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Academic literature on the topic 'Compétition intra-spécifique'
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Journal articles on the topic "Compétition intra-spécifique"
Ambara, Joseph, Kadiri Serge Bobo, Juvenal Donfack Demesse, and Antoine David Mvondo-Ze. "Caractérisation de la compétition et de la croissance de Pericopsis elata (Harms) Van Meeuven dans les plantations de la Réserve Forestière de Deng-Deng (Est, Cameroun)." International Journal of Biological and Chemical Sciences 15, no. 2 (June 22, 2021): 559–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijbcs.v15i2.15.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Compétition intra-spécifique"
Lecorvaisier, Florian. "Etude sur la compétition intra-spécifique entre souches bactériennes dans le contexte de la vaccination de masse : approches théorique et statistique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10285.
Full textNowadays, human activities such as the exploitation of the environment (deforestation, hunting, agriculture...) and the globalization of trade lead to the continual emergence of new diseases, of which the recent COVID-19 pandemic is just one example. At the same time, humanity is developing new methods of combating infectious agents, such as antibiotics and vaccines, leading to the emergence of new variants of age-old pathogens. Vaccination, for example, has led to the selection of new strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Bordetella pertussis, the etiological agents of diphtheria and pertussis, respectively. In my thesis work, I first investigated how the use of toxoid vaccines against C. diphtheriae could condition the evolution of this pathogenic bacterium. To do this, I developed a dynamic SIR-like model. This model enabled me to demonstrate that this type of vaccine favors the selection of strains that do not produce the diphtheria toxin, the main virulence factor of C. diphtheriae. I have also shown that competition between toxigenic and non-toxigenic strains facilitates the eradication of toxigenic, and therefore virulent, strains. Thus, vaccination, combined with competition between strains, reduces the circulation of virulent strains of C. diphtheriae and lowers the prevalence of diphtheria. Secondly, I set out to identify the environmental factors affecting the rate of emergence of new pathogen strains in the context of mass vaccination. In the absence of data on diphtheria, I studied a dataset of B. pertussis strains in the United States. More specifically, I was interested in the rate of replacement of wild strains of the bacterium by mutant strains deficient in pertactin (PRN-), a surface antigen present in a large proportion of vaccines in circulation. I had to develop a new method for analyzing these data, as traditional approaches proved unsuitable for studying an invasion phenomenon that is, by definition, highly autocorrelated over time. The results of this analysis suggest that the average temperature of the environment in which these strains circulate could have an impact on the invasion rate of PRN- strains. However, further analysis showed that the dataset was ultimately limited to highlight an effect of an environmental factor on this invasion. Thirdly, I developed a mathematical and computer model to simulate the circulation of two strains of a B. pertussis-like pathogen within a population mimicking that of the USA. The ultimate aim was to produce artificial datasets similar to the one studied in the previous section, in order to check how the quality of sampling and cofactor estimates calculated in the previous model might fluctuate. The preliminary results of this section show that pathogen propagation dynamics is a complex phenomenon, making it particularly difficult to study rigorously. The estimation of cofactors is biased by the quality and quantity of the samples, and their effect is therefore difficult to demonstrate. More work is needed on these aspects. In conclusion, in the course of this thesis I have employed various mathematical and computational approaches to study competition between pathogen strains in a context of mass vaccination. I was able to highlight the role of vaccination in the emergence of non-virulent strains, develop a statistical method to study the rate of emergence of such a strain, and study the strengths and limitations of such an approach
Fekih-Salem, Radouane. "Modèles Mathématiques pour la compétition et la coexistence des espèces microbiennes dans un chémostat." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00940100.
Full textBarbar, Ziad. "Structure inter et intra-spécifique des guildes d’acariens prédateurs (Acari phytoseidae) dans un agrosystème viticole du sud de la France conduit en agroforesterie." École nationale supérieure agronomique (Montpellier), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ENSA0034.
Full textPhytoseiid mites are the most widespread predatory mites in agrosystems and some species are efficient to control phytophagous mite outbreaks. The aim of this work is to determine, in an experimental site in the South of France, the influence of Sorbus domestica and Pinus pinea co-planted in vine plots on the structure of Phytoseiidae occurring on vines. Before realising samplings, several experiments (morphological and molecular analyses) and hybridization were made under laboratory conditions to answer a taxonomic interrogation concerning the occurrence in the site of study of two real species, Typhlodromus exhilaratus and T. Phialatus, morphologically very close. The results of these experiments showed that the two species are not synonyms and can be distinguished morphologically only by the spermatheca or insemination apparatus shape (genital organ of females). Results of samplings (2003-2005) showed the occurrence of Phytoseiidae on vines and on co-planted trees. The densities of these predators on vine seem to be positively affected by the presence of trees particularly in 2005. However, diversity of Phytoseiidae does not seemed to be affected by the plantations of trees inside vine crops. Typhlodromus exhilaratus was the dominant species in vine plots (with trees or not) and on co-planted trees. Population exchanges of this species between vines and co-planted trees seem to be possible. Pinus pinea could be more favourable host plant to phytoseiid mites than S. Domestica on which very low densities of these predators were observed. The present work also showed the dominance of T. Phialatus in monocultural plots with trees and also in uncultivated areas surrounding vine crops. The interspecific competition and especially the side effects of pesticides applied on vine seem to be among factors tested in the present work the two more interesting for explaining the spatial segregation observed of T. Exhilaratus and T. Phialatus. Thus, plantation of trees inside vine crops could have many applied implications on biological control by conservation of the biodiversity and habitats and the durability of the agrosystems. However many studies remain necessary to have more information about biotic and abiotic factors affecting the occurrence and the development of these predators and their movement between the differents parts of the agrosystem and on the other hand the possibility to generalize the results of these studies to other sites and on other biological models especially others beneficials
Kammoun, Bochra. "Analyse des interactions génotype x environnement x conduite culturale de peuplement bi-spécifique de cultures associées de blé dur et de légumineuses à graines, à des fins de choix variétal et d’optimisation de leurs itinéraires techniques." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INPT0139/document.
Full textIncreasing biodiversity in agroecosystems may contribute to a sustainable productions. Intercropping, the growth of two or more species in the same space at the same time, is considered as a practical application of ecological principles based on biodiversity. Grain legume-cereal intercropping reveals many potential advantages in productivity, stability of outputs and ecological sustainability particularly in low N-input systems. These advantages occur when intercrop components have a complementary ecological niches and competitive interaction are reduced. Interspecific interactions are greatly influenced by phenotypic traits (physiological, morphological and phenological) among cultivars and species. The aim of our study is to study the effect of genotypic variability of species on the performance of durum wheat-grain legume intercrops and to analyze the response of cultivars toward inter and intraspecific interactions. An experimental trial was carried out during two years (2011 to 2013) to test different cultivar combinations. Each cultivar and specie was cultivated as sole crop, half density sole crop and intercrop in a replacement design to evaluate inter- and intra-specific interactions. Our results confirmed that genotype behavior is different between sole crop and intercropping. The intercrop performance is dependent on its performance on sole crop and on its competitiveness. Phenotypic traits and pedoclimatic conditions influence the competitive ability of intercrops. Besides, a dynamic analysis of interspecific interactions shows that from the legumes flowering period, competitions would be the most intense and would impact the grain yield. Finally, this study has allowed to identify some indicators of the performance of grain legumes on intercropping that would help to concept ideotypes adapted to multispecies systems in order to optimize their advantages
Guénard, Guillaume. "Utilisation de l'énergie chez l'omble chevalier : importance des mécanismes dépendants de la densité, de la diversité intra-spécifique et de la présence de compétiteurs." Thèse, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/6593.
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