Relevant bibliographies by topics / Complement regulators

Academic literature on the topic 'Complement regulators'

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Published: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Complement regulators"

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Ferreira, Viviana P., and Michael K. Pangburn. "Cell surface complement regulatory functions of factor H are essential for the survival of normal and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuric (PNH) red blood cells (53.2)." Journal of Immunology 178, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2007): S103—S104. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.178.supp.53.2.

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Abstract The complement system uses a complex set of cell-bound and plasma regulators to protect host cells from complement-mediated cytolysis. Although PNH red blood cells (RBCs) are partially (type II) or completely (type III) deficient in GPI-linked complement regulatory molecules CD59 and CD55, they are not rapidly lysed by complement. For instance, the in vivo lifespan of PNH III RBCs is 6–60 days, and is close to that of normal cells for PNH II RBCs. The plasma regulator factor H (fH) plays a key role in complement homeostasis. Here we show that a recombinant protein consisting of its two C-terminal domains (rH19-20) blocks its cell surface complement regulatory functions without affecting fluid phase control of soluble C3b. Also, addition of rH19-20 to normal human serum leads to moderate complement-mediated lysis of normal human RBCs, which possess membrane-bound complement regulators, and to aggressive lysis of PNH II and III cells. In agreement with this, the inhibition of CD59 or CD55 on normal RBCs results in their aggressive lysis only when combined with the loss of fH cell surface control. Taken together, the results highlight the importance of the cell surface protective functions of fH compared to other complement regulatory proteins and indicate that fH is essential for the 6–60 day survival of PNH RBCs, with possible implications in diagnosis and treatment. Research support NIH DK35081.
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Zipfel, Peter F., and Christine Skerka. "Complement regulators and inhibitory proteins." Nature Reviews Immunology 9, no. 10 (September 4, 2009): 729–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2620.

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Harris, Claire L., Masashi Mizuno, and B. Paul Morgan. "Complement and complement regulators in the male reproductive system." Molecular Immunology 43, no. 1-2 (January 2006): 57–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2005.06.026.

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Meri, T., A. Hartmann, D. Lenk, R. Eck, R. Würzner, J. Hellwage, S. Meri, and P. F. Zipfel. "The Yeast Candida albicans Binds Complement Regulators Factor H and FHL-1." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 9 (September 2002): 5185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.9.5185-5192.2002.

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ABSTRACT The human facultative pathogenic yeast Candida albicans causes mucocutaneous infections and is the major cause of opportunistic fungal infections in immunocompromised patients. C. albicans activates both the alternative and classical pathway of the complement system. The aim of this study was to assay whether C. albicans binds human complement regulators in order to control complement activation at its surface. We observed binding of two central complement regulators, factor H and FHL-1, from normal human serum to C. albicans by adsorption assays, immunostaining, and fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analyses. Specificity of acquisition was further confirmed in direct binding assays with purified proteins. The surface-attached regulators maintained their complement regulatory activities and mediated factor I-dependent cleavage of C3b. Adsorption assays with recombinant deletion mutant proteins were used to identify binding domains. Two binding sites were localized. One binding domain common to both factor H and FHL-1 is located in the N-terminal short consensus repeat domains (SCRs) 6 and 7, and the other one located in C-terminal SCRs 19 and 20 is unique to factor H. These data indicate that by surface acquisition of host complement regulators, the human pathogenic yeast C. albicans is able to regulate alternative complement activation at its surface and to inactivate toxic complement activation products.
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Kennedy, Alexander T., Christoph Q. Schmidt, Jennifer K. Thompson, Greta E. Weiss, Tana Taechalerpaisarn, Paul R. Gilson, Paul N. Barlow, Brendan S. Crabb, Alan F. Cowman, and Wai-Hong Tham. "Hijacking host complement regulators: Mechanisms of Plasmodium falciparum complement evasion." Immunobiology 221, no. 10 (October 2016): 1155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.imbio.2016.06.071.

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Paul Morgan, B., Carmen W. Berg, and Claire L. Harris. "''Homologous restriction'' in complement lysis: roles of membrane complement regulators." Xenotransplantation 12, no. 4 (July 2005): 258–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3089.2005.00237.x.

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Sinha, Anwesha, Anup Kumar Singh, Trupti Satish Kadni, Jayati Mullick, and Arvind Sahu. "Virus-Encoded Complement Regulators: Current Status." Viruses 13, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13020208.

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Viruses require a host for replication and survival and hence are subjected to host immunological pressures. The complement system, a crucial first response of the host immune system, is effective in targeting viruses and virus-infected cells, and boosting the antiviral innate and acquired immune responses. Thus, the system imposes a strong selection pressure on viruses. Consequently, viruses have evolved multiple countermeasures against host complement. A major mechanism employed by viruses to subvert the complement system is encoding proteins that target complement. Since viruses have limited genome size, most of these proteins are multifunctional in nature. In this review, we provide up to date information on the structure and complement regulatory functions of various viral proteins.
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Hammerschmidt, Claudia, Teresia Hallström, Christine Skerka, Reinhard Wallich, Brian Stevenson, Peter F. Zipfel, and Peter Kraiczy. "Contribution of the Infection-Associated Complement Regulator-Acquiring Surface Protein 4 (ErpC) to Complement Resistance ofBorrelia burgdorferi." Clinical and Developmental Immunology 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/349657.

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Borrelia burgdorferievades complement-mediated killing by interacting with complement regulators through distinct complement regulator-acquiring surface proteins (CRASPs). Here, we extend our analyses to the contribution of CRASP-4 in mediating complement resistance ofB. burgdorferiand its interaction with human complement regulators. CRASP-4 (also known as ErpC) was immobilized onto magnetic beads and used to capture proteins from human serum. Following Western blotting, factor H (CFH), CFH-related protein 1 (CFHR1), CFHR2, and CFHR5 were identified as ligands of CRASP-4. To analyze the impact of native CRASP-4 on mediating survival of serum-sensitive cells in human serum, aB. gariniistrain was generated that ectopically expresses CRASP-4. CRASP-4-producing bacteria bound CFHR1, CFHR2, and CFHR5 but not CFH. In addition, transformed spirochetes deposited significant amounts of lethal complement components on their surface and were susceptible to human serum, thus indicating that CRASP-4 plays a subordinate role in complement resistance ofB. burgdorferi.
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Kraiczy, Peter, and Reinhard Würzner. "Complement escape of human pathogenic bacteria by acquisition of complement regulators." Molecular Immunology 43, no. 1-2 (January 2006): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molimm.2005.06.016.

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Schmidt, Christoph Q., John D. Lambris, and Daniel Ricklin. "Protection of host cells by complement regulators." Immunological Reviews 274, no. 1 (October 26, 2016): 152–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/imr.12475.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Complement regulators"

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Leath, Kirstin J. "Structural Studies of Complement Regulators." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.526076.

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Chamberlain-Banoub, Jayne L. "Role of complement and complement regulators in peripheral nerve and neuromuscular disorders." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2005. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55602/.

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This thesis describes the evaluation of the role of Complement (C) and C regulators (CRegs) in experimental models of peripheral neuropathy and neuromuscular disease. Although a role for C in mediating peripheral neuropathy has previously been demonstrated in Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) and its well characterised animal model Experimnetal Autoimmune Neuritis (EAN), evaluation of the role of individual components is lacking. C activation has also been widely implicated in the pathology seen in myasthenia gravis (MG) and its associated animal model Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis (EAMG), although the precise effectors are uncertain. Evaluation of the extent of protection conferred by CRegs in the peripheral nervous system (PNS), and the ability of the myelin-producing Schwann cell to synthesize C components was a vital first step in determining the susceptibility of the system to C attack, and for providing a method of targeting key C-related molecules for further study in vivo. This work demonstrated that the PNS is well protected from membrane attack complex (MAC) attack, with high expression of the terminal pathway regulator, CD59. Crry was also highly expressed, while CD55 had a limited expression, suggesting a possible alternative role for this protein. CD46 was not expressed in the PNS. Testing the susceptibility of C and CReg deficient and knockout animals to induction of EAN and EAMG would enable further clarification of the role of individual C components to disease pathogenesis. For EAN, various antigens derived from myelin protein zero (PO) were generated to induce disease in rodents. Using this panel of antigens, specific, reproducible EAN was not achieved, and the possible reasons for this are discussed. C activation at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) contributes to pathology in MG, although the precise role of the MAC is undear. EAMG was used to test the susceptibility of wikHype rats versus rats deficient in the terminal pathway component C6, to disease induction. Wildtype rats demonstrated severe weakness following induction of passively transferred EAMG, while C6 deficient rats were completely protected, demonstrated by protection against clinical disease, reduction in acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) loss, absence of inflammatory infiltrates and lack of C9 deposition. Reconstitution of human C6 to the C6 deficient rats resulted in increased disease. Soluble and fusion protein forms of CRegs, and a novel C5 inhibitor were also tested for their ability to abrogate disease in this model. Preliminary studies of EAMG induction in CReg knockout mice revealed that a lack of CD55 and CD59 markedly enhanced disease, although this remains to be confirmed. In conclusion, this work demonstrates: 1 The potential susceptibility of the PNS to C-mediated pathology 2 The difficulties in inducing EAN in rodents using published protocols 3 That MAC is the major drive to NMJ destruction in EAMG CRegs tested in EAMG hold promise for treatment of inflammatory disease, and analysis of the role of CRegs in EAMG in the mouse may shed new light on the precise effectors mediating disease pathogenesis.
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McLure, Craig Anthony. "Duplication and polymorphism with particular reference to regulators of complement activation." University of Western Australia. Centre for Molecular Immunology and Instrumentation, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0103.

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[Truncated abstract] For the convenience of the reader, detailed figures and tables have been enlarged and compiled in Appendix 2, at the end of this thesis. This thesis is presented as an approach to identify, annotate and detect genomic duplication and polymorphism within large genomic regions. To demonstrate this, I have used as a model, the genomic region known as the Regulators of Complement Activation (RCA). The RCA complex is located on the long arm of chromosome 1 at position 1q32 and is a reservoir of complement regulatory proteins. The genes of the RCA share many similarities implying that all have arisen through multiple complex duplication events. My analysis of this region in the following chapters demonstrates the complexity of this duplication and identifies the many functional units within the RCA. It was my aim at the beginning of these studies to demonstrate an approach that could define the Ancestral Haplotypes (AHs) of the RCA gene cluster. To do this, extensive genomic analysis was required and the ever-increasing availability of genomic sequence has made this thesis possible. Each of the chapters serves to address the following aims set out at the beginning of this thesis: 1. Further characterise the relationship between the genes (Complement Control proteins-CCPs) and domains of the Regulators of Complement Activation (RCA). 2. Identify and examine the duplicated elements within the RCA. - 6 - 3. Examine the effects of retroviruses and other insertions and deletions (indels) in generating the divergence of duplicated genes. 4. Investigate the applicability of the Genomic Matching Technique (GMT) to define AH within the region. 5. Examine association of AHs with CCP implicated diseases. 6. Determine the GMT applicability in non-human species
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Principato, Silvia, Luca Bini, and Brunella Brunelli. "Investigation of the protective mechanisms mediated by Neisserial Heparin Binding Antigen (NHBA) induced antibodies." Doctoral thesis, Università di Siena, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11365/1125830.

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Abstract Neisserial Heparin Binding Antigen (NHBA) is a surface-exposed lipoprotein ubiquitously expressed by Neisseria meningitidis strains and is one of the three main protein components of the Bexsero vaccine. NHBA binds heparin and heparan sulfates through an arginine-rich region and is cleaved by meningococcal and human proteases. Its expression is upregulated at 32°C [1] and it is sparsely distributed on the bacterial surface. Additionally, recent evidence suggests that NHBA plays a key role in bacterial adherence through its arginine-rich region [2]. NHBA induces bactericidal antibodies in humans and confers protective immunity in the infant rat animal model. Anti-NHBA antibodies (polyclonal and monoclonal) from mice and humans are functional, being able to induce complement-mediated bacterial killing, in the presence of rabbit complement (rSBA). However bactericidal activity is not measurable when human serum is used as the source of complement (hSBA). The aim of this investigation was to elucidate the functional properties that determine the mechanisms of protection mediated by anti-NHBA antibodies. Negative regulators of the complement system, such as factor H and vitronectin, have been investigated. The effects of antigen density have been explored using a genetically engineered NHBA overexpressing strain to characterize a panel of anti-NHBA monoclonal antibodies isolated from Bexsero immunized adults [3]. Monoclonal antibodies with enhanced C1q recruitment ability have been used to investigate the effect of antigen density and distribution. Moreover, the infant rat challenge model has been used to evaluate in vivo anti-NHBA antibodies induced passive protection. Nonspecific downregulation of complement-mediated killing due to human factor H was observed to cause an underestimation of the anti-NHBA antibodies ability to efficiently kill bacteria in hSBA, despite the strong passive protection observed in the in vivo infection model. An interaction of NHBA with the complement down-regulator vitronectin was also demonstrated. By using a genetically engineered NHBA overexpressing strain, the relevance of antigen density on the bactericidal activity of antibodies was highlighted. A reduced antigen density on the bacterial surface was shown to be overcome by using engineered monoclonal antibodies with enhanced C1q recruitment ability. It was demonstrated that multiple interactions with complement regulators interfere with the in vitro measurement of the bactericidal activity mediated by anti-NHBA antibodies in the presence of human complement. Interestingly NHBA, as the Neisseria Opc and NhhA, was found to interact with the extracellular matrix component vitronectin, opening the way to future studies to elucidate implications of this interaction for bacterial colonization. Taken together our findings further support the important role played by NHBA in meningococcal pathogenesis and immunity. References [1] M. Lappann et al., Impact of moderate temperature changes on Neisseria meningitidis adhesive phenotypes and proteome. Infection and immunity, 18, 3484-3495, 2016. [2] I. Vacca et al., Neisserial heparin binding antigen (NHBA) contributes to the adhesion of Neisseria meningitidis to human epithelial cells. PloS One, 11, e0162878, 2016. [3] M. Giuliani et al., Human protective response induced by meningococcus B vaccine is mediated by the synergy of multiple bactericidal epitopes. Scientific Reports, 8, 3700, 2018. Disclosures This work was sponsored by GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals SA. Silvia Principato is a student of the University of Siena (Life Science Department) and participates in a PhD program at GSK. At present, SP is an employee of the GSK group of companies. Bexsero is a trademark of the GSK group of companies. Human monoclonal Antibodies were obtained from adults in a Phase I clinical study conducted in Krakow, Poland and sponsored by Novartis Vaccine, now part of the GSK group of Companies, using two doses of multicomponent serogroup B meningococcal vaccines. The Clinical trial protocol was approved by the Bioethics Committee of the District Medical Doctors’ Chamber in Krakow and the study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Written informed consent was obtained from each of the subjects. All animal studies were ethically reviewed and carried out in accordance with European Directive 2010/63/EEC and the GSK policy on the Care, Welfare and Treatment of Animals.
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Demberg, Thorsten. "Analyse und Expression der Komplementproteine Faktor H und Faktor I der Ratte." Doctoral thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=970362927.

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Piccoli, Amanda Kirchner. "Expressão de proteínas reguladoras do complemento CD55/CD59/CD35/CD46 em pacientes com artrite reumatóide." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/28210.

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A Artrite Reumatóide (AR) é uma doença autoimune associada a poliartropatia inflamatória que acomete principalmente as articulações periféricas. Cerca de 1% da população mundial é afetada, sendo duas a três vezes mais prevalente em mulheres. Apresenta uma patogênese complexa e multifatorial. A sinóvia das articulações afetadas é infiltrada por linfócitos T e B, macrófagos e granulócitos. A sinóvia reumatóide adquire características proliferativas, formando o pannus, e invade a cartilagem articular e o osso, levando à destruição da arquitetura normal da articulação e perda de função. Em vários modelos de doenças autoimunes, a ausência ou diminuição da expressão de proteínas reguladoras do complemento tem sido observada, associada com o agravamento dos sintomas clínicos, sendo que, muitos destes casos, a superativação do sistema complemento pode ser a causa da exacerbação da doença. O presente artigo tem por objetivo revisar os principais aspectos relacionados à regulação do sistema complemento na artrite reumatóide, a fim de propiciar uma melhor compreensão do potencial papel desse sistema na fisiopatologia da doença.
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease associated with polyarticular inflammatory synovitis that affects mainly the peripheral joints. About 1% of the world population is affected, and it is two to three times more prevalent in women. RA has a complex and multifactorial pathogenesis. The rheumatoid synovium acquires proliferative characteristics, forming the pannus, and invades cartilage and bone, leading to the destruction of normal architecture and loss of function. In several models of autoimmune diseases, the absence or decreased expression of complement regulatory proteins has been observed, associated with worsening of the clinical symptoms, and many of these cases the over-activation of the complement system is the cause of disease exacerbation. This article aims to review the main aspects related to regulation of the complement system in rheumatoid arthritis in order to provide a better understanding of the potential role of this system in the pathophysiology of the disease.
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Soames, Candida J. "Factor H : a major complement regulatory protein." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307011.

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Pasch, Marcel Christian. "Regulation of expression of complement components, complement regulatory proteins, and chemokines in keratinocytes." [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2000. http://dare.uva.nl/document/56902.

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Lewis, Ruth D. "The role of complement and complement regulatory proteins in the progression of atherosclerosis." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2011. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/54224/.

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Whilst evidence from human studies suggests that complement activation is pro-atherogenic, studies using animals models of the disease, including the low density receptor deficient (ldlr-/-) and apolipoprotein E deficient (apoE-/-) mouse models, contradict one another. The hypothesis underpinning this thesis is that the complement system contributes to disease pathology in atherosclerotic plaques of apoE-/- mice. The work focussed on the membrane attack complex (MAC) of the terminal pathway and the central component of the complement system, C3. I have shown that in the absence of the MAC regulator CD59a, apoE-/- mice had accelerated atherosclerosis compared to controls, accompanied by increased MAC activation within the plaques. In accordance, C5 deficiency was protective against atherosclerosis in apoE-/- mice, a result of absence of MAC in these mice. However, MAC inhibition using an anti-C5 antibody in apoE-/- mice did not inhibit progression of atherosclerosis. Surprisingly, in the absence of CD55, apoE-/- mice had smaller atherosclerotic lesions together with an anti-atherogenic lipoprotein profile and increased C3 activation product, C3adesArg, in their plasma. The data reveal a novel role for CD55 during lipid metabolism and, together with published data on the metabolic role of C3adesArg, highlight the need for further investigations into the role of complement during lipid metabolism.
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Chen, Jin. "Role of Complement Regulatory Protein Properdin in Hemolytic Anemias Caused by Complement Dysregulation." University of Toledo Health Science Campus / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=mco1576192779405742.

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Books on the topic "Complement regulators"

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Monteiro, Virgínia. Código da estrada: Anotado e legislação complementar. Lisboa: Edições Segurança Rodoviária, 2000.

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Mozambique. Código da estrada e legislação complementar. 2nd ed. Maputo: Ministério da Justiça, 2007.

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Portugal. Código da estrada anotado e legislação rodoviária complementar. 2nd ed. [Coimbra]: Coimbra Editora, 2005.

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Bazargani, Farhan. Acute inflammation in peritoneal dialysis : experimental studies in rats: Characterization of regulatory mechanisms. Goteborg, Sweden: Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at Goteborg University, 2005.

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Panama. informacion Reglamento de tránsito: Leyes y decretos que lo complementan. Panamá: Ministerio de Gobierno y Justicia, Dirección Nacional de Tránsito y Transporte Terrestre, 2006.

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Kolstad, Charles D. Ex post liability for harm vs. ex ante safety regulations: Substitutes or complements? [Urbana, Ill.]: College of Commerce and Business Administration, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1987.

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Gimenes, Eron Veríssimo. Infrações de trânsito comentadas: Lei no. 9,503, de 23 de setembro de 1997, legislação complementar e extraordinária. São Paulo, SP: EDIPRO, 2003.

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Portugal. Código da estrada anotado: Aprovado pelo Deceto-lei no. 114/94 de 3 de maio e legislação complementar. 3rd ed. Lisboa: Quid Juris, 1994.

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Portugal. Código da estrada e seu regulamento: Com sinalização de trânsito, legislação complementar devidamente actualizados e índice alfabético. Lisboa: Sector de Publicações, Editora Rei dos Livros, 1989.

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Len'kov, Roman. Higher education as a resource management socio-cultural modernization of regions. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1084388.

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The monograph examines the actual theoretical and applied aspects of institutional and regulatory support for social and cultural modernization of regions, including the specification of higher education as a resource and the conditions of modernization, periodization and content of practice of management reform of higher education, the evolution of the role of forecasting in public administration the graduate school. The analysis of resource and policy support socio-cultural modernization of the regions population with higher education through the explication of the problem of the "Assembly" of the future intelligentsia as a socio-cultural potential of modernization, the role of the Institute of higher education in the solution of problems of modernization. The empirical study support a highly skilled regional population policy of modernization in four regions: Moscow region, Bashkortostan, Belgorod region and the Republic of Kalmykia. Proposals for processing of the array data of the respondents with higher education, complemented by social and cultural portraits and information card regions. For professionals and experts on issues of science, higher education and public administration. Will be sought after by post-graduate students, teachers and scientific employees of educational and academic institutions.
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Book chapters on the topic "Complement regulators"

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García-Fernández, Jesús, Susana Vilches-Arroyo, Leticia Olavarrieta, Julián Pérez-Pérez, and Santiago Rodríguez de Córdoba. "Detection of Genetic Rearrangements in the Regulators of Complement Activation RCA Cluster by High-Throughput Sequencing and MLPA." In The Complement System, 159–78. New York, NY: Springer US, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1016-9_16.

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Hourcade, D., and J. P. Atkinson. "The Regulators of Complement Activation (RCA) Gene Cluster." In Progress in Immunology, 171–77. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83755-5_23.

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Yatime, Laure, Goran Bajic, Janus Asbjørn Schatz-Jakobsen, and Gregers Rom Andersen. "Complement Regulators and Inhibitors in Health and Disease: A Structural Perspective." In Advances in Delivery Science and Technology, 13–42. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3634-2_2.

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Salas, F., K. Kovats, S. Mathur, B. Sakamoto, M. R. Benitez, A. X. Delcayre, and W. Lernhardt. "Production of Complement Component C3 by Lymphoid Cell Lines: Possible Function of C3 Fragments as Autocrine Growth Regulators." In Progress in Immunology, 202–4. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83755-5_27.

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Das, Nibhriti, Bintili Biswas, and Rohan Khera. "Membrane-Bound Complement Regulatory Proteins as Biomarkers and Potential Therapeutic Targets for SLE." In Complement Therapeutics, 55–81. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-4118-2_4.

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Halperin, Jose A., Pamela Ghosh, Michael Chorev, and Anand Vaidya. "Complement and Complement Regulatory Proteins in Diabetes." In Inflammatory Pathways in Diabetes, 29–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21927-1_2.

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Kawano, Mitsuhiro. "Complement Regulatory Proteins and Autoimmunity." In Autoimmunity, 73–82. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0981-2_6.

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Daniels, Geoff. "Blood Group Antigens as Markers of Complement and Complement Regulatory Molecules." In Molecular Basis of Human Blood Group Antigens, 397–419. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9537-0_15.

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Wyatt, Robert J. "Deficiencies in Regulator Proteins: 3. Properdin." In Hereditary and Acquired Complement Deficiencies in Animals and Man, 339–43. Basel: KARGER, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000318558.

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Cullmann, Wolfgang, and Wolfgang Opferkuch. "Deficiencies in Regulator Proteins: 1. LCI Inhibitor." In Hereditary and Acquired Complement Deficiencies in Animals and Man, 311–34. Basel: KARGER, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000318556.

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Conference papers on the topic "Complement regulators"

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Moghbeli, K., W. Bain, G. Kitsios, T. E. Corcoran, S. M. Nouraie, and J. Lee. "Increased Transcription of Proximal Alternative Complement Pathway Regulators Is Associated with Improved Survival in Critical Illness." In American Thoracic Society 2020 International Conference, May 15-20, 2020 - Philadelphia, PA. American Thoracic Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2020.201.1_meetingabstracts.a2608.

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Naji, Foziyeh Esmaiel, Mohammed Ehlayel, Nader Al-Dewik, and Ahmed Malki. "Clinical Utility and Cost Effectiveness of Complement 3 and Complement 4 in different Clinical Subspecialties in Hamad Medical Corporation." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0161.

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Background: Complement system is one of ancient innate immune systems in our body fighting against pathogens and foreign bodies. Either one of its three pathways, classical, alternative or lectin activates it. Because of its role and importance in combating against different pathological conditions, it works through defined proteins including regulators and inhibitors. However, over or under stimulation of complement system can lead to various diseases. A number of analytical assays are used to measure complement proteins and its activation states considering complement 3 (C3), complement 4 (C4) as the most common test used. Objectives: Our aims are to study the clinical utility and cost effectiveness of C3 and C4 among different clinical subspecialties in Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC), Doha-Qatar. Design and methods: A retrospective study was conducted using electronic medical records to generate patient’s list from clinical immunology laboratory at HMC. Data on 326 patients were collected from 1st January till 31st March, 2017 and used as pilot study after omitting duplications. The data was studied for its demographical, disease categories, C3 and C4 test results. C3 and C4 test cost were calculated inside HMC and compared to other healthcare providers in country and abroad. Results: A total of 326 patients, 148 males and 178 females (M/F ratio:0.8:1), of age (mean age ±SD) of 36 ± 17.6 years. 289(86%) were >15 years and 47(14%) were 15 or less. Kidney diseases (34%), autoimmune diseases (25%), and allergic diseases (18%) were the top 3 diseases, and constituted 77% of all diseases. 45/336 (13.4%) showed low C3, C4, or both. Mean levels of C3 (±SD) was 120.8 ±36.3 mg/dl, and C4 was27.85±11.9 mg/dl. High C3 and C4 levels were observed in 53 (15.7%) of patients. The cost of performing one test either C3 or C4 in HMC is 22 QR ($6), while other healthcare providers inside the country costed 150-300 QR ($41.2-$82.4). Conclusion: Autoimmune diseases, renal diseases and joist diseases were the most common diseases with low C3 and C4 levels. Although the cost of a single test of C3 or C4 is low, the total annual cost is huge. The treating physician is recommended to exercise judicious clinical wisdom when ordering C3 or C4 tests as diagnostic tools
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Seligman, Bruce, Frank Bercha, and Peter Hatfield. "ARKTOS Full-Scale Evacuation Tests." In SNAME 8th International Conference and Exhibition on Performance of Ships and Structures in Ice. SNAME, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/icetech-2008-139.

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The Arktos vehicle is an amphibious craft system capable of operation in a wide range of Arctic ice conditions and seastates. It is approved as an evacuation system by various regulators, such as the US Coast Guard, and is currently operational in several marine cold regions as an EER system. As part of a reliability investigation of the ARKTOS EER capability, a series of non-Arctic calm condition fully-manned drills was carried out to focus on ergonomic factors. These drills were carried out at a temperate location in the Fraser River Delta, near Vancouver, B.C. A full complement of evacuees was observed and documented throughout a range of evacuation drills, including escape, boarding, securing, and transport to a location outside of a hypothetical hazard zone. Video, time, and expert observer records were made and analyzed subsequently. Two sets of drills were carried out; namely, full-scale evacuation drills and calm open water operation drills. Both sets of drills focused on the ergonomic interfaces of the subjects and the vehicle. This paper describes the observations, presents the statistical results from the data collected, and compares observed results with predicted results of a probabilistic EER simulation computer model. Conclusions and recommendations for reliability improvements are given.
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Pérez, Alfonso. "The MOV Issue: Perspective From Consejo de Seguridad Nuclear (C.S.N.) / Spain." In ASME/NRC 2014 12th Valves, Pumps, and Inservice Testing Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nrc2014-5041.

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The “Consejo de Seguridad Nuclear” (Nuclear Safety Council), or CSN, is the nuclear regulatory body of Spain. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) regulations and standards have been primarily used in the past up to the present. However, there is a process such that regulations recently generated in Spain replace or complement regulations coming from other countries. This is not the case with the evaluation and control of motor-operated valves (MOVs), which are mainly monitored using the process described in Generic Letters 89-10 and 96-05. During a nine-month assignment from April to December 1989 at NRC offices in King of Prussia, PA, the author gained knowledge of NRC Bulletin 85-03 and of Generic Letter 89-10, which was issued in June 1989. The author realized the importance of these communications for improving the safety of the plants in the future if the issues they describe are adequately managed and solved. Paper published with permission.
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Nieves-Zárate, Margarita. "Ten Years After the Deepwater Horizon Accident: Regulatory Reforms and the Implementation of Safety and Environmental Management Systems in the United States." In SPE/IADC International Drilling Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/204056-ms.

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Abstract The Deepwater Horizon accident is one of the major environmental disasters in the history of the United States. This accident occurred in 2010, when the Deepwater Horizon mobile offshore drilling unit exploded, while the rig's crew was conducting the drilling work of the exploratory well Macondo deep under the waters of the Gulf of Mexico. Environmental damages included more than four million barrels of oil spilled into the Gulf of Mexico, and economic losses total tens of billions of dollars. The accident brought into question the effectiveness of the regulatory regime for preventing accidents, and protecting the marine environment from oil and gas operations, and prompted regulatory reforms. Ten years after the Deepwater Horizon accident, this article analyzes the implementation of Safety and Environmental Management Systems (SEMS) as one of the main regulatory reforms introduced in the United States after the accident. The analysis uses the theory of regulation which takes into account both state and non-state actors involved in regulation, and therefore, the shift from regulation to governance. The study includes regulations issued after the Deepwater Horizon accident, particularly, SEMS rules I and II, and reports conducted by the National Academy of Sciences, the National Commission on the BP Oil Spill, the Center for Offshore Safety, the Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board, and the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE). The article reveals that though offshore oil and gas operators in the U.S. federal waters have adopted SEMS, as a mechanism of self-regulation, there is not clarity on how SEMS have been implemented in practice towards achieving its goal of reducing risks. The BSEE, as the public regulator has the task of providing a complete analysis on the results of the three audits to SEMS conducted by the operators and third parties from 2013 to 2019. This article argues that the assessment of SEMS audits should be complemented with leading and lagging indicators in the industry in order to identify how SEMS have influenced safety behavior beyond regulatory compliance. BSEE has the challenge of providing this assessment and making transparency a cornerstone of SEMS regulations. In this way, the lessons of the DHW accident may be internalized by all actors in the offshore oil and gas industry.
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Veeramani, Suresh, and George J. Weiner. "Abstract 5393: C5a complement enhances generation of APC-induced Foxp3+ T regulatory cells." In Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2012-5393.

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Huang, JL, and T. Min Hua. "279 The change of complement regulatory proteins and disease activity of systemic lupus erytheromatosus." In LUPUS 2017 & ACA 2017, (12th International Congress on SLE &, 7th Asian Congress on Autoimmunity). Lupus Foundation of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/lupus-2017-000215.279.

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Pandya, Pankita Hemant, M. R. Saadatzadeh, Jixin Ding, Barbara Bailey, Sydney Ross, Khadijeh Bijangi-Vishehsaraei, Mary E. Murray, Karen E. Pollok, and Jamie L. Renbarger. "Abstract 4592: Complement regulatory protein expression in solid tumors: implications for resistance to antibody-mediated immunotherapy." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2017; April 1-5, 2017; Washington, DC. American Association for Cancer Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2017-4592.

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Raj, Prithvi, Chaoying Liang, Carlos Arana, Nicolai van Oers, Quan-Zhen Li, Edward K. Wakeland, and David R. Karp. "907 ANA associated regulatory polymorphisms in HLA class III region downregulate complement 4 (C4) gene expression." In LUPUS 21ST CENTURY 2022 CONFERENCE, Abstracts of Sixth Scientific Meeting of North American and European Lupus Community, Tucson, AZ, USA – September 20–23, 2022. Lupus Foundation of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/lupus-2022-lupus21century.58.

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Lajoie, S., I. Lewkowich, J. Clark, A. Sproles, and M. Wills-Karp. "Complement 4 Mediates Susceptibility to Allergen-Induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness through Modulation of Regulatory and Pro-Inflammatory Cells." In American Thoracic Society 2009 International Conference, May 15-20, 2009 • San Diego, California. American Thoracic Society, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2009.179.1_meetingabstracts.a3732.

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Reports on the topic "Complement regulators"

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Marsden, Eric. La relation contrôleur-contrôlé dans les activités industrielles à risque. Fondation pour une culture de sécurité industrielle, March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57071/723uib.

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This document concerns the regulatory oversight and governance of high-hazard industrial activities. A complex set of laws, regulations and institutions contribute to the social control of these activities, reinforcing and serving as a complement to the risk prevention mechanisms put in place by operating companies. This document focuses in particular on the relationship between regulators and the regulated entities and the impact of the quality of this relationship on industrial safety. The scope is the prevention of major accident hazards in different industry sectors (process industry, transport, energy), in France and at an international level. The document addresses a broad range of meanings for the term “regulator”, including the entities and people who play an official role in regulatory control and societal governance: legislators, control authorities, inspectors, as well as certified third parties with a mandate to control specific activities, and the internal risk control organizations within firms. This document aims to outline the impacts of the regulator-regulatee relationship, its contribution to the governance and control of major accident hazards, and the factors that determine the quality of this relationship and its capacity to contribute to safety.
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Friedman, Haya, Julia Vrebalov, James Giovannoni, and Edna Pesis. Unravelling the Mode of Action of Ripening-Specific MADS-box Genes for Development of Tools to Improve Banana Fruit Shelf-life and Quality. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7592116.bard.

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Fruit deterioration is a consequence of a genetically-determined fruit ripening and senescence programs, in which developmental factors lead to a climacteric rise of ethylene production in ethylene-sensitive fruits such as tomato and banana. Breeding of tomato with extended fruit shelf life involves the incorporation of a mutation in RIN, a MADS-box transcription factor participating in developmental control signalling of ripening. The RIN mode of action is not fully understood, and it may be predicted to interact with other MADS-box genes to execute its effects. The overall goal of this study was to demonstrate conservation of ripening control functions between banana and tomato and thus, the potential to genetically extend shelf-life in banana based on tools developed in tomato. The specific objectives were: 1. To increase the collection of potential RIN-like genes from banana; 2. To verify their action as developmental regulators; 3. To elucidate MADS-box gene mode of action in ripening control; 4. To create transgenic banana plants that express low levels of endogenous Le-RIN- like, MaMADS- gene(s). We have conducted experiments in banana as well as in tomato. In tomato we have carried out the transformation of the tomato rin mutant with the MaMADS1 and MaMADS2 banana genes. We have also developed a number of domain swap constructs to functionally examine the ripening-specific aspects of the RIN gene. Our results show the RIN-C terminal region is essential for the gene to function in the ripening signalling pathway. We have further explored the tomato genome databases and recovered an additional MADS-box gene necessary for fruit ripening. This gene has been previously termed TAGL1 but has not been functionally characterized in transgenic plants. TAGL1 is induced during ripening and we have shown via RNAi repression that it is necessary for both fleshy fruit expansion and subsequent ripening. In banana we have cloned the full length of six MaMADS box genes from banana and determined their spatial and temporal expression patterns. We have created antibodies to MaMADS2 and initiated ChI assay. We have created four types of transgenic banana plants designed to reduce the levels of two of the MaMADS box genes. Our results show that the MaMADS-box genes expression in banana is dynamically changing after harvest and most of them are induced at the onset of the climacteric peak. Most likely, different MaMADS box genes are active in the pulp and peel and they are differently affected by ethylene. Only the MaMADS2 box gene expression is not affected by ethylene indicating that this gene might act upstream to the ethylene response pathway. The complementation analysis in tomato revealed that neither MaMADS1 nor MaMADS2 complement the rin mutation suggesting that they have functionally diverged sufficiently to not be able to interact in the context of the tomato ripening regulatory machinery. The developmental signalling pathways controlling ripening in banana and tomato are not identical and/or have diverged through evolution. Nevertheless, at least the genes MaMADS1 and MaMADS2 constitute part of the developmental control of ripening in banana, since transgenic banana plants with reduced levels of these genes are delayed in ripening. The detailed effect on peel and pulp, of these transgenic plants is underway. So far, these transgenic bananas can respond to exogenous ethylene, and they seem to ripen normally. The response to ethylene suggest that in banana the developmental pathway of ripening is different than that in tomato, because rin tomatoes do not ripen in response to exogenous ethylene, although they harbor the ethylene response capability This study has a major contribution both in scientific and agricultural aspects. Scientifically, it establishes the role of MaMADS box genes in a different crop-the banana. The developmental ripening pathway in banana is similar, but yet different from that of the model plant tomato and one of the major differences is related to ethylene effect on this pathway in banana. In addition, we have shown that different components of the MaMADS-box genes are employed in peel and pulp. The transgenic banana plants created can help to further study the ripening control in banana. An important and practical outcome of this project is that we have created several banana transgenic plants with fruit of extended shelf life. These bananas clearly demonstrate the potential of MaMADS gene control for extending shelf-life, enhancing fruit quality, increasing yield in export systems and for improving food security in areas where Musaspecies are staple food crops.
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Kim, Jeong Won, and Sungjin Kim. International Agreements and Global Initiatives for Low-Carbon Cooling. Asian Development Bank Institute, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56506/rpae4386.

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Since the mid-1980s, the international community has controlled refrigerants that may damage the ozone layer and cause climate change based on several international agreements. In particular, the Montreal Protocol contributed to not only solving the ozone layer depletion problem but also limiting global warming. Given that the global demand for cooling would triple by 2050 and this rise would increase global greenhouse gas emissions significantly, the Montreal Protocol has expanded its regulatory scope to decarbonize the cooling sector through the adoption of the Kigali Amendment. Also, increasing interest in low-carbon cooling has driven the launch of various global initiatives to complement the international agreements and accelerate low-carbon cooling in developing countries. The experience of implementing the Montreal Protocol and its amendments suggests some lessons and insights for making the Kigali Amendment work well. First, each country should develop and enforce national policies aligned with international agreements. Second, financial and technical support mechanisms should be strengthened to facilitate developing countries’ compliance with the Kigali Amendment. Third, along with the improving energy efficiency of cooling, the substances that neither harm the ozone layer nor exacerbate climate change should be used as substitutes for hydrofluorocarbons. Last, the monitoring, reporting, and verification of controlled substances need to be strengthened.
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Pichler, Rupert. The Research Financing Act. A New Framework for Publicly Funded Research in Austria and its Impact on Evaluation. Fteval - Austrian Platform for Research and Technology Policy Evaluation, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22163/fteval.2021.514.

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On 7 July 2020, the National Council – the first chamber of the Austrian Parliament – passed a package of legislation introducing a new framework for the methods of allocating federal budgets to research, technology, and innovation (RTI). Its core is the Research Financing Act (RFA), complemented by several amendments to existing laws that are necessary for its implementation. Entry into force was on 25 July 2020, the amendments became effective as of 1 January 2021 (BGBl1. I No. 75/20202). The RFA is the biggest legislative project in the field of RTI policy since 2004 when the Research Funding Agency (FFG) was established (Pichler et al. 2007, pp. 329-336; Stampfer et al. 2010, pp. 775-776). For the first time, budget law regulations are now aligned with the needs of institutions performing or funding RTI (Pichler 2021). This article outlines the background and content of the RFA and concludes with a view on the significance of evaluation within the new system.
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Alarcon Lopez, Luis Guillermo, Mauricio Ayala Roa, and Eduardo Marques da Costa Jacomassi. C2DB: crowdsourcing para identificar brechas digitales y estimar el costo de cerrarlas. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004482.

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La incertidumbre al medir las brechas digitales representa un obstáculo importante que impide la extensión de la conectividad digital en zonas rurales. Este documento describe una nueva metodología que, a través del crowdsourcing1, arroja estimaciones fiables, precisas y oportunas. El C2DB2 (Crowdsourcing para la Conectividad Digital de Brasil) fue una colaboración técnica entre el Grupo BID y la Agencia Nacional de las Telecomunicaciones (ANATEL) que se llevó a cabo entre abril de 2021 y marzo de 2022 y que demuestra que el crowdsourcing puede complementar el herramental regulatorio al aportar precisión, completitud y oportunidades en la localización geográfica de la demanda y oferta de conectividad digital en zonas rurales. Mediante la metodología desarrollada se crea una base de población y cobertura de servicios de gran capilaridad, a partir de la cual pueden efectuarse distintos análisis que permiten localizar las brechas de cobertura de servicios de banda ancha fijos, móviles e institucionales para estimar la inversión y el impacto económico que conlleva cerrarlas, así como la aportación pública necesaria para que la inversión privada resulte rentable.
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Zambrano, Omar, Hugo Hernández, Albani Granado, Gabriel Quiroz, José Gregorio Gómez, and Ricardo Benzecry. Remesas, pobreza y distribución del ingreso en Venezuela: un análisis a partir de los microdatos de encuestas de hogares. Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004642.

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El éxodo masivo de venezolanos ha sido uno de los temas más importantes en los últimos años debido a sus implicaciones sociales, económicas, políticas y regulatorias. Se estima que el número de refugiados y migrantes venezolanos en el mundo superó los 6 millones de personas en febrero 2022. Muchos venezolanos han optado por emigrar para tener mejores condiciones de vida y también para contribuir a mejorar la situación económica de sus familias a través del envío de remesas. Desde 2016, el envío de remesas ha sido una fuente creciente de ingresos para una gran parte de hogares venezolanos. Se utilizan datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Condiciones de Vida para evaluar el aporte de las remesas al ingreso de las familias receptoras y su impacto distributivo, así como para reflejar el papel que desempeñan en la pobreza por ingreso. Los resultados del estudio sugieren que el 18% de los hogares son receptores de remesas, sin embargo, el promedio de remesas recibidas esconde una gran heterogeneidad. El flujo de remesas tiende a ser regresivo en el sentido que su peso como proporción del ingreso total es mayor en los hogares más ricos. Las remesas representan un importante complemento del ingreso familiar, con un rol creciente en el sostenimiento de su bienestar.
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Marsden, Eric. Risk regulation, liability and insurance: literature review of their influence on safety management. Fondation pour une culture de sécurité industrielle, September 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.57071/337rrl.

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This document provides a short literature review on the complementarity (and antagonisms) between liability rules, safety regulation and insurance and their effect on safety management. It draws on a range of disciplines, with a focus on economic analysis of law and regulation theory. Some of the issues discussed are rather complex; this document attempts to provide simple explanations together with references to the professional literature for the interested reader. Some issues are the subject of ongoing debate between scholars; in such situations, we have attempted to present the various points of view. The document provides background information concerning the topics discussed during the NeTWork’2012 workshop, and draws on some of the contributions of workshop participants and the rich discussion which took place during the three days. The first chapter presents issues related to regulation, starting with the classical economic justifications for state intervention (presence of externalities, information failures and moral hazard). A number of obstacles to the effectiveness of safety regulation are presented. Finally, some alternatives or complements to regulation, including self-regulation, are briefly discussed. Chapter 2 presents an overview of liability law, starting with some introductory definitions. Factors which weaken the effectiveness of liability as an incentive to invest in prevention are discussed, as are negative effects of liability regimes on safety management. A number of case studies illustrating the liability of regulators are briefly presented. Chapter 3 discusses the impact of insurance and reinsurance on firms’ and individuals’ safety management. The last chapter briefly analyzes firms’ and individuals’ sources of motivation to take care.
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Borrett, Veronica, Melissa Hanham, Gunnar Jeremias, Jonathan Forman, James Revill, John Borrie, Crister Åstot, et al. Science and Technology for WMD Compliance Monitoring and Investigations. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/wmd/20/wmdce11.

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The integration of novel technologies for monitoring and investigating compliance can enhance the effectiveness of regimes related to weapons of mass destruction (WMD). This report looks at the potential role of four novel approaches based on recent technological advances – remote sensing tools; open-source satellite data; open-source trade data; and artificial intelligence (AI) – in monitoring and investigating compliance with WMD treaties. The report consists of short essays from leading experts that introduce particular technologies, discuss their applications in WMD regimes, and consider some of the wider economic and political requirements for their adoption. The growing number of space-based sensors is raising confidence in what open-source satellite systems can observe and record. These systems are being combined with local knowledge and technical expertise through social media platforms, resulting in dramatically improved coverage of the Earth’s surface. These open-source tools can complement and augment existing treaty verification and monitoring capabilities in the nuclear regime. Remote sensing tools, such as uncrewed vehicles, can assist investigators by enabling the remote collection of data and chemical samples. In turn, this data can provide valuable indicators, which, in combination with other data, can inform assessments of compliance with the chemical weapons regime. In addition, remote sensing tools can provide inspectors with real time two- or three-dimensional images of a site prior to entry or at the point of inspection. This can facilitate on-site investigations. In the past, trade data has proven valuable in informing assessments of non-compliance with the biological weapons regime. Today, it is possible to analyse trade data through online, public databases. In combination with other methods, open-source trade data could be used to detect anomalies in the biological weapons regime. AI and the digitization of data create new ways to enhance confidence in compliance with WMD regimes. In the context of the chemical weapons regime, the digitization of the chemical industry as part of a wider shift to Industry 4.0 presents possibilities for streamlining declarations under the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and for facilitating CWC regulatory requirements.
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Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Role of Phosphorylation in Fungal Spore Germination. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568761.bard.

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Spore germination is a common and fundamental event in fungal development and in many instances an essential phase of fungal infection and dissemination. Spore germination is also critical for hyperparasites to function as biocontrol agents as well as in fermentation proceses. Our common objective is to understand the mechanisms which regulated spore germination and identify factors involved in pathogenicity related prepenetration development. Our approach is to exploit the overall similarity among filamentous fungi using both a plant pathogen (Colletotricum trifolii) and a model system that is genetically sophisticated (Neurospora crassa). The simulataneous use of two organisms has the advantage of the available tools in Neurospora to rapidly advance the functional analysis of genes involved in spore germination and development of an economically important fungal phytopathogen. Towards this we have isolated a protein kinase gene from C. trifolii (TB3) that is maximally expressed during the first hour of conidial germination and prior to any visible gene tube formation. Based on sequence similarities with other organisms, this gene is likely to be involved in the proliferative response in the fungus. In addition, TB3 was able to functionally complement a N. crassa mutant (COT-1). Pharmacological studies indicated the importance of calmodulin in both germination and appressorium differentiation. Using an antisense vector from N. crassa, direct inhibition of calmodulin results in prevention of differentiation as well as pathogenicity. Both cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) like genes have been cloned from C. trifolii. Biochemical inhibition of PKA prevents germination; biochemical inhibitors of PKC prevents appressorium differentiation. In order to analyze reversible phosphorylation as a regulatory mechanism, some ser.thr dephosphorylative events have also been analyzed. Type 2A and Type 2B (calcineurin) phosphatases have been identified and structurally and functionally analyzed in N. crassa during this project. Both phosphatases are essential for hyphal growth and maintenance of proper hyphal architecture. In addition, a first novel-type (PPT/PP5-like) ser/thr phosphatase has been identified in a filamentous fungus. The highly collaborative project has improved our understanding of a fundamental process in fungi, and has identified targets which can be used to develop new approaches for control of fungal plant pathogens as well as improve the performance of beneficial fungi in the field and in industry. In addition, the feasibility of molecular technology transfer in comparative mycology has been demonstrated.
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Khan, Mahreen. Evaluating External Government Audit. Institute of Development Studies, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.140.

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This rapid literature review of primary and grey sources found substantial evidence of the merits of donor support to Public Financial Management (PFM) initiatives but no specific evidence assessing donor support for external government audit, such as Supreme Audit Institutions (SAIs). PFM reforms are established as being generally beneficial, assist in reducing or preventing corruption, increasing transparency and accountability, as well as improving service delivery quality, although the exact impacts are difficult to measure. Performance auditing has recently attracted more attention than traditional financial or compliance auditing and is seen by many sources to be conducive to improving accountability, although compliance and financial auditing are still viewed as the core of external audit. There is a substantial body of literature on donor-assisted PFM reforms but a paucity of focused study or discussion of donor support to external audit specifically. This evidence gap may be due to the cost of examining the narrow focus required on donor-assisted external audit specifically. This is compounded by the complexity of gathering a sufficiently large database through surveys combined with the lack of access (for individual academics) to official datasets across countries. Furthermore, measuring the impact of SAIs, for example, is difficult due to the variety of regulatory structures that exist, inhibiting comparative cross-country studies, which has resulted in a preference for in-depth analyses. Only multilateral institutions have conducted comprehensive cross-country surveys. However, the evidence does show that strengthened PFM systems and SAIs,1 if they are independent and fully resourced, increase transparency and accountability, helping to combat corruption, when governments are made answerable to their audit findings. The evidence on the effectiveness of SAIs (against corruption) is mixed and not as strong as for PFM reforms in general. The impact of PFM interventions in preventing or reducing corruption increases when reforms are sector-specific and complemented by societal awareness initiatives, citizen participation, and infomediary advocacy. This finding seems applicable to SAIs as the discourse is increasingly on improving comprehension of audit reports and wider dissemination to relevant stakeholders.
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