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1
Product innovation strategy pure and simple: How winning companies outpace their competitors. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995.
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2
Robert, Michel. Product innovation strategy, pure and simple: How winning companies outpace their competitors. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1995.
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3
Frost & Sullivan., ed. World audiology product markets: Competitors keep their ears to the ground for hints of improving sales. Mountain View, Calif: Frost & Sullivan, 1994.
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Council of Europe Convention on the Counterfeiting of Medical Products and Similar Crimes Involving Threats to Public Health: Convention du Conseil de l'Europe sur la conterfaçon des produits médicaux et les infractions similaires menaçant la santé publique. Strasbourg: Council of Europe Publishing, 2011.
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Braber, Helleke, Jeroen Dera, Jos Joosten, and Maarten Steenmeijer, eds. Branding Books Across the Ages. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463723916.
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For many, literature and marketing are considered opposite phenomena. This book discusses cases in which the two are closely connected. It argues that literature is subject to the same mechanisms as other commercial products: our experience of literary texts is prefigured by brands, trademarks that identify a product and differentiate it from its competitors. From the early modern period onwards, literary authors and their texts are constantly ‘branded’ and have been both the object and the trailblazer of a complex marketing process. The authors of this volume analyze this branding process throughout the centuries, focusing on the Netherlands. To what extent is our experience of Dutch literature prefigured by brands, and what role does branding play when introducing European authors in the Dutch literary field (or vice versa)? By answering these questions, Branding Books Across the Ages seeks to show how literary scholars understand branding – a phenomenon that has long been intertwined with literature.
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Paints and Similar Coatings (Product Sales & Trade: PRQ21). Stationery Office Books, 1997.
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Britain, Great. Paints and Similar Coatings (Product Sales & Trade: PRQ21). Stationery Office Books, 1997.
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Paints and Similar Coatings (Product Sales and Trade: PRQ21). The Stationery Office Books (Agencies), 1998.
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Paints and Similar Coatings (Product Sales and Trade: PRQ21). The Stationery Office Books (Agencies), 1997.
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Product Sales & Trade Prq21: Paints & Similar Coatings Qtr 1 (Product Sales and Trade: PRQ21). The Stationery Office Books (Agencies), 1997.
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11
Subramaniam, Mohan. The Future of Competitive Strategy. The MIT Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/14129.001.0001.
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How legacy firms can combine their traditional strengths with the power of data and digital ecosystems to forge a new competitive strategy for the digital era. How can legacy firms remain relevant in the digital era? In The Future of Competitive Strategy, strategic management expert Mohan Subramaniam explains how firms can leverage both their traditional strengths and the modern-day power of data and digital ecosystems to forge a new competitive strategy. Drawing on the experiences of a range of companies, including Caterpillar, Sleep Number, and Whirlpool, he explains how firms can benefit from data's enlarged role in modern business, develop digital ecosystems tailored to their unique business needs, and use new frameworks to harness the power of data for competitive advantage. Subramaniam presents digital ecosystems as a combination of production and consumption ecosystems, which can be used by legacy firms to unlock the value of data at various levels—from improving operational efficiencies to creating new data-driven services and transforming traditional products into digital platforms. He explores the ways sensors and the Internet of Things provide new kinds of customer data; presents the concept of digital competitors—other firms that have access to similar data; discusses the new digital capabilities that firms need to develop; and addresses privacy and security issues associated with data sharing. Who needs this book? Any firm that wants to revitalize traditional business models, offer a richer customer experience, and expand its competitive arena into new digital ecosystems.
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Frishman, Rick, and Robyn Freedman-Spizman. Where's Your WOW?: 16 Ways to Make Your Competitors Wish They Were You! McGraw-Hill, 2008.
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13
Qu, Lirong, and Darrell J. Triulzi. Blood product therapy in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0267.
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Transfusions are among the most common medical procedures in the intensive care unit. Several randomized controlled trials (RCT) indicate that restrictive red cell transfusion practice using a haemoglobin of <7g/dL is safe in critically-ill patients. Although similar RCT are not available for plasma or platelet transfusion guidelines, a large body of observational studies suggest that plasma transfusion for an invasive procedure has not been shown to be of benefit in patients with INR <2.0. Similarly, in thrombocytopenic patients, the target platelet count for bleeding or for an invasive procedure is 50,000/µl. Viral transmission risk has become exceedingly low. Other risks such as transfusion-associated circulatory overload and, to a lesser extent, transfusion-related acute lung injury, are much more common. Storage of red cells does not seem to be associated with adverse clinical outcomes. Alternatives using haemostatic agents, salvaged blood, and adherence to evidence-based transfusion guidelines probably reduce the need for transfusion in critically-ill patients.
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Shattuck, S. Australian Ants. CSIRO Publishing, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9780643100671.
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Ants are one of the most influential elements in Australian ecosystems, having a major impact on plant growth and reproduction, and soil structure. They act as predators and competitors of other arthropods, and are an important food source for other animals.
The book provides details on separating genera from those which are superficially similar and those which are commonly confused. The distribution, habitat preferences and general biologies of each genus are discussed, and there is an introduction to the more important research papers investigating each group.
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Koikari, Mire. Love! Spam. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190240400.003.0010.
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This chapter narrates the tale of Okinawan identity through an unusual medium, Spam, the gelatinous pink lunchmeat that accompanied the American military in its imperialist expansion across the Pacific. Spam and similar competitors were welcomed by Okinawans as luxuries following the exigencies of the war and were soon adapted and indigenized as an ingredient in popular local dishes like pōku tamago (pork and eggs) and chanpurū (mixed stir-fry). The chapter shows how luncheon meat created a powerful narrative space to express discordant emotions and attitudes: memories of war and militarized occupation, gendered nostalgia for “home cooking,” and feelings of distinction from, and marginalization by, mainlanders.
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Brunsson, Nils. When Sellers Create Markets. Edited by Anna Tyllström. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815761.003.0006.
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Using empirical examples of two new markets for professional service, coaching services and public relations consultancy, we discuss how prospective sellers of a new product can engage in market creation. For example, sellers must create fundamental market components, such as a good that is defined and perceived as new, buyers who can be convinced that the new good can be a commodity in a market, competitors, and forms for exchange. In so doing sellers face a specific set of market dilemmas and challenges. For instance, how can they strike a balance between presenting a good as new or old? How do they control whether buyers are individuals or organizations? How can they support the creation of an optimal number of competitors? And how do they decide what to compete with? The handling of such dilemmas and challenges is dependent on the type of good exchanged.
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Mills, M. G. L., and M. E. J. Mills. Morphometrics, demographics, and genetic viability. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712145.003.0002.
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Morphometric data showed that southern Kalahari male cheetahs are larger than females and coalition males are larger than single males. Both tend to be smaller than cheetahs from other regions. The estimated density was 0.7 adult cheetahs/100 km2. Adult males were either single (43.2%) or in two-male (35.8%) or three-male (20.9%) coalitions. Only two out of seven two-male coalitions were full siblings. Litter sizes at birth and emergence were similar to those in the Serengeti, but age at independence and at first litter were older, and litter size at independence larger. Cub sex ratio was equal, but there was a predominance of males amongst adults. Age at death was 6.7 ± 2.1 years, and the oldest known animal died at 12 years of age. The most common cause of adult mortality, especially for males, was injuries inflicted by conspecifics or competitors. Genetic data showed a stable and genetically healthy population.
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Aspers, Patrik, and Asaf Darr. Organizing Marketplaces. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815761.003.0014.
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What if potential buyers don’t know about our market and its specific elements? This chapter deals with one way of tackling that problem: the organization of trade fairs. Although the central attempted activity in the marketplace is the transaction, trade fairs are mainly about presenting products to potential buyers. Based on the study of a trade fair for computer software in the USA, we discuss the reasons for organizing a trade fair, illustrate the process of trade fair organization, and describe the effects of the trade fair on the emergent market. The trade fair organization has led to several effects on the market other than increasing buyer awareness: cooperation among competitors, product innovation in buyer–seller relationships, and industrial espionage.
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Doering, James M. New Alliances, New Media, New York. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037412.003.0005.
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This chapter talks about how Judson had transformed his professional life in less than five years. No longer a musical jack-of-all-trades, he was now a professional music manager, solidly established in the Philadelphia community. Judson's meteoric rise in the 1920s mirrored the United States' own economic prosperity during this era. But his success was more than a product of good economic times. Judson weighed his risks carefully, always kept a diverse management portfolio, and most importantly avoided pitting his various interests against each other. He had the ability to assure patrons of all types that their investments were not being wasted, and he had a similar effect on artists he managed. By the end of the 1920s, Judson wielded immense power, yet did so with the trust of the musical community.
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Pravadelli, Veronica. Performative Bodies and Non-Referential Images. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038778.003.0007.
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This chapter focuses on the 1950s musical. In contrast to melodrama, the musical combines spectacle with reflexive strategies and is able to comment in a sophisticated fashion on the fiction/reality dichotomy and on the relation between cinema and the other media, especially theater and television. While noir and woman's film used expressive techniques to emphasize the split nature of the human psyche—the opposition between conscious and unconscious realities—1950s musical goes one step further. Many films show that gendered identities are the product of a series of performances, rather than the expression of an intrinsic nature, and that the same character may well embody opposite tendencies and behaviors. In a similar fashion, other films suggest that the opposition between fiction and reality is no longer tenable, and that the performative register has started to invade both the realm of artistic production and of subjective experience.
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Drake, H. A. Christianity and Rome. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190278359.003.0003.
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While Constantine’s conversion to Christianity changed the deity, it did not change the ideology of the Roman empire. Before Constantine’s relationship with Christianity, there was no religious body in the empire capable of providing a sanction for imperial rule similar to what a vote in the Roman Senate had been able to do. Roman religion was conducted by the same civic authorities who performed “secular duties”; the emperor as pontifex maximus could not credibly ratify himself. But over the centuries, Christians had developed an empire-wide organization completely independent of government control. As the new legitimators of imperial power, bishops demanded and got the right to pass judgment on emperors. The division was neatly framed with give and take on both sides; but from this perspective, the Christian turn to coercion is better analyzed as an outgrowth of power relationships than as the product of an inherent intolerance.
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Ross, Jacob. Idealism and Fine-Tuning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198746973.003.0015.
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This chapter argues that, given certain background assumptions, a kind of idealism follows from a version of the fine-tuning thesis. The kind of idealism in question ascribes explanatory priority, not ontological priority, to the mental. The version of the fine-tuning thesis in question is the strong fine-tuning for consciousness thesis, according to which (i) the values of the fundamental physical parameters are fine-tuned for consciousness and (ii) this fine-tuning for consciousness is not the inevitable by-product of fine-tuning for something more basic than consciousness, such as life. The chapter argues that, assuming a particular account of the nature of explanation—namely, the unificationist account—the strong fine-tuning for consciousness thesis entails that consciousness plays a fundamental explanatory role in nature, and so this thesis entails explanatory idealism. The chapter concludes by arguing that similar reasoning leads to the conclusion that consciousness is the final cause of the universe.
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Nelson, Laura K. “Feminism Means More Than a Changed World. . . . It Means the Creation of a New Consciousness in Women”. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190265144.003.0008.
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Challenging the notion that public actions and political lobbying are the women’s movement’s main tactics, this chapter traces the history of an extra-institutional form of feminism—narrative-based consciousness-raising—from its inception in the 1910s through its contemporary online expression today. Rather than a product of second-wave feminism, narrative-based consciousness-raising has always been central to the women’s movement, as the chapter shows. Narrative-based consciousness-raising as a strategy assumes that, in order to change fundamental societal institutions such as marriage, the nuclear family, and the state, men and women must first change their consciousness about themselves and society. This strategy utilizes personal life stories, or life narratives, to reveal the collective roots of personal problems in order to effect this personal change. The persistence of this strategy through three waves of feminist activism demonstrates the value of raising collective awareness for fighting gendered oppression. The author argues that this continuity is a result of institutionalized knowledge and a response to similar historical circumstances, rather than direct connections between waves.
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Ackerman, Edwin F. Origins of the Mass Party. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197576502.001.0001.
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This book argues that the mass party emerged as the product of two distinct but related “primitive accumulations”—the dismantling of communal land tenure and the corresponding dispossession of the means of local administration. It illustrates this argument by studying the party central to one of the longest regimes of the 20th century—the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) in Mexico, which emerged as a mass party during the 1930s and 1940s. I place the PRI in comparative perspective, studying the failed emergence of Bolivia’s Movimiento Nacionalista Revolucionario (MNR) (1952–64), attempted under similar conditions as the Mexican case. Why was party emergence successful in one case but not the other? The PRI emerged as a mass party in areas in Mexico where land privatization was more intensive and communal village government was weakened, enabling the party’s construction and subsequent absorption of peasant unions and organizations. Ultimately, the overall strength of communal property-holding and concomitant traditional political authority structures blocked the emergence of the MNR as a mass party. Where economic and political expropriation was more pronounced, there was a critical mass of individuals available for political organization, with articulatable interests, and a burgeoning cast of professional politicians that facilitated connections between the party and the peasantry.
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Meisner, Dwayne A. Orphic Traditions and the Birth of the Gods. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190663520.001.0001.
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Orphic Tradition and the Birth of the Gods is a literary history that attempts to reconstruct the fragments of four theogonies that were attributed to the legendary singer Orpheus: the Derveni, Eudemian, Hieronyman, and Rhapsodic Theogonies. Most modern scholars have described these poems as if they were similar to Hesiod’s Theogony—lengthy chronological accounts of the births of the gods from the beginning of time to the present—but this book suggests that a better model for understanding how these poems were composed is to see each of them as an individual product of bricolage (as explained by Claude Lévi-Strauss), rather than as items in the stemma of a static manuscript tradition (as reconstructed by Martin West). The Orphic tradition was more fluid and fragmented than modern reconstructions would lead one to believe, but in these four Orphic theogonies certain features stand out, such as points of comparison with Near Eastern myths, the continuous discourse between Orphic poetry and philosophy, and speculations on the nature of the gods in ways that generated unique deities and new narratives. A study of Orphic theogonies reveals that the Orphic myths of Phanes and Zeus were no less important than the Orphic myth of Dionysus.
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Mantilla, Giovanni. Lawmaking under Pressure. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501752582.001.0001.
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This book analyzes the origins and development of the international humanitarian treaty rules that now exist to regulate internal armed conflict. Until well into the twentieth century, states allowed atrocious violence as an acceptable product of internal conflict. Why have states created international laws to control internal armed conflict? Why did states compromise their national security by accepting these international humanitarian constraints? Why did they create these rules at improbable moments, as European empires cracked, freedom fighters emerged, and fears of communist rebellion spread? The book explores the global politics and diplomatic dynamics that led to the creation of such laws in 1949 and in the 1970s. By the 1949 Diplomatic Conference that revised the Geneva Conventions, most countries supported legislation committing states and rebels to humane principles of wartime behavior and to the avoidance of abhorrent atrocities, including torture and the murder of non-combatants. However, for decades, states had long refused to codify similar regulations concerning violence within their own borders. Diplomatic conferences in Geneva twice channeled humanitarian attitudes alongside Cold War and decolonization politics, even compelling reluctant European empires Britain and France to accept them. This book documents the tense politics behind the making of humanitarian laws that have become touchstones of the contemporary international normative order. The book not only explains the pressures that resulted in constraints on national sovereignty but also uncovers the fascinating international politics of shame, status, and hypocrisy that helped to produce the humanitarian rules now governing internal conflict.
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Poplack, Shana. Borrowing. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256388.001.0001.
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In virtually every bilingual situation empirically studied, borrowed items make up the overwhelming majority of other-language material, but short shrift has been given to this major manifestation of language contact. As a result, scholars have long been divided over whether borrowing is a process distinct from code-switching, leading to long-standing controversy over how best to theorize language mixing strategies. This volume focuses on lexical borrowing as it actually occurs in the discourse of bilingual speakers, building on more than three decades of original research. Based on vast quantities of spontaneous performance data and a highly ramified analytical apparatus, it characterizes the phenomenon in the speech community and in the grammar, both synchronically and diachronically. In contrast to most other treatments, which deal with the product of borrowing, this work examines the process: How speakers incorporate foreign items into their bilingual discourse, how they adapt them to recipient-language grammatical structure, how these forms diffuse across speakers and communities, how long they persist in real time, and whether they change over the duration. It proposes falsifiable hypotheses about established loanwords and nonce borrowings and tests them empirically on a wealth of unique datasets on a wide variety of typologically similar and distinct language pairs. A major focus is the detailed analysis of integration, the principal mechanism underlying the borrowing process. Though the shape the borrowed form assumes may be colored by community convention, we show that the act of transforming donor-language elements into native material is universal.
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Craik, Fergus I. M. Remembering. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895226.001.0001.
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The book sets out Fergus Craik’s view of human memory as a dynamic activity of mind and brain. In this account, remembering is understood as a system of active cognitive processes, similar to the processes underlying attending, perceiving, and thinking. The book therefore extends and elaborates the concept of “levels of processing” proposed by Craik and Lockhart (1972). Thus, encoding processes are essentially the mental activities involved in perceiving and understanding, and retrieval is described as the partial reactivation of these same processes. It is further suggested that “memory traces” are represented by a hierarchically organized system of analyzers, modified, sharpened, and differentiated by encounters with successive events. This account proposes that episodic and semantic memory should be thought of as levels in a continuum of specificity rather than as separate systems of memory. The book also covers Craik’s views on working memory and on changes in memory as a function of aging. In the latter case the losses are attributed largely to a difficulty with the self-initiation of appropriate encoding and retrieval operations, compensated by support from the external environment. There is a short chapter on the cognitive neuroscience of human memory, and a final chapter bringing the ideas together. The book covers the development of these ideas, illustrated substantially by experiments from Craik’s own laboratory, and also by empirical and theoretical contributions from other researchers. The final product is a broad account of current ideas and findings in contemporary memory research but viewed from Craik’s personal theoretical standpoint.
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Garber, Michael G. My Melancholy Baby. University Press of Mississippi, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496834294.001.0001.
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This book offers a detailed biography of ten influential American popular love ballads, from “Bill Bailey, Won’t You Please Come Home” (1902) to “You Made Me Love You” (1913). These became models for over forty years of great songs. In an innovative combination, they fused jazziness with intimate, personal qualities that were further revealed in the late 1920s with the advent of the torch song genre—and microphone crooning techniques, which linked them to the lullaby. They were a product of collective innovation by both famous figures like Irving Berlin and forgotten songwriters, including women and those from minority groups. Further, the performers, arrangers, and publishers changed the original songs, in a process similar to the oral folk music tradition. All these songs were fit into narratives—movies, plays, histories, scholarly works, and literature—which continually redefined them. The book analyzes the songs and how they were interpreted, featuring full music scores, musical excerpts, and forty illustrations. This study strips away the myths behind the creation of these ten core songs, revealing the even more colorful true stories. The discussion proposes a fresh definition for the torch song, as one making the listener aware of the flame of love within their heart. It includes an introduction to the New York music publishing industry, Tin Pan Alley, and operates as a listening guide and viewing companion for the Great American Songbook. Through the stories of individual songs, this history supplies a panoramic collage of the golden age of American classic pop.
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Gartzke, Erik A., and Paul Poast. Empirically Assessing the Bargaining Theory of War: Potential and Challenges. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.274.
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What explains war? The so-called bargaining approach has evolved quickly in the past two decades, opening up important new possibilities and raising fundamental challenges to previous conventional thinking about the origins of political violence. Bargaining is intended to explain the causes of conflict on many levels, from interpersonal to international. War is not the product of any of a number of variables creating opportunity or willingness, but instead is caused by whatever factors prevent competitors from negotiating the settlements that result from fighting. Conflict is thus a bargaining failure, a socially inferior outcome, but also a determined choice.Embraced by a growing number of scholars, the bargaining perspective rapidly created a new consensus in some circles. Bargaining theory is radical in relocating at least some of the causes of conflict away from material, cultural, political, or psychological factors and replacing them with states of knowledge about these same material or ideational factors. Approaching conflict as a bargaining failure—produced by uncertainty and incentives to misrepresent, credible commitment problems, or issue indivisibility—is the “state of the art” in the study of conflict.At the same time, bargaining theories remain largely untested in any systematic sense: theory has moved far ahead of empirics. The bargaining perspective has been favored largely because of compelling logic rather than empirical validity. Despite the bargaining analogy’s wide-ranging influence (or perhaps because of this influence), scholars have largely failed to subject the key causal mechanisms of bargaining theory to systematic empirical investigation. Further progress for bargaining theory, both among adherents and in the larger research community, depends on empirical tests of both core claims and new theoretical implications of the bargaining approach.The limited amount of systematic empirical research on bargaining theories of conflict is by no means entirely accident or the product of lethargy on the part of the scholarly community. Tests of theories that involve intangible factors like states of belief or perception are difficult to pursue. How does one measure uncertainty? What does learning look like in the midst of a war? When is indivisibility or commitment a problem, and when can it be resolved through other measures, such as ancillary bargains? The challenge before researchers, however, is to surmount these obstacles. To the degree that progress in science is empirical, bargaining theory needs testing.As should be clear, the dearth of empirical tests of bargaining approaches to the study of conflict leaves important questions unanswered. Is it true, for example, as bargaining theory suggests, that uncertainty leads to the possibility of war? If so, how much uncertainty is required and in what contexts? Which types of uncertainty are most pernicious (and which are perhaps relatively benign)? Under what circumstances are the effects of uncertainty greatest and where are they least critical? Empirical investigation of the bargaining model can provide essential guidance to theoretical work on conflict by identifying insights that can offer intellectual purchase and by highlighting areas of inquiry that are likely to be empirical dead ends. More broadly, the impact of bargaining theory on the study and practice of international relations rests to a substantial degree on the success of efforts to substantiate the perspective empirically.