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Books on the topic 'Complement regulators'
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1
Monteiro, Virgínia. Código da estrada: Anotado e legislação complementar. Lisboa: Edições Segurança Rodoviária, 2000.
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2
Mozambique. Código da estrada e legislação complementar. 2nd ed. Maputo: Ministério da Justiça, 2007.
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3
Portugal. Código da estrada anotado e legislação rodoviária complementar. 2nd ed. [Coimbra]: Coimbra Editora, 2005.
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4
Bazargani, Farhan. Acute inflammation in peritoneal dialysis : experimental studies in rats: Characterization of regulatory mechanisms. Goteborg, Sweden: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Goteborg University, 2005.
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5
Panama. informacion Reglamento de tránsito: Leyes y decretos que lo complementan. Panamá: Ministerio de Gobierno y Justicia, Dirección Nacional de Tránsito y Transporte Terrestre, 2006.
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6
Kolstad, Charles D. Ex post liability for harm vs. ex ante safety regulations: Substitutes or complements? [Urbana, Ill.]: College of Commerce and Business Administration, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1987.
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7
Gimenes, Eron Veríssimo. Infrações de trânsito comentadas: Lei no. 9,503, de 23 de setembro de 1997, legislação complementar e extraordinária. São Paulo, SP: EDIPRO, 2003.
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8
Portugal. Código da estrada anotado: Aprovado pelo Deceto-lei no. 114/94 de 3 de maio e legislação complementar. 3rd ed. Lisboa: Quid Juris, 1994.
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9
Portugal. Código da estrada e seu regulamento: Com sinalização de trânsito, legislação complementar devidamente actualizados e índice alfabético. Lisboa: Sector de Publicações, Editora Rei dos Livros, 1989.
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10
Len'kov, Roman. Higher education as a resource management socio-cultural modernization of regions. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1084388.
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The monograph examines the actual theoretical and applied aspects of institutional and regulatory support for social and cultural modernization of regions, including the specification of higher education as a resource and the conditions of modernization, periodization and content of practice of management reform of higher education, the evolution of the role of forecasting in public administration the graduate school. The analysis of resource and policy support socio-cultural modernization of the regions population with higher education through the explication of the problem of the "Assembly" of the future intelligentsia as a socio-cultural potential of modernization, the role of the Institute of higher education in the solution of problems of modernization. The empirical study support a highly skilled regional population policy of modernization in four regions: Moscow region, Bashkortostan, Belgorod region and the Republic of Kalmykia. Proposals for processing of the array data of the respondents with higher education, complemented by social and cultural portraits and information card regions.
For professionals and experts on issues of science, higher education and public administration. Will be sought after by post-graduate students, teachers and scientific employees of educational and academic institutions.
11
Complement Regulatory Proteins. Elsevier, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-125-06965-6.x5000-4.
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Morgan, B. Paul, and Claire L. Harris. Complement Regulatory Proteins. Elsevier Science & Technology Books, 1999.
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13
Morgan, B. Paul, and Claire L. Harris. Complement Regulatory Proteins. Academic Press, 1999.
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14
Complement Regulatory Proteins. Academic Press, 1999.
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15
Morgan, B. Paul. Human Complement Regulatory Molecules. Chapman & Hall, 1999.
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16
Bhole, Malini. Complement deficiencies. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0299.
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The complement system comprises a group of heat-labile proteins which form part of the innate immune system. The main physiological functions of the complement system include defence against pyogenic bacterial infections, clearance of immune complexes and products of inflammatory damage, and acting as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune system. The complement system is regulated by various complement inhibitors (regulatory proteins) that are present in both the classical pathway and the alternate pathway and which regulate and prevent spontaneous activation of the complement system, thereby preventing complement-mediated damage to tissues under normal circumstances. This chapter addresses the clinical features, diagnosis, and management of inherited and acquired deficiencies of complement proteins or inhibitors.
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Brown. Regulatory Proteins of the Complement System. CRC, 1992.
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18
Pereira, Victor de Sa. Codigo da estrada: Comentarios, notas e legislacao complementar. Livraria Petrony, 1998.
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19
Thomas, Keijser, Morton Guy, and Peeters Marcel. Ch.2— Financial Collateral: From Private to Regulatory Law Reform. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780191821790.003.0002.
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This section of the noter-up complements Transnational Securities Law by Thomas Keijser and discusses updates which relate to financial collateral. These include the following subject areas: Collateral agreement; Bank resolution and insolvency; and Security interest.
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Ftco Juan Carlos Rondón Hernández. Guia Regulatoria de Registro en Suramérica: Suplementos Alimenticios, Complementos Dieteticos, Suplementos Vitaminicos, Nutraceuticos. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2016.
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21
William A, Schabas. Part 12 Financing: Financement, Art.113 Financial Regulations/Règlement financier et règles de gestion financière. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739777.003.0118.
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This chapter comments on Article 113 of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. Article 113 establishes the legal significance and role of the Financial Regulations and Rules. Consist of thirteen articles, plus an Annex, the Regulations provide that the Assembly of States Parties is to ‘establish detailed financial rules and procedures in order to ensure effective financial administration and the exercise of economy’. The Rules describe themselves as being ‘in complement to, and limited by the Financial Regulations. They shall govern all the financial administration of the Court, except as may otherwise explicitly be provided by the Assembly of States Parties, or specifically exempted therefrom by the Registrar’.
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Ferrarini, Guido, and Eugenia Macchiavello. FinTech and Alternative Finance in the CMU. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813392.003.0010.
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This chapter focuses on FinTech, which offers firms and individuals new ways for accessing alternative sources of finance. It first examines the main types of alternative finance which technology has helped to develop and could further complement the traditional markets, focusing on marketplace investing and its perspectives in Europe. It then analyzes financial return crowdfunding as an application of marketplace investing; its main business models, such as investment-based and loan-based crowdfunding; and the risks and benefits deriving from them. Next, it compares the different regulatory models applicable to crowdfunding at EU and member states' levels, distinguishing between the traditional approach, which extends existing banking or financial regulation to these new sectors, and the ‘innovative’ approach contemplating ad hoc regimes for crowdfunding. The final section suggests a tailored policy approach to marketplace investing in the Capital Markets Union.
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Saldin, Robert P. Foreign Policy on the Home Front. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779599.003.0007.
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In the age of mass warfare, US engagement in foreign wars was an important force for state development. In particular, American wars spurred state growth, public capacities, regulatory oversight, and social reforms. These changes expanded government’s sphere of operations and recast American political, economic, and social life. Many of these changes were focused directly on veterans and the social problems that emerged in the aftermath of wars. Yet some of the changes were more broadly based and paved the way for future developments of the American welfare state. This war-based story complements the more familiar, domestic-based accounts of American state development. Notably, and in contrast with many European states, these changes were instituted in the USA even though there was very little war-wrought domestic destruction and no war-induced regime changes or social policy changes ordered by occupying powers.
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Kalinowski, Thomas. Why International Cooperation is Failing. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198714729.001.0001.
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Ten years after the global financial crisis of 2008/9 there is widespread scepticism about the ability to curb volatile financial markets and international cooperation in general. Changes in the global rules of finance discussed in the G20 during the last ten years remain limited, and it is doubtful whether they are suitable to help mitigate and manage future crisis to come. This book argues that this failure is not simply the result of bad leadership and clash of national egoisms but rather the result of a much more fundamental competition of capitalisms. US finance-led, EU integration-led, and East Asian state-led capitalism complement each other globally, but at the same time they have conflicting preferences on how to complement their distinct domestic regulations at the international level. This interdependence of capitalist models is both relatively stable but also prone to crisis caused by volatile financial flows, global economic imbalances, and ‘currency wars’. This book shows that regulating international finance is not a technocratic exercise of finetuning the machinery of international institutions but a political process depending on the dynamic of domestic institutions and power relations. If we want to understand international economic cooperation, we need to understand the diversity of domestic dynamics of the different models of capitalism, not just concerning financial markets but also in connected areas such as corporate structure, labour markets, and welfare regimes. Ultimately, international cooperation is both desirable and possible, but needs to go hand in hand with fundamental changes at the domestic level.
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Alter, Karen J., and Laurence R. Helfer. The Divergent Jurisprudential Paths of the Andean Tribunal of Justice and the European Court of Justice. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199680788.003.0004.
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This chapter explains how the Andean Tribunal of Justice (ATJ) has significantly diverged from several foundational integration law doctrines developed by the European Union's Court of Justice (ECJ). As such, this updated analysis discusses how the ATJ refined the complemento indispensable principle to more clearly delineate the boundary between Community and national legal authority and to uphold the primacy of clear Andean rules. This principle is a doctrine that permits national laws and regulations to implement and fill gaps in Andean secondary legislation (known as Decisiones). The ATJ has also asserted the supremacy of Andean law over conflicting bilateral and multilateral treaties, and accepted preliminary references from administrative agencies and arbitral panels. In addition, the ATJ has for the first time addressed human rights, stating, albeit in dictum, that governments must prioritize the socio-economic rights of Community citizens over free trade and integration rules.
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Perang Melawan Corona (COVID-19). Syiah Kuala University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.52574/syiahkualauniversitypress.195.
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It is hoped that the book "War Against Corona (Covid -19)" is expected to understand about Covid-19, the process of transmission, how to deal with it, efforts to prevent and forms of participation in fighting it. There has not been much written about Covid-19, which is easy to understand. Especially by ordinary people. Even though education and outreach about the Covid-19 health protocol to the public are very important. Because the community is at the forefront of facing the Covid-19 pandemic. The regulations have been set by the government. Efforts to provide facilities and infrastructure to face Covid-19 continue to be complemented. Without the support and awareness of the public to comply with the Covid-19 health protocol, all of that will be in vain.
27
William, Blair, Brent Richard, and Grant Tom, eds. Banks and Financial Crime. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198716587.001.0001.
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Financial crime is an important and topical area. Concerns over money laundering have grown considerably since links with terrorist organisations have become more apparent in recent years. This revised and updated new edition provides a guide for banks to their regulatory responsibilities, their private law duties, their liabilities to third parties and their obligations to assist persons seeking the recovery of assets (including regulatory bodies within and without the jurisdiction). It also sets the relevant law in its national and international policy context and assesses the current state of this body of law in that context. In the years following the publication of the first edition of Banks and Financial Crime the legal regime against money laundering, terrorist financing, and financial sanctions has not diminished in importance for financial institutions. Indeed, the reverse is the case. In 2012, HSBC paid US authorities a record fine of £1.2 billion for laundering billions of dollars; powers under existing legislation have been exercised for the first time; and there have been significant new developments at the international level. This second edition addresses recent practice under the main international conventions, including the Sixth Session of the Conference of the Parties to the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (October 2012) and the forthcoming Fifth Session of the Conference of States Parties to the UN Convention against Corruption (November 2013). Throughout, the book has been updated to incorporate new developments at the international level; in statute and case law; and in the regulation of financial institutions. It also provides a further assessment of the extent to which there has emerged an international law of tainted money to complement the emergence of an international financial system.
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Mitschang, Stephan, ed. Schaffung von Bauland. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783748901945.
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This volume presents a summary of the latest academic conference on urban and regional planning, which took place at the Technical University Berlin in March 2019. The conference addressed current demands in urban development with regard to the creation of building land and its legal requirements. In the past years, we have seen a growing demand to establish building land, especially for the provision of housing. Here, unplanned inner-areas have a particular importance. Through procedural simplifications, German legislators are trying to incentivise municipalities to set up, modify or complement land-use plans. Delimitation problems between the planning instruments themselves and their scope are currently a problem for both investors and municipalities. These conference proceedings are intended to help practitioners who are dealing with the new regulations. With contributions by Prof. Dr. Michael Krautzberger, Prof. Dr. Alexander Schink, Dr.-Ing. Tim Schwarz, Dr. jur. Gerhard Spieß, Michael Bongartz, Univ.-Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Stephan Mitschang, M. Sc. Mira Evers, Dipl.-Ing. Angelika Sack, Univ.-Prof. Dr. jur. Willy Spannowsky, Prof. Dr. jur. Gerd Schmidt-Eichstaedt, Prof. Dr. jur. Christian-W. Otto, Prof. Dr. Olaf Reidt
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Juárez-Almendros, Encarnación. Disabled Bodies in Early Modern Spanish Literature. Liverpool University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5949/liverpool/9781786940780.001.0001.
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The book examines, from the perspective of feminist disability theories, the concepts and role of women in selected Spanish discourses and literary texts from the late fifteenth to seventeenth centuries. It explores a wide range of Spanish medical, regulatory and moral discourses in order to show how these inherit, reproduce and propagate an amalgam of Western traditional concepts of the female embodiment. The book also examines concrete representations of deviant female characters, with a focus in the figure of the syphilitic prostitute and the physically decayed aged women, in a variety of literary texts such Celestina, Lozana andaluza and selected works by Cervantes and Quevedo. The analysis of the personal testimony of Teresa de Avila, a nun suffering neurological disorders, complements the discussion of early modern women’s disability. By expanding the meanings of present materiality/social construction disability theories, the book concludes that femininity, bodily afflictions, and mental instability characterize the new literary heroes in paradoxical contrast with the Spanish apex of imperial power. The broken female bodies of pre-industrial Spanish literature reveal the cracks in the foundational principles of established masculine truths such as physical and moral integrity and religious and ethnic intolerance.
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Keller, Eileen. Financial Crises and the Limits of Bank Reform. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198870746.001.0001.
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This book is about the nature of crisis responses and the politics of financial sector reform leading to their adoption. Studying both French and German participation in international banking reforms and the responses implemented to the global financial crisis domestically, it shows that they cannot be separated from the institutional and the specific socio-economic context in which they emerged. Whereas France pushed for greater independence from the banks by strengthening financial disintermediation and non-bank intermediation, Germany supported classic bank intermediation. Analysing the reasons for this puzzling difference, the book shows that the main lessons drawn from the crisis were the consequence of differing patterns of social learning, which led to changes in widely shared beliefs of specific aspects of banking. While these related to the conditions of bank lending and the limits of bank intermediation in France, in Germany, they were linked to the risks of financial innovation and financial sector concentration. The book builds on an in-depth analysis of French and German banking with a focus on the decade prior to the crisis, crisis management, and the reforms implemented in response to the crisis. It features extensive interview data with over 70 professionals from the financial industry, regulatory agencies, and senior political decision-makers, complemented by profound document and data analysis. Contrary to other accounts of the post-crisis reforms concentrating on regulatory change only, this book focuses on how evolving financial practices and reform priorities mutually condition each other over time, forming distinctive developmental paths.
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Dennis, Faber, and Vermunt Niels, eds. Bank Failure: Lessons from Lehman Brothers. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198755371.001.0001.
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This new book analyses the legal and practical issues experienced during the Lehman Brothers litigation, the largest and most complex bankruptcy proceedings in history. By examining the issues the work provides a useful reference source for future large scale and cross-border bankruptcy proceedings of multinational groups. The contributors include experts from the various jurisdictions in which Lehman Brothers was operative, many of whom were involved in the litigation. The chapters set out practical solutions to the issues faced, concerning, for example, the use of existing payment and settlement systems for consent solicitation, filing instructions, and insolvency distributions. Economic challenges, such as the valuation of distressed financial instruments, are also considered. Additionally, the book provides a critique of the current law, analysis of the interpretation and scope of core legal principles and makes recommendations for regulatory reform and judicial cooperation. In this book first-hand accounts by key parties in the insolvency proceedings with expertise on the main issues are complemented by the views of selected independent experts. It is also enhanced by three chapters which further reflect on the Andean legal order.
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Cassis, Youssef, and Giuseppe Telesca, eds. Financial Elites and European Banking. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782797.001.0001.
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The ambiguities of the globalized economy—epitomized by growing levels of inequality exacerbated by the 2007–8 financial debacle—have generated a feeling of disbelief towards experts and hostility towards elites. Financial elites, in particular, have become one of public opinion’s favourite targets because of their responsibilities in triggering the financial crisis, the very high compensations enjoyed before and after the 2008 Lehman collapse, and the relatively obscure nature of their activity. What has been the role played by financial elites (and financial experts) in different European societies and markets over time? What have been their links with other national/international elites? What has been their contribution to the recent financial collapse, and how does this compare to previous crises? How have financial elites adjusted to, or influenced, the process of evolution of the financial system’s regulatory framework over time? This book—a collection of chapters dedicated to the European financial elites—answers these questions through historical comparisons and country and cross-country case studies. The volume provides a timely contribution to the current debate on the role of financial elites/financial experts within society and the markets. The focus on European bankers complements the post-crisis literature mainly focused on American (or Anglo-Saxon) bankers and allows for a fruitful comparison between the two sides of the Atlantic Ocean.
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Barros, Rodrigo José Saraiva de, Tereza Cristina de Brito Azevedo, Carla de Castro Sant’Anna, Marianne Rodrigues Fernandes, Leticia Martins Lamarão, and Rommel Mario Rodríguez Burbano. Grupos sanguíneos e anticorpos anti-eritrocitários de importância transfusional. Brazil Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-112-7.
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Immunohematology is an area dedicated to the study of the interactions of the immune system and blood cells in transfusion practice. Blood transfusion is a therapeutic technique that has been widely used since the 17th century. The transfusion medicine aims to repair the pathological needs of blood components in the living organism, be it red blood cells, plasma, platelets, clotting factors, among others. Despite being a therapeutic means, transfusion of blood components can be considered at risk because it is a biological material and due to the transfusion immunological reactions that can be caused during or after the moment of transfusion. In the surface structure of red blood cells, numerous molecules of a protein, glycoprotein or glycolipid nature are found, which are also called membrane antigens that make up structures and perform transport functions, as receptors, as adhesion, enzymatic and / or complement regulatory molecules. The formation of these antigens occurs by an approximate amount of 39 genes involved in their production, of which 282 different antigens are organized in more than 30 blood group systems. This antigenic diversity is a major cause of the formation of irregular anti-erythrocyte antibodies. Therefore, with the increase in blood transfusions in surgeries, transplants and clinical treatment of cancer and other chronic diseases, a significant increase in the occurrence of alloimmunizations in polytransfused patients began to be observed. Such biological phenomena motivated us to carry out this study and the antigenic diversity motivated us to elaborate this small compendium where we also describe the main blood groups.
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Kudryavtseva, Tamara V., and Alla A. Strelnikova, eds. Russia – Germany: Literary Encounters (after 1945). A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22455/978-5-9208-0683-3.
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This book continues to introduce the reader to Russian-German literary relations in the 20th century. The results of the first stage of the research were presented in the collective work Russia — Germany: Literary Encounters (1918–1945) published by A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2017 with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research grant no. № 17-04-16003. The present study analyzes mutual influences, intersections, typological similarities, receptive projections and imagological concepts occurring at the borders of the cultural spaces of Germany and Russia in the second half of the 20th and the first third of the 21st century. The aim of this work is to complement or amend the existing knowledge of the literary and cultural interactions of the two countries after 1945. Like in the first book, special attention is paid to identifying the mechanisms of the perception of a foreign literature in the context of national regulatory language usage paradigm. The book studies direct and indirect contacts between the two literatures and helps isolate single elements of critical reflection in the field of meaning-making and on the level of the formation of motific, aesthetic and stylistic models of the text. This work, which includes the articles written by thirty Russian researches, is of theoretical and practical value and appeals to specialists in comparative studies, intercultural communication, history of German and Russian literature, as well as to a wide audience interested in these problems.
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Mapping dietary salt/sodium reduction policies and initiatives in the Region of the Americas. Pan American Health Organization, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37774/9789275123232.
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The aim of this study was to map existing country policies and initiatives addressing population dietary sodium reduction in the Region of the Americas; to identify policy gaps following what is outlined in the World Health Organization (WHO) “Best Buys” most cost-effective recommendations for the prevention and control of diet-related noncommunicable diseases (NCDs); and to discuss priorities for future work to reduce population salt/sodium intake. We analyzed data from 34 countries in the Region. A review of different databases informed the mapping. Databases included (1) responses from the online Survey on National Initiatives for Salt/Sodium Reduction in the Americas carried out by PAHO in 2016; (2) the databases from the 2017 and 2019 PAHO Country Capacity Surveys for NCDs and Risk Factors; and (3) the repositories of legislation of the PAHO REGULA initiative as of 2018. Research in these databases was complemented by electronic searches on official websites from the ministries of health, education, and agriculture and the library of the national congress in each country. Additionally, when available, government regulatory gazettes were reviewed. National policies that have adopted the most cost-effective interventions for preventing and controlling diet-related NCDs of WHO “Best Buys” included reformulating food products with both voluntary (n=11/34) and mandatory (n=2/34) targets; establishing a supportive environment in public institutions (n=13/34); consumer awareness programs (n=26/34) and behavior-change communication and mass media campaigns (n=(0/34); and implementing front-of-pack labeling (n=5/34). We also found that some countries have implemented regulations that restrict marketing of foods high in salt/sodium to children (n=5/34), or are using nutritional labeling that includes sodium content, either voluntary (n=9/34) or mandatory (n=10/34). However, no country in the Region has implemented taxes on high salt/sodium foods. Based on our review, we concluded that there has been a significant advance in policies to reduce sodium intake in the Region of the Americas in recent years. However, we identified that the level of implementation is quite varied and is challenging to assess. Despite the progress, there remains much work to do on this issue, especially in countries where there is limited or no action yet. Reducing sodium consumption is a cost-effective intervention that can save many lives by preventing and reducing the burden of diet-related NCDs. Therefore, a further call to action is needed for governments to accelerate efforts to meet the 2025 global target of a 30% relative reduction in mean population intake of sodium.
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Blattner, Charlotte E. Protecting Animals Within and Across Borders. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190948313.001.0001.
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Extraterritorial jurisdiction stands at the juncture of international law and animal law and promises to open a path to understanding and resolving the global problems that challenge the core of animal law. As corporations have relocated and the animal industry (agriculture, medical research, entertainment, etc.) has dispersed its production facilities across the territories of multiple states, regulatory gaps and fears of a race to the bottom have become a pressing issue of global policy. Protecting Animals Within and Across Borders provides enough background to allow readers to understand why extraterritorial jurisdiction must respond to these developments, counters objections that readers might raise, and describes how to improve animal law in tandem. The heart of the work is a fully fledged catalog of options for extraterritorial jurisdiction, which states can employ to strengthen their animal laws. The book offers top-down perspectives drawn from general international law and trade law, and complements them with a bottom-up view from the perspective of animal law. The approach connects the law of jurisdiction to substantive law and opens up deeper questions about moral directionality, state and corporate duties owed to animals, and the comparative advantages of applying constitutional, criminal, and administrative animal law across the border. To ensure that extraterritorial animal law does not become complicit in oppressing ethnic, cultural, or any other minorities, the book offers critical interdisciplinary perspectives, informed by studies on posthumanism and postcolonialism. Readers will further learn when and how extraterritorial jurisdiction violates international law, and the consequences of exercising it illegally under international law. This work answers questions about how and why extraterritorial jurisdiction can overcome the steepest hurdles for animal law and help us move toward a just global interspecies community.
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Steinkogler, Cordula. Austrian National Space Law. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.013.96.
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This is an advance summary of a forthcoming article in the Oxford Encyclopedia of Planetary Science. Please check back later for the full article.The Austrian Outer Space Act, which entered into force in December 2011; and the Austrian Outer Space Regulation, which has been in force since February 2015, form the legal framework for Austrian national space activities. The elaboration of national space legislation became necessary to ensure compliance with Austria’s obligations as State Party to the five United Nations Space Treaties when the first two Austrian satellites were launched in 2012 and Austria became a launching state on its own. The legislation comprehensively regulates legal aspects related to space activities, such as authorization, supervision, and termination of space activities; registration and transfer of space objects; recourse of the government against the operator; as well as implementation of the law and sanctions for its infringement. One of the main purposes of the law is to ensure the authorization of national space activities. The Outer Space Act sets forth the main conditions for authorization, which inter alia refer to the expertise of the operator; requirements for orbital positions and frequency assignments; space debris mitigation, insurance requirements, and the safeguard of public order; public health; national security as well as Austrian foreign policy interests; and international law obligations. The Austrian Outer Space Regulation complements these provisions by specifying the documents the operator must submit as evidence of the fulfillment of the authorization conditions, which include the results of safety tests, emergency plans, and information on the collection and use of Earth observation data. Particular importance is attached to the mitigation of space debris. Operators are required to take measures in accordance with international space debris mitigation guidelines for the avoidance of operational debris, the prevention of on-orbit break-ups and collisions, and the removal of space objects from Earth orbit after the end of the mission. Another specificity of the Austrian space legislation is the possibility of an exemption from the insurance requirement or a reduction of the insurance sum, if the space activity is in the public interest. This allows support to space activities that serve science, research, and education. Moreover, the law also provides for the establishment of a national registry for objects launched into outer space by the competent Austrian Ministry. The first two Austrian satellites have been entered into this registry after their launch in 2012. The third Austrian satellite, launched in June 2017, will be the first satellite authorized under the Austrian space legislation.