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Klauer, Karl Christoph, Fabian Hölzenbein, Jimmy Calanchini, and Jeffrey W. Sherman. "How malleable is categorization by race? Evidence for competitive category use in social categorization." Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 107, no. 1 (July 2014): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0036609.
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Li, Siying, Yulong Huang, Cheng Xu, Jie Wu, and Chen Qu. "Asymmetric Adaption in Social Learning: Understanding the Dilemma of Competition and Cooperation." Behavioral Sciences 14, no. 8 (August 16, 2024): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bs14080721.
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Abstract: The constant challenge in social interactions involves making informed decisions in the face of competitive and cooperative dilemmas. The decision-making process can be influenced by various factors present in the social context. According to the behavior-pattern-categorization framework of information acquisition, potential biases may develop at all stages of decision-making as information about social context is progressively entered and integrated. In this study, employing the Chicken Game, we investigated the influence of varying information levels within the behavior-pattern-categorization framework (i.e., competitiveness of behavior choice, uncertainty of behavior pattern, and sociality of category) on decision-making in the dilemma of competition and cooperation. Combined with reinforcement learning models, our findings from three experiments showed that participants exhibited basic complementary behavior, becoming less competitive against highly competitive opponents and vice versa. Notably, individuals exhibited varying adaptation rates to different levels of opponent competitiveness and fluctuations. Specifically, participants adapted slower to highly competitive opponents and faster to cooperative opponents. This asymmetric adaptation in social learning is related to the rate at which various levels of information are updated. The current study disentangles the different levels of information acquisition and highlights the asymmetric processing that can occur during the updating of information within each level.
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Cherednichenko, Dar`ya. "PRICE DISCRIMINATION IN A FORM OF DISCOUNTS: CATEGORIZATION AND IMPACT ON COMPETITION." Modern Management Review 26, no. 4 (December 26, 2021): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7862/rz.2021.mmr.22.
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This paper is aimed to clarify the definition and categorization of discounts as well as pro- and anticompetitive effects of discounts. The author applied qualitative methods to the research. The modern literature review unfolds the gap of proper discounts definition, which is proposed to be covered by five-dimensions approach to discounts categorization. Based on such aspects of discount scheme as time, product, threshold, distribution level and customer, the approach provides comprehensive and uniform characteristics of discount. It allows assessing effects of competition, which are classified in two groups. Pro-competitive effects include stimulation of demand, decreasing cost due to economy of scale, solving coordination problems within a supply chain. Anti-competitive effects encompass predation scheme, raising rival’s cost, exclusive dealing, leverage and exclusionary bundling. The importance of correct assessment of the discounts by antitrust authorities is high as an overenforcement in this sphere may lead to adverse effect on total welfare.
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LIU, ZHI-QIANG, and YA-JUN ZHANG. "A COMPETITIVE NEURAL NETWORK APPROACH TO WEB-PAGE CATEGORIZATION." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 09, no. 06 (December 2001): 731–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218488501001186.
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Recently many techniques, e.g., Google or AltaVista, are available for classifying well-organized, hierarchical crisp categories from human constructed web pages such as that in Yahoo. However, given the current rate of web-page production, there is an urgent need of classifiers that are able to autonomously classify web-page categories that have overlaps. In this paper, we present a competitive learning method for this problem, which based on a new objective function and gradient descent scheme. Experimental results on real-world data show that the approach proposed in this paper gives a better performance in classifying randomly-generated, knowledge-overlapped categories as well as hierarchical crisp categories.
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Ferera, Matar, Andrew Scott Baron, and Gil Diesendruck. "Collaborative and competitive motivations uniquely impact infants' racial categorization." Evolution and Human Behavior 39, no. 5 (September 2018): 511–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2018.05.002.
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Wei, Tian, and Fabio Fonti. "The effect of Cognitive Flexibility on Multi-Level Competitive Categorization." Academy of Management Proceedings 2020, no. 1 (August 2020): 18850. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2020.18850abstract.
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Febrianty, Mona Fiametta, Komarudin Komarudin, Yusuf Hidayat, and Dede Rohmat Nurjaya. "Identification of sports categorization." Retos 58 (July 12, 2024): 576–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v58.105871.
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Sports play a significant role in improving human health and financial status, particularly in competitive sports. It is also closely related to the prestige of a region or country. To achieve maximum results, appropriate guidance is required, which can be provided by relevant parties. Policy makers require a specific coaching system based on the characteristics of different sports, which should be carried out continuously with systematically arranged stages. With numerous sports available, it can be challenging to monitor the progress and evaluation of each sport. Therefore, it is necessary to categorize sports based on their characteristics. This research aims to form categories of sports that are adapted to the various characteristics of each sport. The research uses a descriptive qualitative method. The sports that are used as references are those that are competed in the Olympics, as well as those that are competed in Indonesia, especially in National Sports Week (PON). The sample includes 39 sports. After analyzing the characteristics of sports, the following categorizations have been produced: accuracy sports, martial arts, extreme sports, assessment sports, games sports, racquet sports, and measurable sports. Keywords: Category, Identification, Sport, Olympics.
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Lee, Jaesung, Jaegyun Park, Hae-Cheon Kim, and Dae-Won Kim. "Competitive Particle Swarm Optimization for Multi-Category Text Feature Selection." Entropy 21, no. 6 (June 18, 2019): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e21060602.
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Multi-label feature selection is an important task for text categorization. This is because it enables learning algorithms to focus on essential features that foreshadow relevant categories, thereby improving the accuracy of text categorization. Recent studies have considered the hybridization of evolutionary feature wrappers and filters to enhance the evolutionary search process. However, the relative effectiveness of feature subset searches of evolutionary and feature filter operators has not been considered. This results in degenerated final feature subsets. In this paper, we propose a novel hybridization approach based on competition between the operators. This enables the proposed algorithm to apply each operator selectively and modify the feature subset according to its relative effectiveness, unlike conventional methods. The experimental results on 16 text datasets verify that the proposed method is superior to conventional methods.
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Ghnemat, Rawan, and Edward Jaser. "Toward Mobile Telecommunication Recommendation System through Intelligent Customers Categorization." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS & TECHNOLOGY 12, no. 7 (February 15, 2014): 3651–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/ijct.v12i7.3099.
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Now a day, usage of mobile devices is becoming indispensable. This is evident with current mobile penetration rates reaching 100% and even more in some countries. Customers across the world are enjoying competitive prices due to high competition among telecommunication companies. As a result of this, it is mandatory for mobile companies to provide high quality services to their customers to retain them. One aspect which will maximize customers’ trust and lead to high retention rate is to offer them a suitable plan that matches their usage. Mobile customer usage categorization is therefore an essential task to develop intelligent business plans. Personalized recommendation system is needed to dynamically adapt the different customer behaviours with the most appropriate plan for them. In this paper we propose a new automatic approach for costumers’ categorization. This will be the basis for the recommendation system. The proposed method is built using Fuzzy rule and aims at usage behaviour prediction. The rules was extracted from real customer data obtained from a leading provider. Comparison study with other categorization methods has been conducted and showed superior result and demonstrated the potential advantage of the proposed fuzzy based method.
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SHIH, FRANK Y., and ALEXANDER SHEPPARD. "AN IMPROVED FEATURE VOCABULARY BASED METHOD FOR IMAGE CATEGORIZATION." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 25, no. 03 (May 2011): 415–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001411008828.
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The bags of feature and feature vocabulary based approaches have been presented for image categorization due to their simplicity and competitive performance. Some modified versions have been subsequently proposed, incorporating the methods such as adapted vocabularies, fast indexing, and Gaussian mixture models. In this paper, we propose an improvement of replacing the Harris-affine detection method by a random sampling procedure together with an increased number of sample points. Experimental results show that this new method improves categorization accuracy on a five-category problem using the Caltech-4 dataset. It is concluded that random sampling produces higher attainable point density and better categorization performance.
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Chow, Jason K., Thomas J. Palmeri, and Michael L. Mack. "Revealing a competitive dynamic in rapid categorization with object substitution masking." Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics 84, no. 3 (February 23, 2022): 638–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/s13414-022-02442-1.
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Dubnov-Raz, Gal, Yael Mashiach-Arazi, Ariella Nouriel, Raanan Raz, and Naama W. Constantini. "Can height categories replace weight categories in striking martial arts competitions? A pilot study." Journal of Human Kinetics 47, no. 1 (September 1, 2015): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hukin-2015-0065.
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Abstract In most combat sports and martial arts, athletes compete within weight categories. Disordered eating behaviors and intentional pre-competition rapid weight loss are commonly seen in this population, attributed to weight categorization. We examined if height categories can be used as an alternative to weight categories for competition, in order to protect the health of athletes. Height and weight of 169 child and adolescent competitive karate athletes were measured. Participants were divided into eleven hypothetical weight categories of 5 kg increments, and eleven hypothetical height categories of 5 cm increments. We calculated the coefficient of variation of height and weight by each division method. We also calculated how many participants fit into corresponding categories of both height and weight, and how many would shift a category if divided by height. There was a high correlation between height and weight (r = 0.91, p<0.001). The mean range of heights seen within current weight categories was reduced by 83% when participants were divided by height. When allocating athletes by height categories, 74% of athletes would shift up or down one weight category at most, compared with the current categorization method. We conclude that dividing young karate athletes by height categories significantly reduced the range of heights of competitors within the category. Such categorization would not cause athletes to compete against much heavier opponents in most cases. Using height categories as a means to reduce eating disorders in combat sports should be further examined.
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Łapko, Aleksandra. "Categorization of marinas and as a possibility of gaining a competitive advantage." Studia i Prace WNEiZ 48 (2017): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/sip.2017.48/2-18.
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Vargas, Nicholas. "Racial Expropriation in Higher Education: Are Whiter Hispanic Serving Institutions More Likely to Receive Minority Serving Institution Funds?" Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World 4 (January 2018): 237802311879407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2378023118794077.
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Hispanic Serving Institutions (HSIs) are colleges with 25 percent or higher Latinx student bodies. Categorization as HSI permits institutions to apply for restricted competitive federal grants that are meant to help alleviate Latinx educational inequalities. However, HSI designations have increased fivefold over recent decades, leading to greater competition between them for these racially designated resources. This is the first known study to investigate patterns of racialized resource allocation to this subset of colleges. Multivariate results indicate that HSIs with larger white and smaller black student bodies are more likely to receive competitive funds, whereas the proportion of Latinx and Asian students is unassociated with funding receipt. These findings point to important distinctions among racialized organizations. Despite their overarching categorical racial designations (e.g., Hispanic Serving Institutions), racialized organizations’ institutional proximities to whiteness and distance from blackness may still shape the distribution of opportunities and resources.
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Rifaul Kirom, Novita, Sudarmiatin Sudarmiatin, and Hadi Sumarsono. "Competitive Advantages Micro, Small And Medium Enterprises (SMES) In Internasional: Systematic Literature Review." International Journal of Educational Research & Social Sciences 4, no. 3 (June 28, 2023): 504–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.51601/ijersc.v4i3.645.
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Competitive Advantage is outcome of the planned strategy business, in the sector micro, small or medium. Direction strategic embodied through ability produce profit more big from competitors. Many factors are the same importance in produce Power competitive. Some of them is strategic factors, development source Power people , knowledge management and roles Information & Communication Technology (ICT). Factors of the wiIl create and mantain superior position from competitor, the so-called superiority competitive. However, understanding thorough about state-of-art from superiority competitive Still needed. because it article This aim For classif, identify pubIications scientific and do analysis thematic to literature latest To use create extensive and detailed understanding in the field superiority competitive. Method study done with method of systematic Mapping study (SMS) for study publication scientific in the field superiority competitive advantage on focus or research type from time until time. Research results This produce categorization and quantification studies superiority competitive in various dimensions as weII as overview topics and trends study moment this.
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Wang, Jie, Kaibin Tian, Dayong Ding, Gang Yang, and Xirong Li. "Unsupervised Domain Expansion for Visual Categorization." ACM Transactions on Multimedia Computing, Communications, and Applications 17, no. 4 (November 30, 2021): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3448108.
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Expanding visual categorization into a novel domain without the need of extra annotation has been a long-term interest for multimedia intelligence. Previously, this challenge has been approached by unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA). Given labeled data from a source domain and unlabeled data from a target domain, UDA seeks for a deep representation that is both discriminative and domain-invariant. While UDA focuses on the target domain, we argue that the performance on both source and target domains matters, as in practice which domain a test example comes from is unknown. In this article, we extend UDA by proposing a new task called unsupervised domain expansion (UDE), which aims to adapt a deep model for the target domain with its unlabeled data, meanwhile maintaining the model’s performance on the source domain. We propose Knowledge Distillation Domain Expansion (KDDE) as a general method for the UDE task. Its domain-adaptation module can be instantiated with any existing model. We develop a knowledge distillation-based learning mechanism, enabling KDDE to optimize a single objective wherein the source and target domains are equally treated. Extensive experiments on two major benchmarks, i.e., Office-Home and DomainNet, show that KDDE compares favorably against four competitive baselines, i.e., DDC, DANN, DAAN, and CDAN, for both UDA and UDE tasks. Our study also reveals that the current UDA models improve their performance on the target domain at the cost of noticeable performance loss on the source domain.
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Sotnikova, Svetlana. "Labor Absenteeism Categorization: the Modern Concept of Working Time Assessment." Bulletin of Baikal State University 29, no. 1 (April 4, 2019): 146–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-2759.2019.29(1).146-154.
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Working hours are the key economic resource necessary for production of goods and services and promoting increase in competitiveness at all levels of management. Development of the social and labor relations in the country has made impossible calculation of traditional indicators of assessment of working hours’ use. The article discusses the factors thanks to which the concept of working time efficiency is getting its new socio-economic content. The transition from attendance management at work to absence rate management made it impossible to calculate traditional indicators for evaluating the efficiency of working time. Labor absenteeism is considered as an indicator of assessment of working hours’ use. The paradigm shift makes it necessary to study labor absenteeism. Evaluation of labor absenteeism is meant to be the basis of a professional approach to investing in labor efficiency, the main stimulus for finding and implementing the long-term competitive advantages of a working time resource in an organization.The use in national literature of the term «labor absenteeism» is characterized by high uncertainty. The indicator of labor absenteeism is designed to be a guarantee of professional approach to investment into efficiency of work, the main incentive of search and realization of long-term competitive advantages of a resource of working hours in the organization. The article provides the interpretation of the concept «labor absenteeism», its socio-economic content and meaning. Classification of types of labor absenteeism and the system of his indicators is offered. We put forward classification of types and rating system of labor absenteeism.
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AL-TAHRAWI, MAYY M., and RAED ABU ZITAR. "POLYNOMIAL NETWORKS VERSUS OTHER TECHNIQUES IN TEXT CATEGORIZATION." International Journal of Pattern Recognition and Artificial Intelligence 22, no. 02 (March 2008): 295–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218001408006247.
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Many techniques and algorithms for automatic text categorization had been devised and proposed in the literature. However, there is still much space for researchers in this area to improve existing algorithms or come up with new techniques for text categorization (TC). Polynomial Networks (PNs) were never used before in TC. This can be attributed to the huge datasets used in TC, as well as the technique itself which has high computational demands. In this paper, we investigate and propose using PNs in TC. The proposed PN classifier has achieved a competitive classification performance in our experiments. More importantly, this high performance is achieved in one shot training (noniteratively) and using just 0.25%–0.5% of the corpora features. Experiments are conducted on the two benchmark datasets in TC: Reuters-21578 and the 20 Newsgroups. Five well-known classifiers are experimented on the same data and feature subsets: the state-of-the-art Support Vector Machines (SVM), Logistic Regression (LR), the k-nearest-neighbor (kNN), Naive Bayes (NB), and the Radial Basis Function (RBF) networks.
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Mazur, Karolina. "Isolating mechanisms as sustainability factors of resource-based competitive advantage." Management 17, no. 2 (December 1, 2013): 31–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/manment-2013-0053.
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Summary Isolating mechanisms as sustainability factors of resource-based competitive advantage Strategic resources which fulfill conditions of VRIN generate extraordinary profits for organizations. The possibility of these long-term profits (rents) to achieve can be protected by isolating mechanisms. These mechanisms can be different but the most important are causal ambiguity, lead time, path dependency, the role of history, socially complex links and the time compression diseconomies. These mechanism can be WIM and AIM type (based on willingness or ability). They can be also analyzed on individual, organizational or social levels. The article presents the case study which supports available systems of mechanism categorization.
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Thomas, Elizabeth, Marc M. Van Hulle, and Rufin Vogel. "Encoding of Categories by Noncategory-Specific Neurons in the Inferior Temporal Cortex." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 13, no. 2 (February 1, 2001): 190–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089892901564252.
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In order to understand how the brain codes natural categories, e.g., trees and fish, recordings were made in the anterior part of the macaque inferior temporal (IT) cortex while the animal was performing a tree/nontree categorization task. Most single cells responded to exemplars of more than one category while other neurons responded only to a restricted set of exemplars of a given category. Since it is still not known which type of cells contribute and what is the nature of the code used for categorization in IT, we have performed an analysis on single-cell data. A Kohonen self-organizing map (SOM), which uses an unsupervised (competitive) learning algorithm, was used to study the single cell responses to tree and nontree images. Results from the Kohonen SOM indicated that the collected neuronal data consisting of spike counts was sufficient to account for a good level of categorization success (approximately 83%) when categorizing a group of 200 trees and nontrees. Contrary to intuition, the results of the investigation suggest that the population of category-specific neurons (neurons that respond only to trees or only to nontrees) was unimportant to the categorization. Instead, a large majority of the neurons that were most important to the categorization was found to belong to a class of more broadly tuned cells, namely, cells that responded to both categories but that favored one category over the other by seven or more images. A simple algebraic operation (without the Kohonen SOM) between the above-mentioned noncategory-specific neurons confirmed the contribution of these neurons to categorization. Thus, the modeling results suggest (1) that broadly tuned neurons are critical for categorization, and (2) that only one additional layer of processing is required to extract the categories from a population of IT neurons.
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Warmath, Dee, David R. Bell, and Andrew P. Winterstein. "The Role of Athlete Competitiveness in High School Sport Specialization in the United States." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 10, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 232596712210796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259671221079670.
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Background: Sport specialization has been associated with increased injury and negative psychosocial effects on young athletes. With the continuing trend toward specialization, studies have begun to examine what motivates this decision (eg, building a skill, getting a scholarship). No study has directly assessed the personal characteristics underlying these stated reasons. Purpose/Hypothesis: This study examined the role of athlete competitiveness (enjoyment of competition and competitive contentiousness) as a characteristic associated with propensity to specialize in the United States. We hypothesized that, at the high school level, athletes would be more likely to engage in sport specialization owing to enjoyment of competition versus competitive contentiousness. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: We conducted an online survey of 975 high school athletes in the United States who were recruited via the Dynata research panel. Measures included a previously published sport specialization categorization (low, medium, high) and the 2 dimensions of the Revised Competitiveness Index (enjoyment of competition and competitive contentiousness). Also collected were athlete characteristics, sports played by the athletes, level of competition, and whether they planned to play sports in college. Analytical methods employed included cross-tabulations, multinomial logit, and ordinary least squares regression. Results: Overall, 22.4% of the athletes reported a high, 34.8% reported a medium, and 42.9% reported a small level of specialization. No differences in the distribution of sport specialization by sex or age were observed; however, athletes who definitely planned to play in college were significantly more likely to have a high level of specialization ( P < .001). Enjoyment of competition was associated with greater specialization (beta = .196; P < .001), whereas competitive contentiousness was associated with lower levels of specialization (beta = −.299; P < .001). These findings were robust to all 3 different analytical methods we employed. Conclusion: Study findings indicated that, while athlete competitiveness is associated with sport specialization, the nature of that competitiveness determined the association. Being an argumentative contrarian may predispose athletes to lower levels of sport specialization, whereas enjoying competition may encourage higher levels of specialization.
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Le Roux, André, Marinette Thébault, Yves Roy, and François Bobrie. "Brand typicality impact on brand imitations evaluation and categorization." Journal of Product & Brand Management 25, no. 6 (September 19, 2016): 600–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-07-2015-0923.
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Purpose This research aims to explore the impact of an overlooked variable, brand typicality, on brand evaluation and the categorization of counterfeits and imitations. Design/methodology/approach The research design is a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 mixed design with the first three variables as between-subjects variables and the last as a within-subjects variable on a convenience sample of 287 respondents split into eight experimental conditions. Data are analyzed using Linear Mixed Models. Findings Results show that brand typicality and brand name and product appearance manipulations impact brand evaluation and categorization. Regarding brand evaluation, under high typicality conditions, any manipulation of brand name and/or product appearance, from identical to different, results in a less favorable evaluation, whereas under low typicality conditions, only brand name manipulation negatively impacts brand evaluation. Concerning categorization, under high typicality conditions, any change in brand name and/or product appearance results in the item’s categorization as an imitation or a counterfeit, whereas under low typicality conditions, the item may be categorized as either genuine or as imitation or counterfeit. Originality/value This research demonstrates the impact of brand typicality on both the evaluation and categorization of changes in brand name and product appearance. It also suggests that brands and product classes are not equal vis-à-vis counterfeiting and imitation. High typicality brand seems less vulnerable to counterfeiting and imitation. Findings are discussed regarding brand vulnerability to imitation and counterfeiting, the importance of considering competitive context, brand management and brand strategy.
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Van Raalte, Judy L., Allen E. Cornelius, Maureen K. Copeskey, and Britton W. Brewer. "Say What? An Analysis of Spontaneous Self-Talk Categorization." Sport Psychologist 28, no. 4 (December 2014): 390–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.2014-0017.
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Research exploring spontaneously generated self-talk has involved recording performers’ self-talk categorized by researchers. The actor-observer bias, suggests that actors (performers) and observers (researchers) may perceive the same situation (e.g., self-talk) differently. The purpose of this study was to explore the actor-observer bias and validity of self-talk categorization. College students’ (n = 30) spontaneous self-talk was audio recorded during a dart throwing task. Participants then listened to and categorized their self-talk. Three independent researchers reviewed written transcripts and categorized the self-talk. Another three researchers who had not read the transcripts listened to audio recordings and categorized the same self-talk. Results confirmed actor-observer bias predictions. Spontaneous self-talk ratings made by participants were similar to but distinct from those made by researchers reading transcripts or listening to self-talk audio recordings. These results suggest that participant categorization of spontaneous self-talk may be a valid strategy to enhance understanding of self-talk used in competitive settings.
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Morrison, Allen, and Kendall Roth. "Relating Porter’s Configuration/Coordination Framework to Competitive Strategy and Structural Mechanisms: Analysis and Implications." Journal of Management 19, no. 4 (August 1993): 797–818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014920639301900404.
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This article examines the categorization of business strategy in global industries according to Porter’s (1986) configuration/coordination framework. In particular; the relationships between cost/differentiation-based competitive strategies and configuration/coordination-based international strategy types are evaluated. The article also examines the relationship between patterns of configuration/coordination and the structural mechanisms of centralization, formalization and specialization. By examining patterns across 77 businesses, the article raises important questions about the interpretation and application of the configuration/coordination framework in determining broad organizational responses to globalization. In particular, the relationship between competitive strategy and international strategy is re-examined and extensions to the framework are proposed.
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Muñoz, Alejandro, Álvaro López-Samanes, Raúl Domínguez, Víctor Moreno-Pérez, Antonio Jesús Sánchez-Oliver, and Juan Del Coso. "Use of Sports Supplements in Competitive Handball Players: Sex and Competitive Level Differences." Nutrients 12, no. 11 (October 31, 2020): 3357. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12113357.
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Sports supplements are commonly used by elite athletes with the main goal of enhancing sport performance. Supplements use might be substantially different depending on the sport discipline, sex, and competitive level. To date, data about prevalence and the most-commonly used supplements in handball are scarce. Thus, the aim of this investigation was to determine the patterns of supplements use by handball players of both sexes and with different competitive levels: One hundred and eighty-seven handball players (112 men and 75 women) of different competitive levels (106 professional and 81 amateur) completed a validated self-administered questionnaire about supplements use. Supplements were classified according to the categorization of the Australian Institute of Sport (AIS). Overall, 59.9% of the handball players (n = 112) declared the use of at least one supplement and there were no significant differences between men and women (58.9% vs. 61.3%, p = 0.762) nor between professional vs. amateur handball players (67.1% vs. 53.8%, p = 0.074). The most prevalent supplements were sports drinks (42.2%), followed by energy bars (35.3%) and caffeine-containing products (31.6%). However, a greater consumption of group A supplements (those with strong scientific evidence; p = 0.029) and group B supplements (those with emerging scientific support, p = 0.012) was observed in male compared to female handball players. Supplements categorized as medical supplements were more commonly consumed in professional vs. amateur players (0.48 ± 0.80 vs. 0.21 ± 0.44, supplements p < 0.006). Additionally, a higher consumption of group B supplements was observed in professional compared to amateur players (0.58 ± 0.88 vs. 0.33 ± 0.72 supplements, p = 0.015). Handball players revealed a moderate use of supplements while sex and competitive level slighted changed the pattern of supplements use. A high portion of handball players use supplements as fuel during exercise and reported the use of caffeine-containing supplements to enhance performance.
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Hasan, Agus Suaidi, and Baitul Hamdi. "Perkembangan dan Tantangan Halal Fashion Indonesia Dalam Menjadi Produsen Utama Industri Halal Global." Al-Azhar Journal of Islamic Economics 4, no. 2 (June 23, 2022): 71–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.37146/ajie.v4i2.134.
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The purpose of this research is to find out the developments and challenges faced in the halal fashion industry in Indonesia. This research is library research using a qualitative approach. This research was conducted by reading, studying, and analyzing various existing literature, in the form of books, journals, news and research results. The results of the study show that the development of halal fashion in Indonesia continues to increase and progress from year to year and has a positive impact on Indonesia's economic growth. However, behind its development, there are challenges that must be faced by Indonesia to become the center of global halal fashion, fierce competition with foreign countries, the absence of halal competition that applies globally, categorization of halal fashion that is still united with general or conventional fashion, there are still problems in The JPH Law is still low and lacks raw materials, only the competitive spirit of the Indonesian people, and adapting to the COVID-19 pandemic
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Svobodová, J., and H. Urbancová. "Statistical Results of Activities Categorization in Czech Agricultural Companies." Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica 47, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sab-2016-0020.
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Abstract In today’s competitive environment, to identify and correctly adjust the individual components of the business model is an important strategic device for every entrepreneur. This paper (preliminary study) deals with different types of business models applied to the sector of small and medium-size farms in the Czech Republic. The main objective was to identify and categorize activities undertaken by Czech farmers into homogeneous clusters and offer recommendations on possible business model modification. The research was based on data from the Farm Accountancy Data Network (hereafter FADN). The principal component analysis and cluster analysis were carried out as part of the assessment, under which farms are categorized into homogeneous groups. The results showed that the farms surveyed can be categorized according to similar economic characteristics, production plans, and implementation processes into three basic clusters. The first business model is elaborated for the classic field production and various kinds of vegetable or livestock production, the second model for the special crop and livestock production, and the third one for the animal production. The use of FADN data and the fact that most Czech agricultural companies are of small- and medium-size should be taken into account as limiting factors of the study.
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Singh, Ramadhar, Woon Ying Poh, and Anthony P. M. Chang. "Competitive Versus Cooperative Attitudes in Crossed Categorization Effects: Testing the Category Dominance and Equivalence Models." Journal of Social Psychology 148, no. 1 (February 2008): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/socp.148.1.5-21.
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Gu Kang, Hyun. "Navigating Opportunities and Challenges: A Comprehensive Study of Venture Companies' Strategies and Competitiveness." International Journal of Business & Management Studies 05, no. 01 (January 13, 2024): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.56734/ijbms.v5n1a1.
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To establish a competitive position in the era of relentless competition, the enduring secrets of venture companies lie in continuous technological innovations and ground breaking ideas. The categorization of strategic types and groups derived from the strategic dimensions of venture firms is expected to provide valuable insights for aspiring new entrants into the venture industry. This study examines the managerial shortcomings and financial constraints faced by venture firms in existing research, aiming to identify the core competitiveness of these firms by scrutinizing government support for start-ups and the challenges venture companies encounter in their interactions with large corporations. Additionally, the research analyzes the factors contributing to the failure of venture firms and examines the successful strategies employed by successful venture companies, endeavoring to address various challenges and illuminate success strategies through the perspective of successful ventures.
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De la Fuente García, Ana. "Height categories as a healthier alternative to weight categories in taekwondo competition." Revista de Artes Marciales Asiáticas 13, no. 1 (June 26, 2018): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18002/rama.v13i1.5350.
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<p>Weight division is the most common way of categorizing athletes for competition in martial arts and combat sports. Eating disorders and the use of rapid weight loss methods are common among combat sports athletes, both at young and adult ages at all competition levels. Meanwhile, height is commonly regarded as determinant in kicking combat sports. The present study aimed to examine whether height categories can be used as a healthier alternative to weight categories for official competition. The height and weight of 153 male (<em>n</em>=80) and female (<em>n</em>=73) competitive taekwondo athletes aged between 10 and 16 were measured. Participants were classified by age, sex, and official weight category. Athletes were then sorted into ten hypothetical numbered height categories established in every age and sex group, according to World Health Organization (WHO) percentiles. There was a strong correlation between height and weight (<em>r</em>=0.843, <em>p</em><0.01), and between height and weight categorization (<em>r</em>=0.681, <em>p</em><0.01), and 68.18% of participants stayed the same, or moved only ±1 category by height from their original weight category. We conclude that young competitive taekwondo athletes can be categorized by height in official competition, as a healthier and more equitable alternative to the current weight divisions.</p>
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Wang, Depei, Lianglun Cheng, and Zhuowei Wang. "Augmenting Feature Representation with Gradient Penalty for Robust Text Categorization." International Journal of Intelligent Systems 2023 (February 20, 2023): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/7386888.
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The capabilities of deep models are constantly mined for extraction and representation of features among text classification tasks. However, these models are sensitive to changes in input data, resulting in poor robustness. Meanwhile, the model lacks information interaction and weak representation ability. In this work, for feature extraction, a joint model that consists of a convolutional neural network, a bidirectional gated recurrent unit, and an attention mechanism is proposed. This new model can improve versatility and fully discover category information in text. For feature representation, a projector under the supervised contrastive learning method is introduced. The method can improve the representation of an encoder and realize aggregation of the same category. Considering the robustness of the PCRA, the gradient penalty is added to a contrastive loss function. Experiments are performed on four datasets to assess the proposed model (PCRA and PCRA-GP) using an accuracy metric. The experimental results show that our model is suitable for variable-length and bilingual texts. Compared with the baseline model, it remains competitive, and it reaches SOTA on the 20 Newsgroups dataset. Moreover, the performance of the model is evaluated under different hyperparameters to clarify its working mechanism.
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Fuentes-Ramos, Mirta, Eddy Sánchez-DelaCruz, Iván-Vladimir Meza-Ruiz, and Cecilia-Irene Loeza-Mejía. "Neurodegenerative diseases categorization by applying the automatic model selection and hyperparameter optimization method." Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems 42, no. 5 (March 31, 2022): 4759–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-219263.
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Neurodegenerative diseases affect a large part of the population in the world and also in Mexico, deteriorating gradually the quality of patients’ life. Therefore, it is important to diagnose them with a high degree of reliability. In order to solve it, various computational methods have been applied in the analysis of biomarkers of human gait. In this study, we propose employing the automatic model selection and hyperparameter optimization method that has not been addressed before for this problem. Our results showed highly competitive percentages of correctly classified instances when discriminating binary and multiclass sets of neurodegenerative diseases: Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and Spinocerebellar ataxias.
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Choi, Yo Sop. "The Enforcement and Development of Korean Competition Law." World Competition 33, Issue 2 (June 1, 2010): 301–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2010022.
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Competition law and policy in the Republic of Korea (‘Korea’) have been developing since the first legislation in 1980, focusing on prohibiting unfair business practices. The Korean competition authority has heavily relied on legal provision on unfair business practices rather than unfair concerted practices, or abuse of market dominance in its enforcement. This provision is unique, giving the Korean competition authority full power in its implementation of law. However, implementation of this legal provision is very unclear, since it can be used as a catch-all provision. This article discusses of crucial problems in Korean competition law and critically analyses current implementation. It then suggests amendments to provisions on unfair business practices. This article adopts a categorization approach based on market share threshold, by looking at other competition regimes’ legal techniques and re-examining them in the Korean context. This article argues that simplified language through clear market power presumption, by means of a market share threshold test, provides concrete guidance for competition law in the civil law system. The Korean competition authority will subsequently narrow the scope of the provision on unfair business practices and develop implementation of law based on anti-competitive agreements and abuse of market dominance.
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Shnabel, Nurit, Samer Halabi, and Masi Noor. "Overcoming competitive victimhood and facilitating forgiveness through re-categorization into a common victim or perpetrator identity." Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 49, no. 5 (September 2013): 867–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2013.04.007.
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Oskooei, Amirkia Rafiei, Asli Terim, Cemal Arık, and Engin Bıçakçı. "Design and Development of an Automated Product Categorization Software: AI-Driven Solutions for E-Commerce Platforms." Orclever Proceedings of Research and Development 3, no. 1 (December 31, 2023): 367–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.56038/oprd.v3i1.399.
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This article outlines the design and development process of an automatic product categorization software intended for use in e-commerce and online marketplace platforms. The project aims to tackle the urgent issue of effectively classifying a wide range of products within digital markets. By utilizing artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning methodologies, the software effectively analyzes product descriptions, enabling users to seamlessly incorporate products through automated categorization. The significance of the project is rooted in its ability to guarantee the accuracy and consistency of category hierarchies, automate the process of categorizing, and improve the overall user experience. The main goals involve the process of project planning, data collecting, and preparation. Machine learning models have been built and subsequently incorporated to facilitate the study of product descriptions. Through strict evaluation and optimization processes, a high level of accuracy and efficiency is achieved, resulting in several anticipated benefits. These benefits cover automated product categorization, enhanced user experience, and the potential for online platforms to gain a competitive edge. The key elements of innovation involve AI-driven textual analysis, learning methodologies grounded in data, and the ability to adapt to diverse industry contexts. Precautions and backup strategies are implemented to tackle technical issues, including the selection of machine learning libraries and algorithms, ensuring data quality, and integrating with various platforms. The success criteria encompass the objective of achieving a minimum prediction accuracy rate of 90%, optimizing business efficiency, enhancing user pleasure, and ensuring smooth system functioning. This project is a significant contribution to the field of product categorization inside the digital marketplace, as it provides automation, accuracy, and efficiency, ultimately resulting in an enhanced user experience.
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Carlos César Ribeiro Santos and Hernane Borges de Barros Pereira. "Theory-Based Studies of Maritime Networks: A Literature Review." JOURNAL OF BIOENGINEERING, TECHNOLOGIES AND HEALTH 5, no. 2 (May 30, 2022): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.34178/jbth.v5i2.213.
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This article reviews the literature regarding maritime networks, including identifying the essential articles and authors and suggesting a categorization of associated topics. Network theory in logistics demonstrates strategic information about and competitive advantages of maritime transport between regions. We analyzed 145 technical/scientific studies of maritime networks, including articles, theses, patents, dissertations, and conference proceedings. After defining the inclusion and exclusion criteria, we selected 103 technical and scientific studies, whose analysis allowed us to suggest six categories of interest: Ports, Economy, Containerized Cargo, Maritime Safety, Clusters, and Technological Solutions and Innovations.
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Miehe, Robert, Yannick Baumgarten, and Thomas Bauernhansl. "Biointelligenz/Biointelligence – Definition and Categorization – A Discussion Paper." wt Werkstattstechnik online 110, no. 01-02 (2020): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.37544/1436-4980-2020-01-02-60.
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Die Biointelligenz zählt derzeit zu den am meisten beachteten Innovationspfaden in Deutschland und Europa. Maßgeblich für die Entwicklung der Vision der Biointelligenz sind die jüngsten Erfolge der Bio- und Informationstechnologie. So ist es nicht verwunderlich, dass die wissenschaftliche Gemeinschaft, politische Entscheidungsträger wie auch Vertreter der Industrie dem Thema Biointelligenz geradezu enthusiastisch gegenüberstehen. In der Region Stuttgart-Tübingen haben sich beispielsweise über 40 Wissenschaftler im Kompetenzzentrum Biointelligenz zusammengeschlossen, um das Thema gemeinsam, interdisziplinär voranzubringen. Nicht nur die Bundesregierung, sondern auch verschiedene Landesregierungen, planen umfangreiche Fördermaßnahmen. Auf Ebene der EU-Kommission wird hinter vorgehaltener Hand teilweise sogar der Begriff Industrie 5.0 verwendet. Fakt ist, dass die Biointelligenz enormes Potenzial für Sprunginnovationen und Standortvorteile in nahezu allen industriellen Branchen eröffnet. Vielfach wird der Begriff jedoch missverstanden, was in letzter Konsequenz dazu führt, dass die Bedeutung ausgehöhlt und damit das Potenzial für den Wirtschaftsstandort Deutschland unterminiert wird. Für Wissenschaft, Industrie und Politik ist es entscheidend einen Konsens zu finden. Dazu soll dieser Artikel einen Beitrag leisten, indem er die Begriffsherkunft zusammenfasst, einen detaillierten Definitionsvorschlag präsentiert und eine Kategorisierungssystematik erarbeitet. Biointelligence is currently one of the most noted innovation paths in Germany and Europe. Crucial to the development of the Biointelligence vision are recent biotech and information technology breakthroughs. It is therefore not surprising that the scientific community, political decision-makers as well as industry representatives are enthusiastic about the subject of biointelligence. In the Stuttgart-Tübingen region, for example, more than 40 scientists have joined forces in the Competence Center Biointelligence to promote the topic in an interdisciplinary fashion. Not only the federal government, but also various state governments are planning extensive support measures. At the level of the European Commission, the term Industry 5.0 is sometimes even used behind closed doors. The fact is that biointelligence opens up enormous potential for break through innovations, leap frogging and competitive advantages in almost all industrial sectors. In many cases, however, the term is misunderstood, which ultimately leads to undermining the meaning and thus undermining the potential for Germany as a business location. For science, industry and politics it is crucial to find a consensus. This article thus aims to contribute by summarizing the term background, presenting a detailed definition and developing a categorization system.
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Petrač, Maja, Krunoslav Zmaić, and Jaka Žgajnar. "Strategic Categorization of Dairy Cow Farms in Croatia using Cluster Analysis." Business Systems Research Journal 15, no. 2 (October 10, 2024): 140–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bsrj-2024-0021.
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Abstract Background The milk processing sector in the Republic of Croatia faces numerous challenges. It is a distinctly bipolar structure, with some entities resembling the largest milk producers in the EU, while many small and medium-sized dairy farms struggle to remain competitive and achieve further progress. To formulate effective policy, it is important to differentiate between these types and address their key challenges. Objectives The aim is to find the most representative solution that will help us define typical dairy farms and upgrade a SiTFarm tool (Slovenian Typical Farm Model), enabling us to assess the situation in Croatia comprehensively. Methods/Approach Cluster analysis was conducted using empirical data obtained from the Croatian Agency for Agriculture and Food. The analysis involved applying both hierarchical and non-hierarchical clustering techniques. Results Two cluster analysis scenarios are presented, differing in the variables used. In each scenario, 16 relatively homogeneous clusters of farms were obtained. Diversity was minimized within these clusters, and they effectively explain the dairy business in Croatia. Conclusions The results of this analysis thus represent an important starting point for further analysis of the dairy sector in Croatia. These findings could help policymakers identify the types of farms that would benefit most from targeted investments to enhance efficiency, economic viability, and environmental sustainability.
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Tang, Pingjie, Meng Jiang, Bryan (Ning) Xia, Jed W. Pitera, Jeffrey Welser, and Nitesh V. Chawla. "Multi-Label Patent Categorization with Non-Local Attention-Based Graph Convolutional Network." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 05 (April 3, 2020): 9024–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i05.6435.
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Patent categorization, which is to assign multiple International Patent Classification (IPC) codes to a patent document, relies heavily on expert efforts, as it requires substantial domain knowledge. When formulated as a multi-label text classification (MTC) problem, it draws two challenges to existing models: one is to learn effective document representations from text content; the other is to model the cross-section behavior of label set. In this work, we propose a label attention model based on graph convolutional network. It jointly learns the document-word associations and word-word co-occurrences to generate rich semantic embeddings of documents. It employs a non-local attention mechanism to learn label representations in the same space of document representations for multi-label classification. On a large CIRCA patent database, we evaluate the performance of our model and as many as seven competitive baselines. We find that our model outperforms all those prior state of the art by a large margin and achieves high performance on P@k and nDCG@k.
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Malagueño, Ricardo, Ismail Gölgeci, and Andrew Fearne. "Customer categorization, relational justice and SME performance in supermarket supply chains." Supply Chain Management: An International Journal 24, no. 3 (May 7, 2019): 417–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/scm-06-2018-0237.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of perceived relational justice on the relationship between key customer categorization and performance of small food and drink producers in supermarket supply chains. Design/methodology/approach Survey data are derived from a sample of (small-scale) suppliers of local and regional food to a large British supermarket. Partial least squares regression analysis was used to test a conceptual framework, which positions relational justice as a mediator in the relationship between key customer categorization and supplier performance, moderated by the length of the relationship. Findings The findings reveal that small suppliers who perceive their treatment by their key customers as fair tend to achieve higher business performance, which supports the hypothesized mediating role of relational justice on supplier performance. However, this research found no evidence to support the hypothesis that this role is moderated by the length of the relationship between the supplier and buyer. Originality/value This paper makes a novel empirical contribution, focusing on performance outcomes for small-scale suppliers in a highly competitive environment (fast-moving consumer goods) with customers (supermarkets) who have significant market power. Accordingly, the paper shows that the way supermarket buyers treat their suppliers matters more for the performance of their suppliers than the very fact that they are key customers.
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Puymbroeck, Gerlinde Van. "Adrian Piper's aesthetic agency: Photography as catalysis for resisting neo-liberal competitive paradigms." Philosophy of Photography 10, no. 1 (April 1, 2019): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/pop_00005_1.
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Abstract Contemporary neo-liberal society is ruled by the market. Davies, Chen and Lentin and Titley show that its objectification and categorization founds a competitive notion of agency that disables subjective construction of self and intersubjective understanding of the world. As the market's rules and norms are set by white patriarchy, its competitive paradigm structurally disadvantages others. Art too is objectified and categorized by neo-liberal institutions, equally embedded in white patriarchal market structures and severely limiting democratic public access to a diverse artistic field, argue hooks, Mercer and Piper. Yet, Piper's artwork shows, art holds emancipatory potential. Defined as transforming experience, its ambiguity provides a structure for constituting agentic subjectivity and intersubjective signification processes, defying objective/objectifying market workings. Photography's specific qualities allow Piper to democratize access to the paradigm she proposes. Her artistic choices may thus found the potential to publicly construct a notion of aesthetic agency as resistance to the neo-liberal market.
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Liu, Chuanbin, Hongtao Xie, Zheng-Jun Zha, Lingfeng Ma, Lingyun Yu, and Yongdong Zhang. "Filtration and Distillation: Enhancing Region Attention for Fine-Grained Visual Categorization." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 34, no. 07 (April 3, 2020): 11555–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v34i07.6822.
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Delicate attention of the discriminative regions plays a critical role in Fine-Grained Visual Categorization (FGVC). Unfortunately, most of the existing attention models perform poorly in FGVC, due to the pivotal limitations in discriminative regions proposing and region-based feature learning. 1) The discriminative regions are predominantly located based on the filter responses over the images, which can not be directly optimized with a performance metric. 2) Existing methods train the region-based feature extractor as a one-hot classification task individually, while neglecting the knowledge from the entire object. To address the above issues, in this paper, we propose a novel “Filtration and Distillation Learning” (FDL) model to enhance the region attention of discriminate parts for FGVC. Firstly, a Filtration Learning (FL) method is put forward for discriminative part regions proposing based on the matchability between proposing and predicting. Specifically, we utilize the proposing-predicting matchability as the performance metric of Region Proposal Network (RPN), thus enable a direct optimization of RPN to filtrate most discriminative regions. Go in detail, the object-based feature learning and region-based feature learning are formulated as “teacher” and “student”, which can furnish better supervision for region-based feature learning. Accordingly, our FDL can enhance the region attention effectively, and the overall framework can be trained end-to-end without neither object nor parts annotations. Extensive experiments verify that FDL yields state-of-the-art performance under the same backbone with the most competitive approaches on several FGVC tasks.
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Roundy, Philip T., David A. Harrison, Susanna Khavul, Liliana Pérez-Nordtvedt, and Jeffrey E. McGee. "Entrepreneurial alertness as a pathway to strategic decisions and organizational performance." Strategic Organization 16, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 192–226. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1476127017693970.
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Entrepreneurial alertness can play a vital role in the identification and creation of opportunities involving early-stage ventures. However, the strategic function of entrepreneurial alertness in more mature organizations has not been explored. In a field study of organizations responding to an environmental disruption, we explore if entrepreneurial alertness influences decisions involving the creation and maintenance of competitive advantage. We find a direct effect of entrepreneurial alertness on strategic change decisions and organizational performance. Moreover, we find a synergistic influence of entrepreneurial alertness and other cognitions, including issue categorization and assessments of uncertainty, on strategic decisions. Findings demonstrate that managerial decision makers can take multiple, reinforcing pathways when heeding change.
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Caciatori Jr., Itamir, and Ana Paula Mussi Szabo Cherobim. "Defining categories of Fintechs: A Categorization Proposal Based on Literature and Empirical Data." Future Studies Research Journal: Trends and Strategies 13, no. 3 (September 2, 2021): 386–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.24023/futurejournal/2175-5825/2021.v13i3.537.
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Purpose – The analysis of the competitive impact of FinTechs requires the standardization of their categories to compare their products and services with the already delivered by incumbent banks. In this study, we address the problem of the multiplicity of FinTechs categories and provide a solution using content and cluster analysis.Theoretical framework – The literature about FinTechs. In our bibliographical research, we do not find works aiming to present a standard definition of categories of FinTechs. This type of work is almost nonexistent and categorization of FinTechs is defined as a “blurry issue”.Design/methodology/approach – In this study, we address the problem of the multiplicity of FinTechs categories and provide a solution using content analysis, cluster analysis, and the software Gephi.Findings – The result is a model comprised of nine FinTechs categories: Payments and Transfers; Exchange; Lending; Insurance; Investments; Advice; B2B; Digital Banks; and Others. We also elaborate a portfolio with 157 products and services offered by Brazilian incumbent banks, which allows the comparison between these two types of companies.Originality/value – The main contribution is the use of objective criteria and existing literature, as well as Gephi software, to build categories of FinTechs analysis, an emerging theme in financial market studies.
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Lv, Xinyao, Hao Xia, Na Li, Xudong Li, and Ruoming Lan. "MFVT: Multilevel Feature Fusion Vision Transformer and RAMix Data Augmentation for Fine-Grained Visual Categorization." Electronics 11, no. 21 (October 31, 2022): 3552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11213552.
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The introduction and application of the Vision Transformer (ViT) has promoted the development of fine-grained visual categorization (FGVC). However, there are some problems when directly applying ViT to FGVC tasks. ViT only classifies using the class token in the last layer, ignoring the local and low-level features necessary for FGVC. We propose a ViT-based multilevel feature fusion transformer (MFVT) for FGVC tasks. In this framework, with reference to ViT, the backbone network adopts 12 layers of Transformer blocks, divides it into four stages, and adds multilevel feature fusion (MFF) between Transformer layers. We also design RAMix, a CutMix-based data augmentation strategy that uses the resize strategy for crop-paste images and label assignment based on attention. Experiments on the CUB-200-2011, Stanford Dogs, and iNaturalist 2017 datasets gave competitive results, especially on the challenging iNaturalist 2017, with an accuracy rate of 72.6%.
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Holzweber, Stefan. "Market Definition for Multi-Sided Platforms: A Legal Reappraisal." World Competition 40, Issue 4 (December 1, 2017): 563–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/woco2017036.
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It is frequently assumed that the outcome of today’s most discussed competition law cases hinges on market definition. In the context of multi-sided platforms, delimiting the relevant product market is a particularly delicate and complex task. Thus, this article seeks to analyse, from both an economic and a legal perspective, how relevant product markets for multi-sided platforms are properly defined under European competition law. Multi-sided platforms act as intermediaries which enable distinct groups of customers (also called platform-sides) to interact with each other. Multi-sided platforms have the possibility to set different prices for each group of customers, therefore econometric tools such as the small-but-significant-non-transitory increase-in-price test (SSNIP-test) must be applied with caution. It is argued that multi-sidedness can be considered a question of degree, therefore, for the purpose of market definition, it is necessary to distinguish different types of multi-sided platforms. The stronger the indirect network effects involved, the more the market definition deviates from traditional approaches. Indeed, the established legal framework allows a sound categorization of various forms of multi-sided platforms. In the context of multi-sided platforms, markets are regularly closely interrelated, therefore, the competitive assessment would be incomplete without an intermarket-analysis.
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Hosseinian-Far, Amin, and Victor Chang. "Sustainability of Strategic Information Systems in Emergent vs. Prescriptive Strategic Management." International Journal of Organizational and Collective Intelligence 5, no. 4 (October 2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijoci.2015100101.
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Since the introduction of the ‘Strategic Information Systems' (SIS) concept by Wiseman in 1985, there have been numerous efforts in incorporation of such systems by businesses for the very main reason of gaining competitive advantage. Considering the broad categorization of Strategic Management into emergent and prescriptive types, integration of SIS into business processes seems to be dissimilar in these two categories. This paper initially outlines the phases in the two types of strategic management approaches. It then intends to produce a framework for integration of SIS in each of the two methods. Lastly, the sustainability of SIS in emergent and prescriptive strategic management is compared. Our points of views on the Modern SIS have been presented.
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Nam, Le Nguyen Hoai, and Ho Bao Quoc. "The Hybrid Filter Feature Selection Methods for Improving High-Dimensional Text Categorization." International Journal of Uncertainty, Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems 25, no. 02 (April 2017): 235–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021848851750009x.
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The bag-of-words technique is often used to present a document in text categorization. However, for a large set of documents where the dimension of the bag-of-words vector is very high, text categorization becomes a serious challenge as a result of sparse data, over-fitting, and irrelevant features. A filter feature selection method reduces the number of features by eliminating irrelevant features from the bag-of-words vector. In this paper, we analyze the weak points and strong points of two filter feature selection approaches which are the frequency-based approach and the cluster-based approach. Thanks to the analysis, we propose hybrid filter feature selection methods, named the Frequency-Cluster Feature Selection (FCFS) and the Detailed Frequency-Cluster Feature Selection (DtFCFS), to further improve the performance of the filter feature selection process in text categorization. The FCFS is a combination of the Frequency-based approach and the Cluster-based approach, while the DtFCFS, a detailed version of the FCFS, is a comprehensively hybrid clusterbased method. We do experiments with four benchmark datasets (the Reuters-21578 and Newsgroup dataset for news classification, the Ohsumed dataset for medical document classification, and the LingSpam dataset for email classification) to compare the proposed methods with six related wellknown methods such as the Comprehensive Measurement Feature Selection (CMFS), the Optimal Orthogonal Centroid Feature Selection (OCFS), the Crossed Centroid Feature Selection (CIIC), the Information Gain (IG), the Chi-square (CHI), and the Deviation from Poisson Feature Selection (DFPFS). In terms of the Micro-F1, the Macro-F1, and the dimension reduction rate, the DtFCFS is superior to the other methods, while the FCFS shows competitive and even superior performance to the good methods, especially for the Macro-F1.
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Comin, Lidiane Cássia, Ieda Margarete Oro, and Carlos Eduardo Carvalho. "Family involvement and innovation." Revista Brasileira de Inovação 21 (October 6, 2022): e022018. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/rbi.v21i00.8666356.
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This literature review systematizes and analyzes the results of studies on innovation in family businesses, considering the involvement of the family. Following the protocol of a systematic review of literature, relevant studies on the topic were identified and analyzed. The results show that family businesses have distinct resources and capacities that are difficult to duplicate, resulting from the interaction of the family system with the business system itself. These capabilities enable family members to interact with the business system in a quick, flexible, and unstructured way, which promotes company competition and supports innovation. This study contributes to understanding that family involvement may increase and restrict the components of the capacity for innovation and these effects may imply the competitive advantage of the family business. The effects of family involvement demonstrate the heterogeneity among family businesses and offer insight into how these companies manage and are capable of maximizing or minimizing the effects of such involvement on company innovation. At the end of this review, we present a structure of topics related to innovation based on family involvement derived from the categorization and analysis of the reviewed studies.
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Pontes, Nicolas Gonçalves. "The effect of product line endpoint prices on vertical extensions." European Journal of Marketing 52, no. 3/4 (April 9, 2018): 575–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-01-2016-0005.
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Purpose Literature in brand extensions has relied greatly on categorization theory and on prototypical models of categorization to explain the affect transfer from a parent brand to its extensions. Drawing on the range theory exemplar models of categorization, this paper aims to show the effects of parent brand endpoint prices on consumer judgments of vertical line extensions. Design/methodology/approach Three experiments have been conducted. Experiment 1 tests the hypothesis that consumers rely on the parent brand price range when making judgments of an upscale extension. Experiment 2 tests the hypothesis that the effect of price range on extension evaluation is mediated by perceived risks for upscale extensions but not downscale extensions. The final experiment shows a boundary condition to the product line range effect on upscale extensions. Findings This research shows that upscale extensions are judged more favorably in the context of a wide versus a narrow product line even when the highest endpoints in both product lines are equally close to the extension and that this effect is mediated by perceived consistency and perceived risk. The range effect disappears, however, when consumers have a broad focus in which attention shifts to category endpoint prices, making parent brand prices less diagnostic of upscale extension judgments. Practical implications Managers may display a wider range of products and/or reduce prices of low-end models to expand product line price width. In consequence, low-end products become more competitive in terms of price and at the same time improve favorability ratings of the new upscale product. Originality/value Vertical line extensions and product line pricing are important topics to both academics and practitioners. Nonetheless, this is the first research to demonstrate how product line price width can influence consumer perceptions of vertical line extensions.