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1
Kashani, O. "Regulating competitive balance in sport." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2012. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/272/.
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Sport is an integral part of popular culture, capturing the hearts and minds of millions of people from every section of society 1. Maintaining competitive balance in sport is essential in preserving its long term survival. A higher uncertainty of outcome in contests is likely to result in greater spectator demand and increased revenues; whereas an imbalanced competition will eventually lead to a decline in attendance and the overall quality of the sport. The regulation of competitive balance in individual sports is difficult to implement, as success relies largely on the athlete’s individual skill and ability 2. In contrast, team sports can be influenced by a number of regulatory measures such as player drafts, salary caps, transfer windows, and player quotas. Analysis into Europe and North America’s regulation of competitive balance reveals a variety of measures used to foster greater equality of opportunity between teams competing with one another in sport. Unfortunately European sports are restricted somewhat, as access to sport is considered to be a social advantage and importance for the integration of citizens, and therefore cannot remain outside the scope of the fundamental principles of free movement. Although the European Union accepts the ‘specificity of sport’, it grants no exception from European Union law for the industry; a principle that has recently been reaffirmed in the decisions of Bosman 3 and Meca-Medina 4. Sports governing bodies must therefore ensure new rules and regulatory measures comply with European Union law; reducing the number of measures available to them. This thesis analyses the competitive balance in sport both as a more theoretical phenomenon and as something that concrete measures can practically inhibit or stimulate. It ‘drills down’ into how issues of competitive balance arise in a number of specific contexts (doping, corruption, the influence of sponsors and the broadcast media, and with respect to gender and disability) and examines how these specific issues may be resolved as well as drawing out the broader lessons they hold for competitive balance as a whole. It is envisaged that the thesis will not only be of academic interest but prove to be a practical tool for use by those who are at the frontline of governance of sport. 1 Lewis, A. and Taylor, J. (2003) ‘Sport: Law and Practice’, Tottel publishing, p4. 2 Success in individual sports can occasionally rely on other issues such as resources for training. It is harder to have success in winter sports (e.g. bobsleigh) if you live in Jamaica. 3 Case C-415/93 Union Royale Belge Sociétés de Football Association and others v Jean-Marc Bosman and others [1995] ECR 1-4921. 4 Case C-519/04 Meca-Medina and Majcen v Commission [2006] ECR I-6991.
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Gilmore, Orla. "Leaving competitive sport : Scottish female athletes' experiences of sport career transitions." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/496.
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Over the last three decades, the sports research community has demonstrated a growing interest in the process of sport retirement. The majority of the sport retirement research has focused on male professional athletes, traditionally those in the popular spectator sports. Yet, the process of leaving sport applies to thousands of individuals, both male and female, who engage in competitive sport. To date very little consideration has been given to the retirement experiences of female athletes. Three separate studies have been undertaken to address this identified gap in the literature. Studies One and Two aimed to explore the experiences of sport retirement for elite female athletes in Scotland, using a mixture of quantitative and qualitative methodologies. In Study One questionnaire data was collected from 92 former Scottish elite female athletes. Questionnaire sections were designed to examine what were felt to be the major elements of the Taylor and Ogilvie (1994; 2001) conceptual model of adaptation to retirement from sport, in order to explore the applicability of this model to female athletes in Scotland. The results of the study provide support for the use of this model to assist in our understanding of the retirement transition. The findings highlighted the importance of athletic identity, reason for retirement, and perceptions of control in predicting the level of difficulty and adjustment that an athlete may experience upon their retirement. The most significant finding was the effect that athletic identity had on the retirement process, with those identifying strongly with the athletic role reporting significantly higher levels of difficulty, emotional adjustment, and social adjustment. 29 of these athletes participated in an in-depth interview within Study Two, enabling a more in-depth analysis of their retirement experiences. In this study particular attention was paid to the effect of athletic identity on this transition. In support of the findings of Study One, athletes with a strong and exclusive athletic identity were found to be more likely to experience difficulties when they retire. In comparison, athletes with lower levels of athletic identity generally experience some mild negative emotions after initially retiring, followed by a relatively smooth transition into their life after sport. The second part of this thesis examines formal programmes available to support female athletic retirement in Scotland. Study Three provides an evaluation of the Performance Lifestyle programme offered by the Scottish Institute of Sport, focusing in particular on the services related to preparation for life after sport. The perspectives of a number of different groups with an interest or involvement in the programme were examined and comparisons made with the delivery of Performance Lifestyle to other athlete groups in Great Britain. The results show that Performance Lifestyle is a very valuable source of support for athletes who are part of the Institute Network. The programme does deal with the issue of the end of the career, but it is definitely a weaker aspect, largely due to lack of resources. Performance Lifestyle in Scotland compares favourably with programmes offered by the Institute Network in England and by Welsh Rugby. However other professional sports are currently offering superior programmes due to higher levels of investment and resources.
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Dewar, Andrew James. "Achievement goals and emotions in competitive sport." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3415/.
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The main aim of this thesis was to investigate the relationships between goal involvement and emotions and potential mediators and moderators of these relationships; a secondary aim was to examine the link between goal involvement and sport performance. The relationships between goal involvement and emotions experienced before, during, and after competition were examined in Studies 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Cognitive appraisals (Study 1) and perceived performance (Studies 2 & 3) were examined as mediators of the links between task involvement and emotions. Also, perceived competence (Study 1), perceived performance (Studies 2 & 3), and outcome of the match (Study 3) were investigated as moderators of the relationships between ego involvement and emotions. Finally, the effects of achievement goals on emotions and performance were experimentally tested in a speed-agility task (Study 4). Overall, task involvement was positively related to positive, and negatively associated with negative, emotions; challenge appraisal and perceived performance helped explain the majority of these links. Also, some relationships between ego involvement and emotions were moderated by perceived performance and outcome. These findings suggest athletes should be task involved before or during competition and that ego involvement can be beneficial for emotions when perceived performance is high.
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McEwen, Carolyn Elizabeth. "Team selection transition processes in competitive sport." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/55762.
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Team selection processes are an inherent part of high performance sport and may impact athletes’ sport engagement and psychological adjustment (Samuel & Tenenbaum, 2011a). The purpose of this program of research was to advance understanding of high performance developmental and elite athletes’ experiences with significant team selection processes. Two prospective-longitudinal studies were conducted to achieve this objective. The first study examined how elite athletes negotiated the 2012 Olympic team selection process from an Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis perspective (Smith, Flowers, & Larkin, 2009). Three primary themes emerged from analysis of the interviews including the Olympic goal, navigating the Olympic team selection process, and moving on from the Olympics. Results suggested that participants organized their athletic and vocational endeavours around their goal of being selected to compete in the Olympic Games, demonstrating significant investment and sacrifice. To cope with non-selection, athletes reappraised where the 2012 Olympic Games fit within their athletic careers, engaged in new and meaningful athletic, social, and vocational goals, and emphasized the prominence of social and vocational identities unrelated to sport. Study two examined how stress and adaptational processes were impacted by the 2013 Canada Summer Games (CSG) selection process. Multilevel modeling was employed to investigate changes in cognitive appraisals, emotions, coping, sport engagement, athletic goal progress, and life satisfaction in relation to athletes’ CSG selection status. Findings suggested that the CSG tryout had a meaningful impact on athletes as evidenced by changes in emotions, cognitive appraisals, and athletic goal progress in relation to their selection status. However, the CSG selection process did not affect athletes’ sport engagement or life satisfaction. Collectively, results from both studies indicated that athletes reappraised selection processes over time and varied in their emotional responses to team tryouts, highlighting the importance of investigating intrapersonal change and interpersonal differences associated with team selection events. Findings also suggested that the stage of sport career influenced the meaning athletes attached to specific selection processes and the degree to which these events influenced their life as a whole.Education, Faculty of
Kinesiology, School of
Graduate
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Veivers, Tracey R. "Correlates of competitive anxiety in a team sport /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17670.pdf.
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Dionigi, Rylee Ann. "Competing for Life: Older People and Competitive Sport." Diss., Connect to this title online, 2004. http://www.newcastle.edu.au/services/library/adt/public/adt-NNCU20041203.213850/index.html.
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Connaughton, Declan. "An examination of mental toughness in competitive sport." Thesis, Cardiff Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10369/7391.
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This thesis provided an in-depth examination of mental toughness in sports performers, and comprised three studies, of which Study 3 contained two parts. The aim of the thesis was to: define mental toughness, identify its component parts, devise a working framework of mental toughness, and identify the underlying mechanisms involved in the development and maintenance of mental toughness. Study 1 addressed the definition of mental toughness and its essential components using 10 international performers. The proposed definition emphasized both general and specific dimensions , and 12 attributes fundamental to the ideal mentally tough performer. These covered self-belief, desire/motivation, dealing with pressure and anxiety, focus (þerformance and lifestyle related), and pain/hardship factors. Study 2 built upon the findings of Study 1 in a sample of eight Olympic or World Champions, three coaches, and four sport psychologists. Findings verified the definition, and identified 30 attributes that were developed into a working framework of mental toughness. The 30 attributes were found to cluster into 13 subcomponents and four dimensions within an overall working framework: a general dimension (attitude/mindset), and three time-specific dimensions (training, competition, post-competition). Study 3 re-interviewed l1 of the participants from Study 2 regarding: (a) the development and maintenance of mental toughness, and (b) how the framework dimensions and subcomponents interacted during the development and maintenance process. Findings revealed four distinct career phases in the development and maintenance of mental toughness. Critical incidents, both positive and negative, were perceived to act as catalysts in cultivating mental toughness, and once acquired, mental toughness needed to be maintained. Findings also confirmed the development and subsequent maintenance of mental toughness over three stages. Factors affecting development and maintenance included: stage l, skill mastery and socialization; stage2, competitiveness, successes in training and competitions; and stage 3, international competitive experience, education, the use of mental skills, a wide ranging social support network, and reflective practice. This prolonged research program has resulted in an empirically based definition of mental toughness, the development of a framework depicting its component parts, and provided an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms involved in the development and maintenance of mental toughness. Practical implications indicate that mental toughness develops over three distinct stages, in the dimensional order of attitude/mindset, training, competition, and post-competition, and requires maintenance. Future directions are discussed in relation to measurement and intervention strategies.
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Xu, Jie, Scott Tainsky, Liang Wei, and Natalie L. Smith. "Competitive Balance in the Chinese Soccer League." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/2400.
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This research examines the competitive balance of the CSL since its formation using two popular within-season balance measures. Findings show that balance has been more volatile since league reorganization, but is neither consistently more nor less balanced. Furthermore, we question whether it is coincidental that the CSL was most balanced across all teams in the seasons immediately following its establishment and reorganization, hypothesizing that the traditional Chinese cultural value of harmony may be the root cause. Simple comparisons of win concentrations of top Chinese and UEFA teams do not suggest league imbalance. Given Chinese fan penchant for national team games, we propose that (contrary to the UOH) league interest could potentially be increased by greater imbalance skewed toward the top teams.
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Ferm, Alexander, and Galle Simon. "Testing e-sport athletes : A study on competitive gaming." Thesis, Gymnastik- och idrottshögskolan, GIH, Institutionen för idrotts- och hälsovetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:gih:diva-3332.
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Aim The main purpose of this study was to compose and test the validity of a cognitive test battery to determine e-sport athletes’ strengths and weaknesses. The second purpose was to investigate their physical fitness. Hypothesis 1: The elite players will perform better in a number of cognitive and fine motor tasks compared to recreational gamers. Hypothesis 2: The elite players’ aerobic capacity cannot be very low (<2,5 VO2 L/min for 20-29 year olds) according to Andersson since that would affect their e-sport performance negatively. Hypothesis 3: A great number of the elite players will not be able to match the demands (>198 seconds) for a healthy back in the Biering-Sørensen test. Method 25 male test subjects were divided into three groups, elite players (E) [10], recreational players (R) [10] and non-players (N) [5]. The elite group consisted of two professional e-sport teams á five persons, one Counter Strike: Global Offensive-team (CS) and one League of Legends-team (LOL), ranging between 17 and 25 years of age (mean age 21,5). R ranged between 21 and 29 years of age (mean 24,9) had all played fighting games, MOBA, online-FPS, online-3PS or RTS games minimum once a week in a 6 month period or more but never competed in them. N ranged between 25 and 32 (mean 28, 4) years of age and had at a maximum tried these kinds of games but never used them for recreational purposes. E, R and N performed a test battery for reaction speed, strategy, perception, situation awareness, keyboard stamina, hand-eye coordination, spatial orientation and anticipatory skill. E was also tested for physical fitness through Ekblom-Bak submaximal cycle ergometer test and back strength with Biering-Sørensens (BS) test. Results E estimated VO2max was 3,83 L/min (SD = 0,38) and E’s mean result from BS back test was 133 s (SD = 54). The elite players did not perform significantly better in any of the cognitive or fine motor task than the recreational players. Conclusion The elite player’s results from the BS test confirms hypothesis 3 and indicates unhealthy backs. The only significant difference within the cognitive tests between E and R is to the E groups disadvantage; surprisingly they showed inferior results in the anticipatory skill test. Their aerobic capacity confirms hypothesis 2, the elite players VO2max was not very low, placing the E group in the upper half of the average in their age group. Furthermore, the test battery cannot be used for talent scouting but could possibly be used to determine cognitive weaknesses.Syfte Huvudsyftet med denna studie var att sammansätta och testa validiteten i ett kognitivt testbatteri för att bestämma e-sportatleters styrkor och svagheter. Det andra syftet var att undersöka deras fysiska status. Hypotes1: Elitspelarna kommer att prestera bättre i en rad kognitiva och finmotoriska uppgifter jämfört med rekreationsspelare. Hypotes 2: Elitspelarnas aeroba kapacitet kan inte vara mycket låg (<2,5 VO2 L/min för 20-29åringar) eftersom det skulle påverka deras e–sportprestation negativt. Hypotes 3: Ett stort antal av elitspelarna kommer inte att kunna matcha kraven för en frisk rygg (>193 sekunder) i Biering-Sørensentestet. Metod 25 män delades in i tre grupper, elitspelare (E) [10], rekreationsspelare (R) [10] och icke-spelare (N) [5]. Elitgruppen bestod av två professionella e-sportslag á fem personer och ett Counter Strike: Global Offensivelag (CS) och ett League of Legends-lag (LOL), ålder mellan 17 och 25 år (medelålder 21,5 ). R-gruppen varierade mellan 21 och 29 år (medelvärde 24,9 ) hade alla spelat fightingspel, MOBA, online-FPS, online-3PS eller RTS-spel minst en gång i veckan under en 6 månaders period eller mer men aldrig tävlat i dem. Grupp N varierade mellan 25 och 32 år (medel 28,4) och hade som högst provat dessa typer av spel, men aldrig använt dem i rekreationssyfte. Grupp E, R och N utförde ett testbatteri för reaktionshastighet, strategi, perception, situationsmedvetenhet , tangentbord uthållighet, öga-handkoordination, spatial förmåga och antecipatorisk skicklighet. Grupp E också testades fysiskt genom Ekblom-Bak submaximala cycle ergometertest och ryggstyrka genom Biering-Sørensens (BS) test. Resultat Grupp E:s beräknade VO2max var 3,83 l/min (SD = 0,38) och elitgruppens medelresultat av BS ryggtest var 133 s (SD=54). E presterade inte signifikant bättre i någon av de kognitiva eller finmotoriska uppgifterna än R. Slutsats Elitspelarnas resultat från BS-testet bekräftar hypotes 3 och påvisar ohälsosamma ryggar. Den enda signifikanta skillnaden inom de kognitiva testerna mellan E och R är till E-gruppens nackdel, överraskande visade de sämre resultat i det antecipatoriska skicklighetstestet . Deras aeroba kapacitet bekräftar hypotes 2, elitspelarnas VO2max var inte mycket låg, E-gruppen placerade sig i den övre hälften av genomsnittet för sin åldersgrupp. Testbatteriet kan inte användas för talangscouting men eventuellt för att upptäcka kognitiva svagheter.
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Flores-Marti, Ismael. "Physical educators' goals when teaching a competitive sport unit /." The Ohio State University, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486461246817527.
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Wallin, Felicia. "Competitive anxiety in elite female floorball players." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-36743.
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Cooper, Joy Cooper Nelson. "The Relationship Between Level of Competition and Competitive Sport Anxiety in Youth Recreational Soccer Players." [Greenville, N.C.] : East Carolina University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10342/2733.
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Evans, Daniel, and mikewood@deakin edu au. "The internet and competitive advantage in Australian professional sport organisations." Deakin University. Bowater School of Management and Marketing, 2002. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20050825.144334.
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The electronic revolution has proven to be a powerful stimulus for change in business practice. As a business tool however, the Internet must endure the same scrutiny under which other business activities are placed. If the use of the Internet in business is a sound strategy, then it must contribute toward competitive advantage. The sport business industry has not been isolated from the vagaries of Internet applications. Moreover, as the industry has become more competitive, forcing sporting organisations towards unprecedented levels of accountability and business practice, the Internet has been increasingly seen as a potential 'holy grail' for sport organisations struggling for revenue (Stewart & Smith, 1999). This research is a response to these pressures. It seeks to identify Internet based opportunities for competitive advantage, and to provide strategies and recommendations for the successful use of the Internet in Australian professional sport organisations.
In realising this objective, a newly developed and integrated Business Activity Model has been constructed. The model assists in the identification of specific Internet based competitive advantage strategies, and provides a theoretical framework for this research. The Business Activity Model conceptualises, for the first time, the relationships between the value chain, constituents of electronically enabled competitive advantage, and the Internet.
With Australia's limited group of fully professional sports capable of sustaining the human resources and budgets necessary to implement comprehensive e-commerce strategies, the organisations selected to participate in this research represent the pinnacle of Australian professional sport clubs. Specifically, the 55 clubs competing in the Australian Football League (A.F.L.), National Basketball League (N.B.L.), National Rugby League (N.R.L.), and National Soccer League (N.S.L.) constituted the research sample and population. In concert with the 87% participation rate, sampling approached a census. A telephone-administered survey, based primarily on
the rigorously tested instrument developed by Sethi and King (1994), was employed for data collection.
This research employs a comprehensive set of descriptive statistics, and is bolstered by a confirmatory and an exploratory factor analysis, undertaken on one component of the data. The outcome of this research was the identification of seven practical recommendations for Australian professional sport organisations seeking to improve competitive advantage via the Internet. These recommendations were based on an inventory of the 'gaps' between the strategies proposed by the literature, and the practices of the sample, and relate to both overall Internet strategy, and specific web site applications. The development of the new Business Activity Model and the identification of key online strategy themes support and complement these recommendations. An examination of variations in the practices of participating organisations, and some comparisons against United States sporting organisations, also provides depth and context to the findings.
This research provides a platform for sport managers to effectively harness the potential of the Internet, through their web sites in particular, and realise significant competitive advantages. The Business Activity Model provides managers in all industries with a tool for the detection and understanding of potential elements of competitive advantage, and incorporates all activities critical to business in the new digital economy. Seven practical recommendations for improved online performance based on identified competitive advantage and strategies fulfils the primary objective of this research. E-commerce continues to grow at astronomical rates, and with the Internet poised to become the life-blood of 21st century sporting organisations, these recommendations will assist managers in their ongoing search for competitive advantage.
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Missler, Susan M. "Female golfers' transitions from highly competitive sport : a naturalistic inquiry /." The Ohio State University, 1996. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487932351057613.
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Patel, S. "Striking a balance between inclusion and exclusion in competitive sport." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2012. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/254/.
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This thesis aims to investigate the regulatory balance between inclusion and exclusion in competitive sport. Society is obsessed with categorising and treating individuals and groups according to their physical and non-physical differences, such as sex, gender, disability and race. This treatment can lead to the inclusion or exclusion of an individual from the tangible and intangible benefits of society. Where this practice becomes discriminatory, there exists a legal framework in place to protect basic human rights and ensure that people are treated with due respect for their similarities and differences. In a sporting context, the inclusion and exclusion of athletes based upon their differences is often a necessary part of the essence of competitive sporting activity. The protection of the essence involves the establishment of rules and categories that can have an unequal exclusionary impact on certain classes of individual such as some women, transgender, intersex individuals and those with a physical or intellectual disability. The essence of sport also embodies a dominant sporting culture that dictates who is suitable to sport and this can have an exclusionary effect upon particular racial populations. This literature based research, critically analyses a range of legal and non-legal cases concerning sex, gender, disability and race to identify when sporting exclusion is justifiable for the protection of the essence, and when it is unjustifiable and incompatible with equality legislation. A comparative analysis is adopted to examine the consistency and appropriateness of the sport and legal approach to this regulation. It will be shown that whilst a majority of the cases employ a justified inclusive or exclusive approach that is evidence based and in the pursuit of legitimate objectives, there do remain a proportion of cases which are unjustified. This thesis proposes a ladder of regulation, including a sports audit and the establishment of an international anti-discrimination unit, to stimulate improvements in rule making and encourage good governance in this field.
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Swart, Kamilla. "Physiological, perceptual and performance responses to competitive stress in individual and team sports among youth sport participants." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1016257.
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Due to limited research in the field testing of youth sport, specifically with regard to females, this project was delimited to the examination of the responses of youth participants in relation to the nature of the sport, when participating under conditions of competitive stress. It further attempted to elucidate gender related differences within these responses. Forty four male and female subjects aged 15 - 19 years volunteered to participate in this study; all pupils were First team members who competed in a variety of team and individual sports. Subjects participated in a battery of psychological, physiological and performance tests before and after competing in a practice session and during competitive league matches. The data were statistically analyzed for the various parameters under investigation. The results of the Sport Competition Anxiety Test indicated that the females, and the male team players had the highest competitive anxiety traits (CTA). The Task and Ego Orientation in Sport Questionnaire scores showed that most subjects have a general dominance of task orientation to sport. The results of the Physical Self-Perception Profile revealed that the females' poorer perception of their physical was not as substantial as their difference in CTA compared to males. Team participants, particularly the males, had a poorer self-image than individual sport counterparts. Elevated heart rate responses were observed prior to performing in a competitive ambience, with significant increases in team, rather than individual, players. The Evaluation of Task Demands revealed that team players, especially the females, perceived the match demands as significantly higher than the individual athletes. No significant differences were observed in the players' Evaluation of Perceived Strain. Neither were any significant differences observed in the players' ratings of their performance. In conclusion, although differences appear to exist between male and female responses within a competitive ambience, the magnitude of difference was far more notable between team and individual responses to competitive stress, particularly for competitive matches as opposed to practice sessions.
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Coleman, Damian Alan. "The energetics of competitive road race cycling." Thesis, University of Kent, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365247.
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Barnes, J. Kirsten. "A season long investigation of sport achievement motivation in competitive athletes." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.390104.
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Witzig, Nadja. "The Building as an Educational Tool - A Competitive Sport Boarding School." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/9638.
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As the topic for my master's thesis, I wanted to challenge myself with a project to which I have a personal connection and use my experience for designing. At 13 years old, I went ot a competitive sport boarding school for 5 years. This time left me with a very distinctive and also some negative impressions. The complex was made out of a couple, by a narrow hallway connected, buildings. On one hand a very practical concept, that shortend commuting intensively around the complex, but on the other hand the surrounding fabric had no influence and connection to it and the complex could be placed anywhere.
That is why I would like to take a closer look at what this building can actually be and stand for while, being a place for education and also use it's design and intentions for part of the education.
Thesis Questions:
What is the place of education?
How can the importance of the school be translated into architecture?
What can stuidents learn from the building itself?
How is the relationship between the school and the community defined?Master of Architecture
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Stein, Manuel [Verfasser]. "Visual Analytics for Cooperative and Competitive Behavior in Team Sports / Manuel Stein." Konstanz : KOPS Universität Konstanz, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1206878460/34.
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Hatzigeorgiadis, Antonis. "Cognitive interference in sport." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1999. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/7212.
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The present investigation examined the role of cognitive interference in sport. In Study 1 an instrument to assess intrusive thoughts athletes experience during performance was developed (Thought Occurrence Questionnaire for Sport; TOQS). In the first part of the study, which involved modification of an instrument constructed in educational settings, three types of thoughts were identified. These were 'performance worries', 'situation irrelevant thoughts' and 'thoughts of escape'. In the second part of the study, which involved validation of the modified instrument, support for the psychometric properties of the TOQS was provided through tests of convergent, concurrent and discriminant validity. Study 2 examined situational antecedents of cognitive interference. Discrepancies between expected and actual performance was identified as the best predictor of cognitive interference athletes experience, whereas cognitive anxiety was found moderately related to cognitive interference. Finally, it was found that athletes experiencing their anxiety states as facilitative reported less cognitive interference than athletes experiencing their anxiety states as debilitative. Study 3 investigated possible effects cognitive interference has on aspects of sport performance based on athletes' perceptions. Participants reported cognitive interference to be detrimental to their concentration. Furthermore, it was revealed that different types of thoughts influence effort input in different ways. The relationship between 'performance worries' and subsequent effort depended on goal attainment expectancies. Athletes holding higher expectancies reported that their worries resulted in increased effort, whereas athletes holding lower expectancies reported their worries to result in decreased effort. 'Situation irrelevant thoughts' were reported not to have any effects on subsequent effort, while 'thoughts of escape' were associated with decreases in effort. Finally, Study 4 examined relationships between achievement goal orientations and cognitive interference. A negative relationship between task orientation and thoughts of escape was the only strong and consistent association that emerged. Goal profiles analysis revealed that, in contrast to athletes holding self-referenced goals, for those holding comparative goals outcome is an important determinant of withdrawal thoughts. The results of the present investigation are discussed in relation to findings in educational and sport settings, and a conceptual model regarding the role of cognitive interference in sport is proposed. Overall, cognitive interference is identified as a topic which requires further examination in the sport psychology domain.
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Thiborg, Jesper. "Att göra (e)sport : om datorspel och sportifiering." Doctoral thesis, Örebro universitet, Hälsoakademin, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-20187.
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Competitive computer gaming, under the name e-sport, have become a popular activity inSweden and worldwide. Within the e-sport community the question about the relationbetween the e-sport and sport has been discussed. Despite of this, very few sport scientistshave studied e-sport. The aim of this licentiate thesis is to create an understanding of thephenomenon e-sport. As a theoretical framework the concept of sportification was used. Inthree articles aspects of sportification in e-sport was studied. E-sport as a concept evolvedin the late 1990 and is used by many people and organizations. The reasons why theconcept of e-sport is used are probably manifold. In the thesis three reasons are presented,namely higher legitimacy, social recognition and autonomy. Furthermore, the results showsimilarities between e-sport and contemporary sport. E-sport has, in contrast tocontemporary sports, developed from commerce around computer games to sport, and notonly from spontaneous play. In conclusion, e-sport is e-sport. By that I mean that e-sport issomething that goes beyond contemporary sport. Probably, it is due to the fact that e-sportevolved in a time when industrial society was transformed into an information- andcommunication society.
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Strachan, Leischa Augusta Teresa. "An ecological approach to examining positive youth development in competitive youth sport." Thesis, Kingston, Ont. : [s.n.], 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1974/1261.
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Owen, Gareth. "Emotions and identities in sport : gay pride and shame in competitive rowing." Thesis, London South Bank University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.434416.
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This thesis presents a participant observant ethnographic study of a United Kingdom based gay rowing club participating in mainstream competition. A methodological approach called emotional ethnography was developed to facilitate a focus on the emotional significance of sport participation. The study explored the performance of gay male athletic identities in mainstream competitive sport. Eight themes of emotional significance were identified: (i) sociability, (ii) personal achievement, (iii) motility pleasure, (iv) competitiveness, (v) gender performance, (vi) desire & identification, (vii) homophobia, and (viii) political significance. Primary motivations for rowing were generally framed around the sociability of team camaraderie, personal achievement and motility pleasure. The public performance of orthodox competitive masculinity and the partitioning of homoeroticism were considered essential to gaining acceptance in the mainstream rowing community, although privately, the shared ironic understandings of 'camping-it-up' contributed to the enjoyment of gay crew camaraderie. The visibility of gay identified rowers did trouble the heteronormativity of competitive rowing but the possibility of challenging the oppressive structures linked to the patriarchal dominance of sport were limited by the desire to identify with hegemonic athletic masculinity. The political significance of rowing as a gay crew was framed by proving that gay men could row as well as straight men, and the underlying emotional dynamic behind this strategy was the conversion of gay shame to gay pride. The study extends Elias and Dunning's theory of sport as a 'quest for excitement' with the incorporation of Silvan Tomkins's affect theory, to develop a pride-shame based theory of emotions in competitive sport.
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Langen, Martin [Verfasser], and Aloys [Akademischer Betreuer] Prinz. "The uncertainty of outcome hypothesis and competitive balance in sports / Martin Langen ; Betreuer: Aloys Prinz." Münster : Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek Münster, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1138284831/34.
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Bernards, Jake, Robert Blaisdell, Thaddeus J. Light, and Michael H. Stone. "Prescribing an Annual Plan for the Competitive Surf Athlete: Optimal Methods and Barriers to Implementation." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4657.
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As the sport of surfing continues to gain support, the need for a sound strength and conditioning program is paramount. With a season lasting upward of 8 months and traveling all over the world, programming for the sport of surfing quickly becomes a challenge. Therefore, the aim of this article is to provide a brief introduction into the technical and physiological aspects of the sport before providing a detailed annual plan the strength coach or surf athlete can modify for their own use.
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Eubank, Martin Richard. "Exploring the competitive anxiety direction construct : progression to a clearer understanding." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.264715.
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Suchomel, Timothy J., C. J. Sole, and Michael H. Stone. "The Effect of a Competitive Season on Performance Characteristics in Male Soccer Players." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4567.
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PURPOSE: Examine the effect that a competitive season has on performance characteristics in male soccer players. METHODS: 17 Division I National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) male soccer players participated in this study. As part of an ongoing athlete monitoring program, each player completed two maximal effort countermovement jumps each with a PVC pipe, 11kg bar, and 20kg bar during pre- and post-season testing sessions. Jump height (JH), allometrically-scaled peak power (PPa), and reactive strength index-modified (RSImod) were compared using a series of 2 (season) x 3 (load) repeated measures ANOVA. RESULTS: Statistically significant main effect differences existed for season for JH (p = 0.003) and RSImod (p = 0.016), but not for PPa (p = 0.081). Statistically significant main effect differences existed for load for JH and RSImod (both p < 0.001), but not for PPa (p = 0.369). CONCLUSIONS: A soccer season appears to negatively affect the explosive and reactive strength performance characteristics of Division I male soccer players, namely JH and RSImod. In contrast, the relative peak power of male soccer players remained unchanged following the completion of a season. The high volume and intensity of matches and practice experienced over the course of a collegiate season may negatively affect the explosive characteristics of Division I male soccer players, which indicates a need to consistently monitor and alter training loads to maintain performance levels.
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MacDonalds, Christopher, Kimitake Sato, Christian Carter, Hugh Lamont, William Sands, Michael H. Stone, Michael Israetel, et al. "Differences in sEMG Between Normal Squats and Accentuated Eccentric Loaded Squats in Competitive Collegiate Weightlifters." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2014. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3976.
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The purpose of the present work was to compare the effect of accentuated eccentric loaded (AEL) squats to normally loaded (NOR) squats on surface measured muscle activation (sEMG) in competitive weightlifters. Eight experienced, competitive weightlifters (six males, two females) completed both an AEL and NOR squat session (seven days apart), comprised of nine sets of squats, and was identical to their normal scheduled training. sEMG data from the vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), and biceps femoris (BF) was collected (at 1000Hz) during the entirety of the concentric (CON) phases of the AEL and NOR sessions. RMANOVAs (set x session-type) were calculated and no statistical differences were found (p > 0.05) while promising statistical effect sizes (?2 partial 0.073 to 0.273) were observed.
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Held, Steffen [Verfasser]. "Advances in performance testing and training in competitive rowing : from the lab to the field / Steffen Held." Köln : Zentralbibliothek der Deutschen Sporthochschule, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1238236731/34.
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Savrami, Katia. "An investigation into the criteria of success in contemporary competitive Olympic rhythmic sport gymnastics." Thesis, City University London, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367320.
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Koekemoer, Christa Magrieta. "The effects of water immersion on the recovery and performance of competitive cyclists." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4275.
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Thesis (M Sport Sc (Sport Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Post-exercise recovery has become an important area in research due to the high demands placed on competitive athletes. Different recovery strategies are used by athletes during competition and training. For the competitive athlete it is important to maintain performances during competition and also to enhance performances during training. However, if the athlete fails to recovery from daily exhaustive training and competition, inadequate recovery may lead to poor performances, burn-out, sickness and even injuries. There is very little evidence available on the possible performance recovery effects of the use of water immersion during multi days of intensive endurance training. Theoretically, water immersion should aid the overall recovery process without any additional energy cost involved as with active recovery. The objective of this investigation was to determine whether water immersion (cold water vs. neutral) has any effects on the post-exercise recovery rate of competitive cyclists during 3 days of intensive endurance training and whether recovery with water immersion is more effective than active recovery. Seventeen competitive cyclists (mean ± SD age: 27.6 ± 5.94 years, weight: 78.8 ± 6.67 kg, height: 180.5 ± 4.42 cm VO2max: 49.8 ± 4.13 L.min-1.kg-1, and PPO: 352.6 ± 35.94 Watts) completed 3 days of intensive endurance cycling sessions. Cyclists were randomly assigned to either a 20 minute ice bath (IB) (n = 6, 11 ± 0.9oC), neutral bath (NB) (n = 6, 30 ± 0.6oC), or active recovery (AR) (n = 5; 81 ± 1.74% of HRLT ) which were performed directly after the training sessions on Day 1 and 2. Dependent variables such as anaerobic performance, creatine kinase concentrations (CK), c-reactive protein concentrations (CRP), blood lactate concentrations, muscle soreness (VAS) and perceived fatigue (POMS), and limb circumferences were measured prior to the training sessions at Day 1, 2 and 3. In addition, changes in exercise performances over the last 2 days were also assessed. There were significant increases over the three days in plasma [CK] (P < 0.05) and [CRP] (P < 0.001) demonstrating that muscle damage and inflammation occurred during and after the training sessions. However, there were no treatment or interaction effects observed for any of the dependent variables for any of the recovery interventions (P > 0.05). Blood [La] was significantly reduced on Day 2 for the IB group in comparison to the NB group (P < 0.05). A strong tendency was observed for [CK] when the IB and NB groups were combined (WG), indicating that AR had a strong tendency to enhance the recovery of [CK] in comparison to the WG (P = 0.05). Also, there were no significant time or interaction effects observed in % changes in performances for the last two 100km TTs between Day 2 and 3 for any of the recovery interventions (P > 0.05). These findings suggest that neither cold water, nor neutral water therapy, have more beneficial effects on post-exercise recovery rates compared to active recovery. Importantly, however, is that the cyclists’ were able to maintain their performances over the three consecutive days, indicating that water therapy per se is not detrimental to endurance performance.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Na-oefening herstel het ‘n belangrike area van navorsing geword, aangesien die eise wat aan elite atlete gestel word buitengewoon hoog is. Vir die kompeterende fietsryer is dit baie belangrik om prestasie tydens kompetitisie asook tydens inoefening te handhaaf. Inteendeel, as die atleet nie daarin slaag om effektief te herstel na daaglikse oefening en kompetisie nie, mag dit lei tot swak prestasie, uitbranding, siekte en beserings. Tot hede is daar geen baie min bewyse beskikbaar oor die potensiële voordele van waterterapie vir die herstel van atlete, veral tydens meervoudige dae van intensiewe uithouvermoë inoefening. Teoreties behoort waterterapie die algehele herstelproses bevorder sonder dat enige addisionele energiekostes betrokke is, soos in die geval van aktiewe herstel. Die doel van die ondersoek was om vas te stel of waterterapie (koud teenoor neutraal) enige effekte het op die na-oefening hersteltempo van kompeterende fietsryers tydens 3 dae van intensiewe uithouvermo oefening en om te bepaal of waterterapie meer effektief is as aktiewe herstel. Sewentien kompeterende fietsryers (gemiddeld ± SD; ouderdom: 27.6 ± 5.94 jaar, gewig: 78.8 ± 6.67 kg, lengte: 180.5 ± 4.42 cm, VO2maks: 49.8 ± 4.13 L.min-1.kg-1, en Piek krag uitset: 352.6 ± 35.94 Watts) het 3 dae van intensiewe uithouvermoë inoefeing voltooi. Die fietryers was lukraak ingedeel in ‘n 20 minute Ysbadgroep (IB) (n = 6, 11 ± 0.9oC), neutrale bad groep (NB) (n = 6, 30 ± 0.6oC) en ‘n aktiewe herstelgroep (AR) (n = 5; 81 ± 1.74% van HRLT), Herstelsessies het op Dag 1 en 2 direk na die inoefeningsessies plaasgevind. Afhanklike veranderlikes soos funksionele kapasiteit, kreatienkinase konsentrasies (CK), c-reaktiewe proteïen konsentrasies (CRP), bloedlaktaat konsentrasie ([La]), spierseerheid en persepsie van vermoeienis (STEMS), en beenomtrekke was gemeet voor die inoefeningsessies op Dag 1, 2 en 3. Veranderinge in oefeningprestasie oor die laaste 2 dae was ook geassesseer. Daar was ‘n statistiese betekenisvolle toename in plasma [CK] (P < 0.05) en [CRP] (P < 0.001) oor die drie dae, wat daarop wys dat spierskade en inflammasie wel plaasgevind het. Daar was geen behandeling of interaksie effekte waarneembaar vir enige van die intervensies nie (P > 0.05). Bloed [La] was beduidend verlaag op Dag 2 vir die IB groep in vergelyking met die NB groep (P = 0.05). Die verlaging in plasma [CK] na AR het gegrens aan statisties betekenisvolle resultate (P = 0.05) in vergelyking met die waterterapie (IB en NB gekombineer). Daar was geen statisites beduidende tyd of interaksie effekte waargeneem in die % veranderinge in oefeningprestasie vir die laaste twee 100km tydtoetse tussen Dag 2 en 3 vir enige van die herstelstrategieë nie (P < 0.05) Die resultate wys dat waterterapie nie enige voordelige effekte op die na-inoefening herstel tempo het in vergelyking met aktiewe herstel nie. Dit is egter belangrik om daarop te let dat die fietsryers in staat was om hul oefeningprestasies te handhaaf oor die drie opeenvolgende dae, wat aandui dat waterterapie nie nadelig inwerk op uithouvermoë prestasie nie.
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Zourdos, Michael C., Caleb D. Bazyler, Edward, Andy V. Khamoui, Bong-Sup Park, Sang-Rok Lee, Lynn B. Panton, and Jeong-Su Kim. "Impact of a Submaximal Warm-up on Endurance Performance in Trained and Competitive Male Runners." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3786.
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Purpose: The purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of a submaximal running warm-up on running performance in male endurance athletes (n = 16, Mage = 21 ± 2 years, MVO2max = 69.3 ± 5.1 mL/kg/min). Method: Endurance performance was determined by a 30-min distance trial after control and submaximal running warm-up conditions in a randomized crossover fashion. The warm-up began with 5 min of quiet sitting, followed by 6 min of submaximal running split into 2-min intervals at speeds corresponding to 45%, 55%, and 65% maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max). A 2-min walk at 3.2 km/hr concluded the 13-min warm-up protocol. For the control condition, participants sat quietly for 13 min. VO2 and heart rate (HR) were determined at Minutes 0, 5, and 13 of the pre-exercise protocol in each condition. Results: At the end of 13 min prior to the distance trial, mean VO2 (warm-up = 14.1 ± 2.2 mL/kg/min vs. control = 5.5 ± 1.7 mL/kg/min) and mean HR (warm-up = 105 ± 11 bpm vs. control = 67 ± 11 bpm) were statistically greater (p < .001) in the warm-up condition compared with the control condition. The distance run did not statistically differ (p = .37) between the warm-up (7.8 ± 0.5 km) and control (7.7 ± 0.6 km) conditions; however, effect size calculation revealed a small effect (d = 0.2) in favor of the warm-up condition. Thus, the warm-up employed may have important and practical implications to determine placing among high-level athletes in close races. Conclusions: These findings suggest a submaximal running warm-up may have a small but critical effect on a 30-min distance trial in competitive endurance athletes. Further, the warm-up elicited increases in physiological variables VO2 and HR prior to performance; thus, a submaximal specific warm-up should warrant consideration.
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MacDonald, Christopher, Ryan Alexander, Adam Sayers, Howard Gray, Michael Israetel, Aaron Casey, Jeremy A. Gentles, et al. "Changes in Measures of Power in NCAA Division I Female Soccer Athletes Through Competitive Seasons." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3984.
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Gentles, Jeremy A. "Analyses of Volume Load and Training Intensity in Competitive Weightlifters Across 5 Months of Training." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2012. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3982.
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Besombes, Nicolas. "Sport électronique, agressivité motrice et sociabilités." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB117/document.
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Ce travail transdisciplinaire, à l’intersection de la praxéologie motrice, de la sociologie du sport et des sciences du jeu, a pour objectif d’apporter un éclairage sur le phénomène du « sport électronique » (Wagner, 2006 ; Taylor, 2012), à travers l’exemple du jeu vidéo de combat Mortal Kombat X. La première partie de la thèse vise à questionner la pratique compétitive du jeu vidéo au regard de quatre critères objectifs régulièrement utilisés pour définir le sport : la pertinence motrice de l’activité, l’organisation des compétitions, le système réglementaire et le dispositif institutionnel (Parlebas, 1999). Afin de rendre compte des caractéristiques intrinsèques partagées par ces deux pratiques contemporaines, notre analyse s’appuie sur une méthodologie qualitative axée autour d’observations directes lors d’entraînements et de compétitions e-sportives (n = 9), et d’entretiens semi-directifs avec des joueurs amateurs et semi-professionnels (n = 4), ainsi qu’avec un organisateur d’événements compétitifs (n = 1). Les données collectées (photographies, notes de terrains et entretiens) se focalisent d’une part, sur l’organisation des événements (organisme en charge, espace et matériel à disposition, format de la compétition, médiatisation et diffusion…), et d’autre part, sur les usages des joueurs (comportements et discours, répartition et appropriation du temps et de l’espace, interactions avec les autres joueurs et avec le matériel de pratique…). Dès lors, si le sport électronique peut être assimilé à une activité sportive, la pratique compétitive du jeu vidéo, au contenu notamment violent, comme c’est le cas de notre objet d’étude, encourage-t-elle les comportements agressifs des joueurs ? Et pour autant favorise-t-elle les interactions sociales entre pratiquants ? Le phénomène de sportification (Parlebas, 1999) du jeu vidéo compétitif précédemment mis à jour, permet alors d’induire dans la deuxième partie, une réflexion indirecte sur les thèmes de la violence dans le sport et dans les jeux vidéo, par le biais du concept d’agressivité motrice (Collard, 2004 ; Dugas, 2011). En nous inspirant des travaux de Collard (2004), nous avons établi une typologie des différentes formes d’agressivité ayant lieu dans la pratique du sport électronique, et avons ainsi mis à jour une agressivité « réelle », se déroulant hors ou autour de l’écran, majoritairement illicite ou au mieux consentie, parallèlement à une agressivité « virtuelle », mise en scène dans l’univers simulationnel du jeu, cette fois-ci licite ou au pire tolérée. Notre analyse quantitative s’appuie sur des observations filmées en temps de pratique lors d’entraînements (n = 1) et de compétitions e-sportives (n = 3) de 29 joueurs réguliers et compétitifs (28 hommes et 1 femme). Nous avons ainsi observé 33 affrontements de joueurs à l’aide de deux caméras GoPro, orientées à la fois sur le joueur réel et à la fois sur sa représentation virtuelle à l’écran. Sur les 6 heures 40 d’images analysées, nous avons enregistré plus de 18 250 occurrences d’agressivité virtuelles licites, un peu moins de 300 occurrences d’agressivité virtuelles et réelles tolérées, pour aucune occurrence d’agressivité réelle illicite. Les résultats montrent ainsi qu’à l’instar des pratiques sportives, le sport électronique procède à un façonnage d’un certain type d'agressivité, en suivant cependant la logique d’évolution des jeux orientée vers un adoucissement des risques corporels encourus par une mise à distance des corps. Enfin, la dernière partie traite des formes de sociabilités (Simmel, 1981) en jeu dans la pratique du sport électronique. Les regroupements en « communautés », « clans » ou « équipes » mettent en lumière les interactions existantes entre joueurs compétitifs. Nous avons procédé à une analyse par questionnaire sous forme de comparaison par paires (Condorcet, 1785). (...)This transdiciplinary work, at the intersection of motor praxeology, the sociology of sports and game studies, seeks to understand the phenomenon of “electronic sport” (Wagner, 2006; Taylor, 2012), using the fighting game Mortal Kombat X as its primary focus. The first chapter of this dissertation examines the competitive video gaming practice under four objective and operational criteria commonly used to define a sport: the physicality, the organization of competitions, the regulatory system and the institutional device (Parlebas, 1999). In order to understand more clearly the characteristics shared by these two contemporary practices, our analysis is based on a qualitative methodology centered on direct observations during training and e-sport competitions (n = 9) and semi-directive interviews with amateurs, semi-professional gamers (n = 4) and with an organizer of competitive events (n = 1). The collected data (photographs, field notes and interviews) focus on one hand on the event’s organization (governing bodies, space and equipment, competition format, broadcasting) and on the other hand on player interactions (behavior and speech, appropriation of time and space, interactions with other players and with the material). With this data in mind, we asked if e-sports can be considered as a sport, does competitive video gaming, especially with violent content, encourage aggressive behavior? And if so, does it promote social interactions among players? The sportization process (Elias & Dunning, 1986) of competitive video gaming, allows in the second chapter of our study for an indirect reflection on the themes of violence in sports and video games, aided by the concept of motor aggression (Collard, 2004; Dugas, 2011). Drawing on the work of Collard (2004), we have established a typology of different forms of aggression often occurring in e-sports. Here, we distinguished “real aggression,” taking place outside of the game, mostly illegal or at best permitted, from “virtual aggression,” which takes place in the virtual environment and is lawful or at worst tolerated. The quantitative analysis is based on recorded observations during training (n = 1) and competitions (n = 3). We filmed 29 regular and competitive players (28 men and one woman). During the observation of 33 fights, two cameras were oriented toward both the real player and its virtual representation on screen. The results show more than 18,250 occurrences of lawful aggression, a little less than 300 occurrences of tolerated aggression, and no occurrence of illegal aggression. Like sports, e-sports simultaneously result in a certain form of aggression while following the evolutionary logic of games oriented toward a decrease of the risk of physical injury. The final chapter deals with the forms of sociability (Simmel, 1981) present in the practice of e-sport. The groupings of competitors into “communities” or “teams” highlight these interactions among competitive players. We conducted a questionnaire analysis as a paired comparison (Condorcet, 1785). We asked 207 players (196 men and 11 women) to class six reasons why they practice e-sports: competition, social interactions, recognition, skill development, graphics and sensations procured by participation. Results reveal that 63% (130/207) rankings are transitive, showing that individual choices are consistent and the preferences are structured. Collective choices indicate a high homogeneity. Although the competitive aspect is the main reason for playing e-sports, social interactions are the second factor, leading us away from popular ideas of a socially isolated player. Just as with “real-life” sports, e-sports mirror the societies in which they are created. The sportization of competitive video gaming is a good indicator of the social and cultural developments of our time. (...)
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Marsh, Donald J., Caleb D. Bazyler, Satoshi Mizuguchi, D. Gahreman, Aaron Cunanan, Dylan Suarez, and Michael H. Stone. "Peaking for a National Weightlifting Competition." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/5791.
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Gestranius, Jenna. "Factors influencing athletes' tendencies towards healthy vs : unhealthy sport participation." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Social and Health Sciences (HOS), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-504.
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Athletes’ health in relation to sport participation has been rather unexplored from a holistic perspective. The objectives of this study were: a) to test the modified version of the Perceived Health & Sport Participation Profile (PHSPP) Questionnaire; b) to examine the relationship between athletes’ perceived health, sport satisfaction, goal orientation, athletic identity, self-esteem and physical self perception. The Perceived Health & Sport Participation model (PH&SP) (Stambulova, Johnson, Lindwal & Hinic, 2006) was used as theoretical framework. A package of five instruments was completed by 136 competitive athletes representing different sports and levels. A test-re-test was conducted on the PHSPP with 34 athletes. Descriptive statistics, factor analyses, oneway ANOVA and correlation analyses by SPSS were employed to analyze data. The results supported the PH&SP model in much but also suggested that the questionnaire still can be improved. Factor analyses resulted in eight extracted factors explaining 55.92% of the total variance. Based on factor analyses and the PH&SP-model, eight transformed component variables were created. Test-re-test reliability for these was good. The study also confirmed that there are significant relationships between the transformed component variables of the PHSPP, athletic identity, goal orientation, self-esteem and physical self perception. The results are discussed with reference to previous research and the PH&SP-model.
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Davies, Thomas Charles Alexander. "What do we do with the rest of the day? : examining non-shot making activity in competitive golf." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2017. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/22469/.
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In completing this thesis I am attempting to answer the broad question of what golfers should do with their time on the course when they are not executing their shots. Surprisingly, and considering the amount of research within golf that has considered how performance can best be optimised, either by focusing on the development of technique, mental skills, physiological factors, or tactical considerations, this has remained an under-researched area with few authors considering the potential impact of these time periods. In attempting to answer this broad question I present five, substantive chapters, one desktop study, one chapter which explains and justifies the chosen research philosophy and methodologies (Chapter 3), and three empirical studies. These are wrapped in introduction (Chapter 1) and conclusion (Chapter 7) chapters. Chapter 2 critically reviews the extant literature prior to the completion of this thesis. In addition to critiquing existing literature future avenues for research that would fill some of the identified gaps in knowledge are suggested. Adopting a pragmatic philosophical approach Chapter 4 explores the perceptions from golfers and support personnel of what golfers should do on the course when not executing their shots. Results point to the use of a number of novel processes specifically the use of pre2- and post-shot routines, in addition to the impact of caddies at the meso-level of performance. These impacts of these processes and inputs on both player attention and other psychological factors are discussed. Reflecting the suggestion from Chapter 4 of the importance of meso-level processes, Chapter 5 seeks to identify if, and how, high-level golfers use the meso-level processes identified in Chapter 4. The findings suggest that high-level golfers do use the processes identified in Chapter 4 but that the content and application of the processes varies depending upon shot outcome. In particular, post-shot routines need to be adaptive based upon shot outcome. Consequently, the need to develop meta-cognitive skills is also highlighted. In order to close the pragmatic loop and practically apply the knowledge generated in the thesis to that point Chapter 6 takes five high-level golfers through a 10 week intervention. These interventions are aimed at developing the skills and processes discovered in the thesis and assesses both the perceived and performance benefits derived from the interventions. There were notable improvements in performance as a consequence of the interventions, although these were not statistically significant. However, participants did also positively note a number of perceived benefits derived from the interventions including the development of meso-level skills and associated general benefits and improvements. In concluding the thesis, and as per the pragmatic approach adopted, I offer practical suggestions to what golfers should do with the rest of the day and the impact that adopting these processes has on performance. Finally, and in order to provide practically useful findings to practitioners, a model for how to integrate the findings from the thesis is proposed.
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Bazyler, Caleb D., Timothy J. Suchomel, Christopher J. Sole, Satoshi Miziguchi, and Michael H. Stone. "Longitudinal Changes in Muscle Architecture, Reactive Strength, and Explosive Ability in Collegiate Volleyball Players throughout a Competitive Season." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3823.
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Bazyler, Caleb D., T. J. Suchomel, Christopher J. Sole, Satoshi Mizuguchi, and Michael H. Stone. "Longitudinal Changes in Muscle Architecture, Reactive Strength, and Explosive Ability in Collegiate Volleyball Players throughout a Competitive Season." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2016. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3834.
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PURPOSE: To examine changes in muscle architecture, reactive strength, and explosive ability in collegiate volleyball players throughout a competitive season. METHODS: Ten female volleyball players (20.4 ± 1.1 y, 178.3 ± 4.8 cm, 72.6 ± 5.3 kg) were recruited for the study. Athletes were tested at pre-season (T1), pre-taper (T2), and post-taper (T3) on measures of vastus lateralis muscle thickness (MT), pennation angle (PA), and fascicle length (FL) using ultrasonography, countermovement jump reactive strength index modified (RSImod), and peak power allometrically scaled (PPa). Training load (TL: session RPEduration) and strength training volume-load times displacement (VLd) were monitored for 15 wks. One-way repeated measures ANOVAs were used for analysis with alpha level set at p≤0.05. RESULTS: There was a reduction in VLd/wk (p<0.001, d=3.1) and TL/wk (p<0.001, d=2.7) between in-season (T1-T2) and tapering (T2-T3) training phases. There were time effects for MT (p<0.001) and PA (p=0.03). Post-hoc pairwise comparisons revealed changes in MT (increase T1-T2: p<0.001, d=2.8 and T1-T3: p<0.001, d=1.7; decrease T2-T3: p=0.01, d=0.6), PA (increase T1-T2: p=0.02, d=3.9), and no changes in FL or PPa. Despite no time effect, RSImod showed an increasing trend from T2-T3: p=0.04, d=0.23. CONCLUSIONS: In-season training resulted in favorable changes in muscle architecture, which remained elevated above pre-season values following the taper. These changes coupled with the reductions in TL and VLd during the taper may be related to changes in stretch-shortening cycle function during a sport-specific task as inferred from the changes in RSImod
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Gentles, Jeremy A. "Changes in Measures of Power in NCAA Division I Female Soccer Athletes through Competitive Seasons." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2011. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/3987.
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Marcello, Brandon M. Kreider Richard B. "Overtraining in sport physiological, psychological and performance effects of participation in Division I competitive softball /." Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/4959.
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Potgieter, Roelof Daniel. "Goal orientation, the growth mindset and coping strategies for success and failure in competitive sport." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/30330.
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In today’s sport careers there is no room for error. This is why athletes should be “on top of their game” every time they compete. It is very important for athletes to keep their emotions under control, because emotions can sometimes determine success or failure. But more important is how the athlete reacts to success and failure. Therefore, in this study the aim was to establish an athlete’s reaction to success and failure. An athlete should have the ability or strategy to handle success and failure. According to this statement, it underlines the importance of the current study. The fact that there are limited resources in this field accentuates the need for this study. Each athlete experiences and reacts to success or failure differently. An athlete can use success or failure as a facilitator or as a debilitator. If an athlete sees success or failure as a facilitator, he or she will use success or failure as a method to enhance his or her performance. But if an athlete sees success and failure as a debilitator, it means that the athlete does not have the ability or skills to use success or failure to his or her advantage. It seems that elite athletes may have the skills or ability to use success and failure as a facilitator and not as a debilitator owing to the fact that in the elite arena there is no place for errors. In this study, the researcher examines how elite and beginner athlete’s handle success and failure and what their reaction is towards success and failure. Each athlete has a unique way to develop his or her talents. Athletes who believe that they are born with limited talent or ability and cannot improve this talent by more practice or more effort can be classified as having a static mindset. When athletes believe that they can improve their talent or ability, they could be seen as athletes with a growth mindset. This study made use of a combination of convenient and random sampling. Each athlete had to comply with the criterium to be part of the study. The criterium stipulated that each athlete should be an active participant in sport either at school-, provincial-, national- or international level. To determine what goal orientation each athlete had, they were asked to fill out the task- and ego orientation in sport questionnaire. To determine what their reactions to success and failure were, athletes completed an assessment of success and failure questionnaire that was self-developed by the present researcher Roelie Potgieter and his study leader professor Ben Steyn. The self-theory questionnaire that was completed by the athletes determined whether an athlete was in the fixed or growth mindset. Using the results determined through the questionnaires that were completed by the athletes, correlations could be made to motivate the study. Task orientation and the growth mindset is more predominant than ego orientation and the fixed mindset. Athletes in general react more constructively towards success and failure. A strong correlation was found between task orientation and positive reaction to success and failure. Partial correlation between ego orientation and positive reaction to success was found. Positive relations were discovered between task orientation and the growth mindset, as well as ego orientation and the fixed mindset. AFRIKAANS : In vandag se sportloopbane is daar geen ruimte vir foute nie. Vir hierdie rede moet ‘n atleet ten alle tye op sy of haar beste wees. Dit is baie belangrik vir ‘n atleet om sy emosies in toom te hou, want somtyds kan die atleet se emosies bepaal of hy of sy sukses of mislukking gaan ervaar. Daarom is die doel van die studie om die reaksie van atlete op sukses en mislukking te bepaal. Die feit dat daar ‘n beperkte hoeveelheid navorsing oor die tema van die studie is beklemtoon weereens die belangrikheid van die studie. Elke atleet ervaar en reageer verskillend op sukses en mislukking. ‘n Atleet kan sukses of mislukking gebruik as ‘n fasiliteerder of as ‘n debiliteerder. As ‘n atleet sukses of mislukking sien as ‘n fasiliteerder, sal die atleet sukses of mislukking gebruik as ‘n metode om sy of haar prestasie/s te verbeter. Indien ‘n atleet sukses en mislukking sien as ‘n debiliteerder, beteken dit dat die atleet nie die vermoë of vaardighede het om sukses of mislukking te gebruik tot sy of haar voordeel nie. Dit wil voorkom dat elite atlete die vermoë of vaardighede het om sukses en mislukking te gebruik tot hulle voordeel, as gevolg van die feit dat daar geen plek vir foute tydens die kompetisie is nie. In die studie probeer die navorser bepaal hoe elite- en beginner atlete sukses en mislukking hanteer en wat hulle reaksie op sukses en mislukking is. Elke atleet het ‘n unieke manier om sy of haar talente te ontwikkel. Atlete wat glo dat hulle gebore is met ‘n talent of vermoë en kan nie die talent verbeter met oefening of ‘n groter poging kan geklassifiseer word as statiese instelling. Indien die atleet glo dat hulle, hulle talent kan verbeter, kan dit gesien word as ‘n groeiende instelling. Hierdie studie maak van die gemaklike sowel as die ewekamsige steekproefmetode gebruik. Elke deelnemer moes voldoen aan sekere kriterium om deel te wees van die studie. Die studie se kriteria het beklemtoon dat elke atleet aktief betrokke in ‘n sekere sportsoort moet wees, mag dit wees op skool-, provinsiale-, nasionale- of internasionale vlak. Om te bepaal watter tipe doeloriëntering elke atleet is was hulle gevra om die taak en ego oriëntasie vraelys in te vul. Deur die verwysing kan bepaal word wat hulle reaksie is tot sukses en mislukking, was daar van die atlete verwag om die vrae oor sukses en mislukking te voltooi. Die selfteorie vraelys wat deur die atlete voltooi is, het bepaal of die atlleet ‘n statiese of groeinde instelling het. Deur gebruik te maak van die resultate van die vraelyste wat voltooi is deur die atlete kon daar korrelasies gemaak word. Taakoriëntasie en die groeiende instelling is meer dominant as die ego oriëntasie en die statiese instelling. Atlete in die algemeen reageer meer konstruktief teenoor sukses en mislukking. ‘n Sterk korrelasie was gevind deur taakoriëntasie en positiewe reaksie tot sukses en mislukking. Gedeeltelike korrelasie kon gemaak word tussen ego oriëntasie en positiewe reaksie tot sukses. ‘n Positiewe korrelasie kon gemaak word tussen taakoriëntasie en groeiende instelling, asook ego oriëntasie en statiese instelling.Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Biokinetics, Sport and Leisure Sciences
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Kassis, Mark [Verfasser], Sascha L. [Gutachter] Schmidt, and Jochen [Gutachter] Menges. "The effect of psychological factors on individual and team performance in high-pressure competitive settings / Mark Kassis ; Gutachter: Sascha L. Schmidt, Jochen Menges." Vallendar : WHU - Otto Beisheim School of Management, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1174586753/34.
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Bernstorf, Jill. "Influence of Competitive Sports on Disordered Eating Behaviors in Young Female Athletes." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3682.
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The field of treating and learning about eating disorders in athletes is a growing field that continues to flourish as more knowledge is acquired. The purpose of this study is to examine the influence that length of time in the sport, age at which an individual starts a competitive sport, level of competitiveness, and type of sport (leanness vs. non-leanness focused) has on disordered eating behaviors. The participants were college students who were involved in at least one competitive sport in their life. They completed the EAT-26 questionnaire as well as a basic questionnaire. There was not enough data collected to conduct a logistic regression so descriptive statistics are reported. This remains an area to be further explored as there is a gap in the literature on the age at which individuals begin competitive sports and the length of time in sports and how that relates to disordered eating behaviors.
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Alvmyren, Ingela. "ATHLETES’ PERCEIVED HEALTH, GOAL ORIENTATION, ATHLETIC IDENTITY, SELF-ESTEEM, PHYSICAL SELF PERCEPTION AND SPORT SATISFACTION." Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Social and Health Sciences (HOS), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-1045.
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The purpose of this study was twofold: (a) to develop and to test the Perceived Health & Sport Participation Profile (PHSPP) Questionnaire; (b) to examine the relationship between athletes’ perceived health, goal orientation, self-esteem, physical self perception and sport satisfaction. The main theoretical framework used in this study is the Perceived Health & Sport Participation model (PH&SP) (Stambulova, Johnson, Lindwall & Hinic, 2005). A package of five questionnaires was completed by 139 competitive athletes representing different types and levels of sport. The data treatment involved descriptive statistics, correlation, factor, and regression analyses performed with the SPSS. A test-re-test was also performed on the PHSPP questionnaire with 30 subjects.
The study confirmed major parts of the PH&SP-model and its link to some established concepts and theories, e.g., athletic identity and goal orientation. Factor analyses of the PHSPP resulted in eight extracted factors explaining 61.46% of the total variance of the questionnaire with alpha values between 0.71 and 0.89 for all the factors. Test-re-test reliability appeared as satisfactory. Regression analyses showed that social influences on athletes contribute more to unhealthy than to healthy sport participation. Analyses also confirmed that healthy sport participation contributes to satisfaction with health and sport participation, and unhealthy sport participation contributes to dissatisfaction with health and sport participation. The results are discussed in relation to the corresponding literature and the PH&SP-model.
Key words: competitive athletes, perceived health, social influences, sport satisfaction.
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Van, Slingerland Krista. "Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of a Sport-Focused Mental Health Service Delivery Model Within a Canadian Centre for Mental Health and Sport." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/42792.
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The overall aim of this Participatory Action Research (PAR; Chevalier & Buckles, 2013; Lewin, 1946) project was to design, implement, and evaluate a specialized sport-focused mental health service delivery model for competitive and high-performance athletes, integrated within a broader Canadian Centre for Mental Health and Sport (CCMHS). A transformative mixed methods research design (Cresswell, 2014) guided by the PAR approach was employed across three phases during which (a) a sport-specific mental health service delivery model for competitive and high-performance athletes was collaboratively designed by stakeholders (Design Phase [Study 1]), (b) the model was pilot-tested within the CCMHS (Implementation Phase [Study 2]), and (c) the model was evaluated to understand whether practitioners and service-users perceived the care delivered / received within the model to be acceptable and appropriate (Evaluation Phase [Study 3]). Design Phase (Study 1). The purpose of study 1 was to (a) perform an environmental scan of the Canadian mental health care and sport contexts, and (b) design a sport-focused mental health service delivery model for competitive and high-performance athletes within a broader CCMHS. To meet these objectives, 20 stakeholders from the sport and mental health sectors explored (a) the availability and effectiveness of mental health care for competitive and high-performance Canadian athletes, and (b) the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats associated with creating a CCMHS, via two iterations of stakeholder-led focus groups (Rio-Roberts, 2011). The resulting data informed a subsequent Group Concept Mapping (GCM; Burke et al., 2005; Kane & Trochim, 2007; Rosas & Kane, 2012) activity undertaken by stakeholders, which produced an actionable framework (i.e., concept map) organized into six clusters that visually represented the elements (e.g., services, personnel, organizational structures) that stakeholders deemed important to include in the sport-focused mental health care model (e.g., bilingual services, a triage system, sport-specialized practitioners). In addition, the results revealed that misconceptions about the competitive and high-performance population’s mental health and experience of mental illness were widespread and required clarification before significant advances could be made. This led the group to develop six principles designed to establish a common language and understanding upon which to build effective models of mental health care, improved programming, and strategic education for Canada’s competitive and high-performance athletes, coaches, and organizations (Article 1). The framework that emerged from the GCM activity served to guide the remainder of the project, and supported actions (e.g., develop eligibility criteria to access services, hire a team of mental health practitioners with sport competencies [i.e., CCMHS Care Team]) to build the CCMHS and test the model during the Implementation Phase (Article 2). Implementation Phase (Study 2). The purpose of study 2 was to pilot test the mental health service delivery model designed during the first phase of the research project. To do so, an illustrative case study (Keegan et al., 2017; Stake, 1995, 2005) was carried out to demonstrate how (i.e., intake, referral, and service delivery processes) the CCMHS Care Team provided mental health care to a high-performance athlete, and what outcomes resulted from this process. Data to inform the case study was gathered through a review of the service-user’s clinical documents (e.g., intake summary, session notes), and qualitative interviews (n = 2) with the athlete’s Collaborative Care Team lead and the CCMHS Care Coordinator. Document analysis (Bowen, 2009) was used to organize the details of the case found within clinical documents under the categories of the case study framework (i.e., intake and referral process, service-user description, integrated care plan, and outcomes), while a conventional descriptive content analysis (Hsieh & Shannon, 2005) served to extract salient data from the interviews to further build out the case study. Results revealed that sport significantly influenced the onset and experience of mental illness for the athlete service-user. The lead practitioner’s sport-specific knowledge played a significant role in the diagnosis, treatment and recovery of this athlete given the nature of the athlete’s concerns and high athletic identity. Findings support the notion that specialized mental health care models and teams are necessary to address sport-related factors that can pose unique threats to the diagnosis and treatment of mental illness in athletes (Article 3). Implementation Phase (Study 3). The purpose of study 3 was to evaluate the acceptability and appropriateness of the mental health service delivery model designed during Phase 1 and implemented during Phase 2. Qualitative data from three sources (CCMHS practitioners, CCMHS service-users, and CCMHS stakeholders) were collected and analyzed using a multi-step, multi-method process, including16 one-on-one semi-structured interviews with CCMHS practitioners (n = 10) and service-users (n = 6), and a meeting with CCMHS stakeholders (captured via meeting minutes). In addition, 47 documents (e.g., clinical, procedural) created during the implementation phase of the project by CCMHS team members (i.e., practitioners, stakeholders, members of the board of directors) were used to triangulate the other data (Carter, Bryant-Lukosius, DiCenso, Blythe, and Neville, 2014). The Framework Method (Gale et al., 2013; Ritchie and Spencer, 1994) was used to analyze, synthesize, integrate, and interpret the dataset. The deductive data analysis approach taken was guided by the seven components of acceptability developed by Sekhon and colleagues (2017), and the Canadian Medical Association’s definition of appropriate care. Findings showed that the care provided and received within the CCMHS service delivery model was perceived to be acceptable and appropriate, and each component of the model uniquely contributed to practitioner and service-user experiences. For example, the collaborative interdisciplinary approach contributed to the ethicality of the model, promoted the professional development of team members, and enabled Pan-Canadian service provision. The sport-centered nature of care was perceived to enhance the ethicality of services delivered, effectiveness of care, and affective experience of service-users. Implications for further research and practice were discussed in light of areas of the model that emerged as needing improvement (e.g., prohibitive cost of care, practitioner burden from collaborative processes and procedures). Overall, the findings of the research project demonstrate that collaborative approaches to inquiry and practice can be successfully applied in sport to guide stakeholders in developing and testing novel models to improve the health outcomes of sport participants. The research also shows that an interdisciplinary team of practitioners can successfully deliver sport-focused mental health care that is acceptable and appropriate to service-users. Lastly, the project provides data on the first known empirical project to design, implement and evaluate a specialized mental health service delivery model applied nationwide in person and virtually with competitive and high-performance athletes experiencing mental health challenges and symptoms of mental illness.
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Rosen, Joel Nathan. "A clashing of cultural imperatives : contemporary American sport and the recoil from the traditional competitive ethos." Thesis, University of Kent, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.250306.
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Ede, Alison. "Self-Objectification and Sport Participation: Do the Gendered Makeup and Competitive Level of the Team Matter?" Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc28415/.
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The purposes of this study were to (a) investigate differences in self-objectification, self-surveillance, body shame, and flow among female athletes on all-women's and coed ultimate frisbee teams at different competitive levels, and (b) examine the objectification theory model across groups. Participants (n = 112) completed online surveys including a demographic questionnaire, trait and state versions of the Self-Objectification Questionnaire, Body Surveillance and Body Shame subscales of the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale, and the Flow State Scale. No differences in self-objectification, self-surveillance, or body shame were found, although highly competitive athletes experienced more flow than lower competitive teams. Relationships were found between self-objectification, self-surveillance, and body shame, but not for flow, partially supporting the objectification theory model.