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Journal articles on the topic 'Competitive sport'
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1
Henkel, Steven. "Honouring God through Sports Competition." Journal of Christian Education os-50, no. 2 (September 2007): 33–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002196570705000204.
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Contemporary assumptions about competition are analysed while the case for competitive sports building character is found to be inconclusive. Particular biblical principles that apply to competitive sport are presented before the issue of human personhood and competitive sports is discussed. In place of the secular view of competition, a more godly approach is advocated that does justice to the Christian view of persons while at the same time demonstrating the benefits of sports for personal development.
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Wu, Yong Cheng. "The Influence of Modern Science and Technology on Athletic Sport." Advanced Materials Research 271-273 (July 2011): 1045–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.271-273.1045.
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Modern science and technology is a "double-edged sword". On the one hand, it not only improved competitive sports continuously created new sport items, but also improved the training equipment and training environment, promoted the movement technology and changed the sport values. On the other hand, modern technologies also contributed to the alienation of technology, and weakened the physical fitness activities, and lead competitive sports into deformity errors, which made fair competition become empty, and generated a series of uncivilized unfair social problems. Therefore, we appeal of positive effect of modern technology. In the same time, confront and suppress its negative effects, to ensure that competitive sports may develop in healthy environment under the conditions of modern science and technology.
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Campbell, Elizabeth, and Graham Jones. "Precompetition Anxiety and Self-Confidence in Wheelchair Sport Participants." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 14, no. 2 (April 1997): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.14.2.95.
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This study examined the precompetition temporal patterning of anxiety and self-confidence in wheelchair sport participants. The subjects comprised of 103 male (n = 87) and female (n = 16) wheelchair sport participants who participated at national level or above in a variety of sports. All the subjects completed a modified version of the Competitive Trait Anxiety Inventory-2 (CTAI-2) which measured three dimensions of their normal competitive anxiety response (intensity, frequency, and direction), at three time periods preceding competition (1 week, 2 hours, and 30 minutes before). The findings suggest that wheelchair sport participants show a similar precompetition anxiety response to nondisabled sport participants. However, there appears to be some differences, particularly in the intensity of somatic anxiety symptoms experienced and the reduction in self-confidence just prior to competition. The findings also provide further support for the distinction between intensity, frequency, and direction of competitive anxiety symptoms.
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Blanco-García, Cecilia, Jorge Acebes-Sánchez, Gabriel Rodriguez-Romo, and Daniel Mon-López. "Resilience in Sports: Sport Type, Gender, Age and Sport Level Differences." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15 (August 3, 2021): 8196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18158196.
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There seems to be a broad consensus that there is a positive correlation between resilience and sport performance. However, different studies show divergent results on the role played by certain variables in this relationship. This study aimed to analyze the possible relationships between resilience levels and the practiced sport according to gender, age, and competitive level of the athletes in 1047 competitive athletes from five different sports (handball, basketball, volleyball, athletics, and judo). Resilience was assessed with the Spanish version of the Brief Resilience Scale (BRS). Results of independent samples t-tests or analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed no significant differences on the level of resilience according to the practiced sport or the competitive level. However, the analyses of covariance (ANCOVA) showed that they were related to the gender and age of the athletes, being higher in males than in females, and there was a positive correlation with age. These results seem to suggest the convenience of using differentiated strategies, according to gender and age, when working on all those protective factors that could allow the athlete to perform better when facing adversity in the competitive environment.
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Jones, Bethany Alice, Jon Arcelus, Walter Pierre Bouman, and Emma Haycraft. "Sport and Transgender People: A Systematic Review of the Literature Relating to Sport Participation and Competitive Sport Policies." Sports Medicine 47, no. 4 (October 3, 2016): 701–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-016-0621-y.
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Abstract Background Whether transgender people should be able to compete in sport in accordance with their gender identity is a widely contested question within the literature and among sport organisations, fellow competitors and spectators. Owing to concerns surrounding transgender people (especially transgender female individuals) having an athletic advantage, several sport organisations place restrictions on transgender competitors (e.g. must have undergone gender-confirming surgery). In addition, some transgender people who engage in sport, both competitively and for leisure, report discrimination and victimisation. Objective To the authors’ knowledge, there has been no systematic review of the literature pertaining to sport participation or competitive sport policies in transgender people. Therefore, this review aimed to address this gap in the literature. Method Eight research articles and 31 sport policies were reviewed. Results In relation to sport-related physical activity, this review found the lack of inclusive and comfortable environments to be the primary barrier to participation for transgender people. This review also found transgender people had a mostly negative experience in competitive sports because of the restrictions the sport’s policy placed on them. The majority of transgender competitive sport policies that were reviewed were not evidence based. Conclusion Currently, there is no direct or consistent research suggesting transgender female individuals (or male individuals) have an athletic advantage at any stage of their transition (e.g. cross-sex hormones, gender-confirming surgery) and, therefore, competitive sport policies that place restrictions on transgender people need to be considered and potentially revised.
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Allibardi, Pierluigi. "Competitive sport eligibility." Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine 9, no. 12 (December 2008): 1279. http://dx.doi.org/10.2459/jcm.0b013e3283117f2f.
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Hossein, Soltani, Hojati Zahra, and Reza Attarzadeh Hossini Seyed. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF COMPETITIVE STATE ANXIETY AMONG TEAM SPORT AND INDIVIDUAL SPORT ATHLETES IN IRAN." Physical education of students 20, no. 5 (October 28, 2016): 57–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.15561/20755279.2016.0508.
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Purpose: With respect to the fact that every sport field has its own special nature, the aim of present study was to compare competitive state anxiety among team sport and individual sport athletes in Iran. Material: The statistic sample included 120 male athletes, 60 athletes in individual sports (wrestling, taekwondo and karate) and 60 athletes in team sports (futsal, volleyball and basketball). The research instrument employed was the Persian version of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2. This inventory was distributed among the subjects about 30 minutes before the first competition. Finally by one-way ANOVA data was analyzed. Results: The results indicated that the mean score of somatic anxiety and cognitive anxiety among individual sport athletes was significantly higher than that of team sport athletes (p0.05). Conclusion: It seems the being part of a team alleviates some of the pressure experienced by those who compete alone. It seems the individual sport athletes may be more exposed to evaluation and more engaged in their own skills and abilities than team sport athletes given that responsibility for performance is not distributed across several performers.
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Milne, George R., Mark A. McDonald, William A. Button, and Rajiv Kashyap. "A Niche-Based Evaluation of Sport Participation Patterns." Journal of Sport Management 10, no. 4 (October 1996): 417–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsm.10.4.417.
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This research examines the competitive niche positions of 36 sports and fitness activities reported in an American Sports Activities 1993 tracking study. The article discusses the advantages of viewing competition from an ecological niche perspective and presents a measure of competitive resource overlap (CRO) used in marketing for measuring niche breadth and niche overlap. The empirical study presents an intuitive mapping of the sports market and calculates the niche breadth and niche overlap for each sport. Managerial implications for sporting goods manufacturers, advertising agencies, corporate sponsors, fitness consultants, and other professionals interested in participant sports markets are given.
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Marwat, Noor Muhammad, Syed Zia ul Islam, Muhammad Safdar Luqman, Mehwish Manzoor, and Irfanullah. "EFFECT OF COMPETITION ANXIETY ON ATHLETES SPORTS PERFORMANCE: IMPLICATION FOR COACH." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 9, no. 3 (June 29, 2021): 1460–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2021.93146.
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Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of competition anxiety upon sports performance of elite athletes who took part in the “31st National Games held in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa’s (KP), Pakistan.
Methodology: One hundred and twenty-eight (N=128) males= 88, females= 40; Age 21.9 +/-1.5 years; Sports Experience, 8.9 +/-1.7 years) provided the required information on 15-items Sports Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT). The history of sports performance of athletes was obtained during breaks within competitive fixtures.
Main Findings: The analyzed data revealed that competitive anxiety is responsible for 38% change in sports performance. Furthermore, the relationship is moderate negative identifying that an increase in competitive anxiety decreases the sports performance of athletes (r=-0.386, P=.002). Additionally, comparative analyses indicated that female athletes and athletes from individual sports showed higher levels of Competition Anxiety, while male athletes and athletes with team sport reported lower levels of Competition Anxiety (P <.005).
Implications of the study: This gender impact is critical and significant showing decisive implications for the coaches and trainers. These findings were explored in light of the theoretical and practical implications of these findings for designing sport psychology programs in Pakistan for athletes from various contexts.
Novelty: The findings indicate that competitive trait anxiety can harm the success, and indicate that certain PL athletes can benefit from therapies that seek to decrease anxiety before and during competition.
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Finkenberg, Mel E., F. Michael Moode, and James M. DrNucci. "Analysis of Sport Orientation of Female Collegiate Athletes." Perceptual and Motor Skills 86, no. 2 (April 1998): 647–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.86.2.647.
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Scores on three subscales of the Sport Orientation Questionnaire were analyzed to assess whether competitive orientation of 40 female athletes differed from that of 36 nonparticipants and whether competitive orientation differentiated among athletes participating in different sports. Intercollegiate women athletes from three sports (basketball = 12; Softball = 16; and volleyball = 12) and a control group of 36 women who did not participate in athletics were respondents. Scores on Win and Competition significantly discriminated among groups. Scores of the control group were significantly lower than those of each group of athletes. No other comparisons were significant.
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Reverter Masia, Joaquín, Carmen Mayolas Pi, L. Adell Pla, and Daniel Plaza Montero. "La competición deportiva como medio de enseñanza en los centros educativos de primaria (The competition sport as a way of education in the primary educational institutions)." Retos, no. 16 (March 9, 2015): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v0i16.34708.
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El deporte de competición constituye, probablemente, la manifestación deportiva más importante en niños en edad escolar. El objetivo de este estudio es el analizar la apreciación de los profesores sobre la competición deportiva como medio de enseñanza-aprendizaje en la educación primaria. Para alcanzar este objetivo se utiliza un cuestionario. La muestra está compuesta por 140 profesores. De los resultados se deduce que la competición es un buen instrumento para la formación y educación de los niños. Palabra clave: deporte escolar, competición deportiva, educación.Abstract: Competitive sport probably constitutes, the most important sport manifestation among children at school age. The aim of this study is to analyze the teachers? perception about the competitive sports as a mean for teaching and learning in Primary Education.To reach this aim, a questionnaire has been use. The sample consists of 140 teachers. From the results it has been concluded that competition is a good instrument for the training and education of children. Key words: School sport, competitive sports, education.
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Jankauskiene, Rasa, and Miglė Baceviciene. "Body Image and Disturbed Eating Attitudes and Behaviors in Sport-Involved Adolescents: The Role of Gender and Sport Characteristics." Nutrients 11, no. 12 (December 14, 2019): 3061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11123061.
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Disordered eating in adolescents who participate in sports is an issue of great concern. However, very few studies have examined the prevalence of sport-related determinants of disturbed eating attitudes and behaviours (DEABs) in sport-involved adolescents. The present study aims to assess body image and DEABs in the sample of adolescents involved in a sport of different characteristics (competitive sport, leisure sport; weight-sensitive and less-weight-sensitive sport) and to compare the results with those of the controls. A total sample of 732 adolescents (437 (59.4%) were female) participated in the study. The participants ranged in age from 16 to 19 years (mean = 17.2, SD = 0.6). Study participants completed a questionnaire assessing sports characteristics, body image, disordered eating, and health-compromising eating behaviours. Analysis of covariance was used to test the differences of major study variables between controls and weight-sensitive and less-weight-sensitive leisure and competitive sports groups. There was no significant difference observed in DEABs between the sports groups. Competitive athletes reported more satisfaction with body image than controls. The girls participating in weight-sensitive leisure sports reported higher overweight preoccupation and greater DEABs compared to those participating in less-weight-sensitive leisure sports. Boys participating in weight-sensitive leisure sports reported a greater drive for muscularity-related behaviour compared to those participating in less-weight-sensitive leisure sports. There was no observed interaction between gender and weight sensitivity in the competitive sports group. Adolescents involved in a competitive sport demonstrated greater body image satisfaction and did not seem to present a greater risk for DEABs than controls. Special prevention attempts for lowering body image concerns and DEABs should be addressed for adolescents participating in a weight-sensitive leisure sports.
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Blazer, Annie. "An Invitation to Suffer: Evangelicals and Sports Ministry in the U.S." Religions 10, no. 11 (November 19, 2019): 638. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10110638.
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When American evangelicals sought to use the tools of sport for religious outreach in the mid-twentieth century, they began to wonder if the essential features of sport—competition and hierarchy—conflicted with their approach to salvation. For most evangelical Christians, salvation is an option for every human and each person must make an individual decision to accept or reject the salvific power of Jesus Christ. This is a worldview that relies heavily on separating believers from non-believers, but, importantly, the means of distinction is individual choice. There is not a competitive aspect to this framework; salvation is theoretically available for all. This article traces sports ministry’s struggle over time to unite the competitive world of sport with their vision of salvation. By illuminating different approaches to the ethical challenge of uniting evangelicalism and sport, we can see that sports ministry is a field of complexity that invites believers to grapple with intense theological dilemmas without offering easy solutions. I argue that the struggle to reconcile sport and evangelical theology can be meaningful religious work. I will show that the kinds of suffering that athletic competition entails can align with the evangelical theodicy that God uses suffering to communicate with humans. It may be this feature of sport, the opportunity to experience meaningful suffering, that continues to motivate evangelicals to attempt to unite their religion with sport.
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Ingthorsson, Rögnvaldur D. "Is Competitive Elite Sport Really Morally Corrupt?" Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 75, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pcssr-2017-0016.
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AbstractIt has been argued that competitive elite sport both a) reduces the humanity of athletes by turning them into beings whose sole value is determined in relation to others, and b) is motivated by a celebration of the genetically superior and humiliation of the weak. This paper argues that while a) is a morally reproachable attitude to competition, it is not what competitive elite sport revolves around, and that b) simply is not the essence of competitive elite sport. Competitive elite sport is an exploration of the physical and mental demands of sport. Finally, the paper explores a number of consequences of the different views of sport with respect to the problem of intersexual women.
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Hale, Bruce D. "Competitive Anxiety in Sport." Sport Psychologist 5, no. 3 (September 1991): 292–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.5.3.292.
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Van Raalte, Judy L. "Working in Competitive Sport." Psychotherapy Patient 10, no. 3-4 (May 14, 1998): 101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j358v10n03_09.
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Pavlyuk, T. "GERMAN OPEN CHAMPIONSHIP IN THE CONTEXT OF SPECIFIC DEVELOPMENT OF COMPETITIVE BALLROOM DANCING." Innovative Solution in Modern Science 2, no. 38 (March 30, 2020): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.26886/2414-634x.2(38)2020.15.
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The evolution of the German Open Ballroom Dance Championships (The German Open Competitions) 1987-2020 was investigated. The dynamics of the program of the championship competition through the prism of the genesis of dance sport was examined and the stages of the formation of the sports and dance movement in Germany at the beginning of XIX were revealed. Based on the analysis of the transformation processes of the largest sports ballroom championship in the world, the main trends in the development of dance programs have been identified. The analytical, comparative-typological, systemic, typological-structural method, as well as the method of art and compositional analysis have been applied.Keywords: competitive ballroom dancing, dance sport, The German Open Competitions, competition program, development trends.
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Vamos, Sandra, and Annika Steinmann. "Applying a health literacy lens to youth sport: a focus on doping prevention in Germany." Global Health Promotion 26, no. 1 (March 16, 2017): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975916683380.
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There are two camps when it comes to youth in high-performance sports and whether competition is good or destructive. Despite opportunities for positive development, the demands of increasing competitive levels and related situational stressors among young athletes can be a double-edged sword. Doping is becoming increasingly popular and more readily available to the youth sports population. Improving the health of youth in competitive sport requires us to think about health and its determinants in a more sophisticated manner. We share a current initiative in Germany that reflects this broader thinking by integrating ‘education for health literacy’ as one strategy in youth sport settings with regard to doping prevention. Implications and emerging opportunities to take further action for doping prevention and health improvement applicable for German and global contexts are offered.
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KOVÁCS, KLÁRA, MARIANNA MORAVECZ, ZSUZSA NAGY, DÁVID RÁBAI, and DÁNIEL SZABÓ. "The institutional effect on leisure time and competitive sports at higher education colleges and universities in the Carpathian Basin." Baltic Journal of Health and Physical Activity 12, Special Issue 1 (November 30, 2020): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.29359/bjhpa.12.spec.iss1.06.
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Background: The objective of our study is to reveal the resources within colleges and universities that may influence the leisure-time and competitive sports done in the respective institutions. For the theoretical background of our research, the models examining the institutional effects were used. Strange [1] arranged the models into four categories. Material and methods: In the course of our research, structured dialogues were carried out with PE teachers, sports leaders in the institutions of Eastern Hungary, in the Highlands, Voivodina, Transylvania and Partium. ATLAS.ti text analyzing software was used to analyze and process our findings. Results: In accordance with our findings, the institutions were arranged into four categories: Competitive-sport oriented institutions, institutions using sport as a means of creating and reinforcing the community, institutions that minimize physical culture, and institutions that only deal with the required physical education classes. Conclusions: At the section of our research related to leisure-time sport, we found that substantial financial resources, adequate infrastructural conditions, facilities, and a positive attitude of the leaders of the institution are very important. In connection with competitive sports, we may conclude that sport is highly prestigious, and competitive sport is used effectively to attract students to the university.
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Gill, Diane L., David A. Dzewaltowski, and Thomas E. Deeter. "The Relationship of Competitiveness and Achievement Orientation to Participation in Sport and Nonsport Activities." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 10, no. 2 (June 1988): 139–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.10.2.139.
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The validity of the recently developed Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ), a multidimensional measure of sport achievement orientation, was investigated with both high school and university students. Specifically, we examined the correlations of SOQ scores with other measures of competitiveness and general achievement orientation and we compared the relative abilities of SOQ scores and other achievement measures to discriminate participants and nonpar-ticipants in competitive sports, noncompetitive sports, and nonsport activities. The findings obtained with both high school and university students provided convergent and divergent evidence for the validity of the SOQ. SOQ scores were highly correlated with other competitiveness measures, moderately correlated with general achievement measures, and uncorrelated with competitive anxiety and social desirability. Competitiveness scores were the strongest discriminators between competitive sport participants and nonpar-ticipants, but SOQ scores were weaker discriminators for noncompetitive achievement choices. The findings confirm the value of a multidimensional, sport-specific achievement measure and provide good evidence for the validity of the Sport Orientation Questionnaire.
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Curitianu, Ioana Maria. "Competitive relations and communication in team sports." JOURNAL OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 7, no. 2 (April 18, 2015): 1276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jssr.v7i2.3561.
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The sporting environment is a rich, unique, and salient context in which to study the basic and applied nature of a variety of social dynamics. Issues such as leadership, collective efficacy, team cohesion, and group goal setting undoubtedly have great theoretical and practical value within sport teams. Sport is completely permeated by the question of the diversity which it vividly enacts. The same way sports blends sporting spirit, competition drive and fair play it should also blend culturally different envisaged notions of non-uniformity, diversity, enrichment through other culture, other skin color, other language and other style of living. All disciplines are concerned to a more or less intense degree, depending on their popular support or lack of it and on the culture which they convey. Multiple origins and complex careers are now a hallmark: handball, rugby, basketball as well as individual sports like athletics, judo and tennis have their champions stemming from diversity, who form the tip of an equally variegated iceberg of school and amateur sport (Diamond P., Hausman J., 1994).
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Russell, William D., Marshall Robb, and Richard H. Cox. "Sex, Sport, Situation, and Competitive State Anxiety." Perceptual and Motor Skills 86, no. 3 (June 1998): 816–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.1998.86.3.816.
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Within a multivariate design, the relationship between sex, sport, and competitive situation with state anxiety was examined. The Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 was administered to selected intramural basketball and volleyball teams ( ns = 266 and 226) prior to round-robin and play-off competition. Multivariate analysis of variance yielded a significant interaction of sport by sex and a significant main effect for sport. Follow-up tests indicated that basketball players scored higher somatic and cognitive state anxiety than volleyball players. Women scored higher on somatic and cognitive state anxiety than men prior to play-off games. Results are discussed in terms of importance of a multivariate approach to studying competitive anxiety.
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장세용 and 조은형. "An Analysis of the Sport Confidence Construct : Competitive Sports." Korean Journal of Measurement and Evaluation in Physical Education and Sports Science 16, no. 1 (April 2014): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.21797/ksme.2014.16.1.002.
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Reddy, S., and Y. Coopoo. "Attitudes towards the risk of HIV transmission in sport." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 17, no. 1 (June 24, 2005): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2005/v17i1a174.
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Objective. There is a real risk of transmitting HIV through open wounds during participation in sport. The aim of this study was to investigate athlete s knowledge and attitudes towards HIV transmission in a competitive sport environment how their sporting codes, demographics, knowledge and interaction with colleagues influenced their attitudes. Design. A questionnaire was administered to elite athletes (N = 575) competing in 11 sport codes including high, medium and low-risk sports, and undergraduate students (N = 46) from a Sport Science Department. Athletes from all economic backgrounds, who competed at national, provincial or at first-division level, were included in this study. The questionnaire was distributed during national tournaments and training sessions. Results. Sixty-three per cent of athletes believed that a risk of HIV transmission exists in sport participation. Fiftyeight per cent believed that they had a right to know if a teammate/opponent was HIV-positive, and 62% believed that all athletes should be tested for HIV. Fifty per cent of the respondents indicated that they would participate against individuals who were HIV-positive. Most athletes (88%) believed that more education on HIV transmission in sport was needed and 58% felt that HIV should be a notifiable disease in sport. Forty-six per cent of the athletes indicated that they would participate in competition even though they were HIV-positive. Conclusion. The threat of infection or transmission did not deter athletes who were afflicted or unafflicted with HIV from participating in competitive sports. South African Sports Medicine Vol.17(1) 2005: 11-18
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Reddy, S., and Y. Coopoo. "Attitudes towards the risk of HIV transmission in sport." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 17, no. 1 (June 24, 2005): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3108/2005/v17i1a174.
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Objective. There is a real risk of transmitting HIV through open wounds during participation in sport. The aim of this study was to investigate athlete s knowledge and attitudes towards HIV transmission in a competitive sport environment how their sporting codes, demographics, knowledge and interaction with colleagues influenced their attitudes. Design. A questionnaire was administered to elite athletes (N = 575) competing in 11 sport codes including high, medium and low-risk sports, and undergraduate students (N = 46) from a Sport Science Department. Athletes from all economic backgrounds, who competed at national, provincial or at first-division level, were included in this study. The questionnaire was distributed during national tournaments and training sessions. Results. Sixty-three per cent of athletes believed that a risk of HIV transmission exists in sport participation. Fiftyeight per cent believed that they had a right to know if a teammate/opponent was HIV-positive, and 62% believed that all athletes should be tested for HIV. Fifty per cent of the respondents indicated that they would participate against individuals who were HIV-positive. Most athletes (88%) believed that more education on HIV transmission in sport was needed and 58% felt that HIV should be a notifiable disease in sport. Forty-six per cent of the athletes indicated that they would participate in competition even though they were HIV-positive. Conclusion. The threat of infection or transmission did not deter athletes who were afflicted or unafflicted with HIV from participating in competitive sports. South African Sports Medicine Vol.17(1) 2005: 11-18
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Gulyás, Erika, Tamás Sterbenz, and Eszter Kovacs. "Efficiency of Governmental Funding in Hungary." Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 72, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pcssr-2016-0027.
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AbstractThis paper presents the initial results of a significant research project conducted under the IOC PhD Student Research Grant Program with the support of the Hungarian Olympic Committee. Macro- and meso-level analyses were conducted within the framework of this research to analyze the competitive position of the Hungarian elite sport policy system. In the following, an essential part of the research will be presented with the aim of modeling the efficiency of the Hungarian sport funding system as the increasingly international sporting competition forces governments to invest more money in elite sport development just so they can maintain their elite sport success as the supply of medals remains basically constant. Due to these diminishing returns to the scale of investment, an elite sporting system with an efficient structure will be key in future sporting success. Data collection was based on information gained through a general questionnaire and interviews with the main stakeholders of national sport federations and the Hungarian Olympic Committee, which is the main governing body of Hungarian high-performance sport. Data collection focused on the sixteen prioritized sport federations and the five team sports that benefited from a tax relief system. Secondary data were collected regarding the national public funding for sport, elite sport, and sport by sport since 2006, and Gracenote’s database was used to analyze historical performance in the different disciplines and compare Hungarian performance with that of other countries. This research will provide information to policy makers about the competitive position of Hungary in elite sport and, in this respect, explore the critical success factors that will allow Hungary to assess how best to manage its future success in an increasingly competitive international environment.
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Puce, Luca, Lucio Marinelli, Nicola G. Girtler, Ilaria Pallecchi, Laura Mori, Marina Simonini, and Carlo Trompetto. "Self-Perceived Psychophysical Well-Being of Young Competitive Swimmers With Physical or Intellectual Impairment." Perceptual and Motor Skills 126, no. 5 (July 30, 2019): 862–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0031512519865849.
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Regular practice of sport activities yields psychophysical benefits for both the general population and persons affected by physical or intellectual impairments. Practicing competitive sport may add further value to these benefits. The objective of this observational cross-sectional study was to investigate the role of competitive sport practice in enhancing self-perceived psychophysical well-being of some select participants, using the Psychological General Well-Being Index and the Short Form-12 indices. We recruited at national events 100 young Italian competitive swimmers affected by physical or intellectual impairment. These respondents' results were compared with those of a control group of 100 Italian participants who did not practice competitive sport but who were also affected by physical or intellectual impairment, randomly selected from rehabilitation clinics and communities of young people with disabilities. Scores of psychological and emotional well-being were higher by 40% or more for the practitioners of competitive sport ( p < .0001; Cohen's effect size d ≥ 1.3). While our study's results suggest possible positive psychophysical benefits to competitive sport practice for young people affected by physical or intellectual impairment, longitudinal research is needed to be certain that our results are not due to self-selection into sports participation of those persons with disabilities who have a uniquely higher sense of well-being.
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Yin, Tian Tian, and Lang Gao. "The Application of the Macromolecule Materials with High Mechanical Properties in Competitive Sports." Applied Mechanics and Materials 687-691 (November 2014): 4252–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.687-691.4252.
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Competitive sport is such a sport, which is pursuing higher, faster, stronger and more accurate and which is challenging athletes individual and human’s movement limit. Macromolecule materials with high mechanical properties have the characteristics of higher strength, elasticity and toughness. This paper is planned to study the application of macromolecule materials with high mechanical properties in competitive sports.
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Curry, Timothy J., and Robert M. Jiobu. "Do Motives Matter? Modeling Gambling on Sports among Athletes." Sociology of Sport Journal 12, no. 1 (March 1995): 21–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.12.1.21.
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The importance of competition and other motive statements in explaining gambling behavior is an important but controversial issue. This study operationalizes several types of motive statements related to sports participation, and then, in a novel methodological strategy, applies these as independent variables in a causal model of sport betting among college athletes. Based on questionnaires from 492 athletes at three colleges, findings showed that competitive and extrinsic motives for sport predict sports wagering. This is the case even in a multivariate equation that includes several control variables drawn from previous studies of gambling in the general population.
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Weber, Andreas Christoph, Veerle De Bosscher, and Hippolyt Kempf. "Positioning at the Olympic Winter Games." Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal 9, no. 5 (November 11, 2019): 417–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sbm-01-2018-0002.
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Purpose Since the 1990s, the International Olympic Committee has offered nations more medal-winning opportunities at every Winter Games. Meanwhile, many countries are constrained by their limited financial resources to target sports strategically. The purpose of this paper is to examine the targeting approaches to Olympic Winter Sports of National Sports Agencies (NSAs), and to identify the factors they assess in the decision-making process. Design/methodology/approach The data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 11 decision makers of medal-winning NSAs at the 2014 Sochi Games. The data were then analysed with reference to strategic management in an approach which combines a resource-based view (RBV) with a market-based view (MBV) to build a competitive advantage. Findings The results show that NSAs, like firms, combine an internal analysis that reflects the RBV on resources and capabilities (e.g. athletes’ performance per sport and sport-specific elite sport system), with an external analysis of the competitive environment that reflects an MBV (e.g. sport’s medal market size and intensity of competition at Games) to target sports. Using this information, two phases were distinguished: first, the target sports are identified and finance is prioritised accordingly; second, the allocation of the nation’s resources is constantly reviewed in order to optimise it. Research limitations/implications Even though social desirability bias in the responses could not be fully excluded, the findings can help policy-makers to distinguish between the internal and external factors identified in this study, and to make more strategic decisions by combining RBV and MBV approaches to build-up their nation’s competitive advantage. Originality/value This paper models the targeting strategies of NSAs during an Olympic cycle by introducing the competitive positioning of firms to sports management.
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Jackson, Robin C., and Rich S. W. Masters. "Ritualized behavior in sport." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 29, no. 6 (December 2006): 621–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x06009423.
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We consider evidence for ritualized behavior in the sporting domain, noting that such behavior appears commonplace both before a competitive encounter and as part of pre-performance routines. The specific times when ritualized behaviors are displayed support the supposition that they provide temporary relief from pre-competition anxiety and act as thought suppressors in the moments preceding skill execution.
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Munroe, Krista, Craig Hall, Sharon Simms, and Robert Weinberg. "The Influence of Type of Sport and Time of Season on Athletes’ Use of Imagery." Sport Psychologist 12, no. 4 (December 1998): 440–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.12.4.440.
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Previous research (e.g., Barr & Hall, 1992) suggests that imagery is used differentially throughout an athlete’s competitive season. The influence of time of season (early vs. late) and type of sport (team vs. individual) on athletes’ use of imagery was examined. Male and female varsity athletes representing 10 sports completed the Sport Imagery Questionnaire (Hall, Mack, Paivio, & Hausenblas, in press) early and late in a competitive season. Results indicated that cognitive specific (CS) imagery significantly increased for fencing, field hockey, rugby, soccer, and wrestling. Motivational Specific (MS), Motivational General-Mastery (MG-M), and Motivational General-Arousal (MG-A) imagery showed a significant increase from Times 1 to 2 for rugby, soccer, and wrestling. Most sports demonstrated a significant increase in MS imagery. For all sports, except badminton, cognitive general (CG) imagery increased. Results indicate that imagery use changes during the competitive season, but this depends on the sport.
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Tremayne, Patsy, and Debra A. Ballinger. "Performance Enhancement for Ballroom Dancers: Psychological Perspectives." Sport Psychologist 22, no. 1 (March 2008): 90–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.22.1.90.
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Ballroom dance has resurfaced worldwide as a highly popular competitive sport and might be added to Olympic medal competition for the 2012 London Games. This resurgence presents opportunities for sport psychologists to provide psychological-skills and performance-enhancement training for ballroom dancers at all competitive levels. Few sport psychologists have the personal experience, expertise, or an adequate knowledge base about the competitive-ballroom-dance environment to provide meaningful intervention strategies for participants. This article was developed to provide initial guidance for sport psychology professionals interested in working in this environment. An overview of the competitive-dance and ballroom-dance environment, strategies used by dance couples for enhanced mental preparation before and during dance competitions, and excerpts from an interview with an Australian championship-level couple provide readers insight into performance-enhancement strategies for DanceSport.
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Hanton, Sheldon, Graham Jones, and Richard Mullen. "Intensity and Direction of Competitive State Anxiety as Interpreted by Rugby Players and Rifle Shooters." Perceptual and Motor Skills 90, no. 2 (April 2000): 513–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.2000.90.2.513.
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This study reports the findings of part of an ongoing research program examining sports performers' interpretations of competitive anxiety prior to competition. The notion of ‘directional perceptions’ has questioned the limited utility of examining only the intensity of competitive anxiety responses as has Jones. The purpose of this study was to examine intensity and direction, i.e., interpretation of intensity as facilitative or debilitative, of anxiety symptoms as a function of two types of sport. The types of sport were explosive (rugby league) versus fine motor skills (target rifle shooting). The sample comprised 50 male rugby league participants and 50 target rifle shooters who completed a modified version of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory–2 prior to competition. Contingency analysis yielded a significant difference in the number of rugby players who reported somatic anxiety as facilitative and the number of rifle shooters who reported somatic states as debilitative. No such differences were evident for cognitive anxiety. Analysis of variance Indicated no differences between the two groups on the intensity of cognitive and somatic anxiety, but the performers competing in rugby league interpreted both states as being more facilitative to performance; the rugby league players also had higher scores on self-confidence than the shooters. These findings provide continuing support for the measurement of directional perceptions of competitive anxiety and highlight the importance of examining individual sports.
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Polat, Ercan, Serkan Hazar, and Yağmur Eker. "Comparing sport participation motivation of sport high school students and sport center members in terms of some variablesSpor lisesi öğrencileri ve spor merkezi üyelerinin spora katılım motivasyonlarının bazı değişkenler açısından karşılaştırılması." Journal of Human Sciences 15, no. 4 (January 5, 2019): 2579. http://dx.doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v15i4.5607.
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The aim of the study is to compare the sport motives of individuals participating sport in two different groups. 300 volunteers are the participants of the study. Along with the personal information form, Sport Participation Motivation Scale which was developed by Gill et al., (1983) validity and reliability of which was checked for Turkish population by Oyar et al., (2001) and were used. As a result of the analysis, it was found that sport participation motives do not vary according to gender. In addition it was revealed that students of sport high school are more motivated than members of sport centers. Among students of sport high school, certificated sportspeople are more motivated compared to non-certificated sportspeople, individuals doing team and individual sports are more motivated than non-competitive sportspeople and younger students are more motivated than older ones. Among the members of sport center no difference and relation were found between the ages of the sportspeople and their status of owning certificate or not. Furthermore, sport center members doing team and individual sports were seen to be more motivated than non-competitive sportspeople in terms of the dimensions, namely friends, achievement/ status and physical fitness/energy consumption.Extended English summary is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file. ÖzetFarklı iki grupta spora katılım gösteren bireylerin spor yapma güdülerinin karşılaştırılması bu araştırmanın amacını oluşturmaktadır. Araştırma grubu 300 gönüllü katılımcıdan oluşmuştur. Veri toplama aracı olarak kişisel bilgi formu ile birlikte, Gill ve ark., (1983) tarafından geliştirilen Türk popülâsyonu için Oyar ve ark., (2001) tarafından geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması yapılan Spora Katılım Güdüsü Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda cinsiyete göre spora katılım güdülerinin farklılaşmadığı belirlenmiştir. Genel olarak spor lisesi öğrencilerinin spor merkezi üyelerinden daha fazla güdülendiği belirlenmiştir. Spor lisesi öğrencilerinden; lisanslı sporcuların lisanslı olmayan sporculara göre, takım ve bireysel sporlarla uğraşanların aktif sporcu olmayanlara göre ve daha genç yaşta olan öğrencilerin diğerlerine göre daha fazla güdülendikleri belirlenmiştir. Spor merkezi üyeleri arasında ise; farklı yaş grupları ve lisanslı sporcular ile lisanslı olmayan sporcular arasında ilişki ve farklılıklar bulunmamıştır. Bununla birlikte spor merkezi üyeleri arasında, takım ve bireysel sporlarla uğraşanların aktif spor yapmayanlara göre özellikle arkadaş, başarı/statü ve fiziksel uygunluk/enerji harcama boyutlarında daha fazla güdülendikleri ortaya konulmuştur.
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Morton, Alan R., and Kenneth D. Fitch. "Asthmatic Drugs and Competitive Sport." Sports Medicine 14, no. 4 (October 1992): 228–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-199214040-00002.
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Pittman, Andrew T., Jeffrey C. Petersen, and Emese Ivan. "Reasonable Accommodation in Competitive Sport." Journal of Physical Education, Recreation & Dance 78, no. 5 (May 2007): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07303084.2007.10598012.
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Heightman, A. J. "EMS Is a Competitive Sport." JEMS: Journal of Emergency Medical Services 30, no. 9 (September 2005): 14–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0197-2510(05)70194-7.
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Arnold, Peter J. "Competitive Sport, Winning and Education." Journal of Moral Education 18, no. 1 (January 1989): 15–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0305724890180102.
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Robson, Bonnie E. "Competition in Sport, Music, and Dance." Medical Problems of Performing Artists 19, no. 4 (December 1, 2004): 160–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21091/mppa.2004.4026.
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This paper reviews the literature in sports psychology that may be relevant in the study of competition in music and dance education, giving the reader a basis for comparison of the arts literature. Opinions vary on whether competition is good or bad for the developing child. Some believe that competitiveness is innate behavior and that competition is a motivation for high achievement. Others believe that competition detracts from performance as the increased stress and anxiety lead to a decrease in focus and, perhaps, to a decrease in self-esteem, especially for individuals with an ego orientation (a focus on comparison with others) as opposed to a mastery orientation (focus on improvement of one’s own skills). The instruments used to measure the temperamental characteristics related to competition are discussed, including the Competitive Trait Anxiety Inventory and the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory. The paper then discusses the specific research that has been done on competition in music education and in dance education. Further research is needed to determine how much competition is healthy and whether the work in sports psychology can be adapted to research in the arts.
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Muñoz, Alejandro, Álvaro López-Samanes, Raúl Domínguez, Víctor Moreno-Pérez, Antonio Jesús Sánchez-Oliver, and Juan Del Coso. "Use of Sports Supplements in Competitive Handball Players: Sex and Competitive Level Differences." Nutrients 12, no. 11 (October 31, 2020): 3357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12113357.
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Sports supplements are commonly used by elite athletes with the main goal of enhancing sport performance. Supplements use might be substantially different depending on the sport discipline, sex, and competitive level. To date, data about prevalence and the most-commonly used supplements in handball are scarce. Thus, the aim of this investigation was to determine the patterns of supplements use by handball players of both sexes and with different competitive levels: One hundred and eighty-seven handball players (112 men and 75 women) of different competitive levels (106 professional and 81 amateur) completed a validated self-administered questionnaire about supplements use. Supplements were classified according to the categorization of the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS). Overall, 59.9% of the handball players (n = 112) declared the use of at least one supplement and there were no significant differences between men and women (58.9% vs. 61.3%, p = 0.762) nor between professional vs. amateur handball players (67.1% vs. 53.8%, p = 0.074). The most prevalent supplements were sports drinks (42.2%), followed by energy bars (35.3%) and caffeine-containing products (31.6%). However, a greater consumption of group A supplements (those with strong scientific evidence; p = 0.029) and group B supplements (those with emerging scientific support, p = 0.012) was observed in male compared to female handball players. Supplements categorized as medical supplements were more commonly consumed in professional vs. amateur players (0.48 ± 0.80 vs. 0.21 ± 0.44, supplements p < 0.006). Additionally, a higher consumption of group B supplements was observed in professional compared to amateur players (0.58 ± 0.88 vs. 0.33 ± 0.72 supplements, p = 0.015). Handball players revealed a moderate use of supplements while sex and competitive level slighted changed the pattern of supplements use. A high portion of handball players use supplements as fuel during exercise and reported the use of caffeine-containing supplements to enhance performance.
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McCalpin, Michelle, Blair Evans, and Jean Côté. "Young Female Soccer Players’ Perceptions of Their Modified Sport Environment." Sport Psychologist 31, no. 1 (March 2017): 65–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2015-0073.
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Competitive engineering is a process whereby sport organizations modify the rules, facilities, and equipment involved in sport to facilitate desirable athlete outcomes and experiences. Competitive engineering is being increasingly adopted by youth sport organizations with empirical evidence positively supporting its influence on skill development and performance. The purpose of this study was to explore young female athletes’ experiences in their modified soccer environment. Seventeen recreational and competitive soccer players, aged 8–11, participated in semistructured photo elicitation interviews that featured several visual qualitative methods (i.e., athlete-directed photography, drawing exercises, and pile-sorting) to facilitate insight on their sport environments. Results revealed that the athletes’ competitively engineered soccer experience was perceived as being a distinct environment that emphasized personal development, positive relationships, and the underlying enjoyment of sport. These findings shed light of how youth sport structure modifications influence the athletes’ experiences, providing practical implications to further promote positive youth sport experiences.
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Škerbić, Matija Mato. "Internal Values of Sport and Bio-Technologized Sport." Philosophies 5, no. 4 (October 3, 2020): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/philosophies5040026.
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The aim of the paper is confronting internal or intrinsic values of sport detected by different sport-philosophers, such as W. J. Morgan, J. S. Russell, R. L. Simon, N. Dixon, S. Kretchmar, to today’s bio-technologized sports in order to find the ethical guidance for (non)acceptance of new bio-technologies in sport. Thus, in the first part, I will produce an overview of the internal values of sport in the sports-philosophical literature. In the second part, I will provide my understanding of ‘bio-technologized sports’, leaning mostly on W. J. Morgan’s and S. Loland’s previous work in this regard. In the third part, I will show that the key internal value of sport is ‘excellence’ and that the perfectionist account of sport dominates high-level professional competitive sports. However, I will show that ‘excellence’ is prone to different interpretations and understandings which (could) have different implications for the ‘bio-technologized sport’. Finally, I will propose going back to Aristotle and his account of eudaimonia to build principles for the regulation of (non)acceptance of bio-technology in sport.
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Pyne, David B., and Rick L. Sharp. "Physical and Energy Requirements of Competitive Swimming Events." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 24, no. 4 (August 2014): 351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0047.
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The aquatic sports competitions held during the summer Olympic Games include diving, open-water swimming, pool swimming, synchronized swimming, and water polo. Elite-level performance in each of these sports requires rigorous training and practice to develop the appropriate physiological, biomechanical, artistic, and strategic capabilities specific to each sport. Consequently, the daily training plans of these athletes are quite varied both between and within the sports. Common to all aquatic athletes, however, is that daily training and preparation consumes several hours and involves frequent periods of high-intensity exertion. Nutritional support for this high-level training is a critical element of the preparation of these athletes to ensure the energy and nutrient demands of the training and competition are met. In this article, we introduce the fundamental physical requirements of these sports and specifically explore the energetics of human locomotion in water. Subsequent articles in this issue explore the specific nutritional requirements of each aquatic sport. We hope that such exploration will provide a foundation for future investigation of the roles of optimal nutrition in optimizing performance in the aquatic sports.
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Denham, Bryan E. "Alcohol and Marijuana Use among American High School Seniors: Empirical Associations with Competitive Sports Participation." Sociology of Sport Journal 28, no. 3 (September 2011): 362–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.28.3.362.
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Drawing on data gathered from high-school seniors in the 2008 Monitoring the Future Study of American Youth (N = 2,063), this research examined the explanatory effects of competitive sports participation on alcohol consumption and marijuana use using race and noncompetitive exercise frequency as controls. Among males, competitive sports included baseball, basketball, football, soccer, track and field, and weightlifting, and among females, sports included softball, basketball, soccer, swimming and diving, track and field, and volleyball. White males reported greater alcohol consumption than Black and Hispanic respondents, with competitors in baseball, football and weightlifting consuming alcohol more frequently. The use of marijuana did not depend on race, but baseball players and weightlifters reported significantly more use. Among females, race differences did not emerge in ordinal regression models testing effects on alcohol consumption, but participants in every sport reported drinking alcohol more frequently. White female athletes also appeared to smoke marijuana more frequently. Overall, results suggested comparably strong effects for female sport environments while male behaviors varied by race, noncompetitive exercise frequency, and sports competition. Limitations of the study and recommendations for future research are offered.
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Swain, Austin, and Graham Jones. "Relationships between Sport Achievement Orientation and Competitive State Anxiety." Sport Psychologist 6, no. 1 (March 1992): 42–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.6.1.42.
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This study examined the relationship between sport achievement orientation and cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, and self-confidence in a sample of male (n=60) track and field athletes. Subjects responded to the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) on five occasions during the precompetition period and also completed the Sport Orientation Questionnaire (SOQ). Stepwise multiple-regression analyses were employed in order to determine whether any of the SOQ subscales emerged as significant predictors of the CSAI-2 subscale scores. The dominant predictor to emerge for each anxiety subcomponent was the competitiveness subscale. The subjects were then dichotomized into high and low groups of competitiveness by means of the median-split technique. Two-way analyses of variance revealed significant group by time-to-competition interactions for both cognitive and somatic anxiety. In the case of cognitive anxiety, the high competitive group exhibited no change across time; the low competitive group showed a progressive increase as the competition neared. Findings for somatic anxiety revealed that the low competitive group reported an earlier elevation in the somatic response. Significant main effects of both time-to-event and group (but no interaction) were found for self-confidence. The findings revealed that the high competitive group, although reporting higher levels of self-confidence throughout the experimental period, reported reduced self-confidence on the day of competition; in the low competitive group, self-confidence remained stable. These results suggest that the precompetition temporal patterning of the multidimensional anxiety subcomponents differ as a function of competitiveness.
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Kryger Pedersen, Inge, and Lars Benjaminsen. "Er dopingerfaringer forbeholdt lavtuddannede? Doping som en social praktik." Dansk Sociologi 17, no. 3 (November 28, 2006): 51–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/dansoc.v17i3.1698.
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Inge Kryger Pedersen and Lars Benjaminsen:
Bulked-up bodies and education: Doping as a social practice
During the last decades sociological analyses have interpreted doping and use of performance-enhancing substances as a social phenomenon mainly in the field of sports. In this article, logistic regression analyses of a questionnaire survey conducted among a random sample of the Danish population between the ages of 15-50 (2003 respondents) and persons engaged in different types of sports and exercise activities in Denmark (5036 respondents) show that pharmacological methods (medicines, drugs) have been adopted by trained, physically fit individuals outside sports. Studies indicate that experiences with performance-enhancing substances outside – and not within – competi¬ti¬ve sports are socially stratified. Use of anabolic steroids in gyms is prevalent among men with little or no education. This article looks at these observable variations in social position by drawing upon Bourdieu’s analysis of the logic of practice, his concepts of practical sense and the search for social distinction in the construction of life-styles. Despite certain limitations regarding issues of agency, it is argued that drug use outside the sphere of competitive sport can be viewed as a bodily practice related to social parameters such as the level of education. Use of doping substances outside the sphere of sport is re¬-lated to aesthetic modification, whereas doping in organised competitive sports primarily intends to enhance various physiological parameters. These para¬meters are related both to the specific skills required for the sport and to the logic of competition. This might explain why doping experiences in competitive sports do not seem to be stratified by education.
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Millet, Gregoire P., David J. Bentley, and Veronica E. Vleck. "The Relationships Between Science and Sport: Application in Triathlon." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 2, no. 3 (September 2007): 315–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2.3.315.
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The relationships between sport sciences and sports are complex and changeable, and it is not clear how they reciprocally influence each other. By looking at the relationship between sport sciences and the “new” (~30-year-old) sport of triathlon, together with changes in scientific fields or topics that have occurred between 1984 and 2006 (278 publications), one observes that the change in the sport itself (eg, distance of the events, wetsuit, and drafting) can influence the specific focus of investigation. The sport-scientific fraternity has successfully used triathlon as a model of prolonged strenuous competition to investigate acute physiological adaptations and trauma, as support for better understanding cross-training effects, and, more recently, as a competitive sport with specific demands and physiological features. This commentary discusses the evolution of the scientific study of triathlon and how the development of the sport has affected the nature of scientific investigation directly related to triathlon and endurance sport in general.
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Portland, Robert Brustad, and Maureen R. Weiss. "Competence Perceptions and Sources of Worry in High, Medium, and Low Competitive Trait-Anxious Young Athletes." Journal of Sport Psychology 9, no. 2 (March 1987): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsp.9.2.97.
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This study examined the relationship between cognitive appraisal processes and the affective characteristics of youth sport involvement using Harter's competence motivation theory as a framework. Specifically, the present study extended Passer's (1983) research on patterns of competitive trait anxiety (CTA) in young male soccer players by including female athletes and athletes involved in different sports. Boy baseball players (N = 55) and girl softball players (N = 58) completed self-report measures of CTA, self-esteem, perceived physical competence, and frequency of evaluative and performance-related worries about athletic competition. Multivariate analyses revealed that high-CTA boys reported lower levels of self-esteem and more frequent worries about their performance than did their less anxious counterparts. For the girls, no significant relationships were found between levels of competitive trait anxiety and the cognitive variables. To enhance the experiences of youth sport participants, it is essential that the contributors to, and consequences of, competitive trait anxiety be more closely examined.
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Lochbaum, Marc, Zişan Kazak Çetinkalp, Kara-Aretha Graham, Taylor Wright, and Ricardo Zazo. "Task and ego goal orientations in competitive sport." Kinesiology 48, no. 1 (2016): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.26582/k.48.1.14.
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Achievement goal theory (AGT) is a dominant theoretical framework. The purposes of this review were (1) to provide a summary of the task and ego goal orientations literature in competitive sport as measured by the Task and Ego Orientations in Sport Questionnaire (TEOSQ) or the Perceptions of Success in Sport Questionnaire (POSQ), (2) to test the interdependence of the two goal orientations, and (3) to provide the estimated means for both orientations across a number of historically examined moderator variables. 260 studies met inclusion criteria totaling 80,959 unique participants across 39 countries and 32 sports. Youth samples were nearly 50% of all included studies. The meta-analyzed intercorrelations (rw=.18, z=9.96, p<.000) supported the conceptualized interdependence of the two goal orientations. The estimated mean values were 4.15+.30 (task) and 3.04+.51 (ego). However, differences, POSQ compared to TEOSQ, existed in the estimated means (g=.92 task; g=1.09 ego). Thus, the TEOSQ and POSQ samples for the moderator variables (i.e. sex, sport level, sport type, and collective/individualistic countries) were examined separately. Results both supported and refuted the hypotheses and also differed by measure. Because of TEOSQ and POSQ inconsistencies, an additional analysis was undertaken to examine whether the TEOSQ and POSQ differed to a common correlate motivation climate. This analysis revealed measurement differences in the ego to ego climate relationships. In conclusion, AGT has been extensively researched in competitive sport. The inconsistent pattern of results raises a number of future research questions.