framework for asking questions and understanding outcomes in exercise research.
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Gurney, James, Maroš Pleška, and Bruce R. Levin. "Why put up with immunity when there is resistance: an excursion into the population and evolutionary dynamics of restriction–modification and CRISPR-Cas." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1772 (March 25, 2019): 20180096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0096.
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Bacteria can readily generate mutations that prevent bacteriophage (phage) adsorption and thus make bacteria resistant to infections with these viruses. Nevertheless, the majority of bacteria carry complex innate and/or adaptive immune systems: restriction–modification (RM) and CRISPR-Cas, respectively. Both RM and CRISPR-Cas are commonly assumed to have evolved and be maintained to protect bacteria from succumbing to infections with lytic phage. Using mathematical models and computer simulations, we explore the conditions under which selection mediated by lytic phage will favour such complex innate and adaptive immune systems, as opposed to simple envelope resistance. The results of our analysis suggest that when populations of bacteria are confronted with lytic phage: (i) In the absence of immunity, resistance to even multiple bacteriophage species with independent receptors can evolve readily. (ii) RM immunity can benefit bacteria by preventing phage from invading established bacterial populations and particularly so when there are multiple bacteriophage species adsorbing to different receptors. (iii) Whether CRISPR-Cas immunity will prevail over envelope resistance depends critically on the number of steps in the coevolutionary arms race between the bacteria-acquiring spacers and the phage-generating CRISPR-escape mutants. We discuss the implications of these results in the context of the evolution and maintenance of RM and CRISPR-Cas and highlight fundamental questions that remain unanswered. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The ecology and evolution of prokaryotic CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems’.
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Ramachandran, Gayetri, and David Bikard. "Editing the microbiome the CRISPR way." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1772 (March 25, 2019): 20180103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0103.
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Our bodies are colonized by a complex ecosystem of bacteria, unicellular eukaryotes and their viruses that together play a major role in our health. Over the past few years tools derived from the prokaryotic immune system known as CRISPR-Cas have empowered researchers to modify and study organisms with unprecedented ease and efficiency. Here we discuss how various types of CRISPR-Cas systems can be used to modify the genome of gut microorganisms and bacteriophages. CRISPR-Cas systems can also be delivered to bacterial population and programmed to specifically eliminate members of the microbiome. Finally, engineered CRISPR-Cas systems can be used to control gene expression and modulate the production of metabolites and proteins. Together these tools provide exciting opportunities to investigate the complex interplay between members of the microbiome and our bodies, and present new avenues for the development of drugs that target the microbiome. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The ecology and evolution of prokaryotic CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems’.
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Bell, Iris R. "The Complexity of the Homeopathic Healing Response Part 1: The Role of the Body as a Complex Adaptive System in Simillimum-Initiated Recovery from Disease." Homeopathy 109, no. 02 (November 30, 2019): 042–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1694998.
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Abstract Background The concepts of complex systems science enhance the understanding of how people develop and recover from disease. Living systems (human beings, animals, and plants) are self-organizing complex adaptive systems (CAS): that is, interconnected networks. CAS maintain life by initiating and carrying out non-linear dynamical changes to optimize survival fitness and function in the context of an ever-changing environment. Aims In Part 1 of this two-part paper, we relate concepts from complex systems science to homeopathic healing. The systemic changes of homeopathic healing involve adaptive patterns of responses to salient signals (similia) for reversing disease patterns and generating emergent multi-symptom healing over time. Methods and Results This narrative review relates homeopathic clinical practice theory to complex systems and network research. Homeopathic medicines communicate individually salient environmental information to the organism, with effects that are multi-system and indirect. The body's defense mechanisms recognize the self-similar information that the correctly chosen simillimum medicine at low dose conveys as a weak external/internal environmental stressor or danger signal (hormetin) to mobilize neural and cellular defenses. The body networks then use endogenous cell to cell signaling and amplify the small magnitude signal information. The results are disproportionately large: that is, non-linear, adaptive, modifications across the inter-connected self-organized biological networks/sub-systems of the body. CAS amplification mechanisms for small or weak signals include stochastic resonance, time-dependent sensitization, and hormesis. Conclusions The body as a complex system has the capacity for self-organization, emergence and self-similarity over global (overall health and wellbeing) and local (organ) levels of organization. These features are key for future research on the systemic healing that evolves over time during individualized homeopathic treatment.
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Tang, Yu, Pan Fu, Ying Zhou, Yingzhou Xie, Jialin Jin, Bei Wang, Lianhua Yu, et al. "Absence of the type I-E CRISPR-Cas system in Klebsiella pneumoniae clonal complex 258 is associated with dissemination of IncF epidemic resistance plasmids in this clonal complex." Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 75, no. 4 (January 31, 2020): 890–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkz538.
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Abstract Background The pandemics caused by MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae are mostly due to the global dissemination of high-risk clonal complex 258 (CC258) and related IncF epidemic plasmids. However, the factors leading to the epidemiological advantages of CC258–IncF linkage remain obscure. The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR-Cas) systems, providing adaptive immunity against invading DNA, play an important role in the interactions between plasmids and hosts. Objectives To investigate the relationship between CRISPR-Cas systems and the high-risk linkage CC258–IncF. Methods CRISPR-Cas loci were detected among 381 collected K. pneumoniae clinical isolates and 207 K. pneumoniae complete genomes available in GenBank. MLST was used to determine the genetic relatedness of these isolates. Nucleotide BLAST was used to search for protospacers on K. pneumoniae plasmids. Results We observed an epidemic correlation between CRISPR-Cas loci, CC258 and IncF plasmids. Interestingly, most type I-E CRISPR-Cas systems identified carried spacers matching the backbone regions of IncF plasmids. Conclusions Our results suggest that the absence of type I-E CRISPR-Cas systems in K. pneumoniae CC258 is strongly associated with the dissemination of IncF epidemic plasmids, contributing to the global success of the international high-risk linkage CC258–IncF. Our findings provide new information regarding the dissemination and evolution of the high-risk linkage of K. pneumoniae CC258–IncF and pave the way for new strategies to address the problem of antibiotic resistance.
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Siddiqa, Amnah, and Muaz Niazi. "A Novel Formal Agent-Based Simulation Modeling Framework of an AIDS Complex Adaptive System." International Journal of Agent Technologies and Systems 5, no. 3 (July 2013): 33–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijats.2013070103.
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HIV/AIDS spread depends upon complex patterns of interaction among various subsets emerging at population level. This added complexity makes it difficult to study and model AIDS and its dynamics. AIDS is therefore a natural candidate to be modeled using agent-based modeling, a paradigm well-known for modeling Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS). While agent-based models are well-known to effectively model CAS, often times models can tend to be ambiguous and using only using text-based specifications (such as ODD) making models difficult to be replicated. Previous work has shown how formal specification may be used in conjunction with agent-based modeling to develop models of various CAS. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, no such model has been developed in conjunction with AIDS. In this paper, we present a Formal Agent-Based Simulation modeling framework (FABS-AIDS) for an AIDS-based CAS. FABS-AIDS employs the use of a formal specification model in conjunction with an agent-based model to reduce ambiguity as well as improve clarity in the model definition. The proposed model demonstrates the effectiveness of using formal specification in conjunction with agent-based simulation for developing models of CAS in general and, social network-based agent-based models, in particular.
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Liu, Tina Y., and Jennifer A. Doudna. "Chemistry of Class 1 CRISPR-Cas effectors: Binding, editing, and regulation." Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, no. 42 (August 14, 2020): 14473–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.rev120.007034.
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Among the multiple antiviral defense mechanisms found in prokaryotes, CRISPR-Cas systems stand out as the only known RNA-programmed pathways for detecting and destroying bacteriophages and plasmids. Class 1 CRISPR-Cas systems, the most widespread and diverse of these adaptive immune systems, use an RNA-guided multiprotein complex to find foreign nucleic acids and trigger their destruction. In this review, we describe how these multisubunit complexes target and cleave DNA and RNA and how regulatory molecules control their activities. We also highlight similarities to and differences from Class 2 CRISPR-Cas systems, which use a single-protein effector, as well as other types of bacterial and eukaryotic immune systems. We summarize current applications of the Class 1 CRISPR-Cas systems for DNA/RNA modification, control of gene expression, and nucleic acid detection.
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Zhu, Yuwei, and Zhiwei Huang. "Recent advances in structural studies of the CRISPR-Cas-mediated genome editing tools." National Science Review 6, no. 3 (November 29, 2018): 438–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwy150.
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Abstract Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and accompanying CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins provide RNA-guided adaptive immunity for prokaryotes to defend themselves against viruses. The CRISPR-Cas systems have attracted much attention in recent years for their power in aiding the development of genome editing tools. Based on the composition of the CRISPR RNA-effector complex, the CRISPR-Cas systems can be divided into two classes and six types. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the structural biology of the CRISPR-Cas-mediated genome editing tools, which helps us to understand the mechanism of how the guide RNAs assemble with diverse Cas proteins to cleave target nucleic acids.
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Lawrence, C. Martin. "A moonlighting nuclease puts CRISPR in its place." Journal of Biological Chemistry 295, no. 11 (March 13, 2020): 3415–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/jbc.h120.012897.
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Integration of spacers into CRISPR loci requires the Cas1/Cas2 integrase complex, frequently in combination with Cas4 exonuclease. However, several CRISPR-Cas systems lack Cas4. Whether Cas4-like activity is dispensable in these systems or provided by an unidentified actor was not known. In this issue of the Journal of Biological Chemistry, Ramachandran et al. show that in subtype I-E systems, Cas4-like activity is supplied by DnaQ-superfamily exonucleases, providing a beautiful example of cellular machinery moonlighting in support of CRISPR-Cas adaptive immunity.
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Koonin, Eugene V., and Kira S. Makarova. "Origins and evolution of CRISPR-Cas systems." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, no. 1772 (March 25, 2019): 20180087. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0087.
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CRISPR-Cas, the bacterial and archaeal adaptive immunity systems, encompass a complex machinery that integrates fragments of foreign nucleic acids, mostly from mobile genetic elements (MGE), into CRISPR arrays embedded in microbial genomes. Transcripts of the inserted segments (spacers) are employed by CRISPR-Cas systems as guide (g)RNAs for recognition and inactivation of the cognate targets. The CRISPR-Cas systems consist of distinct adaptation and effector modules whose evolutionary trajectories appear to be at least partially independent. Comparative genome analysis reveals the origin of the adaptation module from casposons, a distinct type of transposons, which employ a homologue of Cas1 protein, the integrase responsible for the spacer incorporation into CRISPR arrays, as the transposase. The origin of the effector module(s) is far less clear. The CRISPR-Cas systems are partitioned into two classes, class 1 with multisubunit effectors, and class 2 in which the effector consists of a single, large protein. The class 2 effectors originate from nucleases encoded by different MGE, whereas the origin of the class 1 effector complexes remains murky. However, the recent discovery of a signalling pathway built into the type III systems of class 1 might offer a clue, suggesting that type III effector modules could have evolved from a signal transduction system involved in stress-induced programmed cell death. The subsequent evolution of the class 1 effector complexes through serial gene duplication and displacement, primarily of genes for proteins containing RNA recognition motif domains, can be hypothetically reconstructed. In addition to the multiple contributions of MGE to the evolution of CRISPR-Cas, the reverse flow of information is notable, namely, recruitment of minimalist variants of CRISPR-Cas systems by MGE for functions that remain to be elucidated. Here, we attempt a synthesis of the diverse threads that shed light on CRISPR-Cas origins and evolution.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘The ecology and evolution of prokaryotic CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems’.
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Hidalgo-Cantabrana, Claudio, and Rodolphe Barrangou. "Characterization and applications of Type I CRISPR-Cas systems." Biochemical Society Transactions 48, no. 1 (January 10, 2020): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst20190119.
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CRISPR-Cas constitutes the adaptive immune system of bacteria and archaea. This RNA-mediated sequence-specific recognition and targeting machinery has been used broadly for diverse applications in a wide range of organisms across the tree of life. The compact class 2 systems, that hinge on a single Cas effector nuclease have been harnessed for genome editing, transcriptional regulation, detection, imaging and other applications, in different research areas. However, most of the CRISPR-Cas systems belong to class 1, and the molecular machinery of the most widespread and diverse Type I systems afford tremendous opportunities for a broad range of applications. These highly abundant systems rely on a multi-protein effector complex, the CRISPR associated complex for antiviral defense (Cascade), which drives DNA targeting and cleavage. The complexity of these systems has somewhat hindered their widespread usage, but the pool of thousands of diverse Type I CRISPR-Cas systems opens new avenues for CRISPR-based applications in bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. Here, we describe the features and mechanism of action of Type I CRISPR-Cas systems, illustrate how endogenous systems can be reprogrammed to target the host genome and perform genome editing and transcriptional regulation by co-delivering a minimal CRISPR array together with a repair template. Moreover, we discuss how these systems can also be used in eukaryotes. This review provides a framework for expanding the CRISPR toolbox, and repurposing the most abundant CRISPR-Cas systems for a wide range of applications.
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Bircher, Johannes, and Eckhart G. Hahn. "Applying a complex adaptive system's understanding of health to primary care." F1000Research 5 (September 16, 2016): 1672. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.9042.2.
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This paper explores the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of a new concept of health. Investigations into the nature of health have led to a new definition that explains health as a complex adaptive system (CAS) and is based on five components (a-e). Humans like all biological creatures must satisfactorily respond to (a) the demands of life. For this purpose they need (b) a biologically given potential (BGP) and (c) a personally acquired potential (PAP). These properties of individuals are embedded within (d) social and (e) environmental determinants of health. Between these five components of health there are 10 complex interactions that justify viewing health as a CAS. In each patient, the current state of health as a CAS evolved from the past, will move forward to a new future, and has to be analyzed and treated as an autonomous whole. A diagnostic procedure is suggested as follows: together with the patient, the five components and 10 complex interactions are assessed. This may help patients to better understand their situations and to recognize possible next steps that may be useful in order to evolve toward better health by themselves. In this process mutual trust in the patient-physician interaction is critical. The described approach offers new possibilities for helping patients improve their health prospects.
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Werder, Karl, and Alexander Maedche. "Explaining the emergence of team agility: a complex adaptive systems perspective." Information Technology & People 31, no. 3 (June 4, 2018): 819–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/itp-04-2017-0125.
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Purpose Agile software development helps software producing organizations to respond to manifold challenges. While prior research focused on agility as a project or process phenomenon, the authors suggest that agility is an emergent phenomenon on the team level. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach Using the theory of complex adaptive systems (CASs), the study captures the multiple influencing levels of software development teams (SDTs) and their interplay with self-organization and emergence. The authors investigate three agile SDTs in different contextual environments that participate with four or more different roles each. Findings The results suggest self-organization as a central process when understanding team agility. While contextual factors often provide restriction on self-organization, they can help the team to enhance its autonomy. Research limitations/implications The theoretical contributions result from the development and test of theory grounded propositions and the investigation of mature agile development teams. Practical implications The findings help practitioners to improve the cost-effectiveness ratio of their team’s operations. Originality/value The study provides empirical evidence for the emergence of team agility in agile SDTs. Using the lens of CAS, the study suggests the importance of the team’s autonomy.
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Hoogeboom, Marcella A. M. G., and Celeste P. M. Wilderom. "A Complex Adaptive Systems Approach to Real-Life Team Interaction Patterns, Task Context, Information Sharing, and Effectiveness." Group & Organization Management 45, no. 1 (June 21, 2019): 3–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1059601119854927.
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Interaction dynamics are considered to be key characteristics of complex adaptive systems (CAS). Taking a CAS approach, this study examines how three team interaction patterns affect team effectiveness. Specifically, we analyze recurring, heterogeneous, and participative patterns of team interaction in routine and nonroutine team-task contexts. Fine-grained coding of video-based footage plus nonlinear dynamical systems (NDS) statistics are used to identify the interaction patterns in a sample of 96 real-life teams, comprising 1,395 team members. We establish that recurring patterns of team interaction reduce perceived team information sharing and, in turn, team effectiveness and that these harmful effects are more pronounced in teams doing nonroutine work than in those engaged in routine work. Participative team interaction was found to be positively related to a high level of perceived team information sharing and effectiveness. Heterogeneous team interaction was not associated with perceived team information sharing and effectiveness. Post hoc analyses, in which the behavioral content of the interaction patterns of the 15 most effective and least effective teams is compared, revealed primarily task-directed patterns in the most effective teams. We offer practical recommendations for team development and call for more CAS research on the communicative behaviors within teams of knowledge workers.
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Carrubbo, Luca, Francesca Iandolo, Valentina Pitardi, and Mario Calabrese. "The viable decision maker for CAS survival: how to change and adapt through fitting process." Journal of Service Theory and Practice 27, no. 5 (September 11, 2017): 1006–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jstp-09-2015-0202.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the decision-making process in the management of the complex adaptive systems (CAS), particularly focusing on the dimensions that affect the individual decision maker (DM) when passing from decision to behavior in fitting processes. Although the importance of the general process of fitting in terms of organizational design has been highlighted in earlier studies, a closer focus on the DM perspective is required. Design/methodology/approach Starting from the theoretical frameworks of viable systems approach (vSa) and addressing the evolving concepts of change and adaptation in CAS, the work takes the DM perspective and investigates the dimensions involved in the paths that lead complex decisions into behaviors, when referring to fitting processes. The paper reviews the vSa and the concept of CAS, deepening the decision making in fitting processes. Then, the paper proceeds to discuss the schemes and the categories that affect, at different levels, the decision and behavioral choices by proposing an interpretative framework. Findings The paper proposes a general framework useful to recognize/identify which are the elements/dimensions that have to be considered when organizations change in pursuing survival. The findings of the paper also show how adopting a vSa as a meta-model can be insightful to the understanding of service systems and useful in fully comprehending decision-making processes and behavior in complex adaptive system. Originality/value The originality of this paper lies in exploring the decision making process in CAS, adopting a closer perspective on the single DM through the lens of the vSa.
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Bašić, Marijana. "Inojezični razvoj i teorije dinamičnih sustava." Croatica et Slavica Iadertina 13, no. 2 (February 22, 2018): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/csi.1438.
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U ovome se radu raspravlja o dosadašnjim teorijskim spoznajama o inojezičnome razvoju iz perspektive teorije dinamičnih sustava (engl. Dynamic systems theory, tj. DST), o pokušaju oblikovanja razvojnoga indeksa, o pojavi teorijskoga pluralizma u okviru kojega se ukazalo na sličnosti između složenih nepravocrtnih sustava koji se pojavljuju u prirodi i pri ovladavanju inim jezikom te o različitim načinima mjerenja složenosti, točnosti i tečnosti, tj. STOT-a (engl. complexity, accuracy and fluency, tj. CAF). Opisuju se nove metode istraživanja inojezičnoga razvoja te daje detaljan pregled najvažnijih recentnih istraživanja u okviru teorije dinamičnih sustava, odnosno teorije kaosa ili složenosti (engl. Chaos/complexity theory, tj. C/ CT), teorije složenih prilagodljivih sustava (engl. Complex adaptive system theory, tj. CAS) i (nad)teorije složenih sustava (engl. Complex systems supra-theory).
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Ellis, Beverley, and Stuart Herbert. "Complex adaptive systems (CAS): an overview of key elements, characteristics and application to management theory." Journal of Innovation in Health Informatics 19, no. 1 (March 1, 2011): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14236/jhi.v19i1.791.
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Haraguchi, Masahiko. "How can a municipal government continue operations during megadisasters? An analysis of preparedness using complex adaptive systems." Disaster Prevention and Management: An International Journal 29, no. 5 (July 17, 2020): 779–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/dpm-04-2020-0114.
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PurposeThis paper aims to examine how government continuity planning contributes to strengthening the public sector's emergency preparedness, resulting in enhanced resilience of the public sector. Government continuity plans (GCPs) are a recently focused concept in disaster preparedness, compared to business continuity plans (BCPs) in the private sector. The need for BCPs was widely recognized after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE) and the 2011 Thailand Floods. However, recent disasters, such as the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake in Japan, have revealed that local governments without effective GCPs were severely affected by disasters, preventing them from quickly responding to or recovering from disasters. When the GEJE occurred in 2011, only 11% of municipal governments in Japan had GCPs.Design/methodology/approachThe paper analyzes basic principles of government continuity planning using complex adaptive systems (CAS) theory while summarizing recent developments in theory and practice of government continuity planning.FindingsThis research investigates the Japanese experience of GCPs using self-organization, one of the concepts of CAS. A GCP will complement regional disaster plans, which often focus on what governments should do to protect citizens during emergencies but fail to outline how governments should prepare for an emergency operation. The study concludes that GCPs contribute to increased resilience among the public sector in terms of robustness, redundancy, resourcefulness and rapidity.Practical implicationsThis paper includes implications for the development and improvement of a GCP's operational guideline.Originality/valueThis research fulfills an identified need to investigate the effectiveness of a GCP for resilience in the public sector and how to improve its operation using concepts of CAS.
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Bakos, Levente, and Dănuț Dumitrașcu. "Holonic Handling the Unexpected in Project Management." Balkan Region Conference on Engineering and Business Education 2, no. 1 (December 20, 2017): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cplbu-2017-0019.
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Abstract Risk assessment is one the key activities of any project. The unexpected situations can have catastrophic consequences. Risk assessment tries to estimate to potential known unknowns, but there is no guarantee to foresee all circumstances around a project. In this situation the project team must be adaptive and find solutions by cooperation, creativity and abductive reasoning. In the paper we tried to analyse on what extent a project and a project team can be handled as a complex adaptive system. More precisely, how the scientific and practical achievements of the theory of complex adaptive systems (CAS) can be used in project management. More exactly, we analyse the applicability of the Holonic Multi-Agent Systems in risk management of the projects. We consider the way in which holons handle the unexpected situations can be a model in project management.
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Borghi, Josephine, Sharif Ismail, James Hollway, Rakhyun E. Kim, Joachim Sturmberg, Garrett Brown, Reinhard Mechler, et al. "Viewing the global health system as a complex adaptive system – implications for research and practice." F1000Research 11 (October 7, 2022): 1147. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.126201.1.
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The global health system (GHS) is ill-equipped to deal with the increasing number of transnational challenges. The GHS needs reform to enhance global resilience to future risks to health. In this article we argue that the starting point for any reform must be conceptualizing and studying the GHS as a complex adaptive system (CAS) with a large and escalating number of interconnected global health actors that learn and adapt their behaviours in response to each other and changes in their environment. The GHS can be viewed as a multi-scalar, nested health system comprising all national health systems together with the global health architecture, in which behaviours are influenced by cross-scale interactions. However, current methods cannot adequately capture the dynamism or complexity of the GHS or quantify the effects of challenges or potential reform options. We provide an overview of a selection of systems thinking and complexity science methods available to researchers and highlight the numerous policy insights their application could yield. We also discuss the challenges for researchers of applying these methods and for policy makers of digesting and acting upon them. We encourage application of a CAS approach to GHS research and policy making to help bolster resilience to future risks that transcend national boundaries and system scales.
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Liu, Da Wei, Jiang Zhu, Ge Fei Yu, and Yin Chuan Wang. "A Flexible Multi-Resolution Modeling Method of SoS Combat." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 1492–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.1492.
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A solution to improve the flexibility of simulation under the circumstance of SoS (System-of-Systems) combat has been provided in this paper. A CAS (Complex Adaptive System) based modeling method is used in this method after analyzing the military multi-layer architecture and surveying the modeling method, by joining CAS and MRM(Multi-Resolution Modeling), a military system is modeled in several resolution and some key technology are probed into and discussed in this paper. The analysis results show that method has great current significance and reference value for modeling combat system.
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Lockard, David Winfield. "A framework for evaluating global policy on sustainability." Journal of Global Responsibility 6, no. 2 (September 14, 2015): 215–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jgr-06-2015-0008.
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Purpose – The purpose of this study is to evaluate whether the global policy on sustainability, United Nations Global Compact (UNGC), is in alignment with the complexity of the sustainability landscape utilizing complex adaptive system (CAS) theory and theory of change. Design/methodology/approach – An original Complex Adaptive Policy System (CAPS) framework is used as a qualitative instrument with a constant comparison of 11 CAS themes in analyzing 117 UNGC speeches listed on the Global Compact Web site. Findings – Although this study is intended as a preliminary study, the findings raise important questions regarding the long-term impact of the Global Compact as a global policy on sustainability. Research limitations/implications – The limitations of the study include the preliminary study design and limited source of information. Future research should include a comprehensive evaluation of the UNGC to yield specific recommendations for aligning policy with the landscape. Originality/value – The study offers an original systems framework to evaluate public and private organizational polices on sustainability.
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Espinosa, Jennifer A., Donna Davis, James Stock, and Lisa Monahan. "Exploring the processing of product returns from a complex adaptive system perspective." International Journal of Logistics Management 30, no. 3 (August 12, 2019): 699–722. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlm-08-2018-0216.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the processing of product returns at five case companies using a complex adaptive systems (CAS) logic to identify agent interactions, organization, schema, learning and the emergence of adaptations in the reverse supply chain. Design/methodology/approach Using a multiple-case study design, this research applies abductive reasoning to examine data from in-depth, semi-structured interviews and direct researcher observations collected during site visits at case companies. Findings Costly or high-risk returns may require agents to specialize the depth of their mental schema. Processing agents need freedom to interact, self-organize and learn from other agents to generate emergent ideas and adapt. Practical implications Limiting the depth of individual agent schema allows managers to better allocate labor to processing product returns during peak volume. To boost adaptability, managers need to craft a dynamic environment that encourages agents with diverse schema to interact, anticipate, and self-organize to brainstorm new ideas. Managers need to resist the urge to “control” the dynamic environment that ensues. Originality/value This paper builds on existing research that studies the key decision points in the analysis of product returns by exploring how processing-agent behaviors can create adaptability in the reverse supply chain. Additionally, this research follows in the tradition of Choi et al. (2001) and Surana et al. (2005) and proposes the application of CAS to a specific part of the supply chain – the processing of product returns.
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Yolles, Maurice. "The complexity continuum, Part 1: hard and soft theories." Kybernetes 48, no. 6 (June 3, 2019): 1330–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-06-2018-0337.
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PurposeComplex systems adapt to survive, but little comparative literature exists on various approaches. Adaptive complex systems are generic, this referring to propositions concerning their bounded instability, adaptability and viability. Two classes of adaptive complex system theories exist: hard and soft. Hard complexity theories include Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS) and Viability Theory, and softer theories, which we refer to as Viable Systems Theories (VSTs), that include Management Cybernetics at one extreme and Humanism at the other. This paper has a dual purpose distributed across two parts. In Part 1, the purpose of this paper is to identify the conditions for the complementarity of the two classes of theory. In Part 2, the purpose is to explore (in part using Agency Theory) the two classes of theory and their proposed complexity continuum.Design/methodology/approachA detailed analysis of the literature permits a distinction between hard and softer approaches towards modelling complex social systems. Hard theories are human-incommensurable, while soft ones are human-commensurable, therefore more closely related to the human condition. The characteristics that differentiate between hard and soft approaches are identified.FindingsHard theories are more restrictive than the softer theories. The latter can embrace degrees of “softness” and it is explained how hard and soft approaches can be mixed, sometimes creating Harmony.Originality/valueThere are very few explorations of the relationship between hard and soft approaches to complexity theory, and even fewer that draw in the notion of harmony.
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Hagsall, Alon E., Niv Ahituv, and Nili Naveh. "Effective assimilation of technological innovation in an organization characterized ?as a Complex Adaptive System." Journal of Innovation Management 7, no. 2 (July 28, 2019): 38–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24840/2183-0606_007.002_0004.
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Purpose: Most organizations seek for innovative solutions to address tabulate changes and competition. However, each organization is required for rapid and effective processes of assimilating technological innovation into its operational activities. Consistent with previous studies, the aim of this study was to understand whether an organization characterized as CAS (Complex Adaptive System) could positively affect the process of assimilating technological innovation through supporting the development of knowledge workers. Such workers deal mostly with changes. Hence, they possess the ability to combine personal benefits with organizational goals, they are sensible to changes in the environment, they understand the integration of information required for such a process, and they need the ability to socialize among themselves.
Design/methodology/approach: A sample of 300 employees in organizations of different sectors responded to an online questionnaire, which examined their attitude towards technological innovation in correlation with the level of organization's CAS characteristics. Pearson and regression analyses were used to examine the relationships between the functioning of the workers as CAS fractals[1] and their attitudes toward the process of assimilation of technological innovation.
Findings: Workers who function as “fractals”, namely as knowledge-worker in organizations having the characteristics of CAS, were able to combine personal benefits with organizational goals. They had sensitivity to changes in the environment, integration of the information required for the process and the ability to socialize among themselves. These abilities of knowledge workers have significantly influenced the development of positive attitudes towards the process of assimilation of technological innovation, a better understanding of the technology and the advantages they gain from it, which make them ready to be involved in the process.
Practical implications: The practical contribution of this study is the ability to best portray the characteristics of an optimal work environment in an organization that wishes to undergo assimilation processes, technological innovation, management and dissemination of relevant knowledge for the organization's use. Such an organization is required to provide its employees with a degree of operational autonomy enabling them to interweave personal interests and organizational goals, and to be involved and to influence the processes of assimilating technological innovation in the organization. The organization should also maintain a high level of updating, transparency, and transfer of knowledge from outside into the organization. In addition, investment in information systems for the information integration provides the employees with the possibility of social networking during their work.
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Nava Guerrero, Graciela, Gijsbert Korevaar, Helle Hansen, and Zofia Lukszo. "Agent-Based Modeling of a Thermal Energy Transition in the Built Environment." Energies 12, no. 5 (March 5, 2019): 856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12050856.
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To reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 80% below 1990 levels by 2050, an energy transition is taking place in the European Union. Achieving these targets requires changes in the heating and cooling sector (H&C). Designing and implementing this energy transition is not trivial, as technology, actors, and institutions interact in complex ways. We provide an illustrative example of the development and use of an agent-based model (ABM) for thermal energy transitions in the built environment, from the perspective of sociotechnical systems (STS) and complex adaptive systems (CAS). In our illustrative example, we studied the transition of a simplified residential neighborhood to heating without natural gas. We used the ABM to explore socioeconomic conditions that could support the neighborhoods’ transition over 20 years while meeting the neighborhoods’ heat demand. Our illustrative example showed that through the use of STS, CAS, and an ABM, we can account for technology, actors, institutions, and their interactions while designing for thermal energy transitions in the built environment.