Journal articles: 'Competitive response'

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Pei, Wen, and Jeng-Huan Li. "Research on the competitive dynamics and structured context analysis." Kybernetes 45, no. 10 (November 7, 2016): 1542–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-10-2015-0274.

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Purpose The credit card business has been one of the key businesses for banks in Taiwan. The purpose of this paper is to use competitive dynamics and structured context analysis (SCA) to explore the competition relationships among market, resources, and strategies concerning the credit card issued banks in Taiwan. Design/methodology/approach The market commonality and resource similarity analysis of competitive dynamics in the first stage obtained the competitive mapping of four major credit card issue banks, as well as the differences of competition strategy. In the second stage, 1,968 pieces of data on credit card news from 2013 to 2014 were collected. SCA was used to analyze the competitive action, competitive response, number of responses, response lag, and response order. Findings The competitor mapping and four hypothesis obtained from competitive dynamics correspond to the credit card competition strategy, as obtained from SCA. Originality/value This research combined competitive dynamics and SCA to analyze the credit cards market in Taiwan. The research model could be used in the other financial market.

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Perry, M. A., R. J. Mitchell, B. R. Zutter, G. R. Glover, and D. H. Gjerstad. "Competitive responses of loblolly pine to gradients in loblolly pine, sweetgum, and broomsedge densities." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 10 (October 1, 1993): 2049–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-256.

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A factorial combination of 0, 1, 2, and 4 loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.) seedlings and sweetgum (Liquidambarstyraciflua L.) sprouts, and 0, 4, and 16 broomsedge (Andropogonvirginicus L.) seedlings per square metre were used to determine the nature of pine response to competition (competitive response) from multiple life forms during the first season after outplanting. Following adjustment for effects of seedling size and site heterogeneity (soil organic matter), polynomial regression was used to describe pine competitive responses. Patterns in competitive responses varied with time and were dependent upon the particular response variable of interest. Pine response in terms of volume was similar to that for diameter. By early May, pine diameter decreased linearly with increasing sweetgum density but was unrelated to either broomsedge or pine density. Approximately 1 month later, pine diameter response to competition was more complex, being curvilinearly related to both sweetgum and broomsedge density, as well as their interaction. Intraspecific competition effects on diameter response were not detected until mid-September. Height response differed substantively from diameter or volume response. In general, height tended to be less responsive to interspecific competition, although intraspecific competition was more readily detected. Furthermore, pine height response to competition tended to be linear rather than curvilinear, as observed for both diameter and volume. The biologically based reciprocal yield equation produced similar trends in competitive pine volume response, as noted with the polynomial regression equations (i.e., sweetgum and broomsedge density as well as their interaction strongly influenced the inverse of pine stem volume). Removing variation in organic matter and initial seedling size resulted in a considerable increase in the amount of variation in final size accounted for by competition. The reciprocal yield equation was also used with crown area rather than density to account for size differences among competitors. Analyzed in this manner, only main effects of sweetgum and broomsedge significantly influenced reciprocal yield; however, considerably less variation in response was accounted for using crown area than using density.

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Lal, Rajiv, and V. Padmanabhan. "Competitive Response and Equilibria." Marketing Science 14, no. 3_supplement (August 1995): G101—G108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mksc.14.3.g101.

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Grainger, Tess Nahanni, Seth M. Rudman, Paul Schmidt, and Jonathan M. Levine. "Competitive history shapes rapid evolution in a seasonal climate." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 6 (February 3, 2021): e2015772118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2015772118.

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Eco-evolutionary dynamics will play a critical role in determining species’ fates as climatic conditions change. Unfortunately, we have little understanding of how rapid evolutionary responses to climate play out when species are embedded in the competitive communities that they inhabit in nature. We tested the effects of rapid evolution in response to interspecific competition on subsequent ecological and evolutionary trajectories in a seasonally changing climate using a field-based evolution experiment with Drosophila melanogaster. Populations of D. melanogaster were either exposed, or not exposed, to interspecific competition with an invasive competitor, Zaprionus indianus, over the summer. We then quantified these populations’ ecological trajectories (abundances) and evolutionary trajectories (heritable phenotypic change) when exposed to a cooling fall climate. We found that competition with Z. indianus in the summer affected the subsequent evolutionary trajectory of D. melanogaster populations in the fall, after all interspecific competition had ceased. Specifically, flies with a history of interspecific competition evolved under fall conditions to be larger and have lower cold fecundity and faster development than flies without a history of interspecific competition. Surprisingly, this divergent fall evolutionary trajectory occurred in the absence of any detectible effect of the summer competitive environment on phenotypic evolution over the summer or population dynamics in the fall. This study demonstrates that competitive interactions can leave a legacy that shapes evolutionary responses to climate even after competition has ceased, and more broadly, that evolution in response to one selective pressure can fundamentally alter evolution in response to subsequent agents of selection.

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Wargo, Andrew R., Jacobus C. de Roode, Silvie Huijben, Damien R. Drew, and Andrew F. Read. "Transmission stage investment of malaria parasites in response to in-host competition." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 274, no. 1625 (August 21, 2007): 2629–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2007.0873.

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Conspecific competition occurs in a multitude of organisms, particularly in parasites, where several clones are commonly sharing limited resources inside their host. In theory, increased or decreased transmission investment might maximize parasite fitness in the face of competition, but, to our knowledge, this has not been tested experimentally. We developed and used a clone-specific, stage-specific, quantitative PCR protocol to quantify Plasmodium chabaudi replication and transmission stage densities in mixed-clone infections. We co-infected mice from two strains with an avirulent and virulent parasite clone and found competitive suppression of in-host (blood-stage) parasite densities and generally corresponding reductions in transmission stage production, with the virulent clone obtaining overall competitive superiority. In response to competitive suppression, there was little evidence of any alteration in transmission stage investment, apart from a small reduction by one of the two clones in one of the two host strains. This alteration did not result in a competitive advantage, although it might have reduced the disadvantage. This study supports much of the current literature, which predicts that conspecific in-host competition will result in a competitive advantage and positive selection for virulent clones and thus the evolution of higher virulence.

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Hucl, P. "Response to weed control by four spring wheat genotypes differing in competitive ability." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 171–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p97-029.

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Increased crop competitiveness may complement existing weed control methods. The objective of this research was to establish whether spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes with contrasting competitive abilities respond differently to weed control levels. Four sibling genotypes differing in competitive ability were grown under simulated weedy conditions and subjected to four weed control levels. The competitive genotypes were superior to the less-competitive genotypes in grain yield under weedy and partially weedy conditions. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., competition, weed control, genotype × weedcontrol interaction

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王, 思敏. "Chinese Response to Competitive Neutrality." Dispute Settlement 07, no. 04 (2021): 244–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ds.2021.74031.

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Chang, Bau-Jung, and Yu-Pin Chen. "How Do Groups Matter?" International Journal of Strategic Decision Sciences 5, no. 3 (July 2014): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsds.2014070103.

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The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between competitive responses and performance, subject to environmental dynamism and strategic action types, to understand competitive responses under moderating effects. This study employed a structured content analysis of coding data from multiple sources and collected competitive actions and responses for the period between 1999 and 2011 in the Taiwanese banking industry. The results show that response likelihood, response imitation and response speed are positively associated with firm performance and that environmental dynamism weakens the relationships among firm performance, response likelihood and response speed. Furthermore, the intensity of strategic action strengthens the relationship between response imitation and firm performance. This study first investigates the roles of environmental dynamism and action types on the relationship between competitive response characteristics and firm performance. This study considers not only the impact of individual firms' responses on their performance but also the impact of collective actions taken by other firms, thus providing new insights in competitive dynamics research.

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Wei, Wu, Xiang Hu, Yanping Li, and Peng Peng. "Integrating nonmarket and market action, response, and initiating firm performance in competitive dynamics." Management Decision 53, no. 3 (April 20, 2015): 512–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-11-2013-0600.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to seek to advance the understanding of competitive interaction framework based on competitive dynamics theory that investigates how nonmarket and market factors concurrently affect the relationships among action and response, their integration, and initiating firm performance. Design/methodology/approach – To test the hypotheses for this study, the authors used data collected from the news found in web sites of 72 Chinese firms over a five-year period from January 2007 to December 2011. The authors use the approach suggested by Baron and Kenny (1986) to test the mediated effect of rival response and speed, after structured content analysis is adopted to overcome the challenges of identification and measurement by using a sample of competitive actions and responses. Findings – The results test partial mediating role of rival response and speed in linking nonmarket, market, and integrated action with initiating firm performance outcomes. Rival responses and speed may vary systematically in nonmarket action. The relationship between the integration of competitive action and initiating firm performance is positive, high, and significant. Research limitations/implications – The results of this study were limited by a sample in China. The authors further need to consider how nonmarket and market components are operationalized in different institutional environments. The authors study only captures observable moves reported in the news of Chinese firms’ web sites. This single-data source collection raises the specter of cognitive bias. It is advised to collect data from multiple sources, perhaps directly measuring the managers’ perception by using a questionnaire-based survey. Practical implications – Firms whose main focus is to launch market actions in an effort to gain competitive advantage should ensure that their nonmarket actions constitute interfirm rivalry. Particularly, this study also encourages managers to continuously and rapidly integrate nonmarket actions into their analyses of market competition for firm success. Additionally, managers need to develop effective information-processing mechanisms to analyze, monitor, forecast, and interpret rival response and speed for each competitor. Originality/value – The research contributes to the authors’ understanding of the nature of nonmarket and market competition by bridging nonmarket action into traditional competitive dynamics.

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Müller, Benedikt, and Maik Bartelheimer. "Interspecific competition in Arabidopsis thaliana: root hairs are important for competitive effect, but not for competitive response." Plant and Soil 371, no. 1-2 (March 19, 2013): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11104-013-1675-3.

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Máslo, Lukáš Augustin. "Guilds and Competition: A Response to Objections of Laissez Faire." International Journal of Social Sciences 10, no. 2 (September 20, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.52950/ss.2021.10.2.001.

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This paper offers a critique of laissez-faire objections to the guild system from the perspective of Catholic social teaching a presents the economic reasons for a restoration of the guild system as a functional economic model. The laissez-faire argument is that 1) the free competition on the supply side is in the best interest of the consumer, 2) each member of the society is a consumer, 3) ergo: free competition on the supply side is a common good, i. e. a goal which the state should follow. The author argues that 1) unlike majority of goods and services, two goods are becoming scarcer as a result of free competition on the supply side: time and land, 2) consumers which prefer consumption of leisure time and land are worse off as a result of free competition on the supply side, 3) ergo: the conclusion that free competition on the supply side is always a common good is invalid. According to the author, leisure time and land are essential for a good operation of a well-functioning family which is essential for a well-functioning state. In this connection, the author contends that the primary goal and raison d’etre of the guilds is control of the entrance of new producers to the industry, so that the incumbents who want to pay just (family) wages and/or prefer leisure time necessary for operation of a well-functioning family are not forced to change their behavior by the competitive pressure of the newcomers. Besides, a control of the entrance will limit the pressure to lowering wages below the level of the just (family) wage. To the objection of “no free lunch” the author responds: yes, the employers are facing a trade-off. In exchange for a possibly high but uncertain profit margin they will receive a lower but certain profit margin. To the objection of allocational inefficiency and economic stagnation resulting from suppressing external innovations, the author responds: 1) an external innovator can have his discovery patented and instead of the transitory entrepreneurial profit enjoy the incomes from the licenses; 2) the competitive pressure is only one possible drive of the economic growth, another drive is the human laziness which is constant across the economic systems.

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Smith, Ken G., and Curtis M. Grimm. "A Communication-Information Model of Competitive Response Timing." Journal of Management 17, no. 1 (March 1991): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700102.

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Although issues of timing in interfirm rivalry are critical to strategic managers, rarely have they received scholarly attention. A model of competitive response timing is here proposed that contains three basic elements: competitive actions, responses, and response timing. The article discusses howfirms enhance performance by undertaking actions and responses; the speed with which one firm responds to another s action is explained by communication-information theory. Specifically, the speed with which afirm responds to a competitor's action is posited to be afunction of (a) characteristics of the actot; (b) characteristics of the action, (c) how the action is communicated, (d) the competitive environment, and (e) the characteristics of the potential respondingfirm. Hypotheses regarding the determinants of competitive response timing are developedfrom communication-information theory.

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Kasman, Matthew, and Susanna Loeb. "Principals' Perceptions of Competition for Students in Milwaukee Schools." Education Finance and Policy 8, no. 1 (January 2013): 43–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/edfp_a_00082.

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The assertion that choice-driven competition between schools will improve school quality rests on several largely unexamined assumptions. One is that choice increases the competitive pressure experienced by school leaders. A second is that schools will seek to become more effective in response to competitive pressure. In this article, we use responses from a survey of Milwaukee public school principals to examine these assumptions. Our results suggest that there is a substantial amount of variation in how principals experience competitive pressure. Somewhat surprisingly, the extent to which principals perceive competition for students is not related to geographic factors such as the number of nearby schools. However, perceptions of competition are related to student achievement as well as to transfer rates out of a school. Although some schools respond to competition by trying to improve through curricular or instructional changes, a more common approach is to use outreach or advertisement.

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Gao, He, Tieying Yu, and Albert Cannella. "Understanding Verbal Response in Competitive Dynamics." Academy of Management Proceedings 2014, no. 1 (January 2014): 14293. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2014.14293abstract.

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Aboulnasr, Khaled, Om Narasimhan, Edward Blair, and Rajesh Chandy. "Competitive Response to Radical Product Innovations." Journal of Marketing 72, no. 3 (May 2008): 94–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.72.3.094.

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Aboulnasr, Khaled, Om Narasimhan, Edward Blair, and Rajesh Chandy. "Competitive Response to Radical Product Innovations." Journal of Marketing 72, no. 3 (May 2008): 94–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.72.3.94.

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Keränen, Inka, Aapo Kahilainen, Janne S. Kotiaho, and Katja Kuitunen. "The effect of male-male competition and ornament size on mean and variance of courtship intensity towards heterospecific and conspecific females." Animal Biology 65, no. 2 (2015): 113–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15707563-00002465.

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Discrimination between hetero- and conspecifics is the elementary choice an individual performs when searching for potential mates. The level of selectivity and strength of species discrimination is modified by variance in the quality of females, level of the male’s reproductive investment, mate search costs, and the competitive environment. The effect of the competitive environment on both species discrimination and conspecific mate choice has seldom been studied simultaneously. We experimentally manipulated territorial competition ofCalopteryx splendensdamselfly males in the wild, and asked two questions. First, does increased competition influence the territorial males’ responses towards introduced heterospecificC. virgofemales. The effect of the size of the territorial males’ sexual ornaments (wing spot) on their responses towards females was also investigated. Second, does increased competition influence the territorial males’ response towards conspecific females? The effect of the size of the territorial males ornament was again investigated. The mean level of response towards heterospecific females did not change between the control (i.e., no competitors presented) and the competition (i.e., two competitors presented) treatments, but the variance of responses towards heterospecifics was greater in the competition treatment. The territorial males’ responses towards conspecific females did not change between control and competition treatments. These results indicate individual differences in the behavior of males towards heterospecifics when territorial competition was experienced. The observed pattern of discrimination might be adaptive when overall reproductive success is considered.

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Sharma, Bed Nath. "Determinants of Competitor’s Response Time to the New Product in the Market of Nepal." Journal of Nepalese Business Studies 2, no. 1 (April 2, 2007): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnbs.v2i1.52.

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This study is concerned with competitor’s response time determinants to a new consumer product in Nepalese market. Products are in high competitive situation. New–to-the-world product is facing more competition complexities. Channels, market research, sales force and public opinions are the main source to get the market information of new products. Consultant’s service is main helping hand to increase competitive strength. Financial and non-financial measures are applied to increase the competitive ability. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are in use to measure competitiveness of new products. The competitor’s response time to most of the new products is less than six months after commercialization. Types of users are also in focus while developing the new products. Cutthroat competition is emerging in the market and firms are not able to defend fairly. Journal of Nepalese Business Studies Vol.2(1) 2005 pp.33-40

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Sadras, Victor O., M. Mahadevan, and Pamela K. Zwer. "Intraspecific competition in oat varieties selected for grain yield and milling." Crop and Pasture Science 69, no. 7 (2018): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp18098.

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Oats likely emerged as part of the weedy grass assemblage in early wheat and barley crops. Some Avena species, such as A. fatua and A. sterilis, evolved into aggressive weeds, and the high interspecific competitive ability of cultivated oats (A. sativa) is valued agronomically to facilitate weed control in rotations. We tested the hypothesis, verified in many crops, that high yield of oats is related to low intraspecific competitive ability. Ten contemporary oat varieties, selected for grain yield and milling attributes, where grown in three environments. Response to competition was calculated as 100 × (Yb – Yc)/Yc, where Y is yield measured in border (b) and centre (c) rows. The same definition was used to calculate response to competition of yield components (biomass, harvest index, grain number, grain weight) and the components of grain number (panicle number and grains per panicle). Yield response to competition was affected by all three sources of variation, i.e. environment, variety and variety × environment interaction. The interaction demonstrates the plasticity of yield response to intraspecific competition; for example, the response to competition of variety Mortlock varied from 9% to 71% among environments. This plasticity in yield response to competition was partially related to variety-dependent responses to competition for biomass and harvest index, number of panicles and number of grains per panicle. We did not find the expected negative association between yield and variety-dependent response to competition. We discuss how this lack of correlation could relate to sampling issues, i.e. a limitation in the range of environments and varieties explored in this study, or reflect a legitimate feature of oat crops arising from early and contemporary selective pressures.

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Ketter, Benjamin L., and Ricardo M. Holdo. "Strong competitive effects of African savanna C4 grasses on tree seedlings do not support rooting differentiation." Journal of Tropical Ecology 34, no. 1 (January 2018): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467418000020.

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Abstract:Rooting differentiation between established trees and grasses has been well documented in savannas, but it remains unclear to what extent tree-grass rooting differences affect competition between newly established seedlings and grasses. To examine this question, a greenhouse experiment was conducted at the University of Missouri, USA. Twenty 3-mo-old seedlings each of two African savanna tree species (Acacia nigrescens and Colophospermum mopane) were grown for 8 mo with two crossed factors: grass competition and irrigation depth. Strong negative effects of grass competition on final seedling biomass and leaf photosynthetic and stomatal conductance occurred in both tree species, but no effects of irrigation depth were detected. There was a clear tree species by grass competition interaction, suggesting interspecific variation in competitive response. The results emphasize the importance of below-ground competition with grasses for physiological and morphological responses of tree seedlings, while minimizing the importance of tree-grass rooting depth differences as a factor in modulating the competitive response of trees to grasses at the seedling stage.

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Wang, Richard D., and J. Myles Shaver. "The Multifaceted Nature of Competitive Response: Repositioning and New Product Launch as Joint Response to Competition." Strategy Science 1, no. 3 (September 2016): 148–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/stsc.2016.0014.

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Sheppard, Christine S., and Marco R. Brendel. "Competitive ability of native and alien plants: effects of residence time and invasion status." NeoBiota 65 (May 25, 2021): 47–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.65.63179.

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Competition is commonly thought to underlie the impact of plant invasions. However, competitive effects of aliens and competitive response of natives may also change over time. Indeed, as with time, the novelty of an invader decreases, the accumulated eco-evolutionary experience of resident species may eventually limit invasion success. We aimed to gain insights on whether directional changes in biotic interactions over time or more general differences between natives and aliens, for instance, resulting from an introduction bias, are relevant in determining competitive ability. We conducted a pairwise competition experiment in a target-neighbour design, using 47 Asteraceae species with residence times between 8 years-12,000 years in Germany. We first tested whether there are differences in performance in intraspecific competition amongst invasion status groups, that is casual and established neophytes, archaeophytes or native species. We then evaluated whether competitive response and effects depend on residence time or invasion status. Lastly, we assessed whether competitive effects influence range sizes. We found only limited evidence that native target species tolerate neighbours with longer potential co-existence times better, whereas differences in competitive ability were mostly better explained by invasion status than residence time. Although casual neophytes produced most biomass in intraspecific competition, they had the weakest per-capita competitive effects on natives. Notably, we did not find differences between established neophytes and natives, both of which ranked highest in interspecific competitive ability. This lack of differences might be explained by a biased selection of highly invasive or rare native species in previous studies or because invasion success may result from mechanisms other than interspecific competitive superiority. Accordingly, interspecific per-capita competitive effects did not influence range sizes. Further studies across a broader range of environmental conditions, involving other biotic interactions that indirectly influence plant-plant interactions, may clarify when eco-evolutionary adaptations to new invaders are a relevant mechanism.

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Carrasco Páez, Luis, and Inmaculada C. Martínez-Díaz. "Training vs. Competition in Sport: State Anxiety and Response of Stress Hormones in Young Swimmers." Journal of Human Kinetics 80, no. 1 (October 31, 2021): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0087.

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Abstract This study was aimed to assess the neuroendocrine response to stress induced by different sports environments (a regular training session and a competitive event), to define the contribution of psychological and physical stress, and to check the possible relationship between state-anxiety and stress hormones responses to competitive and non-competitive sports practices. Twelve young national-level male swimmers participated in this investigation. Endorphins, adrenocorticotropin, and prolactin plasma levels were measured at baseline conditions (t0), before a regular swimming training session (t1), and before and after real swimming competition consisting of 100 m freestyle (t2 and t3, respectively). Moreover, state-anxiety was evaluated in all assessment time-points. The results showed no differences in endorphin, adrenocorticotropin, prolactin and state-anxiety between t0 and t1; however, significant increases in endorphins (142%), prolactin (137%) and state-anxiety (13%) were observed in t2. Huge stress response was observed in t3 (increases of 354%, 387%, and 250% for endorphins, adrenocorticotropin, and prolactin, respectively) although state-anxiety decreased slightly. Lastly, a lack of the relationship between stress hormones and state-anxiety was found in all conditions. Mental and especially physical stress associated with sports competition induces a significant release of stress hormones which is not relevant for the regular training session.

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Castillo-Alvino, Hamlet, and Marcos Marvá. "The competition model with Holling type II competitive response to interfering time." Journal of Biological Dynamics 14, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 222–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17513758.2020.1742392.

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Virtanen, Martti, and Pekka Valkama. "Competitive Neutrality and Distortion of Competition: A Conceptual View." World Competition 32, Issue 3 (September 1, 2009): 393–407. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2009037.

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Distortion of competition is a perennial concern of competition policy and a key challenge for new markets. The research problem herein elaborates on the concept of competitive neutrality by analysing its theoretical underpinnings with a view to promoting meaningful political debate and related administrative and legal reforms topical in a number of economies, including Finland. A fundamental aim of the article is to contribute to developing a theoretical framework for further studies of competitive neutrality and distortion of competition. There is a conceptual connection between competitive neutrality and distortion of competition: competitive neutrality implies undistorted competition, where a trading partner whose purchase of a certain product the rival companies compete for will make his choice among the alternatives offered by the rival firms solely on the basis of his preferences. In that case, the preference ranking he constructs of the rivals’ products is not affected by any outside factor. Competitive neutrality is a multidimensional and disputed issue because distortions of competition have a broad institutional background. The consequences of lacking competitive neutrality and main types of policy response to competitive neutrality problems are also discussed.

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Sharp, Ziva. "Existential Angst and Identity Rethink: The Complexities of Competition for the Nonprofit." Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 47, no. 4 (March 1, 2018): 767–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0899764018760399.

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This article explores the concept of competition as perceived by the nonprofit organization (NPO). Based on a series of case studies, the article examines the NPO’s response to competitive analysis within a strategic planning process. The findings suggest that despite behaving competitively, both for funding and in the marketplace, the NPO’s direct, mindful encounter with a distinctly market orientation engenders a reinterpretation of the concept of competition, aligning it with a nonprofit, value-centric mindset. In parallel, the imposition of competitive demands on the NPO may trigger a counterreaction in which the nonprofit launches a reexamination of its organizational identity. This process, in which the NPO may question the justification of its very existence, can generate significant emotional turmoil. The case study findings suggest that the outcome of this process may be the reinforcement and amplification of the organization’s social orientation.

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Ferreira, José Pedro L., Nikos Chatzisarantis, Pedro Miguel Caspar, and Maria João Campos. "Precompetitive Anxiety and Self-Confidence in Athletes with Disability." Perceptual and Motor Skills 105, no. 1 (August 2007): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.105.1.339-346.

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This study examined the precompetition temporal patterning of competitive anxiety components in 42 athletes with disability who participated at the national level and at the national trials for the Paralympic Games in a variety of sports. All subjects completed a modified version of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 which measures intensity and direction of the competitive anxiety response on three occasions before competition (1 wk., 2 hr., and 20 min.). Analysis suggested that for cognitive and somatic dimensions athletes with disabilities show a similar precompetition anxiety response to athletes without disability. However, there appear to be some differences, particularly in the intensity of self-confidence, as athletes with disability reported a reduction of self-confidence just prior to competition.

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Lee, Jay. "A Review of Competitive Repertoire-Action-Based Competitive Advantage." International Journal of Business and Management 12, no. 11 (October 18, 2017): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v12n11p120.

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A series of strategic management researches in the competitive dynamics are introduced to tackle on the question of how certain firms are processed to the effective strategies and the ways to sustain their market leadership positions. From the individual action-response dyads (Smith, Grimm, & Gannon, 1992) to the entire repertoire of competitive actions, researchers have developed theoretical framework how competitive repertoire can explain firm’s sustainable competitiveness. Competitive repertoire is all started as a way to find out the staging of strategic processes, that are the sequence and speed of actions. And it is shaped by the interplay of multiple competitive actions carried out by the attacking firm and perhaps punctuated by one or more competitive responses made by rivals (Ferrier, 2001). In sum, competitive repertoire can be one of the promising action-based constructs that may be possible to gain a predictive power as well as a more profound understanding of sustaining competitive advantage in the hypercompetitive environment.

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Broz, Amanda K., Daniel K. Manter, Ragan M. Callaway, Mark W. Paschke, and Jorge M. Vivanco. "A molecular approach to understanding plant - plant interactions in the context of invasion biology." Functional Plant Biology 35, no. 11 (2008): 1123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/fp08155.

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Competition is a major determinant of plant community structure, and can influence the size and reproductive fitness of a species. Therefore, competitive responses may arise from alterations in gene expression and plant function when an individual is confronted with new competitors. This study explored competition at the level of gene expression by hybridising transcripts from Centaurea maculosa Lam., one of North America’s most invasive exotic plant species, to an Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh microarray chip. Centaurea was grown in competition with Festuca idahoensis Elmer, a native species that generally has weak competitive effects against Centaurea; Gaillardia aristata Pursh, a native species that tends to be a much stronger competitor against Centaurea; and alone (control). Some transcripts were induced or repressed to a similar extent regardless of the plant neighbour grown with Centaurea. Other transcripts showed differential expression that was specific to the competitor species, possibly indicating a species-specific aspect of the competitive response of Centaurea. These results are the first to identify genes in an invasive plant that are induced or repressed by plant neighbours and provide a new avenue of insight into the molecular aspects of plant competitive ability.

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Bentz, Alexandra B., Daniel J. Becker, and Kristen J. Navara. "Evolutionary implications of interspecific variation in a maternal effect: a meta-analysis of yolk testosterone response to competition." Royal Society Open Science 3, no. 11 (November 2016): 160499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.160499.

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Competition between conspecifics during the breeding season can result in behavioural and physiological programming of offspring via maternal effects. For birds, in which maternal effects are best studied, it has been claimed that exposure to increased competition causes greater deposition of testosterone into egg yolks, which creates faster growing, more aggressive offspring; such traits are thought to be beneficial for high-competition environments. Nevertheless, not all species show a positive relationship between competitive interactions and yolk testosterone, and an explanation for this interspecific variation is lacking. We here test if the magnitude and direction of maternal testosterone allocated to eggs in response to competition can be explained by life-history traits while accounting for phylogenetic relationships. We performed a meta-analysis relating effect size of yolk testosterone response to competition with species coloniality, nest type, parental effort and mating type. We found that effect size was moderated by coloniality and nest type; colonial species and those with open nests allocate less testosterone to eggs when in more competitive environments. Applying a life-history perspective helps contextualize studies showing little or negative responses of yolk testosterone to competition and improves our understanding of how variation in this maternal effect may have evolved.

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Hager, Heather A. "Competitive effect versus competitive response of invasive and native wetland plant species." Oecologia 139, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 140–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00442-004-1494-6.

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Jacobs, Nathan Thomas, Jessie Barra, Rustom Antia, and Tracey J. Lamb. "Inflammatory monocytes mediate competition between genetically diverse malaria parasites during mixed-strain Plasmodium infections." Journal of Immunology 196, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2016): 134.6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.134.6.

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Abstract In areas of intense malaria transmission, many individuals receive multiple infectious bites per night, leading to overlapping infections with multiple strains of Plasmodium. As the transmission likelihood of a given strain is influenced by blood-stage parasite densities, parasites that can multiply faster and avoid immune clearance mechanisms are more competitively fit and are likely to be favored by evolution. Competitive ability has previously been linked to the virulence of infection, but mechanistic details are unclear. Here, we demonstrate a role for innate phagocytic cells, specifically CD11b+ Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes, in mediating competition between two clones of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium chabaudi during a mixed infection. PcAS and PcCB grow to similar densities and cause similar degrees of anemia in separate single infections, but differ in the inflammatory and immunoregulatory responses they elicit. In mixed infection, PcAS densities were more adversely impacted than those of PcCB when compared to single infections, but competitive suppression was abrogated by depletion of macrophages and monocytes prior to infection using clodronate-loaded liposomes. Flow cytometry analysis of splenic populations revealed that the CD11b+ Ly6Chi inflammatory monocyte population during mixed infection more closely resembles that of an infection with PcCB than with PcAS. Taken together, our results indicate that competition between genetically diverse malaria parasites can be mediated by innate immunity independent of parasite virulence, and that parasites gain a competitive advantage by polarizing the immune system towards a response to which they are adapted.

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Wall, David A. "Dog mustard (Erucastrum gallicum) response to crop competition." Weed Science 45, no. 3 (June 1997): 397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500093048.

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Greenhouse studies suggested that dog mustard was less competitive than wheat, but of similar competitiveness to flax. In field studies, dog mustard growth and development were markedly affected by crop competition. Competition from flax and wheat reduced dog mustard leaf area, shoot dry weight, plant height, and seed production compared with the weed grown on summer-fallow. Dog mustard was a prolific seed producer when grown in the absence of interspecific competition. On summer-fallow, dog mustard produced as many as 79,100 seeds plant−1when moisture was not a limiting factor. However, average seed production was 19,400 and 8000 seeds plant−1in 1994 and 1995, respectively.

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Huang, Ming-Chang, and Bau-Jung Chang. "Sleeping with the enemy." Management Decision 57, no. 1 (January 14, 2019): 211–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/md-01-2017-0054.

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Purpose This paper highlights cooperation as an important moderating condition of competitive action and response. Drawing on a new perspective of collective identity on competitive dynamics, the purpose of this paper is to stress the impacts of market commonalities and resource similarities on competitive actions and responses and focus on the moderating effect of cooperation on the relationships mentioned above. Design/methodology/approach This study employs logistic regression analysis to test the hypotheses in the Taiwanese flour industry at the period 2002–2005. Findings The results indicate market commonalities and resource similarities have a negative effect on the likelihood of a price-competitive action and a price-competitive response. Moreover, the level of cooperation among firms moderates the relationships among market commonalities, resource similarities, price-competitive actions, and price-competitive responses. Practical implications To understand and predict competitive behavior help firms to control and avoid unnecessary rivalry and therefore maintain mutual forbearance with competitors. Originality/value This study provides a new angle on cooperation-level analysis, contributing the use of collective identity theory to analyze the moderating effects of cooperation on competitive actions and responses.

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Bester, Keldon, and Jacqueline Byers. "Emerging questions about merger notification and the Canadian response." Journal of Antitrust Enforcement 8, no. 1 (February 17, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaenfo/jnaa002.

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Abstract Amid a global uptick in public interest in competition policy, questions have emerged about the fitness of tools available to international competition authorities, particularly in relation to the digital economy. Treatment of mergers has come under increased scrutiny, and while the competitive analysis of mergers is a rich vein of debate, equally important is the question of which mergers competition authorities decide to analyse at all. We provide a brief overview of the Canadian approach to pre-merger notification, the emerging challenges associated with but not limited to the digital economy, and the Canadian response thus far.

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Chen, Ming-Jer, Hao-Chieh Lin, and Wan-Chien Lien. ""Executive Dynamics, Competitive Response, and Firm Performance"." Academy of Management Proceedings 2015, no. 1 (January 2015): 17189. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2015.17189abstract.

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Gleich, Wolfgang Markus, and Jan Hendrik Fisch. "Foreign Market Entry as a Competitive Response." Academy of Management Proceedings 2013, no. 1 (January 2013): 16344. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2013.16344abstract.

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Firoozi, Fathali. "On the Competitive Response to Technological Advance." American Economist 39, no. 2 (October 1995): 61–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/056943459503900207.

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When the competitive firm is operating in a stochastic environment and certain conditions regarding expectations and attitude toward risk hold, the response to a neutral technological advance is to reduce factor employment and raise output. The result contradicts the standard deterministic response, which emerges as a special case in the stochastic environment. (JEL, D81)

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Dupire, Marion, and Bouchra M’Zali. "CSR Strategies in Response to Competitive Pressures." Journal of Business Ethics 148, no. 3 (January 16, 2016): 603–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2981-x.

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Hanton, Sheldon, Lynne Evans, and Richard Neil. "Hardiness and the competitive trait anxiety response." Anxiety, Stress & Coping 16, no. 2 (June 2003): 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2003.10382971.

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Selove, Matthew. "A Dynamic Model of Competitive Entry Response." Marketing Science 33, no. 3 (May 2014): 353–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2013.0827.

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Simon, Donald R., and Suzanne G. Alvarez. "Using “Rapid Response” as a competitive tool." International Executive 31, no. 5 (March 1990): 29–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tie.5060310510.

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Chena, Marcos, José Alfonso Morcillo, María Luisa Rodríguez-Hernández, Juan Carlos Zapardiel, Adam Owen, and Demetrio Lozano. "The Effect of Weekly Training Load across a Competitive Microcycle on Contextual Variables in Professional Soccer." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (May 11, 2021): 5091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105091.

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Analysis of the key performance variables in soccer is one of the most continuous and attractive research topics. Using global positioning devices (GPS), the primary aim of this study was to highlight the physiological response of a professional soccer team across competitive microcycles in-season according to the most influential contextual performance variables. Determining the training load (TL), a work ratio was established between all recorded data within the training sessions and the competitive profile (CP). Each microcycle was classified in accordance with the contextual variables: opponent level (high, medium, low), match location (home and away) and score (win, draw, lose). Results revealed that the team were significantly more successful (games won) in competitive games against high-level opponents and when played at home. Cumulative microcycle/weekly training load (WTL) was significantly lower when the team won. In addition to the opponent level and the match location, WTL could condition the athlete’s performance in the competition. Competitive performance responses are the main source of information for the planning of training programs. The results of this study could be used as a reference to structure TL and WTL according to contextual variables in the competition. This study, which is the first of its kind, revealed that WTL effects the performance of the players in the competition.

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Castillo-Alvino, Hamlet Humberto, and Marcos Marvá. "Group defense promotes coexistence in interference competition: The Holling type IV competitive response." Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 198 (August 2022): 426–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matcom.2022.02.031.

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Campbell, Elizabeth, and Graham Jones. "Precompetition Anxiety and Self-Confidence in Wheelchair Sport Participants." Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 14, no. 2 (April 1997): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.14.2.95.

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This study examined the precompetition temporal patterning of anxiety and self-confidence in wheelchair sport participants. The subjects comprised of 103 male (n = 87) and female (n = 16) wheelchair sport participants who participated at national level or above in a variety of sports. All the subjects completed a modified version of the Competitive Trait Anxiety Inventory-2 (CTAI-2) which measured three dimensions of their normal competitive anxiety response (intensity, frequency, and direction), at three time periods preceding competition (1 week, 2 hours, and 30 minutes before). The findings suggest that wheelchair sport participants show a similar precompetition anxiety response to nondisabled sport participants. However, there appears to be some differences, particularly in the intensity of somatic anxiety symptoms experienced and the reduction in self-confidence just prior to competition. The findings also provide further support for the distinction between intensity, frequency, and direction of competitive anxiety symptoms.

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Черкасова, Антонина, and Antonina Cherkasova. "Adaptation of hotels to changes in competitive environment." Services in Russia and abroad 8, no. 7 (December 10, 2014): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/7467.

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The paper presents a comprehensive study of the theoretical foundations of hotel enterprises’ adaptation in a competitive environment, including the formulated the concept of adaptation in terms of management. The paper also identifies and describes three aspects of the term "adaptation" in relation to objects of the hospitality industry. The author formulats the concept of adaptive competitive strategies of hotel companies, describes the basic competitive strategy options proposed by M. Porter: absolute cost leadership, differentiation, focus, which, according to the author, are potentially successful. These competitive strategies contribute to a sustainable position of a company in the industry for the long term and to achieve advantages over competitors. The author of the article reveals major shortcomings in the formation of competitive strategies of adaptation for hotel companies and suggests a model for the formation of adaptive competitive strategy facilities for the hospitality industry, which relies on the process approach, including the separation of the primary process into a series of sub-processes that have data inputs and outputs. The use of this model for the formation and adjustment of competitive strategies will allow hotel companies to develop effective adaptation competitive strategies to achieve sustainable and profitable position, enabling to resist to the pressures of the competitive forces that must and can determine the competition in the industry, to provide a rapid response to external hotel business changes and to implement responsive actions, and which also can help existing hotel companies to withdraw from the zone of instability and competitively operate in not always positive environmental conditions and to ensure a competitive advantage and long-term effectiveness of the hospitality market.

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Mangine, Gerald T., Brian M. Kliszczewicz, Joseph B. Boone, Cassie M. Williamson-Reisdorph, and Emily E. Bechke. "Pre-Anticipatory Anxiety and Autonomic Nervous System Response to Two Unique Fitness Competition Workouts." Sports 7, no. 9 (August 27, 2019): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7090199.

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To evaluate the feasibility of on-site collection of subjective anxiety, autonomic nervous system activity, and salivary catecholamines surrounding high-intensity functional training (HIFT) competition, ten experienced HIFT competitors completed baseline assessments of anxiety and heart rate variability (HRV). Then, in two consecutive weeks (Workout 1 and 2) within the competition, HRV was recorded and examined in 5-min segments prior to exercise (PRE) and across a 30-min period after competitors completed their choice of the prescribed or scaled each workout. Subjective anxiety ratings and saliva samples were collected at PRE and immediately-(IP), 30-min (30P), and 60-min post-exercise (60P). Saliva samples were analyzed for concentrations of epinephrine and norepinephrine. Generalized linear mixed models with repeated measures revealed significant (p < 0.05) differences between workouts for all measures. Compared to Workout 1, anxiety (~50%), epinephrine (173–340%), norepinephrine (29–234%) were greater in Workout 2 and various HRV-derived indices were more depressed. Additionally, some HRV-derived indices appeared to be modulated (p < 0.05) by competitive level and sex at PRE and throughout the 30-min recovery period. These data suggest that autonomic activity may differ between the competitive and laboratory settings, and that the response may be further modulated by the workout’s design, the athlete’s sex, and competitive level.

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Reed, Cymone, Rebecca Branconi, John Majoris, Cara Johnson, and Peter Buston. "Competitive growth in a social fish." Biology Letters 15, no. 2 (February 2019): 20180737. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2018.0737.

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Many animal societies have dominance hierarchies in which social rank is correlated with size. In such societies, the growth and size of individuals can be a strategic response to their social environment: in fishes, individuals may decrease their growth rate to remain small and retain a subordinate position; in mammals, individuals may increase their growth rate to become large and attain a dominant position—a strategy called competitive growth. Here, we investigate whether the clown anemonefish, Amphiprion percula , exhibits competitive growth also. We show that juvenile clownfish paired with a size-matched reproductive rival increase their growth rate and size relative to solitary controls. Remarkably, paired individuals achieved this, despite being provided with the same amount of food as solitary controls. Our results demonstrate that clownfish are able to increase their growth rate in response to social competition. This study adds to the growing body of evidence that the growth of social vertebrates can be a fine-tuned plastic response to their social environment.

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Strauss, Alexander T., Jessica L. Hite, Marta S. Shocket, Carla E. Cáceres, Meghan A. Duffy, and Spencer R. Hall. "Rapid evolution rescues hosts from competition and disease but—despite a dilution effect—increases the density of infected hosts." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1868 (December 6, 2017): 20171970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.1970.

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Virulent parasites can depress the densities of their hosts. Taxa that reduce disease via dilution effects might alleviate this burden. However, ‘diluter’ taxa can also depress host densities through competition for shared resources. The combination of disease and interspecific competition could even drive hosts extinct. Then again, genetically variable host populations can evolve in response to both competitors and parasites. Can rapid evolution rescue host density from the harm caused by these ecological enemies? How might such evolution influence dilution effects or the size of epidemics? In a mesocosm experiment with planktonic hosts, we illustrate the joint harm of competition and disease: hosts with constrained evolutionary ability (limited phenotypic variation) suffered greatly from both. However, populations starting with broader phenotypic variation evolved stronger competitive ability during epidemics. In turn, enhanced competitive ability—driven especially by parasites—rescued host densities from the negative impacts of competition, disease, and especially their combination. Interspecific competitors reduced disease (supporting dilution effects) even when hosts rapidly evolved. However, this evolutionary response also elicited a potential problem. Populations that evolved enhanced competitive ability and maintained robust total densities also supported higher densities of infections. Thus, rapid evolution rescued host densities but also unleashed larger epidemics.

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Wilson, Scott D. "Initial size and the competitive responses of two grasses at two levels of soil nitrogen: a field experiment." Canadian Journal of Botany 72, no. 9 (September 1, 1994): 1349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b94-165.

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I tested whether initial size influenced the ability of grasses to compete against established perennial vegetation in an old field, both in plots with little competition for light and in plots with intense light competition. Seedlings of Schizachyrium scoparium (a perennial) and Setaria viridis (an annual) were assigned to three classes of initial size; small seedlings had about half the initial mass of medium seedlings, which had about half the mass of large seedlings. Seedlings were transplanted into subplots with neighbours either present or absent, within 10 plots that received either NH4NO3 or no additional nitrogen. Transplant final mass (roots and shoots) was significantly lower in the presence of neighbours and increased significantly with initial size. There was no significant interaction between competition and initial size, however, indicating that competition suppressed seedlings of all sizes to about the same extent. Further, there was no significant three-way interaction, suggesting that size did not influence competitive response more in environments where light was limiting. These results differ from pot experiments and monocultures by suggesting that initial size does not influence the ability of a plant to compete against neighbours on either nutrient-rich or nutrient-poor soils. Key words: competition, competitive response, competitive ability, size, removal experiments, nitrogen.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Competitive response'

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