Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Compétition dynamique'
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Robert, Thierry. "Dynamique des flux de gènes entre formes sauvages et cultivées du mil (Pennisetum typhoides Stapf et Hubb) : impact des sélections gamétophytiques." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112166.
Full textSochacki, Stéphane. "De la combinaison/compétition de classifieurs vers la sélection dynamique d'opérateurs de traitement d'image." Poitiers, 2011. http://nuxeo.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/7a942260-2262-43e4-b4a4-8873726dde8b.
Full textTechnology evolutions bring multimedia and huge heterogeneous databases (texts, images, sounds, video etc. ) development. Nevertheless, this evolution amplified the need of automatic processing solutions. Whereas many years of research resulted in more and more powerful operators development, their interoperability and sometimes their tuning remain supported by the expert. This limit harms the specialized multi‐media and consumer systems development. This research work is divided in three main parts. The automatic processing chain management, from preprocessing to decision, leads a reverse looped system to be build. Each stage needs the conception of information relative to the quality or the accuracy of the done action, and information indicating the relevance of this action according to the desired goal as well. This first part is based on the Theory of Evidence. An intermediate validation phase will be achieved on classes of attributes computing and classification operators. Patrimonial documents, and by extension multimedia databases, intrinsic variability introduce the choice trouble of a unique operators sequence. In order to dynamically decide the best chain for the input document, allowing to reach the desired goal, the system would have to put in competition the different operators from a same class. This second part exploits accuracy/relevance previously proposed. An intermediate validation about graphical primitives description attributes and hierarchical classifiers management will be used. As classification is based on a set of data, the attributes, the processing chain will have to manipulate operators like texture or shape analysis. But for their integration, we need to know the accuracy by usefulness and information preservation. This will be the third main step, via a shape descriptors attributes study. The progress of this thesis work will help to develop this different points within a complete processing chain. All those development will be integrated in an application dedicated to the analysis and valorization of patrimonial documents. Intermediate validation elements will be developed to evaluate the quality and the stability of all proposed solutions. This thesis work comes next to D. Arrivault's between the XLIM‐SIC laboratory and the RC‐Soft company and comes within works which results are exploited in the Interactive Documentary Environments to which the two entities participated
Gauduchon, Mathias. "Dynamique adaptative et évolution des mutualismes." Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066611.
Full textKossi, Yann. "Production scientifique, externalités et compétition académique : applications microéconomiques." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO22019.
Full textIn a context where both academic institutions and government consider academic excellence as crucial, this thesis aims at contributing to the study of the determinants of scientific productivity of professors. Using an original database of French academic economists involved in the “Prime d’Excellence Scientifique” tournament, the four proposed contributions show the importance of considering two dimensions often ignored so far: first, collective externalities, and the multidimensional nature of professors’ activities.The first chapter investigates the determinants of success in a large competition among French academic economists, the “Prime d’Excellence Scientifique (PES)”. We are particularly interested in the dynamic aspects of this repeated tournament initiated by the French academic system in 2009 to select the best productive researchers for promotion. The econometric estimation of the transition probabilities using sequential-response models allows for identification of changes in weightings assigned to each criterion. Our results confirm the importance of peer-reviewed publications and identify discouraging factors in this dynamic tournament. We also find that past success influences the promotion of professors.The second chapter focuses on the most decisive factor in the award of the “Prime d’Excellence Scientifique”: the scientific production. It shows that the scientific environment can explain both the path dependency in individual scientific productivity and the high inequality and skewness of individual productivity distributions. The results of quantile regressions show the existence of two separated regimes of scientific production, namely the regime of specialists and the regime of generalists. Our results also show that life-cycle effects are not only significant for the evaluation of individual productivity scores but also for the stock of knowledge accumulated in economics departments.Taking into account the potential interactions between teaching and research activities highlighted in the second chapter, the third chapter investigates the determinants of scientific production, including collective determinants related to the research environment, in the context of multitasking teachers. The chapter develops a principal-agent model to understand how university professors allocate their time between two substitutable tasks: publishing and teaching. The theoretical model predicts that professors devote more time to the tasks for which they have a marginal advantage. Controling for endogeneity activity choices, the econometric analysis confirm the key predictions ofthe model: these tasks are conflicting and the institutional context affects the activity choices of professors.Based on the heterogeneity of publication outlets, the fourth chapter analyzes the determinants of the quantity-quality tradeoff in scientific production. The focus is on the determinants of two types of publications identified by the journals ranking in Economics of the French National Committee for Scientific Research (CNRS): publications in high-quality journals and publications in low quality journals. The joint estimates of these two types of publications indicate that there is a tradeoff between the high quality publications and low quality publications, and this tradeoff is imputable to the scientific environment of professors. Our results confirm a negative impact of teaching and administrative duties on the publications in high quality journals
Madec, Sten. "Hétérogénéité spatiale en dynamique des populations." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00600942.
Full textDumay, Olivier. "Dynamique compétitive entre la magnoliophyte marine Posidonia oceanica et les bryopsidophycees invasives Caulerpa taxifolia et Caulerpa racemosa." Corte, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CORT3070.
Full textPerruche, Coralie. "Influence de la dynamique mésoéchelle et submésoéchelle sur la compétition au sein d'un écosystème planctonique." Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00508647.
Full textLeblois, Arthur. "Rôle de la compétition entre boucles fermées dans la dynamique du réseau extrapyramidal : approches neurophysique et neurophysiologique." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066194.
Full textDuquenne, Philippe. "Influence de la localisation et de la spécificité d'un substrat carbone sur la dynamique d'une population bactérienne introduite dans un sol." Dijon, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998DIJOS024.
Full textLe, Bourlot Vincent. "Compétition par interférence, température et dynamique des populations structurées : étude expérimentale et théorique chez le collembole folsomia candida." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01022022.
Full textVerret, Simon. "Couplage interplan et compétition de phases dans le modèle de Hubbard des cuprates." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/79.
Full textDutot, Antoine. "Distribution dynamique adaptative à l'aide de mécanisme d'intelligence collective : détection d'organisations par des techniques de collaboration et de compétition." Le Havre, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2006LEHA0004.
Full textThis work presents a dynamic adaptive distribution method for distributed applications made of large number of interacting entities in a versatile computation environment. Load balancing as well as communication minimization are taken into account. The proposed method is based on the detection of organizations inside the application to better distribute it. Organizations are identified as groups of highly communicating entities. Organizations evolve, appear, strengthen, weaken and disappear. Available computing resources where the application runs also change. Such constraints dictate that the distribution be dynamic and adaptive. The method is based on colonies of numerical ants trying to gather entities of the application. Ants cooperate inside a unique colony and compete when they are not in the same colony. They try to capture organizations inside the application, each colony working for a distinct computing resource. Competition between colonies allow the load balancing. Collaboration inside colonies allow to detect organizations, putting highly communicating sets on the same computing resource. Finally, population management allow to take into account computing resources heterogeneity
Bittebiere, Anne-Kristel. "La clonalité : un processus majeur de la dynamique spatiale et du fonctionnement des communautés végétales en systèmes prairiaux." Rennes 1, 2012. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00725017.
Full textDispersion through clonal growth may be a major process of plant community structuring especially in prairial systems where most species are clonal. These species produce genetically identical ramets organized in a network structure, whose aggregation depends on the species clonal growth strategy. The present thesis aims at analyzing and understanding grassland plant community dynamics based on spatial assembly rules of clonal species and determining its consequences on the community functioning. To achieve these goals, we used complementary experimental and modeling approaches. We demonstrated that clonal growth strategies determine community spatial structure at fine scale, generating a wide range of patterns. The species spatial pattern varied depending on the clonal growth strategies occurring in the community. This variability was suggested to result from a modification of clonal traits in response to the biotic environment. Indeed, we highlighted that the clone is able to adjust its horizontal growth according to its competitor's identity thanks to information collected by ramets. The adaptive nature of this plastic response in competition resistance was dependent on plant structural blue-print and to a lower extent on ontogeny. We also demonstrated that clonal traits had a major role in community functioning by influencing productivity, probably through the spatial patterns they drive. These results have been applied to the setting-up of herbaceous buffer strips and helped to define an optimal sowing with regard to their function of water preservation. The present thesis underlines the importance of processes operating at the clone scale for those operating at the community or the ecosystem scale
Celette, Florian. "Dynamique des fonctionnements hydrique et azoté au sein d’une vigne enherbée sous le climat méditerranéen." Montpellier, ENSA, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ENSA0009.
Full textAli, Naamat. "Dynamique spatio-temporelle et identification des diffusions non linéaires." Phd thesis, Université de La Rochelle, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01066085.
Full textNguyen, Phuong Anh. "Biocontrôle de la flore fongique phytopathogène et/ou mycotoxinogène : étude des mécanismes moléculaires et physiologiques impliqués dans les interactions microbiennes antagonistes, optimisation des compétences des agents biologiques de contrôle identifiés." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT086/document.
Full textFusarium verticillioides is a phytopathogenic and mycotoxigenic filamentous fungus that can be found with high occurrence in soils and in a wide range of cereals and vegetables, particularly in corn and wheat. The F. verticillioides contamination in crops leads to various diseases and is usually associated with an accumulation of mycotoxins. Fumonisin B1 (FB1) and fumonisin B2 (FB2) are the most dangerous mycotoxins produced by Fusarium verticillioides. Lethal consequences caused by fumonisins have been reported in animals and in human due to the consumption of contaminated food products. To deal with this pathogenic fungus and its mycotoxins, several approaches have been applied but they are usually based on the use of chemical agents that are reported to be unsafe for humans, animals and ecosystems. Alternative practices that maintain the quality and the abundance of crops while preserving the ecosystems and human and animal health have been developed. The application of organic amendments has been reported as an interesting strategy for controlling diseases by providing an abundant source of PGPM (Plant Growth Promoting Microorganisms) and biocontrol agents. The aim of our study was to characterize the microbial communities of organic amendments and amended soils focusing on the microbial families of interest for biocontrol and to assess the antifungal potential of amended soils and their microbiota towards F. verticillioides. Mechanisms of biocontrol were studied using metabolomics and transcriptomics approaches. Evaluation of microbial communities in amendments and amended soils using pyrosequencing of the 16S rDNA and the ITS genes showed that the amendments contained mainly the families of Pseudonocardiaceae, Bacillaceae and Trichocomaceae that were believed to include various PGPM and antifungal agents. Furthermore, the amendments were expected to promote the families of interest in soil and also to limit those of pathogens such as Nectriaceae that might contain many pathogenic Fusarium. Antifungal assays showed that the amended soils reduced the F. verticillioides growth better than the reference soil by inhibiting the microconidia production. The fumonisin production was strongly reduced by the metabolites produced by the amended soils’ microbiota (up to 68 % and 92 % for FB1 and FB2 respectively). Some actinomycete isolates from these amendments were identified as Streptomyces and they demonstrated antifungal activity against F. verticillioides. Among the Streptomyces strains, Streptomyces AV05 was selected for further studies because of its strong inhibition towards F. verticillioides. The interaction between the Streptomyces strain AV05 as antagonist agent and F. verticillioides was investigated. The study of the endometabolome and the transcriptome of the two microorganisms was carried out in two different conditions: strains cultivated alone or in confrontation. Many modifications have been noticed into the endometabolome of the 2 microorganisms during the direct confrontation and 29 metabolites involved in the endometabolome alteration of F. verticillioides in co-culture with Streptomyces AV05 were identified. Many fungal metabolic pathways were suggested to have been affected. The results of the study of the mRNA of the 2 strains appeared to be in accordance with the metabolomics results. A change in the transcriptomic level was observed: 800 genes of F. verticillioides and 115 genes of Streptomyces AV05 were found to be expressed differently when the strains were cultivated alone or in confrontation. The identification of these genes is in progress. Many of them are expected to be responsible for the change in the metabolic profiles observed in the bacterial-fungal interaction. The integration of the metabolomic and transcriptomic informations could improve the understanding of the mechanisms of biocontrol during direct confrontation
Robert, Audrey. "Modélisation de l'effet de la topographie sur la dynamique et la structure de peuplements forestiers hétérogènes." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10199.
Full textBouchemousse, Sarah. "Dynamique éco-évolutive de deux ascidies congénériques et interfertiles, l'une indigène et l'autre introduite, dans leur zone de sympatrie." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066604/document.
Full textHuman activities severely alter species ranges that have been built on evolutionary time scales, and biological introductions promote secondary contacts between non-reproductively isolated species that were in allopatry. Such a situation is a very interesting case-study to examine eco-evolutionary processes, for instance coexistence between species sharing the same ecological niche or inter-specific gene flow (i.e. hybridization and introgression) between native and non-native species. This PhD thesis studied ecological and genomic interactions between two biologically similar, interfertile and congeneric tunicates, namely Ciona robusta and Ciona intestinalis. They are both abundant in harbours and marinas. They are sympatric in the Western English Channel because of the recent introduction of C. robusta (putatively native to Asia) in the natural range of C. intestinalis. Based on spatial and temporal (seasons and years) adult abundance data and examination of recruitment patterns of the two species, we showed that the two species are sustainably coexisting at a regional scale in Brittany, within similar communities. They live in syntopy in most of the study marinas. However, there are significant changes in their relative abundance through time: C. robusta is mostly present at the end of the summer and in the autumn, although always being less abundant than its native congener. Syntopy, interfertility between the two species and synchronous sexual maturity all indicated a high likelihood of hybridization between the two species. The realized hybridization is however very low, as shown by 4 species-diagnostic molecular markers genotyped over more than 3000 individuals: only 4% of the individuals displayed a genotype compatible with hybridization or introgression. This result has been confirmed with a population genomics study (310 SNPs; 450 individuals collected worldwide): inter-specific gene flow is very low. In addition, the few loci showing shared polymorphism displayed variable introgression rates and introgression was observed even in allopatric localities (where only one of the two species exists nowadays). Overall, the genetic and genomic results indicate that interspecific gene flow is most likely due to past introgression events (that may have occurred during the Pleistocene). Finally, a study carried out at a worldwide scale with two mitochondrial loci, showed that the introduction processes of C. robusta are different among the introduced regions. This study also questions the non-native status of the two Ciona species in some regions. This work showed the near absence of contemporary hybridization between C. robusta and C. intestinalis, even in syntopy, opening new research perspectives about the mechanisms preventing their reproduction in the wild. It also questions the fate of these two competing species; this competition may depend on the interaction between their specific environmental preferences and on on-going climatic changes in the North Atlantic. Altogether, this work illustrates the interplay between contemporary and past processes on species distribution and evolution, population genetic structure and genomic architecture
Hani, Mouhoub. "La coopétition réticulaire globale : Nouvelle structure d'interaction dynamique entre concurrents en vue de l'innovation." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PESC0057.
Full textThe main objective of this research is to explore a new form of dynamic interaction between competitors that are embedded in complex structures such as networks. It is about global network coopetition which refers to the simultaneous cooperation and competition between global actors networks belonging to different industries. Current research on coopetition has largely focused on the organizational, dyadic or industrial aspect. However, the reticular level is scarcely explored which aroused the interest of this research idea that includes it with a global perspective. Indeed, based on a longitudinal multi-sectorial study with panel data collected from various sources, a non-linear regression through ordered multivariate logistic model was first used to test hypotheses on network coopetition drivers. Then, a Poisson regression was used to measure the effect of network coopetition forms on innovation. The main results highlight organizational, dyadic, industrial and reticular drivers that lead to the emergence of reticular coopetition under four forms, namely, intra-network coopetition, inter-network coopetition, global coopetition and networks coopetition. Furthermore, results show that these forms influence differently firms’ innovation. On one hand, this research allows drawing scientific community attention to consider the reticular level in inter-firm relationships analysis. On the other hand, it helps managers to deal with the global environment uncertainty and its innovation accelerated pace
Kunstler, Georges. "Dynamique du paysage et demographie des especes arborees dominantes : la régénération de Fagus sylvatica L. et de Quercus pubescens Willd. sur les Grands Causses." Montpellier, ENSA, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENSA0010.
Full textIn the mountains of the Mediterranean Basin, the modifications of the land use drive a strong dynamics of the landscape. The woody species colonize the open area, but the maintenance of grazing and its variability in time and space prevent the existence of any equilibrium. The dynamics of the tree species accounts for a large part of this transformation. In this thesis, we studied the demographic dynamics of Fagus sylvatica and Que cus pubescens in representative habitats of the landscapes of the Causse du Larzac. Light-growth and light-mortality models show that the differences of shade tolerance explain the higher regeneration of the beech in pine understory, in comparison to the oak. We show then that the dynamics of establishment of these species in open habitat is limited by herbaceous competition especially for beech. The shrubs can indirectly facilitate the establishment of trees by reducing the biomass of highly competitive herbs. The advantage of the oak compared to the beech in open environment doesn't result therefore from a better growth in full light but of a better tolerance to herbs competition. The strategies of regeneration of the trees in open habitat with large herbivores, hardly covered in the literature, constitute yet an important part of their regeneration niche. We analyzed the dispersal by animals. The oak is dispersed to longer distance than the beech in open habitat, and the jay, an important dispersal agent, drives to a directed dispersal of the two species toward pine woods in a heterogeneous landscape. This dispersal can thus drive to an important dynamics of beech in the pine groves, whereas for oak the dynamics is limited by its low surviva
Gaucherand, Stéphanie. "Effet des pratiques pastorales sur la biodiversité et sa dynamique dans les pelouses des alpages des Alpes du Nord : apport des traits fonctionnels des plantes." École nationale supérieure agronomique (Montpellier), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENSA0021.
Full textChanges in traditional management practices (grazing and fertilisation) affect vegetation dynamics in the dairy subalpine pastures of the Northern French Alps, with consequences on the floristic composition and the pastoral value of these grasslands. Based on plant functional traits, our research deals with the mechanisms driving the dynamics of vegetation under changing pastoral use. We studied five vegetation types representative of different intensities of pastoral use leading to different levels of fertility. We experimentally demonstrated that the importance of competition, as a structuring factor of plant communities, decreases with decreasing fertility. However, the importance of competition for a given species is affected by the individual response of this species to competition and abiotic stress. Thus, for the same level of resource availability, the importance of competition can be different between two species. Besides, competition tends to be more intense for species with trait values very different from the average trait values of their resident community. We also assessed the functional composition of the five types of vegetation in order to investigate the relationships between plant traits and pastoral use. Decreasing pastoral use selects plants with more conservative strategies, characterized by a smaller plant height, a higher tissue density, a longer life span, a slower growth rate and the production of a more recalcitrant litter than plants exploitative strategies. The replacement of exploitative species by more conservative species is gradual along the gradient. It is known to have consequences on ecosystem functioning by reducing vegetation palatability and reinforcing soil acidification. Quantifying this effect will be the object of future research. Vegetation typologies are commonly used to characterise grasslands in relation to their ecological or agronomic value. We propose here a non-taxonomic criterion, functional composition, as an alternative to floristic criteria for the classification of vegetation. It proved as efficient as the taxonomic criteria to characterise and differentiate the different types of subalpine pastures. The classification was also robust, even when dominant species only were sampled or when differences occurred in the local floristic composition. Finally, we tested a method, adapted from a linear vegetation point transect protocol, to assess the functional composition of grasslands: the ‘trait transect’. Quick and requiring little botanical knowledge, it should be an appropriate tool for monitoring ecosystem changes in response to environmental conditions and management
Chauvet, Mickaël. "Coexistence d’espèces ligneuses et assemblage des communautés en forêt tempérée : une approche basée sur un modèle de dynamique forestière." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTS009.
Full textUnderstanding the coexistence of plant species and their assembly within natural communities remains one of the fundamental goals of ecology, and this major challenge appears even more crucial in the current context of global change. The aim of this work was to better understand how the abiotic and biotic factors determined tree communities’ assembly in temperate forests. These questions can only be considered on the long term, which is especially difficult for forest ecosystems because of their slow dynamics. Therefore we used an original approach based on a forest dynamic model. Following trait-based empirical studies in community ecology, we tried to identify the functional signatures of environmental filtering and competition in forest communities along a productivity gradient in Central Europe. Our results showed that environmental filtering is a major determinant of community structure as it reduced the trait range all along the gradient, with stronger effects in harsh sites with low productivity. Further looking for identifying underlying causal processes, we showed that competition for light led to a convergence of functional community structure, and that this convergence increased with site productivity. Furthermore, our results suggested that inter-annual climatic variability does not systematically result in biodiversity loss, and could even promote species coexistence through changes in the hierarchy of competitors over time. Finally, we showed that differences in trait values of tree species could promote coexistence through differential species responses to inter-annual climatic variability and to light conditions. These findings bring new insights regarding the understanding of tree communities’ structure, and they provide an integrative understanding of the complex processes driving community assembly and species coexistence in natural forests
Sauriau, Pierre-Guy. "Les mollusques benthiques du bassin de Marennes-Oléron : estimation et cartographie des stocks non cultivés, compétition spatiale et trophique, dynamique de population de Cerastoderma edule (L.)." Brest, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BRES2014.
Full textPineau, Xavier. "Rôles de la compétition intraspécifique, des ennemis naturels et de la température dans la modulation des pullulations d’Ips sexdentatus (Börner)." Thesis, Orléans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ORLE2009/document.
Full textFor eruptive bark beetles (Curculionidae: Scolytinae), the processes affecting the intensity and duration of outbreaks are generally poorly known. We have investigated three factors that may affect the population dynamics of Ips sexdentatus (Börner), namely the intraspecific competition, the natural enemies and the temperature. Colonization densities and the critical threshold of attack densities on trees have been estimated during an outbreak. How such densities affected the productivity and fitness of the beetles has been evaluated under laboratory conditions. The insect community associated with the bark beetle has been characterized in pine stands exhibiting different damage levels. To assess the thermal effects, the insects have been reared at different temperatures. Colonization densities on trees, or equivalent to the critical threshold of attacks, dramatically affected both the productivity and fitness of I. sexdentatus. The associated fauna was loosely related to the population levels of the bark beetle, although the duration of the exposure to the natural enemies affected its productivity. The assessment of thermal requirements allowed calculating that an average warming of 1°C during the activity period would increase the population levels and number of generations per year, but also decrease the beetles’ fitness. Intraspecific competition is probably a critical regulating factor for I. sexdentatus, while natural enemies would rather play a secondary role. A temperature increase could aggravate the outbreaks, but this could be counterbalanced by a fitness reduction and an increase of intraspecific competition
Talbot, Grégoire. "L'intégration spatiale et temporelle du partage des ressources dans un système agroforestiers noyers-céréales, une clef pour en comprendre la productivité ?" Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20219/document.
Full textMeasurements on experimental silvoarable agroforestry plots (mixed tree-crop) showed exceptionally high productivity, with yields more than 30% higher compared to the separate crop and tree systems. We developed a 3-D process-based model (Hi-sAFe) and used it to (1) test if the spatiotemporal integration of resources sharing (light, water, nitrogen) between species could explain this productivity and (2) assess how agroforestry design or management may affect this productivity. We developed a novel method for the analysis of simulated data to identify and sort the processes determining yield by order of importance. The model was parameterized and calibrated on a hybrid walnut / durum wheat located on the Restinclières field (Hérault, France). After a detailed analysis of the functioning of this system, we explored by virtual experiments its response to design choices: (1) phenological traits of associated species, and (2) density and location of trees on the plot. The comprehensiveness of the Hi-sAFe model provides a new insight into the functioning of agroforestry systems. It clarifies the complexity of the real system. Our results put forward a deterministic interpretation of the performance of each species and of the total productivity of the crop-tree association (Land Equivalent Ratio). The analysis of virtual experiments offers practical ways for optimizing agroforestry systems
Kammoun, Bochra. "Analyse des interactions génotype x environnement x conduite culturale de peuplement bi-spécifique de cultures associées de blé dur et de légumineuses à graines, à des fins de choix variétal et d’optimisation de leurs itinéraires techniques." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INPT0139/document.
Full textIncreasing biodiversity in agroecosystems may contribute to a sustainable productions. Intercropping, the growth of two or more species in the same space at the same time, is considered as a practical application of ecological principles based on biodiversity. Grain legume-cereal intercropping reveals many potential advantages in productivity, stability of outputs and ecological sustainability particularly in low N-input systems. These advantages occur when intercrop components have a complementary ecological niches and competitive interaction are reduced. Interspecific interactions are greatly influenced by phenotypic traits (physiological, morphological and phenological) among cultivars and species. The aim of our study is to study the effect of genotypic variability of species on the performance of durum wheat-grain legume intercrops and to analyze the response of cultivars toward inter and intraspecific interactions. An experimental trial was carried out during two years (2011 to 2013) to test different cultivar combinations. Each cultivar and specie was cultivated as sole crop, half density sole crop and intercrop in a replacement design to evaluate inter- and intra-specific interactions. Our results confirmed that genotype behavior is different between sole crop and intercropping. The intercrop performance is dependent on its performance on sole crop and on its competitiveness. Phenotypic traits and pedoclimatic conditions influence the competitive ability of intercrops. Besides, a dynamic analysis of interspecific interactions shows that from the legumes flowering period, competitions would be the most intense and would impact the grain yield. Finally, this study has allowed to identify some indicators of the performance of grain legumes on intercropping that would help to concept ideotypes adapted to multispecies systems in order to optimize their advantages
Tallec, Tiphaine. "Effets d'un double gradient azote/soufre sur la structure des communautés végétales de prairies bas-normandes : dynamique de l'acquisition des ressources minérales et des interactions compétitives." Caen, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CAEN2011.
Full textThe importance of soil S depletion, due to an increased export from plant harvest combined with a decreased atmospheric S deposition, requires to study its impact on the dynamics of grassland communities, under different N supplies. A pluri-scale study was carried out in situ, and in mesocosm consisting of populations or of model communities with 4 dominant species. Before and after defoliation, the relative production, the abundance and the competitiveness of the species were analyzed through their N and S use efficiency using a simultaneous 15N/34S labelling. Their response was conditioned by their physiological ability to mobilize resources, but also to compete for the latter in N-rich soil. A strong co-regulation between N and S metabolisms was highlighted. An increased S availability enhanced production for all scale situations. The S effects on Poaceae appeared only at high N availability, by a stimulation of their soil N use efficiency, optimizing N fertilizer use. Those on clover induced the stimulation (i) of the atmospheric N fixation, even at high N availability, (ii) of its vegetative multiplication and (iii) of N reserves accumulation in stolons. In situ and in community, S input increased the abundance of dominated species and, with high N fertilization, maintained or increased specific diversity. Overall, a rational S input appeared as an important tool for grassland management
Li, Yaxin. "Trois essais sur l'économie numérique et la concurrence entre plateformes." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 1, 2023. https://publications.ut-capitole.fr/id/eprint/49435/.
Full textIn Chapter 1, I develop a dynamic model where two data-driven platforms compete for users' attention. The quality of the service on each platform improves as more user data is available. At each period, platforms choose between current monetization through advertisement, or the accumulation of more user and therefore more data, in the future. Accordingly, I relate the market outcomes in equilibrium to platforms' initial market shares and data productivities. I show that market co-participation prevails when data productivities of both platforms are small. Market tipping is more likely to occur when one of the platforms has a large data productivity and enjoys a large initial market share. I also explore the effects of compulsory data sharing. Market tipping is less likely to occur with data sharing. Besides, data sharing by both platforms, or by the platform with a large advantage of data productivity increases consumers' surplus. In chapter 2, motivated by several examples, including Internet of Things patent licensing, we analyze a model where one or more complementary platforms choose prices for a group of downstream devices that exhibit network externalities. We show how prices depend on each device's Katz-Bonacich (or eigenvector) centrality in a network defined by the demand externalities, and how the relevant network differs for an ecosystem monopolist, a social planner, or a group of complementary platforms. For the latter case, we revisit Cournot's analysis of complementary monopolies and show that in our setting, it is possible for the total price of a particular device to decline when the number of monopoly platforms increases. Finally, we analyze a partial merger that leaves complementary monopolies on just one side of a platform, producing a novel tradeoff between internalizing double marginalization and externalizing network effects. Oevrall, this study offers a tractable model of multi-product ecosystems, and contributes to the two-sided market literature by analyzing complementary platforms in a general multi-sided market. In chapter 3, I study a strategic network game of search, where $M$ retailers sell a product with unknown quality in a competing market. Consumers in the network choose between search and free riding, and choose to adopt or not after search. Consumers trade off between search cost and information efficiency. The searchers acquire information about the quality and prices, while free riders update their believes by observing the adoption behavior of neighbors. In equilibrium, consumers' search strategy exhibits non-increasing threshold property: consumers with more neighbors are more likely to be free riders. I show that although there exist multiple equilibria, when search cost is small enough, there exists a unique interior BNE such that both searchers and free riders coexist in the market, and the prices are larger than marginal cost. I also investigate the impact of network structure on equilibrium outcomes. When the network is more connected, consumers engage in less search, the prices are higher, and the consumers' surplus is reduced
Monnier, Yogan. "Stratégies d'acclimatation à l'ombre et rôle des interactions plantes-plantes dans la dynamique pin-chêne en milieu méditerranéen." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10045.
Full textDuring this work we studied the Mediterranean forest dynamic through a functional approach. Our main goal consisted to know how functional responses to light availability and biotic interactions determine the regeneration of three main species involved in this dynamic : Pinus halepensis, Quercus ilex and Quercus pubescens.A nursery experiment was set up to determine specific shade acclimatation strategies of the Aleppo pine and the Downy oak, functional tradeoffs and nutritional and ontogenetic limits of these stratgies, and the competitive and allélopathic impact on the shade induced response.Then a field experiment was set up to make a light gradient in an Aleppo pins pinewood in order to know the main positive and negative canopy effects on abiotic factors and oak seedlings development at different scales of time. Results showed that Aleppo pine exhibits a shade avoiding strategy through a strong plastic response involving functional tradeoffs, high nutritional costs, and time-limited expression. This strategy is considered as maladaptive in case of regeneration under unovercome forest canopy. Reversly, the downy oak shows a more conservative strategy through a limited plastic response to shade but a strong vulnerability to plant-plant interactions. In field conditions, Quercus pubescens and Quercus ilex seedlings showed different responses to the canopy cover, with a fewer shade tolerance in Quercus pubescens. This work help to highlight relationships between functional limits of phenotypic plasticity, shade tolerance, and regenerative success in Aleppo pine understory
Picard, Nicolas. "Passage d'un modèle individuel à un modèle de distribution de la dynamique forestière. Application à une forêt dense tropicale humide de Guyane française." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00145095.
Full textGaudio, Noémie. "Interactions pour la lumière entre les arbres adultes, les jeunes arbres et la végétation du sous-bois au sein d'un écosystème forestier : application à la régénération du pin sylvestre en peuplement mélangé chêne sessile - pin sylvestre." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00587487.
Full textLavorel, Sandra. "Structure spatiale, perturbations, et dynamique de la coexistence des espèces végétales : de l'expérimentation à la modélisation : l'exemple de friches méditerranéennes." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20006.
Full textFauqué, Benoît. "Etude des supraconducteurs à haute température critique par diffusion des neutrons." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00349921.
Full textHess, Manon. "Restauration écologique des communautés végétales après éradication d'espèces invasives : Rôle de la dynamique de colonisation et des effets de priorité Using limiting similarity to enhance invasion resistance: theoretical and practical concerns Priority effects: Emerging principles for invasive plant species management Giving recipient communities a greater head start and including productive species boosts early resistance to invasion." Thesis, Avignon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AVIG0357.
Full textInvasive plant species cause serious environmental and sanitary issues and their control is today a major challenge. Disturbances involving vegetation removal and an increase in resource availability offer particularly favorable conditions for invasive plant colonization. Establishing a plant cover rapidly sequestering resources could be a relevant strategy to limit invasion. However, little is known about the characteristics enabling newly established communities to exert strong invasion resistance, especially in the early growth stages.In this thesis, I focused on two potential determinants of invasion resistance of herbaceous plant communities in the early growth stages after a major disturbance, which are (1) the concept of limiting similarity, stating that the coexistence of species sharing the same ecological niche is limited by competitive exclusion, and (2) priority effects, which occur when the establishment of a species affects the performance or survival of later arriving species. The application of limiting similarity to control invasive plants appears complex, ineffective and unsuitable for the most common situations. In contrast, integrating priority effects into invasive plant management strategies seems more promising. One strategy consists in restoring a plant cover exerting strong negative priority effects, decreasing the success of subsequent invasive plant establishment. In two greenhouse experiments, I explored the role of priority effects in early invasion resistance. In a first experiment, I manipulated species composition, sowing density and the elapsed time between community sowing and invasion by Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Bothriochloa barbinodis and Cortaderia selloana. A higher invasion resistance was observed when communities produced a high aboveground biomass, which was associated with the presence of productive species. Delaying invasive species arrival also decreased invasion success, but only if it allowed a sufficient increase in biomass production. A second experiment investigated how the identity of the first native colonizer (one of two grasses: Dactylis glomerata and Lolium perenne, or one of two legumes: Onobrychis viciifolia and Trifolium repens) and the timing of species establishment (synchronous vs. sequential sowing) influenced the structuration of the recipient community and its resistance to invasion by A. artemisiifolia. Small differences in assembly history of the recipient community substantially affected community structure, biomass production, soil nutrient content, as well as early invasion resistance. Sequential sowing generally decreased invasion resistance compared with a synchronous sowing. Early colonizers generated priority effects of variable strength most likely via belowground competition, which affected A. artemisiifolia’s invasion success. A prior establishment of the N-fixing legume T. repens particularly boosted A. artemisiifolia’s performance. In conclusions, this thesis work highlights the inadequacy of revegetation strategies based on limiting similarity and reveals promising perspectives of manipulating assembly history and priority effects for designing invasion resistant communities. Assembly history significantly influenced early invasion success by inducing differences in biomass production and resource preemption by the recipient community. Priority effects of newly established communities and associated invasion resistance could be enhanced by (1) giving as much time advance as possible to the recipient community over invasives, (2) introducing species displaying an ability to rapidly produce biomass and preempt soil resources, or (3) avoiding sequential sowing especially when early colonizers are nitrogen-fixing, productive species
Barouni, Foued. "Modèle dynamique de pilotage d'un système multiagents semi-compétitifs." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24398/24398.pdf.
Full textAkale, Yao. "Compétitions inter-standards : modélisation des dynamiques de réseaux complexes interorganisationnels." Thesis, Lille 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LIL12005/document.
Full textThroughout this thesis we’ve attempted to explain standard competitions through the interorganizationalnetworks built by the protagonists. Based on the synthesis of theories derived from three main academic fields(economy of the standards and network industries, networks analysis and strategic management), the thesiselaborates proposals which make it possible to build a model network of comprehension of these competitions. Ituses a single case study, chooses a critical realistic epistemological positioning and bases itself on the empiricalsituation of competition between Blu-Ray and HD DVD technologies for the emergence of the secondgeneration standard DVD. The entire trend of the thesis is justified by a postulate of a methodological andtheoretical proximity of the interorganizational network of sponsors of a given standard and the installed base ofthat standard. This postulate made it possible to state that the interorganizational network made it possible notonly to generate the ideal installed base to win the competition, but also to impact all the others components(reliability and technical superiority, availability of complements, lock-in the consumers by the switching costs,timing of entry to the market, etc.). By mobilizing some concepts of “growth” and “resilience” of complexnetworks approaches, (Albert & Barabasi 2002, Newman, 2003a) and those of “potential power ” and “use ofpower” of authors in management (Brass & Burkhardt, 1993, Mintzberg 1983 etc.), we concluded that thesuccess in a competition between standards lies in building up a growing and resilient interorganizationalnetwork, the potential of which must actually be used on the industrial and commercial ground
Gidoin, Cindy. "Impacts écologiques de l’invasion d’un insecte prédateur de graines (Hymenoptera Torymidae) dans un écosystème forestier méditerranéen." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NSAM0015/document.
Full textBiological invasions produce novel species assemblages in communities that likely result in novel interspecific interactions. Ecological impacts of invasions may be: (i) indirect, if the invader enters competition with resident species, and (ii) indirect if the invader is a predator or a parasite of resident species. Both indirect and direct ecological invasion impacts are likely to apply to invasive wasps of the Megastigmus genus (Hymenoptera: Torymidae), which exploit narrow ecological niches that overlap with those of resident insect species, and contribute to high mortality levels in host plant populations due to their high specialization on seeds. This thesis aimed at testing such predictions by studying the impacts of the invasion of M. schimitscheki on: (i) its resident competitor for the seed resource M. pinsapinis, and (ii) the expanding populations of its obligatory host the Atlas cedar (Cedrus atlantica) in southeastern France.An extensive spatio-temporal survey of Megastigmus spp. populations indicated that the rapid expansion of M. schimitscheki was associated with a strong decline of M. pinsapinis. A mechanistic-statistical modelling approach allowed us to show that an earlier phenology of M. schimitscheki had a stronger explanatory power of both invasion success and the competitive exclusion of the resident than temporal variation in resource supply.A theoretical approach of the indirect impact of M. schimitscheki on C. atlantica expansion dynamics was based on reaction-diffusion models. We showed that an Allee effect resulting from seed predation at the expansion front of a host population may increase the genetic contribution of host individuals situated in the bulk of the expansion front. Interestingly, this phenomenon results in a limited erosion of genetic diversity during the expansion phase of the host population.The empirical and theoretical approaches developed showed that the invasion of M. schimitscheki in French cedar forests had a strong and negative indirect impact on the demography of a resident species, but, parallely, such invasion may directly favour the maintenance of genetic diversity in expanding host plant populations
Liu, Yongbo. "Conséquences écologiques et évolutives du flux de gènes entre Brassica napus transgénique et ses apparentés sauvages." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00584017.
Full textLagasquie, Gabriel. "Etude du comportement en temps long de processus de markov déterministes par morceaux." Thesis, Tours, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUR4004/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis is to study the long time behaviour of some piecewise deterministic Markov processes (PDMP). The flow followed by the spatial component of these processes switches randomly between several flow converging towards an equilibrium point (not necessarily the same for each flow). We will first give an example of such a process built in the plan from two linear stable differential equations and we will see that its stability depends strongly on the switching times. The second part of this thesis is dedicated to the study and comparison of two competition models in a heterogeneous environment. The first model is a probabilistic model where we build a PDMP simulating the effect of the temporal heterogeneity of an environment over the species in competition. Its study uses classical tools in this field. The second model is a deterministic model simulating the effect of the spatial heterogeneity of an environment over the same species. Despite the fact that the nature of the two models is very different, we will see that their long time behavior is very similar. We define for both model several quantities called invasion rates modelizing the growth (or decreasing) rate speed of a species when it is near to extinction and we will see that the signs of these invasion rates fully describes the long time behavior for both systems
Rezki, Samir. "Structuration, dynamique et réponse des communautés microbiennes associées aux graines lors de la transmission d'agents phytopathogènes Assembly of seed-associated microbial communities within and across successive plant generations Differences in stability of seed-associated microbial assemblages in response to invasion by phytopathogenic microorganisms." Thesis, Angers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ANGE0092.
Full textSeed represents the initial step of the plant life cycle and harbors diverse microorganisms that can have detrimental or beneficial impacts on plant fitness. Moreover, seed represents an important means of pathogen dispersion and survival during intercrop periods. For those reasons, the aims of this work were to (i) unveil the ecological processes involved in the acquisition of the seedmicrobiota, (ii) to analyze its response against plant pathogens invasion and (iii) to monitor its dynamics during the first plant developmental stages, namely germination and emergence. First, we assessed the structure of the radish seed microbiota (Raphanus sativus) in the same experimental site across three successive plant generations. These analyses revealed a low heritability of the seed microbiota with few dominant taxa transmitted across generations. Neutral-based processes seem to be important in assembly of the seed microbiota. Second, we monitored the response of the seed microbiota to invasions by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) and Alternaria brassicicola (Ab), two seed-transmitted pathogens. While Xcc seed transmission do not change the composition of microbial communities, Ab transmission modified the structure of seed-associated fungal communities. This differences in response could be partly explained by competition for space and nutrients between the pathogenic agents and the members of the seed microbiota. Finally, composition and structure of microbial communities associated to germinating seed and seedling revealed transmission of most seed-borne microorganisms including Xcc and Ab from seed to seedling. Altogether, the results of this thesis could be helpful for designing future biocontrol strategies based on seed microbiota modulation
Vonna, Laurent. "Phénomènes d'interface en milieu tensioactif hors-équilibre : adsorption compétitive, processus transitoires et dynamiques." Mulhouse, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MULH0588.
Full textDubart, Maxime. "Coquillages et crustacés : dynamiques spatio-temporelles de métacommunautés en eau douce." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG069.
Full textSpecies communities vary as a result of many processes: filtering of species by environments, interspecific interactions, dispersal, and stochastic processes. Empiricists often try to evaluate their respective roles based on the traces they leave on the spatial structure of communities. Unfortunately these traces are often ambiguous. Temporal data (surveys repeated through time) convey historical information that may help resolve ambiguities. In this thesis, I explore and develop different methods to analyze spatio-temporal data in order to understand the dynamics of sets of communities linked by dispersal within fragmented landscapes (metacommunities). These methods are applied to three long-term datasets from freshwater metacommunities (snails in the Guadeloupe and Martinique islands and Daphnia spp. in Finland). I first analyze the metacommunity of Guadeloupe snails using both pattern-based approaches (using successive years as replicates) and joint species distribution models explicitly relating time t to time t-1. This approach documents how species interactions, filtering by local environmental conditions, and stochastic colonizations and extinctions shape spatio-temporal variation in community richness and composition. Second, I develop explicit multi-species metapopulation models to analyze two- or three-species systems (taken in Guadeloupe and Finland). The fitted parameters are used in simulations to analyze how competition and niche differences contribute to species coexistence. Remarkably, in both cases, although competition significantly limits species co-occurrence at a local scale, it is far for being strong enough to threaten coexistence at the landscape level. Regional exclusion seems to require uncommonly strong competition, in the presence of highly stochastic colonization-extinction dynamics. Such conditions (strong interactions and weak stochasticity) may characterize the Martinique dataset (a set of 11 clonal, related invasive taxa inhabiting permanent rivers). In this case, I develop an approach inspired by population genetics, inferring one- or two-dimensional competitive hierarchies among taxa and how they vary in space and time to explain exclusion and/or coexistence patterns. Overall, this work shows that the temporal dimension carries a lot of information on community processes acting both at the local and regional scales. An even more integrative view may, in the future, arise from metacommunity models explicitly coupling the dynamics of local and regional species abundances
Cruz, Pablo. "Relations de compétition dans une association luzerne-dactyle : étude des dynamiques de la croissance et des prélèvements d'azote." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112210.
Full textThis work analyses intra and interspecific competition relations within an alfalfa (cv. Lutèce)-orchardgrass (cv. Lutetia) mixture and within corresponding pure stands. Dynamics of growth of aerial biomass and nitrogen uptake was studied along successive regrowths. We were not able to find any improvement of the grass nitrogen nutrition by the presence of the legume. Alfalfa proved strongly competitive for mineral nitrogen utilization in the periods of its rapid growth. Nitrogen given to the mixture is then actually absorbed by the species whose growth is faster at the time of leaf area establishment. Competition for light is the determining factor of the ability to respond nitrogen fertilization. Consequences on grass-legume mixtures utilization as forage crops are discus sed. The yield of the mixture can be enhanced by nitrogen fertilization, but this increases the utilization of mineral nitrogen by the legume and exaggerates the dominance of one partner on the other
Dellagi, Adel. "L'Europe, c'est les autres ! : l'enjeu européen en Suisse : représentations et dynamiques de compétition des partis politiques (1999-2014)." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2159.
Full textKnown to be reluctant on European integration, Switzerland has been taking significant steps towards rapprochement with the European Union (EU) over the last twenty years through the first bilateral agreements signed in 1999, one of the fundamental chapters of which is the free movement of persons. On the one hand, this has been considered by some scholars and political observers as a first commitment towards an ever closer integration with the EU. On the other hand, some have seen through this agreement a necessary concession allowing Switzerland to preserve its sovereignty while benefiting from the economic opportunities of the European giant. Whether through the first set of bilateral agreements previously mentioned or the second set endorsed in 2004, a strong political will has prevailed from the Swiss political elite for a rapprochement with the European Union. In this context, the specificity of the country has led the Swiss people to decide on these crucial milestones about thegrowing cooperation between Switzerland and the EU. This is why the political parties had to engage in a though competition opposing those in favor of more EU and those being euro-skeptical, fierce opponents of any bilateral agreement presented by the EU. Consequently, the Swiss people have been involved eight times between 1999 and 2014 into referendum voting to decide if bilateral agreements and European integration should be pursued. This is known to be the Swiss "third way", halfway between isolationism and European integration. During these fifteen years, the political parties had to develop their arguments and strategies on every EU topic brought into the political arena. Hence, a sizeable amount of texts, speeches and discourses have been produced in the framework of these campaigns about the EU. The period 1999-2014 fits to a 'momentum', an intense period around the European challenge. These eight referendums shed the light on an essential aspect of the bilateral relations between Switzerland and the European Union. The scope of this research is about the analysis of the EU representation and competition dynamics in Switzerland through the study of the discourse that the major political parties of the Swiss political arena have been producing during the 'European' campaigns of these referendums
Le, Galliard Jean-François. "Interactions sociales et dispersion dans les populations structurées dans l'espace." Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066539.
Full textSantin-Janin, Hugues. "Dynamique spatio-temporelle des populations d'un prédateur introduit sur une île sub-antarctique : l'exemple du chat (Felis silvestris catus) sur la Grande Terre de l'archipel des Kerguelen." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00811532.
Full textBedoussac, Laurent. "Analyse du fonctionnement des performances des associations blé dur-pois d'hiver et blé dur-féverole d'hiver pour la conception d'itinéraires techniques adaptés à différents objectifs de production en systèmes bas-intrants." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2009. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/7855/1/bedoussac.pdf.
Full textLoeffler, Christian. "Localisation des investissements directs étrangers, dynamique des avantages compétitifs et rôle de l'État : application à l'Asie du Sud-Est." Grenoble 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997GRE21006.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to determinate how the action of the state, through the creation of public goods, can favour the evolution of competitive advantages of nation to make them correspond to the needs of firms. In a first time, this work determinate the criters of localisation of foreign direct investments. They are hierarchized according to the degree of development of the host countries to show the relation existing between the different kinds of foreign direct investments, the specific advantages seeking by foreign firms and the location advantages offered by the host country. In a second time, this sequential analysis is completed with the indentification of the different kinds of factor (generic and specific) that a country must create to allow the development of new productive activities in his territory. The purpose is to show the necessity to pass from an allocation logic to a creation logic, and the role of the state in this factor creation necessary for the dynamics of competitive advantages of nations along the development process. Without consider the action of the state as the only determinant of the dynamics of the competitive advantages of nations, this work is completed with a statistical analysis on a sample of 75 countries in different stages of development. This study try to determinate how evolve different indicators of human capital, infrastructures and innovation potential according to the gross domestic product per capita. At least, a statistical analysis of 8 countries of south-esast asia and statistical series of 30 years try to determinate the sense of casualty between factor creation and private domestic investments in a first time, and foreign direct investments in a second time
Moulay, Djamila. "Modélisation et analyse mathématique de systèmes dynamiques en épidémiologie.Application au cas du Chikungunya." Phd thesis, Université du Havre, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00633827.
Full textKlein, Cécile. "Etude des dynamiques du phytoplancton en Manche orientale et occidentale : Approche écophysiologique : [thèse soutenue sur un ensemble de travaux." Caen, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010CAEN2016.
Full textTwo contrasted areas of the English Channel which show important shellfish farming (Baie des Veys -BDV- and Lingreville-sur-mer -LGV- Eastern and Western coasts of Cotentin) have been studied. The temporal variations (seasonal to long-term) of phytoplankton communities, primary production and photosynthetic parameters have been analysed according to environmental forces using multivariate analyses. A different phytoplankton dynamic between the two studied sites was observed. At the BDV site, it followed a seasonal cycle dependant on temperature, light and nutrients stocks whereas at the LGV, this dynamic was largely dependant on hydrodynamism (wind, tidal currents). This study has also demonstrated that phytoplankton assemblage was dominated by different species according to the year illustrating a continuous interspecific competition controlled by environmental parameters variations and by physiological capacities of each species. To understand the mechanisms of the end of phytoplankton bloom in the water column, a time series of the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) was made. The quantification of those excretions according to environmental parameters showed that EPS were affected by nitrogen concentrations (NO3, NH4) in spring and by hydrodynamic forces in autumn. The Pseudo-nitzschia spp succession at the BDV site was finally studied, indicating the occurrence of 6 species and the possible development of a toxic species, P. Australis, in autumn when temperatures are high and a Si limitation is observed