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Journal articles on the topic 'Competitive cycling'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

McLennan, Jon G., James C. McLennan, and John Ungersma. "Accident prevention in competitive cycling." American Journal of Sports Medicine 16, no. 3 (May 1988): 266–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036354658801600312.

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2

McLennan, J. C., J. C. McLennan, and J. Ungersma. "Accident prevention in competitive cycling." Journal of Safety Research 20, no. 1 (March 1989): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-4375(89)90006-6.

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3

Waslen, Paula E., Linda J. McCargar, and Jack E. Taunton. "Weight Cycling in Competitive Judokas." Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 3, no. 4 (October 1993): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042752-199310000-00004.

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4

Abt, John P., James M. Smoliga, David L. Hutton, Bryan C. Walters, John T. Jolly, Scott M. Lephart, and Freddie H. Fu. "Cycling Mechanics Symmetry in Competitive Cyclists." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, Supplement (May 2006): S180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200605001-01690.

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5

Hardwicke, Jack, John Batten, Eric Anderson, and Howard Hurst. "Twitter discourse around competitive cycling and sports-related concussion." Journal of Science and Cycling 11, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 59–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.28985/1322.jsc.02.

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The purpose of this study was to explore the cycling community’s online interactions with sports-related concussion within competitive cycling. Through an analysis of twitter data (n=196), this study examined the limited discourse related to the problem of concussion in cycling. The results found overall engagement and awareness of concussion in cycling was low but has been increasing year on year from 2008 to 2019. Thematic analysis of the data found three main themes within the online cycling community on Twitter: 1) Increasing awareness of concussion as a problem for the sport 2) A narrative of apathy in policy by governing bodies and 3) The need for better education as a result of misperceptions of concussion. Overall, these findings contribute to the limited research in the field of concussion in competitive cycling and outline the utility of social media as a platform to disseminate educational resources around the safe management of concussion in the sport.

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6

Mavrelis, Peter G., Peter Georgis, Michael Todd, and Stephen Gabrys. "Exercise-Induced Ischemic Colitis from Competitive Cycling." Current Sports Medicine Reports 20, no. 11 (November 2021): 575–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/jsr.0000000000000902.

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7

Martin, James C., Christopher J. Davidson, and Eric R. Pardyjak. "Understanding Sprint-Cycling Performance: The Integration of Muscle Power, Resistance, and Modeling." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 2, no. 1 (March 2007): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2.1.5.

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Sprint-cycling performance is paramount to competitive success in over half the world-championship and Olympic races in the sport of cycling. This review examines the current knowledge behind the interaction of propulsive and resistive forces that determine sprint performance. Because of recent innovation in field power-measuring devices, actual data from both elite track- and road-cycling sprint performances provide additional insight into key performance determinants and allow for the construction of complex models of sprint-cycling performance suitable for forward integration. Modeling of various strategic scenarios using a variety of field and laboratory data can highlight the relative value for certain tactically driven choices during competition.

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Gannon, Greg A., Shawn G. Rhind, Masatoshi Suzui, Pang N. Sheck, and Roy J. Shephard. "Circulating Levels of Peripheral Blood Leucocytes and Cytokines Following Competitive Cycling." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 22, no. 2 (April 1, 1997): 133–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h97-011.

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The objective of the study was to determine if prolonged and strenuous cycling leads to a polarized cytokine response, and/or unique mobilization of circulating leucocyte populations. Resting venous blood samples were collected from 6 amateur cyclists, 24 hr before, and at 10-25 min and 150 min after completion of a 250-km road race (race time: 404 + 3.5 min). Total leucocyte counts were significantly elevated following competition. Cell counts of CD3+CD8bright+ lymphocytes were depressed by 50% 150 min after competition. A significant increase in CD4+ cells expressing the IL-2Rα chain was evident 150 min after competition IL-6 concentrations were greatly increased, both at 10-25 min and 150 min after competition. Resting TNF-a concentrations were approximately doubled at both time points after competition. Plasma levels of IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-12 were below detection thresholds at all time points. These results suggest that performance of a 6.5 h competitive cycle-race does not induce a Type-1- or Type-2-dominated cytokine response, but one that is typical of a proinflammatory cytokine response. Key words: prolonged exercise, cyclists, immunity, cell recruitment and activation, interleukins, tumour necrosis factor, interferon

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9

Dixon, Marlene A., Jeffery A. Graham, Allyson C. Hartzell, and Katherine Forrest. "Enhancing Women’s Participation and Advancement in Competitive Cycling." Journal of Applied Sport Management 9, no. 4 (2017): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18666/jasm-2017-v9-i4-8135.

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10

Cangley, P., L. Passfield, H. Carter, and M. Bailey. "A model for performance enhancement in competitive cycling." Movement & Sport Sciences 75, no. 1 (2012): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/sm.075.0059.

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Abt, John, Scott Lephart, and Freddie Fu. "Calculation of Cycling Mechanics Symmetry in Competitive Cyclists." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 39, Supplement (May 2007): S473. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000274875.55003.48.

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12

Coleman, D. A., R. C. R. Davison, J. Balmer, and S. R. Bird. "THE ENERGY DEMANDS OF COMPETITIVE ROAD RACE CYCLING." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 30, Supplement (May 1998): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199805001-01736.

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Cangley, P., L. Passfield, H. Carter, and M. Bailey. "A model for performance enhancement in competitive cycling." Movement & Sport Sciences - Science & Motricité, no. 75 (October 25, 2011): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/sm/2011126.

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14

Mannion, Paul, Yasin Toparlar, Bert Blocken, Eoghan Clifford, Thomas Andrianne, and Magdalena Hajdukiewicz. "Analysis of crosswind aerodynamics for competitive hand-cycling." Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics 180 (September 2018): 182–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jweia.2018.08.002.

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SHIGETOME, Shota, Kazuki TSURUDA, Takuhiro SATO, and Tatsushi TOKUYASU. "Muscle synergy analysis of pedaling in competitive cycling." Proceedings of JSME annual Conference on Robotics and Mechatronics (Robomec) 2020 (2020): 1P2—G09. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmermd.2020.1p2-g09.

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HOPKER, JAMES, DAMIAN COLEMAN, and LOUIS PASSFIELD. "Changes in Cycling Efficiency during a Competitive Season." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 41, no. 4 (April 2009): 912–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0b013e31818f2ab2.

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Lindner, Dror, Gabriel Agar, Benjamin Gilbert Domb, Yiftah Beer, Idit Shub, and Gideon Mann. "An Unusual Case of Leg Pain in a Competitive Cyclist." Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach 6, no. 6 (March 3, 2014): 492–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1941738114524160.

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Cycling has become a popular recreational and competitive sport. The number of people participating in the sport is gradually increasing. Despite being a noncontact, low-impact sport, as many as 85% of athletes engaged in the sport will suffer from an overuse injury, with the lower limbs comprising the majority of these injuries. Up to 20% of all lower extremity overuse injuries in competitive cyclists are of a vascular source. A 39-year-old competitive cyclist had a 5-year history of thigh pain during cycling, preventing him from competing. The patient was eventually diagnosed with external iliac artery endofibrosis. After conservative treatment failed, the patient underwent corrective vascular surgery with complete resolution of his symptoms and return to competitive cycling by 1 year. Since its first description in 1985, there have been more than 60 articles addressing external iliac artery endofibrosis pathology.

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Bass, A., and M. E. Lovell. "Two cases of acetabular fractures sustained during competitive cycling." British Journal of Sports Medicine 29, no. 3 (September 1, 1995): 205–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.29.3.205.

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McCole, S. D., R. Anderson, J. C. Conte, K. Claney, and J. M. Hagberg. "INTERACTION BETWEEN AERODYNAMICS AND ENERGY EXPENDITURE IN COMPETITIVE CYCLING." Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 21, Supplement (April 1989): S9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-198904001-00052.

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20

Sunde, Arnstein, Øyvind Støren, Marius Bjerkaas, Morten H. Larsen, Jan Hoff, and Jan Helgerud. "Maximal Strength Training Improves Cycling Economy in Competitive Cyclists." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 24, no. 8 (August 2010): 2157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181aeb16a.

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21

Bergmaier, G., F. Hediger, and M. Märki. "Force — measurements in competitive cycling with a mobile equipment." Journal of Biomechanics 22, no. 10 (January 1989): 986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(89)90118-8.

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22

Short, Mairead, Neil Heron, and Mark Matthews. "Road cycling and bone health: a scoping review." Journal of Science and Cycling 11, no. 3 (December 31, 2022): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.28985/1322.jsc.09.

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Introduction In competitive road cycling, low body mass is a common focus for many athletes. Due to the high energy expenditure and non-weight bearing nature of competitive road cycling, there are associated health risks including relative energy deficiency and low bone mineral density. Untreated, this can lead to an increased susceptibility to fracture. This can be a particular problem in competitive road cycling where the prevalence of falls is high. Methods A scientific literature search on studies investigating relative energy deficiency and bone mineral density in the sport of road cycling was performed. Results Twenty-four studies investigated the relationship between road cycling and relative energy deficiency, bone mineral density, bone structure, calcium and vitamin D, markers for bone metabolism and strength training. Road cyclists were generally found to be at risk of relative energy deficiency and reduced bone mineral density. However, bone strength indices on peripheral quantitative computed tomography were not reduced. There was also conflicting evidence on the effect of consuming calcium and vitamin D on markers for bone metabolism and bone mineral density. Studies supported evidence that the inclusion of strength training can have a positive effect on bone mineral density in road cyclists. Discussion Relative energy deficiency in road cyclists is particularly concerning due to its detrimental impact on bone health and general increased risk of injury. Similarly, low bone mineral density is worrying due to high prevalence of falls and subsequent fracture risk. While it remains to be seen whether calcium and vitamin D supplementation provide adequate bone protection, increased education among competitive road cyclists on the benefits of energy balance and strength training in terms of bone health could be useful and should be advocated by their support team. Conclusion There was evidence of increased risk of relative energy deficiency, low bone mineral density and increased bone resorption in road cyclists. However, there was also evidence that strength and impact training could improve bone health in competitive road cyclists

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23

Hue, Olivier, Olivier Galy, Daniel Le Gallais, and Christian Préfaut. "Pulmonary Responses During the Cycle-Run Succession in Elite and Competitive Triathletes." Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology 26, no. 6 (December 1, 2001): 559–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h01-031.

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Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of performance level on the pulmonary responses in triathletes during the cycle-run succession. Methods: Eight regionally and nationally ranked (Competitive) and six internationally ranked (Elite) male triathletes underwent 30 min of cycling followed by 20 min of running (C-R) and 30 min of control cycling (C). Before and 10 min after each trial, the triathletes underwent lung function testing. Ventilalory data were collected every minute using an automated breath-by-breath system. Results: The results showed that (a) cycling induced a significant increase in residual volume and functional residual capacity in the Elite group (P < .05); (b) although cycling induced a significant decrease in DLCO in both groups, this decrease persisted at the end of the cycle-run exercise in the Competitive group only (P < .05); and (c) the rise in breathing frequency was significantly greater in the Competitive triathletes during the first 8 min of the subsequent run (P < .04). Conclusions: We conclude that the internationally ranked-or elite-performance-triathletes may have developed specific responses to the cycle-run succession. Key words: triathlon, elite triathlete, performance, pulmonary diffusion capacity, pulmonary volumes

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Abbiss, Chris R., Paolo Menaspà, Vincent Villerius, and David T. Martin. "Distribution of Power Output When Establishing a Breakaway in Cycling." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 8, no. 4 (July 2013): 452–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.8.4.452.

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A number of laboratory-based performance tests have been designed to mimic the dynamic and stochastic nature of road cycling. However, the distribution of power output and thus physical demands of high-intensity surges performed to establish a breakaway during actual competitive road cycling are unclear. Review of data from professional road-cycling events has indicated that numerous short-duration (5–15 s), high-intensity (~9.5–14 W/kg) surges are typically observed in the 5–10 min before athletes’ establishing a breakaway (ie, riding away from a group of cyclists). After this initial high-intensity effort, power output declined but remained high (~450–500 W) for a further 30 s to 5 min, depending on race dynamics (ie, the response of the chase group). Due to the significant influence competitors have on pacing strategies, it is difficult for laboratory-based performance tests to precisely replicate this aspect of mass-start competitive road cycling. Further research examining the distribution of power output during competitive road racing is needed to refine laboratory-based simulated stochastic performance trials and better understand the factors important to the success of a breakaway.

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Roberts, Charlie Jon, Howard Thomas Hurst, and Jack Hardwicke. "Eating Disorders and Disordered Eating in Competitive Cycling: A Scoping Review." Behavioral Sciences 12, no. 12 (December 2, 2022): 490. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs12120490.

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This article reports on the findings from a scoping review on eating disorders and disordered eating in competitive cycling. The review was informed by a scoping review methodological framework as well as the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis extension for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) reporting guidelines. PubMed, SPORTDiscus and Web of Science were used to identify relevant literature for review. Fourteen studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the full review. A narrative synthesis was used to summarise the main findings and themes across the included literature. Findings from the review are presented under the following themes: cycling as an ‘at-risk’ discipline; power to weight ratio; energy requirements and risk of low energy availability; the social environment of cycling; nutrition support provision; relationship between eating disorders/disordered eating and exercise addiction; and recommendations made in identified literature. Overall, the literature suggests competitive cycling is a sport with a high prevalence of disordered eating and/or eating disorders and a sport with unique risk factors that contribute to this. Crucially, more research is needed in this area. The article concludes with the gaps in the literature highlighted, implications for future research, and applications to policy and practice suggested.

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Mujika, Iñigo, Bent R. Rønnestad, and David T. Martin. "Effects of Increased Muscle Strength and Muscle Mass on Endurance-Cycling Performance." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 11, no. 3 (April 2016): 283–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2015-0405.

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Despite early and ongoing debate among athletes, coaches, and sport scientists, it is likely that resistance training for endurance cyclists can be tolerated, promotes desired adaptations that support training, and can directly improve performance. Lower-body heavy strength training performed in addition to endurance-cycling training can improve both short- and long-term endurance performance. Strength-maintenance training is essential to retain strength gains during the competition season. Competitive female cyclists with greater lower-body lean mass (LBLM) tend to have ~4–9% higher maximum mean power per kg LBLM over 1 s to 10 min. Such relationships enable optimal body composition to be modeled. Resistance training off the bike may be particularly useful for modifying LBLM, whereas more cycling-specific training strategies like eccentric cycling and single-leg cycling with a counterweight have not been thoughtfully investigated in well-trained cyclists. Potential mechanisms for improved endurance include postponed activation of less efficient type II muscle fibers, conversion of type IIX fibers into more fatigue-resistant IIa fibers, and increased muscle mass and rate of force development.

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Konings, Marco J., and Florentina J. Hettinga. "Preexercise Cycling Protocol Alters Pacing Behavior in Competitive Time Trials." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 15, no. 9 (October 1, 2020): 1303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0763.

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Purpose: The behavior of an opponent has been shown to alter pacing and performance. To advance our understanding of the impact of perceptual stimuli such as an opponent on pacing and performance, this study examined the effect of a preexercise cycling protocol on exercise regulation with and without an opponent. Methods: Twelve trained cyclists performed 4 experimental, self-paced 4-km time-trial conditions on an advanced cycle ergometer in a randomized, counterbalanced order. Participants started the time trial in rested state (RS) or performed a 10-min cycling protocol at 67% peak power output (CP) before the time trial. During the time trials, participants had to ride alone (NO) or against a virtual opponent (OP). The experimental conditions were (1) RS-NO, (2) RS-OP, (3) CP-NO, and (4) CP-OP. Repeated-measures analyses of variance (P < .05) were used to examine differences in pacing and performance in terms of power output. Results: A faster pace was adopted in the first kilometer during RS-OP (318 [72] W) compared with RS-NO (291 [81] W; P = .03), leading to an improved finishing time during RS-OP compared with RS-NO (P = .046). No differences in either pacing or performance were found between CP-NO and CP-OP. Conclusions: The evoked response by the opponent to adopt a faster initial pace in the 4-km time trial disappeared when cyclists had to perform a preceding cycling protocol. The outcomes of this study highlight that perceived exertion alters the responsiveness to perceptual stimuli of cyclists during competition.

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Decock, Mathieu, Lieven De Wilde, Luc Vanden Bossche, Adelheid Steyaert, and Alexander Van Tongel. "Incidence and aetiology of acute injuries during competitive road cycling." British Journal of Sports Medicine 50, no. 11 (March 11, 2016): 669–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095612.

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Camino, Alejandro. "El ciclismo femenino español en la década de 1890: salud, moda, amor y competición = Spanish women's cycling in the 1890s: Health, fashion, love and competition." Materiales para la Historia del Deporte, no. 21 (September 9, 2021): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.20868/mhd.2021.21.4511.

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En la década de 1890, el ciclismo en España experimentó un fuerte auge, sobre todo en hombres, pero también en mujeres. En estos diez años, el ciclismo se desarrolló tanto en la vertiente de ocio como en la competitiva. En ambos casos se generó un enconado debate entre expertos, especialmente médicos, escritores y religiosos, y los propios aficionados al ciclismo, sobre la conveniencia (o no) de que las mujeres montasen en bicicleta. A los argumentos sobre la salud y la vestimenta, que habitualmente han centrado la atención historiográfica sobre el ciclismo femenino, pronto se sumaron aquellos que hacían referencia a la posibilidad de generar espacios de sociabilidad proclives al surgimiento del amor duradero. Un campo aparte fue el ciclismo de competición, que, si bien fue apoyado por los partidarios de la bicicleta, no terminó de cuajar entre la población y no hubo muchas mujeres que se dedicasen profesionalmente a este deporte. AbstractIn the 1890s, Spanish cycling experienced a great boom, especially in men, but also in women. In those years, cycling developed both as leisure and as competition. In both cases, there was a lively debate among experts, particularly physicians, writers and religious authorities, and cycling fans, about whether riding bicycles was a suitable activity for women (physically, psychologically and socially) as well as occurred in a transnational context. Most historians who address women’s cycling have focused on the arguments about health and clothing, but there also existed the question of cycling as a space for development of strong love relationships. Competitive cycling represents a very different case; although it was encouraged by bicycle supporters, it did not take hold among the population; and there were not many women who did this sport professionally. In this article I analyse these aspects through an in-depth study of journalistic sources. Besides, I use the most up-to-date and leading bibliographic contributions of national and international historiography.

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Davies, Charlotte E., Angie M. White, and Mark S. Whiteley. "Varicose vein appearance caused by perforating vein incompetence detected after intense cycling." SAGE Open Medical Case Reports 5 (January 1, 2017): 2050313X1774749. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2050313x17747490.

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The role of incompetent perforating veins in the aetiology of varicose veins is not well understood. Anecdotally, competitive cyclists appeared to be more prone to varicose veins than the general population. We present a case of a 63-year-old amateur competitive cyclist who acutely developed a painful varicosity of her left calf while straining during a hill climb in 106-mile cycle race. Duplex ultrasonography has shown an underlying incompetent perforating vein, feeding the varicosity directly through the underlying muscle. With no other significant venous reflux in either leg, we believe this case shows a clear causative association between the stresses put across the lower leg during competitive cycling and developing a varicose vein via an incompetent perforating vein. We believe this should lead to further investigations as to any link between cycling, perforator vein incompetence and the development of varicose veins.

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Lindsay, Pete, Ian Maynard, and Owen Thomas. "Effects of Hypnosis on Flow States and Cycling Performance." Sport Psychologist 19, no. 2 (June 2005): 164–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.19.2.164.

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Using a single-subject multiple baseline design, combined with assessments of participants’ internal experience (Wollman, 1986), the efficacy of a hypnotic intervention on flow state and competitive cycling performance was assessed in three elite cyclists. Intervention involved relaxation, imagery, hypnotic induction, hypnotic regression, and the conditioning of an unconscious trigger associated with the emotions of past peak performance. Ecologically valid performance measures were collected from British Cycling Federation (BCF) races, and the intensity of flow was assessed using Jackson and Marsh’s (1996) Flow State Scale (FSS). Results indicated that the number of BCF points gained per race was positively influenced in one participant, sporadically influenced in the second participant, and not influenced in the third participant. FSS scores during the intervention phase increased for one participant. These findings suggest that hypnotic interventions may improve elite competitive cycling performance and increase the feelings and cognitions associated with flow.

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Dionne, Jean-François, Claude Lajoie, Philippe Gendron, Eduardo Freiberger, and François Trudeau. "Physiological and Psychological Adaptations of Trained Cyclists to Spring Cycling Camps." Journal of Human Kinetics 64, no. 1 (October 15, 2018): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2017-0188.

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Abstract The purpose of our study was to assess physiological adaptations and measure mood outcomes following a cycling training camp in competitive athletes. Fourteen competitive athletes (8 males, 6 females) performed 2 incremental tests to exhaustion before and after a training camp. Volume and intensity (load) of the training regimen were recorded. Submaximal and maximal metabolic data were analysed, as well as economy variables (gross mechanical efficiency and cycling economy). Skeletal muscle adaptations were assessed using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). For both genders (n = 14), peak power output, peak power output-W/kg ratio and peak power output-B[La] were significantly increased (p < 0.05) after the cycling training camp (p < 0.05). Significant increases occurred for gross mechanical efficiency measured at the lactate threshold (+4.9%) and at the same precamp lactate threshold power output (+2.9%). At the lactate threshold and Post Camp Lactate Threshold Power, cycling economy increased by 5.2 and 2.9%, respectively (p < 0.05). These power measurements were significantly correlated with individual fluctuations in deoxyhaemoglobin in the vastus lateralis for male cyclists only. Profile of Mood State questionnaire results showed that subcategories “Tension-Anxiety”, “Confusion”, “Fatigue” and “Total Global Score” significantly decreased after the training camp. Cycling training camps were associated with positive adaptations (increased cycling economy, gross mechanical efficiency and power output) as well as some mental benefits. This indicates that despite some significant physiological adaptations participants probably did not overreach during their CTC.

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Zhao, Wenxi, Lixia Gao, Luchao Yue, Xiaoyan Wang, Qian Liu, Yonglan Luo, Tingshuai Li, Xifeng Shi, Abdullah M. Asiri, and Xuping Sun. "Constructing a hollow microflower-like ZnS/CuS@C heterojunction as an effective ion-transport booster for an ultrastable and high-rate sodium storage anode." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, no. 10 (2021): 6402–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ta00497b.

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Ayala, Erin E., Alison Riley-Schmida, Kathryn P. A. Faulkner, and Kelsey Maleski. "Microaggressions Experienced by Women and Gender Diverse Athletes in Competitive Cycling." Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal 29, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 59–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/wspaj.2020-0020.

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Competitive cycling is a sport with limited levels of diversity, particularly concerning gender. Women and gender diverse cyclists are likely to experience actions from others that reveal underlying assumptions based on their gender, race, or other cultural identities. This mixed-methods investigation used feminist theory and a transformative paradigm to highlight the experiences of women and gender diverse cyclists in a male-dominated sport. The authors explored the nature of microaggressions, perceived underlying messages, responses to such actions, and the feelings provoked. Two hundred and seventy-nine cyclists responded to the survey. Over three-quarters of participants reported being bothered by one or more microaggressions that they experienced in the competitive cycling community. Three primary themes emerged for types of microaggressions: assumptions based on gender, inequitable treatment, and harassment. A small percentage of participants noted an absence of microaggressions in competitive cycling environments. Although participants responded to microaggressions in several ways and experienced a range of emotions, the most common response to microaggressions was to not engage. Over half of the participants reported feelings of anger or frustration due to the microaggressions, followed by feelings of sadness. The results from this study complement what researchers have previously reported regarding female athletes and microaggressions in other sports. Implications and findings are discussed in the context of community norms and the need for a paradigm shift to promote inclusivity and diversity in the sport.

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Wang, Bin, Tengfei Qiu, Xianglong Li, Bin Luo, Long Hao, Yunbo Zhang, and Linjie Zhi. "Synergistically engineered self-standing silicon/carbon composite arrays as high performance lithium battery anodes." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 2 (2015): 494–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta06088a.

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Self-standing, ordered arrays of uniform Si/C wire-in-tube nanocomposites are developed, showing high specific capacity and extraordinary cycling stability whilst delivering competitive areal capacity.

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Hopkins, W. G., and D. J. Hewson. "959 RELIABILITY OF COMPETITIVE PERFORMANCE IN CYCLING, RUNNING, SWIMMING AND GOLF." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 25, Supplement (May 1993): S171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199305001-00962.

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Leedy, Todd H. "Racing on the Rand: Black Competitive Cycling around Johannesburg, 1930–1960." International Journal of the History of Sport 37, no. 7 (May 2, 2020): 542–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2020.1782888.

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Brownlie, Len, Peter Ostafichuk, Erik Tews, Hil Muller, Eamon Briggs, and Kevin Franks. "The wind-averaged aerodynamic drag of competitive time trial cycling helmets." Procedia Engineering 2, no. 2 (June 2010): 2419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2010.04.009.

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Souza, Helio Ac, Ronaldo Vt Santos, Marcus V. Giampietro, and Antonio H. Lancha. "Muscle Damage and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Response Following Competitive Road Cycling." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, Supplement (May 2006): S282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-200605001-02096.

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ELY, MATTHEW R., DYLAN C. SIECK, JOSHUA E. MANGUM, EMILY A. LARSON, LEANDRO C. BRITO, CHRISTOPHER T. MINSON, and JOHN R. HALLIWILL. "Histamine-Receptor Antagonists Slow 10-km Cycling Performance in Competitive Cyclists." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 51, no. 7 (July 2019): 1487–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001911.

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Pham, Duong Tung, Joseph Paul Baboo, Jinju Song, Sungjin Kim, Jeonggeun Jo, Vinod Mathew, Muhammad Hilmy Alfaruqi, Balaji Sambandam, and Jaekook Kim. "Facile synthesis of pyrite (FeS2/C) nanoparticles as an electrode material for non-aqueous hybrid electrochemical capacitors." Nanoscale 10, no. 13 (2018): 5938–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7nr06352k.

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Wu, Xueying, Yi Lu, Yaoyu Lin, and Yiyang Yang. "Measuring the Destination Accessibility of Cycling Transfer Trips in Metro Station Areas: A Big Data Approach." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 15 (July 24, 2019): 2641. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152641.

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Cycling is a green, sustainable, and healthy choice for transportation that has been widely advocated worldwide in recent years. It can also encourage the use of public transit by solving the “last-mile” issue, because transit passengers can cycle to and from transit stations to achieve a combination of speed and flexibility. Cycling as a transfer mode has been shown to be affected by various built environment characteristics, such as the urban density, land-use mix, and destination accessibility, that is, the ease with which cyclists can reach their destinations. However, cycling destination accessibility is loosely defined in the literature and the methods of assessing cycling accessibility is often assumed to be equivalent to walking accessibility using the same decay curves, such as the negative exponential function, which ignores the competitive relationship between cycling and walking within a short distance range around transit stations. In this study, we aim to fill the above gap by measuring the cycling destination accessibility of metro station areas using data from more than three million bicycle-metro transfer trips from a dockless bicycle-sharing program in Shenzhen, China. We found that the frequency of bicycle-metro trips has a positive association with a trip distance of 500 m or less and a negative association with a trip distance beyond 500 m. A new cycling accessibility metric with a lognormal distribution decay curve was developed by considering the distance decay characteristics and cycling’s competition with walking. The new accessibility model outperformed the traditional model with an exponential decay function, or that without a distance decay function, in predicting the frequency of bicycle-metro trips. Hence, to promote bicycle-metro integration, urban planners and government agencies should carefully consider the destination accessibility of metro station areas.

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Zainuddin, Nurul Farha, Abdul Hafidz Omar, Izwyn Zulkapri, Mohd Najeb Jamaludin, and Mohd Syafiq Miswan. "Brainwave biomarkers of brain activity, physiology and biomechanics in cycling performance." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 13, no. 4-2 (December 17, 2017): 533–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v13n4-2.840.

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Generally, in sports performance, the relationship between movement science and physiological function has been conducted integrating neuronal mechanism over the past decades. However, understanding those interaction between neural network and motor performance comprehensively in achieving optimal performance is still lacking, mainly in cycling. The purpose of this study was to discuss the issues in neuroscience related to brain activity, physiology and biomechanics in achieving optimal performance in cycling. As sports technology improves, more objective measurement can be demonstrated in solving specific issue in cycling, with optimization of performance as the main focus. In this review, the focus on brain activity will be based on the evaluation of the alpha and beta brainwaves as well as the alpha/beta ratio since they are biomarkers of EEG specifically related to cycling performance. Further in-depth understanding of the mechanism and interaction between brain activity, physiology and biomechanics in competitive cycling were acquired and discussed. Moreover, the biomarkers of brain activity related to cycling performance from previous studies were clearly identified and discussed and recommendations to be incorporated in future research were proposed.

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Campbell, Caitlin, Diana Prince, Elizabeth Applegate, and Gretchen A. Casazza. "Effect of Carbohydrate Supplementation Type on Endurance Cycling Performance in Competitive Athletes." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 39, Supplement (May 2007): S290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000274119.01110.37.

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Kinsey, Fiona. "Stamina, Speed and Adventure: Australian Women and Competitive Cycling in the 1890s." International Journal of the History of Sport 28, no. 10 (July 2011): 1375–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2011.580574.

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Chantal, Yves, and Iouri Bernache-Assollant. "Competitive Cycling and Doping: Proposing a Functional Analysis Based on the Color Yellow." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 37, no. 5 (October 2015): 500–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2015-0094.

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The authors demonstrate in three experiments (N = 241) that yellow impacts on social perceptions when associated with competitive cycling. In Experiment 1, the image of a syringe evocated competitive cycling and doping more strongly when presented on yellow as compared with gray. In Experiment 2, a performance improvement scenario yielded more discredit of a depicted racer and higher suspicions of doping when ending on a yellow frame, as opposed to a gray one. In Experiment 3, the image of a racer wearing a yellow jersey (instead of a gray or a white one) yielded the lowest scores on measures of suitability as a role model and attractiveness of sport participation. Moreover, no significant differences emerged for gender, thereby suggesting equivalent effects for female and male participants. Finally, the authors discuss conceptual and practical implications as well as limitations before proposing a number of avenues for future research.

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Daneshfar, Amin, Carl Petersen, Brad Miles, and Daniel Gahreman. "Prediction of track performance in competitive BMX riders using laboratory measures." Journal of Science and Cycling 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.28985/0620.jsc.06.

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Identifying key physiological factors is essential in cycling; however, the unique nature of BMX decreases the validity and transferability of research findings from other cycling disciplines. Therefore, this study highlighted the physical and physiological characteristics of BMX riders that could influence track performance. Fifteen sub-elite BMX riders (male n = 12; age 18.3 ± 3.3 and female n = 3; 17.7 ± 5.7 years) undertook a battery of laboratory tests on three different occasions, including body composition, upper and lower body strength, flexibility, sprint and aerobic capacity measures. On a separate day, participants completed three full lap sprints on an outdoor BMX track. Correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to develop predictive models of performance across the laboratory tests and race time. The final model indicated power to weight ratio, relative back-leg-chest strength and arm span explained ~87% of the variability in finish time (adjusted R2 = 0.87, p < .01). These findings highlighted the importance of a multidimensional approach for developing BMX race performance. Coaches should prioritise these variables in their training programs and selection of future talents. However, further physiological and biomechanical investigation is needed to validate current findings, particularly among elite riders.

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Reichman, Nancy, and Ophir Sefiha. "Regulating Performance-Enhancing Technologies." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 649, no. 1 (August 2, 2013): 98–119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716213490880.

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This article compares the efforts to govern performance enhancement technologies in two seemingly different competitive arenas—financial markets and professional cycling—where the pressures to outperform are enormous. In the two decades prior to the 2007 financial crisis, new derivative financial commodities such as collateralized debt obligations (CDOs) were created to “juice up” investment returns for extraordinary profits. Over roughly the same period, the development and use of blood boosting drugs and technologies brought so-called doping by cyclists to new levels of complexity and sophistication with extraordinary race results and new levels of commercialization of the sport. The efforts to “turbocharge” their respective competitive spaces took place within complicated regimes of self-regulation that had strikingly dissimilar narratives about performance enhancement and, consequently, different technologies for control. Looking across these seemingly disparate cases draws our attention to how regulation fits into the assemblage of competition and prospects for reform.

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Zhao, Wenxi, Xiaoqing Ma, Luchao Yue, Longcheng Zhang, Yongsong Luo, Yuchun Ren, Xian-En Zhao, et al. "A gradient hexagonal-prism Fe₃Se₄@SiO₂@C configuration as a highly reversible sodium conversion anode." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 10, no. 8 (2022): 4087–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ta10571j.

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A gradient hexagonal-prism Fe3Se4@SiO2@C configuration was exquisitely developed and used as an anode for sodium ion batteries, affording an ultrastable cycling lifespan over 4200 cycles with a competitive capacity of 272 mA h g−1 at 20.0 A g−1.

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Hopker, James, Damian Coleman, Louis Passfield, and Jonathan Wiles. "The effect of training volume and intensity on competitive cyclists’ efficiency." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 35, no. 1 (February 2010): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h09-124.

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The impact of different intensity training on cycling efficiency in competitive cyclists is unknown. Twenty-nine endurance-trained competitive male cyclists completed 3 laboratory visits during a 12-week training period. At each visit, their cycling efficiency and maximal oxygen uptake were determined. After the first visit, cyclists were randomly split into 2 groups (A and B). Over the first 6 weeks, between tests 1 and 2, group A was prescribed specific high-intensity training sessions, whereas group B was restricted in the amount of intensive work undertaken. After test 2 and for the second 6-week period, group B was allowed to conduct high-intensity training. Gross efficiency (GE) increased in group A (+1.6 ± 1.4%; p < 0.05) following the high-intensity training, whereas no significant change was seen in group B (+0.1 ± 0.7%; p > 0.05). Group B cyclists increased their GE between tests 2 and 3 (+1.4 ± 0.8%; p < 0.05) but no changes in GE were observed in group A over this period (+0.4 ± 0.4%; p > 0.05). Delta efficiency (DE) did not change significantly in either group across the study period. This study demonstrates that GE is increased following high-intensity training in competitive male cyclists after 12 weeks.

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