Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Complete combustion'
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Zhu, Guanghui. "Kinetics of complete methane oxidation on palladium model catalysts." Link to electronic thesis, 2004. http://www.wpi.edu/Pubs/ETD/Available/etd-0128104-105806/.
Full textKeywords: deactivation; hysteresis; kinetics; structure sensitivity; methane oxidation on palladium. Includes bibliographical references (p. 150-158).
de, Rooy S. C. "Improved efficiencies in flame weeding." Lincoln University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/18.
Full textNguyen, Linh A. "The effect of complexes on combustion." Thesis, Aston University, 1993. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/9694/.
Full textVersaevel, Philippe. "Combustion laminaire diphasique : étude théorique et expérimentale." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ECAP0484.
Full textLecocq, Guillaume. "Approches hybrides combinant chimie complexe, description statistique et densité de surface de flamme pour la simulation aux grandes échelles de l'auto-inflammation, l'allumage par bougie et la flamme de prémélange dans les moteurs à allumage commandé." Phd thesis, INSA de Rouen, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00561996.
Full textMeynet, Nicolas. "Simulation numérique de la combustion d'un propergol solide." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066605.
Full textBénard, Pierre. "Analyse et amélioration d'une chambre de combustion centimétrique par simulations aux grandes échelles." Thesis, Rouen, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAM0018/document.
Full textDesigning a meso-scale combustion system remains a challenging scientific and technological issue. Increasing the surface-to-volume ratio promotes wall heat losses, reduces the residence time and turbulence intensity. The main objective of this thesis is to understand the physical phenomena involved in the centimetre-sized asymmetric whirl cubic burner of 8 x 10 x 8 mm3 (millimètre cube) and develop specific adapted numerical tools. The methane/air reactive flow is studied using detailed LES. While fuel and air are injected separately, combustion takes place in the premixed regime. However combustion is far from being complete, causing low combustion efficiency and significant emissions of pollutants. The second objective is to adapt in the best possible way the performances of this burner. Hydrogen enrichment of the fuel mixture showed significant efficiency enhancement and reduced pollutant emissions. Several other combustor geometries are also studied, paving the way for future improvement
Ben, Dakhlia Rafik. "Combustion stationnaire et instationnaire de mélanges diphasiques." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ECAP0859.
Full textVincent, Stéphane. "Modélisation de l'allumage en milieu turbulent avec chimie complexe." Rouen, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997ROUES049.
Full textObounou, Marcel. "Modélisation de la combustion turbulente non prémélangée avec prise en compte d'une cinétique chimique complexe." Rouen, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ROUE5011.
Full textBelhalfaoui, Sami. "Structure de flammes laminaires et diagnostics optiques : étude numérique et expérimentale." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ECAP0731.
Full textAffad, El Houssin. "Modélisation de la combustion turbulente dans les moteurs à allumage commandé avec prise en compte d'une cinétique complexe. Prédiction des polluants." Rouen, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ROUES011.
Full textDulbecco, Alessio. "Modeling of Diesel HCCI combustion and its impact on pollutant emissions applied to global engine system simulation." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010INPT0015/document.
Full textMore and more stringent restrictions concerning the pollutant emissions of Internal Combustion Engines (ICEs) constitute a major challenge for the automotive industry. New combustion strategies such as Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) and the implementation of complex injection strategies are promising solutions for achieving the imposed emission standards as they permit low NOx and soot emissions, via lean and highly diluted combustions, thus assuring low combustion temperatures. This requires the creation of numerical tools adapted to these new challenges. This Ph.D presents the development of a new 0D Diesel HCCI combustion model : the dual Combustion Model (dual−CM ). The dual-CM is based on the PCM-FPI approach used in 3D CFD, which allows to predict the characteristics of Auto-Ignition and Heat Release for all Diesel combustion modes. In order to adapt the PCM-FPI approach to a 0D formalism, a good description of the in-cylinder mixture is fundamental. Consequently, adapted models for liquid fuel evaporation, mixing zone formation and mixture fraction variance, which allow to have a detailed description of the local thermochemical properties of the mixture even in configurations adopting multiple injection strategies, are proposed. The results of the 0D model are compared in an initial step to the 3D CFD results. Then, the dual-CM is validated against a large experimental database; considering the good agreement with the experiments and low CPU costs, the presented approach is shown to be promising for global engine system simulations. Finally, the limits of the hypotheses made in the dual-CM are investigated and perspectives for future developments are proposed
Tillou, Julien. "Développement d'une modélisation basée sur la tabulation de schémas cinétique complexe pour la simulation aux grandes échelles (LES) de l'autoflammation et de la combustion turbulente non prémélangée dans les moteurs à pistons." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00826178.
Full textQuilichini, Virginie. "Etude de la structure des flammes laminaires partiellement prémélangées dans une chaudière domestique modèle." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ECAP0858.
Full textMehl, Cédric. "Simulation aux Grandes Echelles et chimie complexe pour la modélisation de la structure chimique des flammes turbulentes." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLC052/document.
Full textLarge Eddy Simulation (LES) is applied to industrial burners to predict a wide range of complex physical phenomena, such as flame ignition and pollutants formation. The prediction accuracy is tightly linked to the ability to describe in detail the chemical reactions and thus the flame chemical structure. With the improvement of computational clusters, the simulation of industrial burners with detailed chemistry becomes possible. A major issue is then to couple detailed chemical mechanisms to turbulent flows. While the flame dynamics is often correctly simulated with stateof- the-art models, the prediction of complex phenomena such as pollutants formation remains a difficult task. Several investigations show that, in many models, the impact of flame subgrid scale wrinkling on the chemical flame structure is not accurately taken into account. Two models based on explicit flame front filtering are explored in this thesis to improve pollutants formation in turbulent premixed combustion: (i) a model based on deconvolution of filtered scalars; (ii) a model involving the optimization of chemistry to reproduce filtered turbulent flames. The objective of the work is to achieve high accuracy in pollutants formation prediction at low computational costs
Mauviot, Gilles. "Développement d'une modélisation phénoménologique de chambres de combustion de moteurs à piston par réduction de modèle physique 3D dans la perspective d'une intégration dans un outil de simulation système." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066634.
Full textChalet, David. "Étude et modélisation des ondes de pression dans les géométries complexes : application à la simulation du fonctionnement d'un moteur à combustion interne." Nantes, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003NANT2089.
Full textGhilani, Mustapha. "Simulation numérique de flammes planes stationnaires avec chimie complexe." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112325.
Full textMaio, Giampaolo. "Pollutant prediction in numerical simulations of laminar and turbulent flames using virtual chemistry." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASC003.
Full textCFD is nowadays used by research engineers as a numerical tool to design and optimize advanced combustion devices that are employed in energy conversion systems. In the development of advanced numerical CFD tools, one of the main research challenges is the identification of a reduced combustion chemistry model able to find a compromise between accurate reproduction of the flame structure and pollutants formation with an affordable CPU cost. In particular, pollutants formation prediction is a difficult task when complex flame environments are encountered: flame characterized by mixture stratification, heat loss and burnt gas recirculation. The present research work focuses on the modeling of CO and NOx formation in complex flame conditions using a reduced finite rate chemistry approach. CO and NOx reduced chemistry models are here developed using the recent virtual chemistry model; it consists in designing reduced mechanisms made of a network of an optimized number of virtual species interacting through virtual optimized reactions. In the first step, the virtual chemistry mechanisms are developed and validated in 1-D flames comparing the results with detailed chemistry. In a second step, they are employed to compute several 2-D laminar and 3-D turbulent flame configurations which include different combustion regimes: premixed, onpremixed, partially-premixed and non-adiabatic conditions. The obtained results are validated either with experimental data or with detailed chemistry computations
Melinand, Jean-Paul. "Contribution à la métrologie des écoulements complexes : application à l'étude de l'aérodynamique interne des moteurs alternatifs." Lyon 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LYO10018.
Full textPoisson, Lionel. "Dynamique réactionnelle de Systèmes Complexes." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00290490.
Full textL'objectif a été d'étudier des systèmes aussi proches possibles de problématiques liées à la chimie organique. Celle-ci présente certes des molécules à squelette carboné (voir chapitre « Molécules Organiques : un pas vers la photochimie organique »), mais aussi des intermédiaires réactionnels très réactifs (voir chapitre « Composés carbonés insaturés »). Plus généralement les réactions ont lieu dans un solvant, d'où l'intérêt d'en étudier l'influence de manière quantifiée. C'est la raison pour laquelle j'ai étudié des systèmes déposés sur agrégats afin de bénéficier de la puissance des techniques de la phase gazeuse tout en utilisant un solvant modèle et modifiable à volonté (voir chapitre « Solvatation des systèmes en phase gazeuse : effets de solvant»). Naturellement, cela m'a aussi conduit à étudier préalablement un certain nombre de problématiques liées à la structure électronique des agrégats (voir chapitre « Dynamique d'agrégats purs ») et à des systèmes modèles (voir chapitres « Molécules organiques : un pas vers la photochimie organique » et « Dynamique des systèmes modèles »). L'évolution de ce programme de recherche structure mon activité et détermine mes projets scientifiques.
Boes, Jérémy. "Apprentissage du contrôle de systèmes complexes par l'auto-organisation coopérative d'un système multi-agent : application à la calibration de moteurs à combustion." Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2287/.
Full textControlling a system means applying the adequate modifications on its inputs in order to put him in a desired state. Usual methods rely on mathematical models of the controlled system to compute the actions. These methods find their limits when the controlled system is complex, for instance, those with non-linear dynamics or subject to noise. Building a model of such systems is a difficult task that may take several years. On one hand, avoiding the use of a model requires a controller able to learn. On the other hand, the distribution of the control, i. E. Assigning the control of each input to a local controller, enables the control to deal with the complexity of a system. Thus, Multi-Agent Systems (MASs), which are naturally distributed, are a good alternative. In particular, Adaptive Multi-Agent Systems (AMASs) rely on the self-organization of the agents to enable the emergence of an adequate global function. This self-organization is driven by cooperation principles. Applied to the problem of learning the control, this approach leads to the definition of a specific AMAS, presented in this thesis. Experimentations, lead on a real heat engine, show the ability of the AMAS to control several inputs with several control criteria, while being robust to perturbations and easy to instantiate
Lamarque, Nicolas. "Schémas numériques et conditions limites pour la simulation aux grandes échelles de la combustion diphasique dans les foyers d'hélicoptère." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2007. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7661/1/lamarque1.pdf.
Full textMenard, Olivier. "Modélisation de dynamiques complexes : des systèmes chaotiques à la description cyclique de moteurs à allumage commandé." Rouen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ROUES068.
Full textLamarque, Nicolas. "Schémas numériques et conditions limites pour la simulation aux grandes échelles de la combustion diphasique dans les foyers d' hélicoptère." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00410524.
Full textest tout d'abord fournie. On procède ensuite à une analyse théorique puis pratique des erreurs induites par ceux-ci et on propose des solutions pour les réduire. Une attention particulière est portée aux discrétisations aux bords du domaine de calcul ainsi qu'au type de conditions limites choisi. La chambre de combustion du banc expérimental MERCATO de l'ONERA sert à mettre en oeuvre, à valider et enfin à évaluer ces stratégies numériques. Enfin, trois méthodes de détermination des impédances acoustiques de conduits à section variable sont analysées et validées. Celles-ci permettent de caractériser les conditions limites d'entrée et de sortie des brûleurs industriels, en particulier pour les calculs de modes propres acoustiques.
Bouali, Zakaria. "Impact d'une phase liquide dispersée sur le processus d'auto-inflammation : prise en compte d'une chimie détaillée." Rouen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ROUES021.
Full textThis thesis discusses the influence of spray evaporation in the autoignition process. This research topic is a key component of the Industrial Systems Framework such as diesel engines and similar processes based on turbulent combustion initiated by autoignition of a fuel / air mixture prepared by injection of a liquid fuel. We used a Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) code in which the gas phase is solved by an Eulerian approach, while the dispersed liquid phase is modelled by a Lagrangian approach. To account for autoignition complex phenomena, a skeletal chemical kinetic is directly resolved. In the first part of this work, the influence of gas and liquid properties on the autoignition delay was studied. On several configurations (homogeneous and heterogeneous reactors, homogeneous isotropic turbulence), comparisons between diphasic autoignition and purely gaseous autoignition highlight the impact of the evaporating spray. The emphasis is on the location of the moist reactive zone and the existence of a strong correlation between regions of low scalar dissipation and the most favourable autoignition sites. In the second part, a tabulated chemistry model FPI (Flame of Prolongation LMDL) based on the closure of reaction rates from tabulated species mass fractions was implemented to evaluate the ability to reproduce results obtained by the complex chemistry approach. Comparisons with the resolved complex chemistry were performed on homogeneous and turbulent cases with the presence of droplets. It turns out that the presence of an evaporating spray strongly modifies the chemistry evolution process making it difficult to use "a priori" tabulations
Lucile, Floriane. "Etude thermodynamique des équilibres liquide-vapeur des systèmes complexes CO2-eau-impuretés à haute pression. Expérimentation et modélisation." Thesis, Pau, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PAUU3042/document.
Full textProduction of carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuel participates in the global warming. This issue generates a growing interest for CO2 capture and storage from oxy fuel combustion. Before the sequestration step, the CO2 has to be purified from impurities. Separation processes require a good knowledge of thermodynamics properties of phase equilibria. In this context a new experimental device was designed and set up in the LaTEP to allow the study of the solubility of gas mixture involved in CO2 capture and storage processes (CO2, O2, NOx, SO2). The apparatus was, first, validated by studying the CO2-water system in the temperature range from 293.15 K to 393.15 K and at pressure up to 5 MPa. Then, the CO2-water-NaOH was studied because few data are available in the scientific literature. Experimental data obtained was compared with a model developed in this work. This model is based on a thermodynamic description of physical chemical phenomena occuring in a vapour liquid system. Two model of activity coefficient are compared (Pitzer and electrolyte-NRTL). The last step of this study is the parameter optimization for e-NRTL
Duboc, Bastien. "Modélisation hybride de la chimie pour la simulation numérique de la combustion." Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMIR23/document.
Full textEven if significant progress is being made to improve the power of high-performance computers, the numerical simulation of reactive flows involving complex chemistry is still a challenging task. The objective of this work is the development of the Hybrid Transported-Tabulated Chemistry method (HTTC), designed for the DNS/LES simulations of flames with detailed kinetic mechanisms, with an acceptable cost. This novel approach combines the transport of the main species in the flow with the tabulation of the radical species. It has been implemented in a DNS/LES code and validated on 1D methane and kerosene flames. The cost of the simulations has been considerably decreased, compared to classic detailed chemistry solvers. Then, simulations of methane edge flames, featuring large gradients of mixture fraction, have been performed with HTTC. In particular, the impact of the methods used to extend the chemical tables and to compute the control variables have been analyzed in details. A very good agreement has been found by comparison with detailed chemistry
Trillat, Jean-Frédéric. "Réduction de NO par CO sur catalyseurs bimétalliques Pd-Mn : application à la conversion de mélanges complexes en post-combustion automobile (moteurs à essence)." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10029.
Full textStalcup, Erik James. "Numerical Modeling of Upward Flame Spread and Burning of Wavy Thin Solids." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1417797653.
Full textKashinath, Karthik. "Nonlinear thermoacoustic oscillations of a ducted laminar premixed flame." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/264291.
Full textViretto, Amandine. "Influence de la morphologie sur la dégradation thermique et le comportement au feu de formulations polymères complexes en vue d'applicationsen en câblerie." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20045.
Full textThe cable industry is a major consumer of industrial polymers. In this area, the standards impose to limit the fire risk and thus to enhance the fireproof of the polymeric materials which are important sources of fuel. Many studies have focused on their flame retardancy by using additive flame retardants, but few of them have studied the influence of the morphology of filled polymer blends on the thermal stability and the fire behavior. This thesis follows a previous project which demonstrated a significant influence of the morphology on the fire behavior of a binary polymer blend (PC / PBT). It aims to improve the understanding of this influence in the case of more complex formulations (ternary or quaternary) with ethylene methylacrylate (EMA) matrix. The first strategy was the identification of a flame retardant system including polyester that is able to char when a flame retardant is added. Once the system is identified (PBT + MDH), it was incorporated in EMA matrix by varying the composition and the morphology (selective dispersion, particle size ...). This approach showed significant differences between the different formulations and very interesting results have been obtained in terms of fire reaction at the laboratory scale. However, the scale-up approach (flame spread test) did not validate these formulations for cables applications. Therefore, the last part has been proposed to try to improve the cohesion of the residue by adding ammonium polyphosphate
Margerit, Jonathan. "Modélisation et Simulations Numériques de la Propagation de Feux de Forêts." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Lorraine - INPL, 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003730.
Full textLe, Maître Johann. "Développement de la spectrométrie de masse à ultra- haute résolution associée à la spectrométrie de mobilité ionique pour la caractérisation de coupes pétrolières lourdes. structural analysis of heavy oil fractions afterr hydrodenitrogenation by high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry and ion mobility spectrometry Structural analysis of neutral nitrogen compounds refractory to the hydrodenitrogenation process of heavy oil fractions by high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry and ion mobility-mass spectrometry Chemical characterization of 15 biocrudes obtained from hydrothermal liquefaction of industrially cultivated wild micro algae Chemical characterization with different analytical techniques, a way to understand the process: Case of the paraffinic base oil production line Exploring complex mixtures by cyclic ion mobility high-resolution mass spectrometry – Application towards Petroleum. Simulation and modeling of Collision Cross Section for structural elucidation of heavy oil fraction by ion mobility-mass spectrometry: Using polyaromatic hydrocarbons compounds mixture as calibration standard Characterization of sulfoxides compounds in dimeric distribution of heavy oil fractions by positive-ion electrospray ionization FTICR mass spectrometry Structural analysis of Petroporphyrins from asphaltene by trapped ion mobility coupled with a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. Cyclic ion mobility spectrometry coupled to high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry equipped with atmospheric solid analysis probe for the molecular characterization of combustion particulate matter. Structural study of analogues of Titan’s haze by trapped ion mobility coupled with a Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometer." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR051.
Full textThe evolution of oil reserves requires the use in refineries of unconventional crude oils, which are often heavier and therefore difficult to characterize. Petroleum products are in fact extremely complex chemical mixtures. The light and volatile part can be analysed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC/MS), allowing the identification of compounds by using precise mass measurements and fragmentation models. However, these techniques are inappropriate for the analysis of heavy fractions. In practice, the characterization of the most complex mixtures involves the use of ultra-high-resolution mass spectrometers generally by direct analysis without chromatographic separation. The reference technique today is Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (FTICR). With a resolution of more than 106 and a mass measurement accuracy of less than 0.1 ppm, this instrument can separate all the species present in a petroleum product and assign a unique elemental composition to each m/z value. This makes it very easy to obtain molecular maps that can be presented graphically using the Kendrick diagram, the van Krevelen diagram or the number of unsaturations (DBE) as a function of the number of carbons. This thesis work has allowed thanks to the molecular characterization of petroleum products (Vacuum Gas Oil, Crude Oil, Interfacial Material, Asphaltenes and Bio-Oil...) addressing the complexity of their treatment in the refining tool. Protocols for sample analysis have been developed, using different sources of ionization at atmospheric pressure (ESI, APCI and APPI) as well as laser desorption/ionization (LDI) on the FTICR 12T mass spectrometer. Information on the isomeric content of petroleum products was then determined using ion mobility spectrometry (IMS)
ŠEBA, Jaroslav. "Studium zplodin vznikajících hořením vybraných látek." Master's thesis, 2012. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-119518.
Full textSmith, Keith Cameron. "Coupled Dynamic Analysis of Flow in the Inlet Section of a Wave Rotor Constant Volume Combustor." 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/2969.
Full textA wave rotor constant volume combustor (WRCVC) was designed and built as a collaborative work of Rolls Royce LibertyWorks, Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis (IUPUI), and Purdue University, and ran experimental tests at Purdue's Zucrow Laboratories in 2009. Instrumentation of the WRCVC rig inlet flow included temperature and pressure transducers upstream of the venturi and at the fuel delivery plane. Other instrumentation included exhaust pressures and temperatures. In addition, ion sensors, dynamic pressure sensors, and accelerometers were used to instrument the rotating hardware. The rig hardware included inlet guide vanes directly in front of the rotating hardware, which together with concern for damage potential, prevented use of any pressure transducers at the entrance to the rotor. For this reason, a complete understanding of the conditions at the WRCVC inlet is unavailable, requiring simulations of the WRCVC to estimate the inlet pressure at a specific operating condition based on airflow. The operation of a WRCVC rig test is a sequence of events over a short time span. These events include introduction of the main air flow followed by time-sequenced delivery of fuel, lighting of the ignition source, and the combustion sequence. The fast changing conditions in the rig inlet hardware make necessary a time-dependent computation of the rig inlet section in order to simulate the overall rig operation. The chosen method for computing inlet section temperature and pressure was a time-dependent lumped volume model of the inlet section hardware, using a finite difference modified Euler predictor-corrector method for computing the continuity and energy equations. This is coupled with perfect gas prediction of venturi air and fuel flow rates, pressure drag losses at the fuel nozzles, pressure losses by mass addition of the fuel or nitrogen purge, friction losses at the inlet guide vanes, and a correlation of the non-dimensional flow characteristics of the WRCVC. The flow characteristics of the WRCVC are computed by varying the non-dimensional inlet stagnation pressure and the WRCVC's operational conditions, assuming constant rotational speed and inlet stagnation temperature. This thesis documents the creation of a computer simulation of the entire WRCVC rig, to understand the pressure losses in the inlet system and the dynamic coupling of the inlet section and the WRCVC, so that an accurate prediction of the WRCVC rotor inlet conditions can be computed. This includes the computational development of the WRCVC upstream rig dynamic model, the background behind supporting computations, and results for one test sequence. The computations provide a clear explanation of why the pressures at the rotor inlet differ so much from the upstream measured values. The pressure losses correlate very well with the computer predictions and the dynamic response tracks well with the estimation of measured airflow. A simple Fortran language computer program listing is included, which students can use to simulate charging or discharging of a container.