To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Competition demands on athletes.
Journal articles on the topic 'Competition demands on athletes'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Competition demands on athletes.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Tereshchenko, V., B. Koropatov, and P. Nikolenko. "General characteristics of the construction stage of pre-competitive training." Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University Series 15 Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), no. 8(128) (December 28, 2020): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2020.8(128).40.
Full textAbstract:
In the article the analysis of construction of training is given in the annual loop of preparation of decathlon competitors, that allows to manage a sport from and provides continuous development of trained.
The problem of preparing athletes to competitions is one of the most important in sports training. It is of great practical importance.
The increase of the level of sports results is a consequence of a significant increase in the amount of training loads. Further growth of sports results is possible provided the quality of the training process is improved. Analysis of the performances of Ukrainian and foreign athletes at major competitions showed that the vast majority of athletes do not achieve their best results.
The competitive period is characterized by the fact that the athlete must maintain for a long time a high level of special physical and technical training, which was acquired in the preparatory period. This can be achieved by using competitive and similar special training exercises.
Participation in competitions makes high demands on the athlete's body, so in the competitive period, the athlete in their training sessions should include exercises of general and special nature.
The stage of direct pre-competition training (SDPT) is an important component of the athlete's training process in the competitive period. Success in competitions largely depends on the effectiveness of the training process at this stage.
It is shown that in the work on the organization and management of training of high-class athletes at the competitive stage, the success of the athlete's performance is largely due to correct scientifically sound predictions that can influence the organizational processes of athletics. The quality and accuracy of these decisions, the responsibility for their adoption increase even more at the stage of direct pre-competition preparation for the main start.
Having one goal -performing at the main start, the most highly qualified athletes prepare for this start without speeding up their training, trying to solve the main task.
2
Arruza, Jose Antonio, Saioa Telletxea, Lorena Gil de Montes, Silvia Arribas, Gloria Balagué, Jose Antonio Cecchini, and Robert J. Brustad. "Understanding the Relationship between Perceived Development of the Competition Plan and Sport Performance: Mediating Effects of Self-Efficacy and State Depression." Perceptual and Motor Skills 109, no. 1 (August 2009): 304–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pms.109.1.304-314.
Full textAbstract:
The effectiveness of competition plans on athletes' performance outcomes was assessed while accounting for the mediating influence of state depression and self-efficacy. Competition plans reflect an integrated and personalized plan that consists of a set of decision-making rules based on the principles of self-control and self-efficacy development that are tailored to the specific demands of an upcoming competition in a given sport and highly individualized to take into account the specific qualities of the athlete. The relationship between the development of a competition plan and athletes' evaluations of their competitive outcomes was of interest. 11 elite athletes participating in 104 competitions involving 7 different sports participated. Results support the beneficial effect of a well-developed competition plan in affecting athletes' perceived performance; the relationship was mediated by state depression and self-efficacy Coaches and sport psychologists should devote increased attention to the development and refinement of athletes' precompetition performance plans while also considering participants' self-efficacy and mood characteristics.
3
Scanlan, Tara K., Gary L. Stein, and Kenneth Ravizza. "An In-depth Study of Former Elite Figure Skaters: III. Sources of Stress." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 13, no. 2 (June 1991): 103–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.13.2.103.
Full textAbstract:
This study examined the sources of stress in elite figure skaters. Twenty-six former national-championship competitors were interviewed to identify their stressors during the most competitive phase of their athletic careers. The interviews consisted of open-ended and follow-up questions that provided an in-depth understanding of the athletes' sources of stress. Inductive content-analysis procedures established stress categories derived from the athletes' perspective. Five major sources of stress emerged from the data—negative aspects of competition, negative significant-other relationships, demands or costs of skating, personal straggles, and traumatic experiences. The results demonstrate that (a) elite athletes experience stress from both competition and noncompetition sources, (b) individual differences exist among elite athletes' sources of stress, and (c) elite and youth sport athletes have similar competition-related stressors.
4
Edmonds, Rohan, Brad Schmidt, and Jacob Siedlik. "Eligibility Classification as a Factor in Understanding Student-Athlete Responses to Collegiate Volleyball Competition." Sports 9, no. 3 (March 23, 2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports9030043.
Full textAbstract:
The current study examined differences in heart rate variability (HRV) across student-athletes of different eligibility classifications and analyzed differences in HRV when competing at home or away. Fourteen female collegiate volleyball players volunteered for the study. Data collection encompassed an entire collegiate season, with comparisons in HRV made between home and away games, as well as pre-gameday, gameday, and post-gameday recordings for the whole squad. Comparisons were also made between student-athlete eligibility classification, with self-reported measures of sleep quality, fatigue, muscle soreness, stress, and mood recorded at the time of HRV measurement. Freshman athletes reported a significantly (p < 0.05, η2 = 0.17) lower HRV (80.3 ± 9.7) compared to sophomore (85.7 ± 7.2), junior (91.2 ± 8.3), and senior (86.5 ± 7.2) athletes, while junior athletes had a significantly higher HRV when compared to sophomore and senior athletes. All athlete classifications reported similar HRV for home and away games, and there was no difference in HRV for any athlete classification group when comparing pre-gameday, gameday, and post-gameday measures. Freshman athletes reported significantly (p < 0.05, η2 = 0.23) worse mood states compared to the other eligibility classifications, while self-reported stress was significantly (p < 0.05) worse in junior and senior athletes. Results suggest that monitoring the workload of student-athletes based on their eligibility classification holds merit. Collegiate coaching and support staff should be aware of the academic and competitive demands placed on their student-athletes. In particular, freshman athletes adjusting to the increased demands placed on them as collegiate student-athlete may warrant additional support.
5
Abbott, Will, Stuart Williams, Gary Brickley, and Nicholas J. Smeeton. "Effects of Bio-Banding upon Physical and Technical Performance during Soccer Competition: A Preliminary Analysis." Sports 7, no. 8 (August 14, 2019): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports7080193.
Full textAbstract:
Bio-banded competition has been introduced to address the variation in physical maturity within soccer. To date, no research has investigated the effect of bio-banded competition relative to chronological competition. The current study investigated the effect of bio-banding upon physical and technical performance in elite youth soccer athletes. Twenty-five male soccer athletes (11–15 years) from an English Premier League soccer academy participated in bio-banded and chronological competition, with physical and technical performance data collected for each athlete. Athletes were between 85–90% of predicted adult stature, and sub-divided into early, on-time and late developers. For early developers, significantly more short passes, significantly less dribbles and a higher rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were evident during bio-banded competition compared to chronological competition (p < 0.05). Significantly more short passes and dribbles, and significantly fewer long passes were seen for on-time developers during bio-banded competition (p < 0.05). For late developers, significantly more tackles, and significantly fewer long passes were evident during bio-banded competition (p < 0.05). No significant differences in physical performance were identified between competition formats. Results demonstrated that bio-banded competition changed the technical demand placed upon athletes compared to chronological competition, without reducing the physical demands. Bio-banded competition can be prescribed to athletes of differing maturation groups dependent upon their specific developmental needs.
6
Sygo, Jennifer, Alicia Kendig Glass, Sophie C. Killer, and Trent Stellingwerff. "Fueling for the Field: Nutrition for Jumps, Throws, and Combined Events." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 29, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 95–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0272.
Full textAbstract:
Athletes participating in the athletics (track and field) events of jumps, throws, and combined events (CEs; seven-event heptathlon and 10-event decathlon) engage in training and competition that emphasize speed and explosive movements, requiring optimal power–weight ratios. While these athletes represent a wide range of somatotypes, they share an emphasis on Type IIa and IIx muscle fiber typing. In general, athletes competing in jumps tend to have a lower body mass and may benefit from a higher protein (1.5–1.8 g PRO·kg−1·day−1) and lower carbohydrate (3–6 g CHO·kg−1·day−1) diet. Throwers tend to have a higher body mass, but with considerable differences between events. Their intense, whole-body training program suggests higher PRO requirements (1.5–2.2 g PRO·kg−1·day−1), while CHO needs (per kg) are similar to jumpers. The CE athletes must strike a balance between strength and muscle mass for throws and sprints, while maintaining a low enough body mass to maximize performance in jumps and middle-distance events. CE athletes may benefit from a higher PRO (1.5–2 g PRO·kg−1·day−1) and moderate CHO (5–8 g CHO·kg−1·day−1) diet with good energy availability to support multiple daily training sessions. Since they compete over 2 days, well-rehearsed competition-day fueling and recovery strategies are imperative for CE athletes. Depending on their events’ bioenergetic demands, athletes in throws, jumps, and CE may benefit from the periodized use of ergogenic aids, including creatine, caffeine, and/or beta-alanine. The diverse training demands, physiques, and competitive environments of jumpers, throwers, and CE athletes necessitate nutrition interventions that are periodized throughout the season and tailored to the individual needs of the athlete.
7
Duggan, John D., Jeremy A. Moody, Paul J. Byrne, Stephen-Mark Cooper, and Lisa Ryan. "Training Load Monitoring Considerations for Female Gaelic Team Sports: From Theory to Practice." Sports 9, no. 6 (June 5, 2021): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports9060084.
Full textAbstract:
Athlete monitoring enables sports science practitioners to collect information to determine how athletes respond to training loads (TL) and the demands of competition. To date, recommendations for females are often adapted from their male counterparts. There is currently limited information available on TL monitoring in female Gaelic team sports in Ireland. The collection and analysis of female athlete monitoring data can provide valuable information to support the development of female team sports. Athletic monitoring can also support practitioners to help minimize risk of excessive TL and optimize potential athletic performance. The aims of this narrative review are to provide: (i) an overview of TL athlete monitoring in female team sports, (ii) a discussion of the potential metrics and tools used to monitor external TL and internal TL, (iii) the advantages and disadvantages of TL modalities for use in Gaelic team sports, and (iv) practical considerations on how to monitor TL to aid in the determination of meaningful change with female Gaelic team sports athletes.
8
Pritchard, Hayden J., Justin W. Keogh, and Paul W. Winwood. "Tapering practices of elite CrossFit athletes." International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching 15, no. 5-6 (June 19, 2020): 753–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1747954120934924.
Full textAbstract:
This is the first study to document the training and tapering practices of elite CrossFit athletes. Seventy-two CrossFit athletes (39 females, 33 males) (mean ±SD; 26.5 ± 3.6 y, 167.1 ± 9.5 cm, 74.5 ± 12.7 kg, 12.8 ± 6.5 y general training, 5.4 ± 1.7 y CrossFit training) who competed at the “Regionals” level or higher in the 2018 CrossFit Games season completed a self-reported 5-page online survey. Almost all athletes (98.6%) tapered before important competitions. Taper length was 5.4 ± 2.7 days, with the step and linear tapering styles being most commonly utilised. Strength training volume peaked 5.1 ± 4.6 weeks before competition, whereas conditioning training volume peaked 4.0 ± 4.4 weeks before competition. Strength training intensity peaked 3.1 ± 2.4 weeks before competition, whereas conditioning training intensity peaked 2.8 ± 2.2 weeks before competition. Almost all athletes (90.0%) reduced training duration during tapering, but changes to frequency and intensity were mixed. Training volume decreased by 41.2 ± 15.5% during the taper, all training ceased 2.0 ± 1.1 days before competition. Tapering was performed to achieve peak performance, recover (physically and psychologically), and reduce feelings of fatigue. Poor results from tapering were experienced when athletes tapered for too long or insufficiently. This observational data may be valuable for coaches and athletes engaged in CrossFit as well as other sports with concurrent training and competition demands.
9
Brooks, Edward R., Amanda C. Benson, Aaron S. Fox, and Lyndell M. Bruce. "Physical Movement Demands of Training and Matches across a Full Competition Cycle in Elite Netball." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (October 30, 2020): 7689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217689.
Full textAbstract:
Elite netballers perform different training and match sessions across the annual competition cycle. A comprehensive exploration of the physical movement demands imposed on the athletes and the distribution of external workloads across these sessions are yet to be reported in the literature. This study aims to quantify the movement demands of elite netball across all session types (pre-season training, pre-season practice match, pre-season cup matches, in-season training, in-season practice matches, and competition matches). Knowledge of these demands will allow for more precise season planning and may assist with the management of athletes’ workloads. Twelve elite female netballers were monitored across a full competition cycle using a local positioning system (LPS) to collect spatiotemporal (i.e., distance, velocity, and acceleration measures) and accelerometer-derived measures (i.e., PlayerLoad measures). Metreage and PlayerLoad per minute for match-play sessions (practice and competition) were higher than for training sessions for all positional groups. Differences were present across session types, and within and between positional groups, which should be incorporated into full season planning (i.e., pre-season, in-season, and finals). Coaches and support staff should be cognisant of the potential influence of changing a player’s position, or altering session structure or duration, on the workload for the athlete.
10
Burke, Louise M., and John A. Hawley. "Swifter, higher, stronger: What’s on the menu?" Science 362, no. 6416 (November 15, 2018): 781–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.aau2093.
Full textAbstract:
The exploits of elite athletes delight, frustrate, and confound us as they strive to reach their physiological, psychological, and biomechanical limits. We dissect nutritional approaches to optimal performance, showcasing the contribution of modern sports science to gold medals and world titles. Despite an enduring belief in a single, superior “athletic diet,” diversity in sports nutrition practices among successful athletes arises from the specificity of the metabolic demands of different sports and the periodization of training and competition goals. Pragmatic implementation of nutrition strategies in real-world scenarios and the prioritization of important strategies when nutrition themes are in conflict add to this variation. Lastly, differences in athlete practices both promote and reflect areas of controversy and disagreement among sports nutrition experts.
11
Desbrow, Ben, Joanna McCormack, Louise M. Burke, Gregory R. Cox, Kieran Fallon, Matthew Hislop, Ruth Logan, et al. "Sports Dietitians Australia Position Statement: Sports Nutrition for the Adolescent Athlete." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 24, no. 5 (October 2014): 570–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0031.
Full textAbstract:
It is the position of Sports Dietitians Australia (SDA) that adolescent athletes have unique nutritional requirements as a consequence of undertaking daily training and competition in addition to the demands of growth and development. As such, SDA established an expert multidisciplinary panel to undertake an independent review of the relevant scientific evidence and consulted with its professional members to develop sports nutrition recommendations for active and competitive adolescent athletes. The position of SDA is that dietary education and recommendations for these adolescent athletes should reinforce eating for long term health. More specifically, the adolescent athlete should be encouraged to moderate eating patterns to reflect daily exercise demands and provide a regular spread of high quality carbohydrate and protein sources over the day, especially in the period immediately after training. SDA recommends that consideration also be given to the dietary calcium, Vitamin D and iron intake of adolescent athletes due to the elevated risk of deficiency of these nutrients. To maintain optimal hydration, adolescent athletes should have access to fluids that are clean, cool and supplied in sufficient quantities before, during and after participation in sport. Finally, it is the position of SDA that nutrient needs should be met by core foods rather than supplements, as the recommendation of dietary supplements to developing athletes over-emphasizes their ability to manipulate performance in comparison with other training and dietary strategies.
12
Semenova, Fayzura, Svetlana Bostanova, Maryam Tetueva, and Dianna Akbayeva. "Personal characteristics of post-traumatic stress disorders." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 10020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127310020.
Full textAbstract:
In modern conditions, achieving high results in sports for professional athletes is associated with enormous physical and mental stress. This situation is aggravated by the fierce competition in the sports arena, which requires the manifestation of motor abilities at the level of the limit of human capabilities, provoking a constant stressful atmosphere and placing increased demands on the personal and professional qualities of modern athletes. The scientific article discusses the dependence of personal characteristics and features of the manifestation of post-traumatic stress disorders in professional athletes; sports competitions have a strong impact on the emotional status of an athlete. The main stress factor in the sports activity of an athlete is considered to be traumatization, i.e. getting physical and psychological injuries, which affects not only the sports career, but also leads to serious post-traumatic disorders. We assume that in the body of a professional athlete who is in a stressful environment for a long time (training, competitions), psychosomatic reactions occur that cause post-traumatic stress disorder, and also that the features of the course of this disorder depend on the personal characteristics of athletes. Post-traumatic stress disorder is a severe mental condition that occurs as a result of single or repeated events that have a super — powerful negative impact on the individual's psyche.
13
Robertson, Sherry, Dan Benardot, and Margo Mountjoy. "Nutritional Recommendations for Synchronized Swimming." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 24, no. 4 (August 2014): 404–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0013.
Full textAbstract:
The sport of synchronized swimming is unique, because it combines speed, power, and endurance with precise synchronized movements and high-risk acrobatic maneuvers. Athletes must train and compete while spending a great amount of time underwater, upside down, and without the luxury of easily available oxygen. This review assesses the scientific evidence with respect to the physiological demands, energy expenditure, and body composition in these athletes. The role of appropriate energy requirements and guidelines for carbohydrate, protein, fat, and micronutrients for elite synchronized swimmers are reviewed. Because of the aesthetic nature of the sport, which prioritizes leanness, the risks of energy and macronutrient deficiencies are of significant concern. Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport and disordered eating/eating disorders are also of concern for these female athletes. An approach to the healthy management of body composition in synchronized swimming is outlined. Synchronized swimmers should be encouraged to consume a well-balanced diet with sufficient energy to meet demands and to time the intake of carbohydrate, protein, and fat to optimize performance and body composition. Micronutrients of concern for this female athlete population include iron, calcium, and vitamin D. This article reviews the physiological demands of synchronized swimming and makes nutritional recommendations for recovery, training, and competition to help optimize athletic performance and to reduce risks for weight-related medical issues that are of particular concern for elite synchronized swimmers.
14
Wolf, Svenja A., Mark A. Eys, Pamela Sadler, and Jens Kleinert. "Appraisal in a Team Context: Perceptions of Cohesion Predict Competition Importance and Prospects for Coping." Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology 37, no. 5 (October 2015): 489–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsep.2014-0276.
Full textAbstract:
Athletes’ precompetitive appraisal is important because it determines emotions, which may impact performance. When part of a team, athletes perform their appraisal within a social context, and in this study we examined whether perceived team cohesion, as a characteristic of this context, related to appraisal. We asked 386 male and female intercollegiate team-sport athletes to respond to measures of cohesion and precompetitive appraisal before an in-season game. For males and females, across all teams, (a) an appraisal of increased competition importance was predicted by perceptions of higher task cohesion (individual level), better previous team performance, and a weaker opponent (team level) and (b) an appraisal of more positive prospects for coping with competitive demands was predicted by higher individual attractions to the group (individual level). Consequently, athletes who perceive their team as more cohesive likely appraise the pending competition as a challenge, which would benefit both emotions and performance.
15
Trappe, Scott. "Master Athletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 11, s1 (December 2001): S196—S207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.11.s1.s196.
Full textAbstract:
Over the past 3 decades, there has been a continued increase in the number of “older” participants in sporting events such as running, swimming, cycling, rowing, and weightlifting. Some master athletes come from a background with years of training and competition experience, while others have only begun to compete as they approach middle-aged and older. The majority of what we currently know about master athletes and aging has been gained from both cross-sectional and longitudinal testing and re-testing master athletes and recreational athletes. The focus of this paper is on the physiological profile of athletes and individuals performing regular exercise training. Physiological data from elite and non-elite, recreational, sedentary, and senior athletes clearly indicate that human skeletal muscle has a high degree of plasticity that is maintained late into life. Muscle fiber protein expression and single muscle fiber contractile properties are greatly influenced by exercise training. It appears that skeletal muscle can quickly adapt to accommodate a wide range of functionality to meet the demands (or lack of demands) placed upon it.
16
Villarreal-Angeles, Mario Alberto, Brenda Rodriguez Vela, Rene Tapia Martínez, Jesus Gallegos Sanchez, and Jose Moncada-Jimenez. "Comparison of psychological constructs in university athletes during a national competition (Comparación de constructos psicológicos en deportistas universitarios durante una competición nacional)." Retos 42 (May 25, 2021): 618–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.47197/retos.v42i0.89282.
Full textAbstract:
Student-athletes have dual-role demands because in addition to being competitive level athletes, they have academic responsibilities to fulfill. This situation could generate psychological distress that may affect their quality of life. The purpose of the study was to compare psychological constructs in college athletes participating in the Mexican University National Games. The sample comprised 402 athletes (Males = 210, Females = 192) who completed measures of burnout, sports climate, self-esteem, depression, competitive anxiety, and body image. Athletes showed low self-esteem and burnout risk; females showed high self-esteem and males low anxiety. Team sports showed high depression, low anxiety and good sports climate scores. Southern athletes were prone to burnout and athletes from the center of the country showed high self-confidence. In conclusion, psychological constructs were different in males and females from individual and team sports and regions of Mexico during sports completion.
Resumen. Los estudiantes deportistas tienen demandas de doble función porque además de ser atletas de nivel competitivo, tienen responsabilidades académicas que cumplir. Esta situación podría generar malestar psicológico que puede afectar su calidad de vida. El propósito del estudio fue comparar constructos psicológicos en deportistas universitarios que participaron en los Juegos Nacionales Universitarios Mexicanos. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 402 atletas (hombres = 210, mujeres = 192) que completaron medidas de agotamiento, clima deportivo, autoestima, depresión, ansiedad competitiva e imagen corporal. Los atletas mostraron baja autoestima y riesgo de agotamiento; las mujeres mostraron alta autoestima y los hombres poca ansiedad. Los deportes de equipo mostraron alta depresión, baja ansiedad y buenos puntajes de clima deportivo. Los atletas del sur eran propensos al agotamiento y los atletas del centro del país mostraron una alta confianza en sí mismos. En conclusión, los constructos psicológicos fueron diferentes en hombres y mujeres de deportes individuales y de equipo y regiones de México durante la finalización de los deportes.
17
Slater, Gary J., Jennifer Sygo, and Majke Jorgensen. "SPRINTING. . . Dietary Approaches to Optimize Training Adaptation and Performance." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 29, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 85–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0273.
Full textAbstract:
Although sprint athletes are assumed to primarily be interested in promoting muscle hypertrophy, it is the ability to generate explosive muscle power, optimization of power-to-weight ratio, and enhancement of anaerobic energy generation that are key outcomes of sprint training. This reflects the physique of track sprinters, being characterized as ecto-mesomorphs. Although there is little contemporary data on sprinters dietary habits, given their moderate energy requirements relative to body mass, a carbohydrate intake within the range of 3–6 g·kg−1·day−1 appears reasonable, while ensuring carbohydrate availability is optimized around training. Similarly, although protein needs may be twice general population recommendations, sprint athletes should consume meals containing ∼0.4 g/kg high biological value protein (i.e., easily digested, rich in essential amino acids) every 3–5 hr. Despite the short duration of competitions and relative long-recovery periods between races, nutrition still plays an important role in sprint performance. As energy expenditure moderates during competition, so too should intake of energy and macronutrients to prevent unwanted weight gain. Further adjustments in macronutrient intake may be warranted among athletes contemplating optimization of power-to-weight ratio through reductions in body fat prior to the competitive season. Other novel acute methods of weight loss have also been proposed to enhance power-to-weight ratio, but their implementation should only be considered under professional guidance. Given the metabolic demands of sprinting, a few supplements may be of benefit to athletes in training and/or competition. Their use in competition should be preceded with trialing in training to confirm tolerance and perceived ergogenic potential.
18
Ababei, Catalina. "Comparative study regarding the level of anxiety in various categories of athletes." Annals of "Dunarea de Jos" University of Galati Fascicle XV Physical Education and Sport Management 1 (June 25, 2020): 2–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.35219/efms.2020.1.01.
Full textAbstract:
The Romanian Language Dictionary (2009) defines anxiety as inquietude, unrest, fear. The athletes' emotional states can change easily, especially in less experienced athletes, often near acompetition that demands reaching a goal, or when they find themselves in new situations. This can cause them to block or have no reaction in key moments. Professional sports regard anxietyas a normal reaction of the athlete's body, believing that in this manner it adapts to new conditions and functional parameters. The study was based on the hypothesis stating that anxietycould have various levels in athletes before a competition, according to their sport. The research was conducted on 45 athletes practicing wrestling, track and field, and boxing at a national level, for various Bacau sports clubs. The main research method for this study was the inquiry, and the working instrument was the questionnaire - J. Taylor's anxiety scale.
19
Mancha-Triguero, David, Javier García-Rubio, Antonio Antúnez, and Sergio J. Ibáñez. "Physical and Physiological Profiles of Aerobic and Anaerobic Capacities in Young Basketball Players." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 4 (February 21, 2020): 1409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041409.
Full textAbstract:
Current trends in the analysis of the physical fitness of athletes are based on subjecting the athlete to requirements similar to those found in competition. Regarding physical fitness, a thorough study of the capacities that affect the development of team sports in different ages and gender is required since the demands are not equivalent. The objective of this paper was to characterize the physical-physiological demands of athletes in an aerobic and anaerobic test specific to basketball players, as well as the evolution of the variables according to age and gender. The research was carried out in 149 players from different training categories (n = 103 male; n = 46 female). The athletes performed two field tests that evaluated both aerobic capacity and lactic anaerobic capacity. Each athlete was equipped with an inertial device during the tests. Sixteen variables (equal in both tests) were analyzed. Three of them evaluated technical-tactical aspects, four variables of objective internal load, six kinematic variables of objective external load (two related to distance and four related to accelerometry) and three neuromuscular variables of objective external load. The obtained results show significant differences in the variables analyzed according to the age and gender of the athletes. They are mainly due to factors related to the anthropometric maturation and development inherent in age and have an impact on the efficiency and technical and tactical requirements of the tests carried out and, therefore, on the obtained results in the tests.
20
Thorpe, Robin T., Greg Atkinson, Barry Drust, and Warren Gregson. "Monitoring Fatigue Status in Elite Team-Sport Athletes: Implications for Practice." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 12, s2 (April 2017): S2–27—S2–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2016-0434.
Full textAbstract:
The increase in competition demands in elite team sports over recent years has prompted much attention from researchers and practitioners to the monitoring of adaptation and fatigue in athletes. Monitoring fatigue and gaining an understanding of athlete status may also provide insights and beneficial information pertaining to player availability, injury, and illness risk. Traditional methods used to quantify recovery and fatigue in team sports, such as maximal physical-performance assessments, may not be feasible to detect variations in fatigue status throughout competitive periods. Faster, simpler, and nonexhaustive tests such as athlete self-report measures, autonomic nervous system response via heart-rate-derived indices, and to a lesser extent, jump protocols may serve as promising tools to quantify and establish fatigue status in elite team-sport athletes. The robust rationalization and precise detection of a meaningful fluctuation in these measures are of paramount importance for practitioners working alongside athletes and coaches on a daily basis. There are various methods for arriving at a minimal clinically important difference, but these have been rarely adopted by sport scientists and practitioners. The implementation of appropriate, reliable, and sensitive measures of fatigue can provide important information to key stakeholders in team-sport environments. Future research is required to investigate the sensitivity of these tools to fundamental indicators such as performance, injury, and illness.
21
Dehghansai, N., R. A. Pinder, J. Baker, and I. Renshaw. "Challenges and stresses experienced by athletes and coaches leading up to the Paralympic Games." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 6, 2021): e0251171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251171.
Full textAbstract:
The demands of high-performance sport are exacerbated during the lead up to the Major Games (i.e., Paralympics). The purpose of this study was to better understand the challenges experienced and strategies utilized by Australian athletes (n = 7) and coaches (n = 5) preparing for the Tokyo Paralympic Games using semi-structured interviews. The thematic analysis highlighted challenges specific to participants’ sport (e.g., budgetary constraints, decentralized experiences, athletes with various impairments), personal life (e.g., moving cities to access coaching, postponing vocational/educational developments, isolation from social circles), and associated uncertainties (e.g., COVID-19, qualifications, accreditations). Participants managed these challenges by utilizing strategies to ‘anticipate and prepare’ (e.g., detailed planning, effective communication, contingency plans) and ‘manage expectations’ (e.g., understanding specific roles and boundaries, focusing on the process [i.e., effort over results]). Trust and communication between athletes and coaches was key in coaches’ better understanding of how athletes’ impairments interact with their training and competition environments and tailor support to each athlete’s unique needs. Last, participants reflected on the ‘pressure’ of the Games due to their performance having an impact on their career trajectory ‘post-Tokyo’ with some athletes contemplating retirement and others realizing the consequences of their performance on sport-related vocation and sponsorship. Coaches also accepted the success of their programs and job security will depend on outcomes at the Games. The findings from this study shed light on factors to consider to reduce challenges for teams preparing for major competitions but also highlight key practical implications to support athletes and coaches leading up, during, and post-major Games.
22
Savis, Jacqueline C. "Sleep and Athletic Performance: Overview and Implications for Sport Psychology." Sport Psychologist 8, no. 2 (June 1994): 111–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.8.2.111.
Full textAbstract:
Sleep is generally regarded important for maintaining one’s physical and psychological well-being. For the competitive athlete, many factors may negatively impact on his or her sleep, possibly resulting in compromised athletic performance. These factors include alterations in diet, changes in ambient temperature and/or altitude, traveling across time zones, and anxiety. In this article, an attempt is made to synthesize the relevant knowledge with regard to sleep and athletic performance. Sleep and performance are highly individual specific, with many interdependent factors influencing the expression of both variables. Recommendations for future research that addresses the unique demands of athletes are presented.
23
Maughan, Ron. "The athlete’s diet: nutritional goals and dietary strategies." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 61, no. 1 (February 2002): 87–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2001132.
Full textAbstract:
When talented, motivated and highly trained athletes meet for competition the margin between victory and defeat is usually small. When everything else is equal, nutrition can make the difference between winning and losing. Although the primary concern of many athletes is to supplement the diet with protein, vitamins and minerals, and a range of more exotic compounds, key dietary issues are often neglected. Athletes must establish their nutritional goals, and must also be able to translate them into dietary strategies that will meet these goals. Athletes are often concerned with dietary manipulations in the period around competition, but the main role of nutrition may be to support consistent intensive training which will lead to improved performance. Meeting energy demand and maintaining body mass and body fat at appropriate levels are key goals. An adequate intake of carbohydrate is crucial for maintaining muscle glycogen stores during hard training, but the types of food and the timing of intake are also important. Protein ingestion may stimulate muscle protein synthesis in the post-exercise period, promoting the process of adaptation in the muscles. Restoration of fluid and electrolyte balance after exercise is essential. If energy intake is high and a varied diet is consumed, supplementation of the diet with vitamins and minerals is not warranted, unless a specific deficiency is identified. Specific strategies before competition may be necessary, but this requirement depends on the demands of the sport. Generally, it is important to ensure high pre-competition glycogen stores and to maintain fluid balance. There is limited evidence to support the use of dietary supplements, but some, including perhaps creatine and caffeine, may be beneficial.
24
Lukaski, Henry, and Christiana J. Raymond-Pope. "New Frontiers of Body Composition in Sport." International Journal of Sports Medicine 42, no. 07 (February 23, 2021): 588–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1373-5881.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe body composition phenotype of an athlete displays the complex interaction among genotype, physiological and metabolic demands of a sport, diet, and physical training. Observational studies dominate the literature and describe the sport-specific physique characteristics (size, shape, and composition) of adult athletes by gender and levels of competition. Limited data reveal how body composition measurements can benefit an athlete. Thus, the objective is to identify purposeful measurements of body composition, notably fat and lean muscle masses, and determine their impact on the health and performance of athletes. Areas of interest include relationships among total and regional body composition measurements, muscle function, sport-specific performance, risk of injury, return to sport after injury, and identification of activity-induced fluid shifts. Discussion includes the application of specific uses of dual X-ray absorptiometry and bioelectrical impedance including an emphasis on the need to minimize measurement errors and standardize protocols, and highlights opportunities for future research. This focus on functional body composition can benefit the health and optimize the performance of an athlete.
25
Frisco, D. J., J. A. Goodrich, M. Holliday, K. A. Kroeker, C. Whiting, W. C. Byrnes, and K. P. Wright. "0231 Sleep Behaviors of Female Collegiate Athletes." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.229.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Introduction Sleep is critical to cognitive and physiologic function. It is likely being a female collegiate student athlete places unique demands upon sleep behavior. Therefore, we aimed to study the sleep behavior of female collegiate athletes versus a female collegiate control group. Methods Full time female students from the University of Colorado Boulder (Altitude = 1,624 m) were recruited from NCAA Division I athletic teams: Cross Country (XC, n=10), Lacrosse (LAX, n =17), Soccer (SOC, n=15), Golf (GOLF, n=6), Tennis (TENN, n=9). 31 female full-time students were recruited as Controls (CONT). Sleep was monitored with wrist actigraphy (Spectrum Actiwatch, Phillips) for a minimum of one week. Subjects were instructed to wear actigraphs at all times except during competition. Outcome variables included nightly sleep duration, total 24h sleep duration, sleep efficiency, sleep midpoint, social jet lag (SJL) and nap duration/frequency. Results On weekdays, XC, LAX and SOC had greater nightly sleep durations ~8.5h compared to TENN, GOLF and CONT (p<0.05). Relative to other groups, XC had the earliest sleep midpoint (3:34 AM ± 1:20 vs. 3:53 AM ± 1:15) while SOC and LAX had the lowest sleep efficiency (~87.3 ± 3.2% vs. ~89.6 ± 3.4%) (all p<0.05). There was significant SJL among CONT, LAX and SOC (difference of sleep midpoints on weekdays and weekends; p<0.05). While nightly sleep duration varied significantly between different groups, there were no significant differences in total daily sleep duration when naps are included. A greater percentage of CONT (87 %) napped compared to athletes (64.2 %) (p<0.05); napping duration/frequency of naps per week were not different between groups. Conclusion Variations in sleep behavior exists between collegiate student athletes based upon varsity sport with some sports being similar to controls and others being significantly different. Additional research is needed to determine the significance of these findings to academic and athletic performance. Support PAC-12 Student-Athlete Health and Wellbeing Initiative, Grant #1554240
26
Ingthorsson, Rögnvaldur D. "Is Competitive Elite Sport Really Morally Corrupt?" Physical Culture and Sport. Studies and Research 75, no. 1 (October 1, 2017): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pcssr-2017-0016.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractIt has been argued that competitive elite sport both a) reduces the humanity of athletes by turning them into beings whose sole value is determined in relation to others, and b) is motivated by a celebration of the genetically superior and humiliation of the weak. This paper argues that while a) is a morally reproachable attitude to competition, it is not what competitive elite sport revolves around, and that b) simply is not the essence of competitive elite sport. Competitive elite sport is an exploration of the physical and mental demands of sport. Finally, the paper explores a number of consequences of the different views of sport with respect to the problem of intersexual women.
27
Evans, Lynne, Lew Hardy, and Scott Fleming. "Intervention Strategies with Injured Athletes: An Action Research Study." Sport Psychologist 14, no. 2 (June 2000): 188–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.14.2.188.
Full textAbstract:
This action research study employed a multi-modal intervention with three athletes rehabilitating from injury. The efficacy of a number of intervention strategies emerged, including social support, goal setting, imagery, simulation training, and verbal persuasion. Emotional support was perceived by athletes as important when rehabilitation progress was slow, setbacks were experienced, or other life demands placed additional pressures on participants. Task support mainly took the form of goal setting. There was support for the use of long-term and short-term goals, and both process and performance goals. The effect of outcome expectancy, rehabilitation setbacks, financial concerns, isolation, social comparison, and the need for goal flexibility emerged as salient to athletes’ responses to, and rehabilitation from, injury. In the reentry phase of rehabilitation, confidence in the injured body part, and the ability to meet game demands was perceived by participants as important to successful return to competition.
28
Ambroży, Tadeusz, Katarzyna Sterkowicz-Przybycień, Stanisław Sterkowicz, Andrzej Kędra, Dawid Mucha, Mariusz Ozimek, and Dariusz Mucha. "DIFFERENTIATION OF PHYSICAL FITNESS IN POLISH ELITE SPORTS JU-JITSU ATHLETES PHYSICAL FITNESS IN ELITE JU-JITSU ATHLETES." Journal of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences 27, no. 79 (October 31, 2017): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0012.1430.
Full textAbstract:
Aim Ju-jitsu athletes are expected to reach the competitive readiness adequate for the demands of tournaments. Apart from technical expertise, one of the aspects of readiness is general and special preparation. This is critical to the athlete's level of achievement since it helps him or her cope with the training load as it is linked to mental preparation and ensures that the athlete uses technical and tactical variants more accurately during a fight. The cognitive aim of this study is to characterize fitness preparation of top athletes from the Polish Ju-Jitsu Association. The practical aim is to identify talented athletes who can become members of national teams participating in international tournaments. Basic procedures The study evaluated 29 national ju-jitsu team members in the preparation period (pre-competition mesocycle), who expressed their interest and consent to participate in the experiment. Thirteen of these athletes were listed in the ju-Jitsu International Federation's ranking, including three world medal winners in World Championships in Wrocław, Poland (2016). Thirteen tests of general physical fitness were performed by means of selected tests from the Eurofit test battery, the ICSPFT tests and additional strength tests. Eight special physical fitness tests were also used. The results were described using cluster analysis and comparison of fitness profiles. Results The differences between three clusters in general physical fitness were noticeable in performance of pull-ups (1<2 and 2>3 Cluster), the Cooper test ( 1<2 and 1>3 Clusters), the shuttle-run test (1>2 and 2<3 Cluster), sit-and-reach test (2<3, 2<1) Clusters), maximal hand-grip-strength test (1>3 Cluster), Flamingo balance test (1-3 and 2-3 Clusters). In special physical fitness tests, pronounced differences were observed in performance of Speed punches (1>2 cluster), 1/Flexibility Index (1>3 Cluster), Evasive actions (1<3, 2<3 Clusters) and Push-ups (1>2 and 1>3 Clusters). Profiles of three clusters were highly dissimilar. Conclusions The athletes studied were characterized by high differences in fitness-related readiness level. Their profiles in three clusters show that some athletes in the national level group match top athletes at the international competitive level in these terms. Analysis of individual profiles allows for effective diagnosis and classification while revealing strengths and weaknesses of fitness preparation of ju-jitsu athletes. Therefore, it should be used for testing and monitoring of modifications over the training cycles. Knowledge of the structure and the data on baseline physical fitness and special fitness in elite athletes may be useful for the development of individual training programs for ju-jitsu athletes.
29
Beck, Belinda, and Louise Drysdale. "Risk Factors, Diagnosis and Management of Bone Stress Injuries in Adolescent Athletes: A Narrative Review." Sports 9, no. 4 (April 16, 2021): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sports9040052.
Full textAbstract:
Physical activity is known to be beneficial for bone; however, some athletes who train intensely are at risk of bone stress injury (BSI). Incidence in adolescent athlete populations is between 3.9 and 19% with recurrence rates as high as 21%. Participation in physical training can be highly skeletally demanding, particularly during periods of rapid growth in adolescence, and when competition and training demands are heaviest. Sports involving running and jumping are associated with a higher incidence of BSI and some athletes appear to be more susceptible than others. Maintaining a very lean physique in aesthetic sports (gymnastics, figure skating and ballet) or a prolonged negative energy balance in extreme endurance events (long distance running and triathlon) may compound the risk of BSI with repetitive mechanical loading of bone, due to the additional negative effects of hormonal disturbances. The following review presents a summary of the epidemiology of BSI in the adolescent athlete, risk factors for BSI (physical and behavioural characteristics, energy balance and hormone disruption, growth velocity, sport-specific risk, training load, etc.), prevention and management strategies.
30
Campos, Ítalo Sérgio Lopes, Yan Sobral Campos, Hector Andrés Páez Ardila, Alam Dos Reis Saraiva, and Amauri Gouveia Jr. "Morfofunctional parameters in judo's fight." Motricidade 13, no. 3 (December 6, 2017): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.6063/motricidade.10817.
Full textAbstract:
Considering the complexity of judo and the ample energy and neuromuscular demands, a whole process of competitive preparation must be directed to different physical capacities allowing the athlete to perform his combat actions with the best suitability possible. Mapping the behaviour of a judo athlete from observations of behaviour units in a real fighting situation would be a way of trying to identify the best topography or the best "aptitude" to achieve victory. The present investigation analysed the judo from the interactions of a real competition situation, aiming to verify, between winners and losers, possible differences or correlations between anthropometric parameters, motor performance and functional behaviours in a competitive situation. The results showed that: a) the experience is decisive between winning or losing; b) leg techniques are the most used between winners and losers, and losers use them more frequently; c) there are different strategies between fights; d) The energy cost in judo depends on the configuration of the fights. It is believed that such results can help coaches and athletes in guiding and rationalizing the training process in relation to performance determinants in judo.
31
Savelyev, Artem. "Compensatory-adaptive mechanism of cardiorespiratory system in athletes’ fatigue state." Tambov University Review. Series: Humanities, no. 179 (2019): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.20310/1810-0201-2019-24-179-98-104.
Full textAbstract:
At the present level of sports development, the search for opportunities to improve the performance and endurance of athletes is one of the most important terms for achieving high sports results. Performing physical activity at the limit level makes increased demands on the ac-tivity of the body, requires more significant adaptive changes in the functioning of all organs and systems, but it allows to raise the overall level of efficiency. Factors that determine the effective-ness of combinations of training loads are the volume of loads, their direction and sequence of ex-ecution. Consideration of these factors should be reflected in the organization of the training process. The combination of training loads aimed at the education of general, special and strength endurance should be most often used in the general preparatory stage of the preparatory period, and the combination of loads aimed at the education of special, speed and strength endurance – in the special preparatory stage of the preparatory period and in the competitive period. Planning the volume and intensity of the training load and its implementation should correspond to the functional capabilities of the athlete’s body. To prevent the probability of any deviation from normal functioning of energy sustaining systems of the body, one needs a speedy and effective recovery of these systems. Only in this case the training process can proceed quite systematically, and the results of the trainee will become more stable at all stages of the competition period. All this makes it relevant to study the processes of rational interaction of cardiorespiratory and motor systems of the body during training and competition. This knowledge allows with a sufficient degree of accuracy to determine the development of the performance of athletes, optimize the training process, improve its quality and efficiency, maintain a high level of performance for a long time.
32
Miranda, Rosângela Maria da Silva, Kamilla Johnny Yoshi Lopes, Mariney Bruce Fragata, Drucila Coelho Boaes, Murilo Sousa Ramos, and Grasiely Faccin Borges. "Muscle Skeletal Disorders and Factors of Stress in Handball Athletes." Journal of Health Sciences 21, no. 2 (June 19, 2019): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.17921/2447-8938.2019v21n2p144-148.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThe increasing demand for competitive exercises causes a high level of stress and risk of injury to performance athletes. To verify the prevalence of stress symptoms and musculoskeletal disorders in Coari-AM handball 6 locks. The study included athletes from the aforementioned municipality handball. After regular workouts, the questionnaires were applied: Nordic Skeletal Muscle Disorders and Daily Analysis of Life Demands in Athletes- DALDA. The participants were 45 athletes aged between: 15.24 ± 1.64 years, being 64.44% male and 35.55% female. The most affected regions by pain, tingling/numbness in the last 12 months were: knee (57.77%) and ankle/feet (48.88%), shoulders (42.22%) and upper back (42.2%). As for musculoskeletal disorders, the most affected regions that compromised normal activities in the last 12 months were knees (24.44%), ankles/feet (22.22%), hips/thighs (11.11%) and upper back (11.11%). DALDA evaluated the Sources and Symptoms of Stress in part A, the climate appeared as the main cause of stress (44.44%) followed by sleep issues (20%). In part B, muscle pain (40.00%) appeared as the main cause followed by fatigue (28.89%). In order for the athlete to present better performance in sports practices it is necessary to balance the internal and external factors and an adequate sports practice. Keywords: Athletic Injuries. Exercise. Exercise Test. ResumoO aumento da demanda por exercícios competitivos provocou elevação do nível de estresse e do risco de lesões para atletas de todas as esferas de rendimento. Verificar a prevalência de sintomas de estresse e distúrbios músculo esqueléticos em atletas de handebol de Coari-AM. Participaram do estudo atletas de handebol do município supracitado. Após treinos regulares foram aplicados os questionários: Nórdico de Distúrbios Músculo Esquelético e o Daily Analysis of Life Demands in Athletes- DALDA. Participaram 45 atletas com idade média:15,24±1,64 anos, dos gêneros masculino 64,44% e feminino 35,55%. As regiões mais acometidas por problemas como dor, formigamento/dormência nos últimos 12 meses foram: o joelho (57,77%) e tornozelo/pés (48,88%), ombros (42,22%) e parte superior das costas (42,2%). No que se refere a sintomas de distúrbios músculo esqueléticos, as regiões mais afetadas e que comprometeram o desempenho de atividades normais nos últimos 12 meses foram joelhos (24,44%), tornozelos/pés (22,22%), quadril/coxas (11,11%) e parte superior das costas (11,11%). O DALDA avaliou as Fontes e Sintomas de Estresse, na parte A, o clima apareceu como a principal causa de estresse (44,44%) seguido por problemas no sono (20%). Já na parte B, as dores musculares (40,00%) apareceram como a principal causa seguido do cansaço (28,89%) Para que o atleta demostre um melhor desempenho nas práticas esportiva é necessário o equilíbrio entre os fatores internos e externos e uma prática esportiva adequada. Palavras-chave: Traumatismos em Atletas. Exercício. Teste de Esforço.
33
Sagayama, Hiroyuki, Genki Hamaguchi, Makiko Toguchi, Mamiko Ichikawa, Yosuke Yamada, Naoyuki Ebine, Yasuki Higaki, and Hiroaki Tanaka. "Energy Requirement Assessment in Japanese Table Tennis Players Using the Doubly Labeled Water Method." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 27, no. 5 (October 2017): 421–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2017-0022.
Full textAbstract:
Total daily energy expenditure (TEE) and physical activity level (PAL) are important for adequate nutritional management in athletes. The PAL of table tennis has been estimated to about 2.0: it is categorized as a moderateactivity sport (4.0 metabolic equivalents [METs]) in the Compendium of Physical Activities. However, modern table tennis makes high physiological demands. The aims of the current study were to examine (1) TEE and PAL of competitive table tennis players and (2) the physiological demands of various types of table tennis practice. In Experiment 1, we measured TEE and PAL in 10 Japanese college competitive table tennis players (aged 19.9 ± 1.1 years) using the doubly labeled water (DLW) method during training and with an exercise training log and self-reported energy intake. TEE was 15.5 ± 1.9 MJ·day-1 (3695 ± 449 kcal·day-1); PAL was 2.53 ± 0.25; and the average training duration was 181 ± 38 min·day-1. In Experiment 2, we measured METs of five different practices in seven college competition players (20.6 ± 1.2 years). Three practices without footwork were 4.5–5.2 METs, and two practices with footwork were 9.5–11.5 METs. Table tennis practices averaged 7.1 ± 3.2 METS demonstrating similarities with other vigorous racket sports. In conclusion the current Compendium of Physical Activities underestimates the physiological demands of table tennis practice for competition; the estimated energy requirement should be based on DLW method data.
34
Pyne, David B., and Rick L. Sharp. "Physical and Energy Requirements of Competitive Swimming Events." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 24, no. 4 (August 2014): 351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2014-0047.
Full textAbstract:
The aquatic sports competitions held during the summer Olympic Games include diving, open-water swimming, pool swimming, synchronized swimming, and water polo. Elite-level performance in each of these sports requires rigorous training and practice to develop the appropriate physiological, biomechanical, artistic, and strategic capabilities specific to each sport. Consequently, the daily training plans of these athletes are quite varied both between and within the sports. Common to all aquatic athletes, however, is that daily training and preparation consumes several hours and involves frequent periods of high-intensity exertion. Nutritional support for this high-level training is a critical element of the preparation of these athletes to ensure the energy and nutrient demands of the training and competition are met. In this article, we introduce the fundamental physical requirements of these sports and specifically explore the energetics of human locomotion in water. Subsequent articles in this issue explore the specific nutritional requirements of each aquatic sport. We hope that such exploration will provide a foundation for future investigation of the roles of optimal nutrition in optimizing performance in the aquatic sports.
35
Zemková, Erika, and Ludmila Zapletalová. "Back Problems: Pros and Cons of Core Strengthening Exercises as a Part of Athlete Training." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 10 (May 18, 2021): 5400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18105400.
Full textAbstract:
While competitive training is usually associated with the prevalence of back pain and injuries in athletes, little attention is being paid to the positive effects of sport-specific exercises on core musculature in the prevention of back problems. This scoping review aims (i) to map the literature that addresses the effects on reduction of back problems following athlete training with differing demands on the core musculature and (ii) to identify gaps in the existing literature and propose future research on this topic. The main literature search was conducted on the MEDLINE, PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library databases and was completed on Elsevier, SpringerLink, and Google Scholar. A total of 21 research articles met the inclusion criteria. The findings of 17 studies identified that core strengthening and core stabilization exercises, alone or in combination with athlete training, contribute to the reduction of back pain in athletes, whereas only four studies revealed no significant association of core muscle strength and/or endurance with back problems. Nevertheless, more research is warranted to elucidate the pros and cons of purely sport-specific training with differing demands on the core musculature on back health in athletes. This could help us to design prevention strategies specifically tailored to individual athletes.
36
Kreiner-Phillips, Kathy, and Terry Orlick. "Winning after Winning: The Psychology of Ongoing Excellence." Sport Psychologist 7, no. 1 (March 1993): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.7.1.31.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of success on athletes who reached the top of the world in their sport. Individual in-depth interviews were conducted with 17 world champion athletes, representing 7 different sports and 4 different countries. All athletes, 11 males and 6 females, had won major international competitions (World Cup, World Championships, and/or Olympic Games) between the years 1964 and 1988. The number of individual World Cup wins ranged from 1 to 86. The results indicate that athletes who became the best in their sport, subsequently experienced many additional demands. Most had little or no assistance in dealing with these demands. Approximately one third of these athletes coped well with the additional demands and continued to win. The remaining two thirds did not handle the additional demands as well and either never repeated their winning performance or took a significant amount of time to do so. Strategies to help prepare future champions to handle the demands of winning are suggested.
37
Giges, Burt, Albert J. Petitpas, and Ralph A. Vernacchia. "Helping Coaches Meet Their Own Needs: Challenges for the Sport Psychology Consultant." Sport Psychologist 18, no. 4 (December 2004): 430–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/tsp.18.4.430.
Full textAbstract:
Sport psychology offers many services to athletes to help them deal with the demands of competition. Although coaches are faced with many of the same types of stressors as athletes are, little has been offered to help them with their own needs. The purpose of this article is to examine some of the issues that are experienced by coaches and to stimulate interest in providing sport psychology services directly to them. These services include strategies to increase coaches’ self-awareness and to help them remove or cope more effectively with any psychological barriers (thoughts, feelings, wants, or behaviors) that interfere with their performance.
38
Rishiraj, N., and B. Niven. "Male Academy rugby union student-athletes in-season physical anthropometrical and physical performance changes, and comparisons with available data." South African Journal of Sports Medicine 30, no. 1 (October 9, 2018): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2078-516x/2018/v30i1a5577.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Physical performance demands of the rugby union (RU) game have increased over the past two decades. However, there are little data on these variables concentrating on developing RU players (student-athletes) over a competitive season.
Objectives: To investigate the potential enhancement of two physical anthropometrical and nine physical performance variables of male New Zealand RU Academy student-athletes over a competitive season and compare with similar published data.
Methods: Twenty student-athletes were recruited to the Otago Rugby Football Union (ORFU) two-year Academy Programme. Each week the student-athletes engaged in 25 hours of strength and conditioning training and participated in 15 hours of on-field rugby training with their respective ORFU Premier League team. Assessments sessions were scheduled for the start of the season, in-season, and pre-play-offs (week 31).
Results: Mean data from 20 student-athletes demonstrated a trivial effect size (ES) increase in body weight and skinfold measurements, while a paired t-test (p<0.05) resulted in concurrent significant improvements in lower-body power (ES = large), acceleration (ES = large), speed (10 m sprint, ES = small, 40 m sprint, ES = small), and upper body strength (bench press, ES = large and bench pull, ES = small). A non-significant physical performance improvement, with trivial ES difference, was also noted in anaerobic endurance performance.
Conclusion: Based on these data significant physical performance enhancements were observed during in-season Premier League competition while limiting fatigue and overtraining.
39
Stevenson, Christopher L. "Christian Athletes and the Culture of Elite Sport: Dilemmas and Solutions." Sociology of Sport Journal 14, no. 3 (September 1997): 241–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ssj.14.3.241.
Full textAbstract:
One underreported issue in the research on Christian athletes has been the difficulties these athletes experience in living with the demands and expectations of the dominant culture of elite, competitive sport. Data were derived from in-depth interviews with 31 elite athletes (23 males and 8 females), who were also professing Christians and associated with the evangelical organization, Athletes-in-Action. The athletes reported that it was by turning to or returning to an evangelical Christian faith that they were better able to cope with their problems and with the demands of the culture of elite, competitive sport. Discussion of these findings included a consideration of Coakley’s (1994) model “of conflict, doubt, and resolution,” which attempts to represent the conflicts experienced by Christian athletes in elite sport, and the approaches they take to assuage these conflicts.
40
Desbrow, Ben, Nicholas A. Burd, Mark Tarnopolsky, Daniel R. Moore, and Kirsty J. Elliott-Sale. "Nutrition for Special Populations: Young, Female, and Masters Athletes." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 29, no. 2 (March 1, 2019): 220–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0269.
Full textAbstract:
Adolescent, female, and masters athletes have unique nutritional requirements as a consequence of undertaking daily training and competition in addition to the specific demands of age- and gender-related physiological changes. Dietary education and recommendations for these special population athletes require a focus on eating for long-term health, with special consideration given to “at-risk” dietary patterns and nutrients (e.g., sustained restricted eating, low calcium, vitamin D and/or iron intakes relative to requirements). Recent research highlighting strategies to address age-related changes in protein metabolism and the development of tools to assist in the management of Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport are of particular relevance to special population athletes. Whenever possible, special population athletes should be encouraged to meet their nutrient needs by the consumption of whole foods rather than supplements. The recommendation of dietary supplements (particularly to young athletes) overemphasizes their ability to manipulate performance in comparison with other training/dietary strategies.
41
Watkins, Rhonda A., Dai Sugimoto, Danielle L. Hunt, Jessie R. Oldham, and Andrea Stracciolini. "THE IMPACT OF SOCIAL MEDIA USE ON SLEEP QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE AMONG COLLEGIATE ATHLETES." Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine 9, no. 7_suppl3 (July 1, 2021): 2325967121S0008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2325967121s00087.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Social media (SM) use among young adults has increased significantly in recent years and has been linked to poor sleep quality. College athletes pose a unique risk for poor sleep given their many demands. Currently, limited research is available on the impact of SM use on sleep quality, or the competition performance of college athletes. Hypothesis: College athletes who use more SM will have worse sleep quality and worse competition performance. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed among local NCAA Division III athletes. Data was collected via a SM use form, lifestyle survey, and PROMIS sleep disturbance questionnaire. SM volume (hours of SM use per day over 7 days) was recorded using the iPhone screen time function. The main outcome measures were sleep quality, using the PROMIS T-score, and performance, collected through publicly available competition results. Participants were divided into 3 groups based on their SM volume; 1) moderate SM users (SM time ≤ 2hours/day), 2) active SM users (SM time < 2 - ≤5hours/day), and 3) super active SM users (SM time > 5hours/day). For sleep quality, an ANCOVA was used to identify differences in the 3 groups while controlling for covariates (i.e. injury status, caffeine use, number of roommates, academic load, catastrophic life event, life balance and sleep medication use) that might impact sleep and performance. For performance, a binary logistic regression model was used to determine the independent association between each variable and competition performance after adjusting for confounders. Results: 87 athletes (age:19.5±1.2 years, 40 males, 47 females) completed the survey. All males participated in track and field, while the females consisted of 37 track athletes and 10 swimmers. Controlling for the effect of lifestyle variables, a difference in sleep quality was identified among the three groups (p=0.025), (Table 1. A pairwise comparison indicated that the sleep quality of super active SM users was worse than moderate SM users (p=0.033) (Figure 1). For competition performance, an independent association was found between increased Facebook time and poor performance after adjusting confounders (aOR: 0.989, 95%CI: 0.978-0.999, p=0.038), (Table 2,3). Conclusion: High SM use appears to have a negative impact on sleep quality. Also, greater SM use may hinder competition performance among college athletes. These findings may have implications for developing SM use guidelines for college athletes to improve their sleep quality and performance. Tables/Figures: [Table: see text][Table: see text][Table: see text][Figure: see text]
42
Huang, Wen-Ching, Yi-Ju Hsu, Chi-Chang Huang, Hsuan-Chen Liu, and Mon-Chien Lee. "Exercise Training Combined with Bifidobacterium longum OLP-01 Supplementation Improves Exercise Physiological Adaption and Performance." Nutrients 12, no. 4 (April 19, 2020): 1145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12041145.
Full textAbstract:
Probiotics exert multiple health benefits, including gastrointestinal health, immunoregulation, and metabolic disease improvement, by modulating microbiota to maintain eubiosis via the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) and brain–gut–microbiome axes. Physiological fatigue, mental stress, and gastrointestinal discomfort under the demands of athletic performance as well as immunosuppression are common during endurance training and competition. Limited studies investigated the functional effects of probiotic supplementation on endurance training. Bifidobacterium longum subsp. Longum OLP-01 (OLP-01), isolated from an elite Olympic athlete, was combined with a six-week exercise training program with gradually increasing intensity. In this study, Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were assigned to sedentary, exercise, OLP-01, or exercise + OLP-01 groups and administered probiotic and/or treadmill exercise training for six weeks to assess exercise performance, physiological adaption, and related metabolites. The exercise + OLP-01 group demonstrated higher performance in terms of endurance and grip strength, as well as improved fatigue-associated indexes (lactate, ammonia, creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and glycogen content), compared with the other groups. OLP-01 supplementation significantly ameliorated inflammation and injury indexes (platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), aminotransferase (AST), and CK) caused by prolonged endurance exercise test. Moreover, acetate, propionate, and butyrate levels were significantly higher in the exercise + OLP-01 group than in the sedentary and OLP-01 groups. Athletes often experience psychological and physiological stress caused by programed intensive exercise, competition, and off-site training, often leading to poor exercise performance and gastrointestinal issues. Functional OLP-01 probiotics are considered to be a nutritional strategy for improving physiological adaption, oxidative stress, inflammation, and energy balance to ensure high physical performance. Based on these results, probiotics combined with exercise training is a potential strategy for ensuring high physical performance of athletes, which should be further investigated through microbiota validation.
43
Gorski, Mark A., Stanley M. Mimoto, Vivek Khare, Viprali Bhatkar, and Arthur H. Combs. "Real-Time Digital Biometric Monitoring during Elite Athletic Competition: System Feasibility with a Wearable Medical-Grade Sensor." Digital Biomarkers 5, no. 1 (February 3, 2021): 37–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000513222.
Full textAbstract:
<b><i>Introduction:</i></b> Real-time digital heart rate (HR) monitoring in sports can provide unique physiological insights into athletic performance. However, most HR monitoring of elite athletes is limited to non-real-time, non-competition settings while utilizing sensors that are cumbersome. The present study was undertaken to test the feasibility of using small, wearable medical-grade sensors, paired with a novel technology system, to capture and process real-time HR data from elite athletes during professional competition. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> We examined the performance of the BioStamp nPoint® sensor compared to the Polar chest strap HR sensor in 15 Professional Squash Association (PSA) tournament matches in 2019–2020. Fourteen male professional squash players volunteered for the study (age = 23.8 ± 4.9 years; height = 177.9 ± 7.1 cm; weight = 71 ± 7.0 kg), which was approved by the PSA in accordance with their Code of General Conduct and Ethics. Algorithms developed by Sports Data Labs (SDL; Detroit, MI, USA) used proprietary data collection, transmission, and signal processing protocols to produce HR values in real-time during matches. We calculated the mean and maximum HR from both sensors and used widely accepted measures of agreement to compare their performance. <b><i>Results:</i></b> The system captured 99.8% of HR data across all matches (range 98.3–100%). The BioStamp’s mean HR was 170.4 ± 20.3 bpm, while the Polar’s mean HR was 169.4 ± 21.7 bpm. Maximum HR ranged from 182 to 202 bpm (Polar) and 185 to 203 bpm (BioStamp). Spearman’s correlation coefficient (<i>r</i><sub>s</sub>) was 0.986 (<i>p</i> < 0.001), indicating a strong correlation between the 2 devices. The mean difference (<i>d</i>) in HR was 1.0 bpm, the mean absolute error was 2.2 bpm, and the percent difference was 0.72%, demonstrating high agreement between device measurements. <b><i>Conclusions:</i></b> It is feasible to accurately measure and monitor real-time HR in elite athletes during competition using BioStamp’s and SDL’s proprietary system. This system facilitates development and understanding of physiological digital biomarkers of athletic performance and physical and psychosocial demands in elite athletic competition.
44
Vamos, Sandra, and Annika Steinmann. "Applying a health literacy lens to youth sport: a focus on doping prevention in Germany." Global Health Promotion 26, no. 1 (March 16, 2017): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975916683380.
Full textAbstract:
There are two camps when it comes to youth in high-performance sports and whether competition is good or destructive. Despite opportunities for positive development, the demands of increasing competitive levels and related situational stressors among young athletes can be a double-edged sword. Doping is becoming increasingly popular and more readily available to the youth sports population. Improving the health of youth in competitive sport requires us to think about health and its determinants in a more sophisticated manner. We share a current initiative in Germany that reflects this broader thinking by integrating ‘education for health literacy’ as one strategy in youth sport settings with regard to doping prevention. Implications and emerging opportunities to take further action for doping prevention and health improvement applicable for German and global contexts are offered.
45
Milner, N. P. "Athletics, army recruitment and heroisation: L. Sep. Fl. Flavillianus of Oinoanda." Anatolian Studies 61 (December 2011): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0066154600008826.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis article presents an inscribed statue base discovered at Oinoanda by Professor Martin Ferguson Smith in 2002. The new inscription is placed in its historical context, and the commentary traces the implications for our understanding of Roman army recruitment, the role of the civic élite in responding to the demands of the imperial government and the practice of heroisation in the competition for honour among the notables who were also the city's victorious athletes.
46
Douglas, Adam, Michael A. Rotondi, Joseph Baker, Veronica K. Jamnik, and Alison K. Macpherson. "On-Ice Physical Demands of World-Class Women’s Ice Hockey: From Training to Competition." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 9 (October 1, 2019): 1227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0571.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose: To compare on-ice external and internal training loads in world-class women’s ice hockey during training and competition. Methods: On-ice training loads were collected during 1 season from 25 world-class ice hockey players via wearable technology. A total of 105 on-ice sessions were recorded, which consisted of 61 training sessions and 44 matches. Paired and unpaired t tests compared training and competition data between and across playing positions. Results: For training data, there was a difference between positions for PlayerLoad (P < .001, effect size [ES] = 0.32), PlayerLoad·minute−1 (P < .001, ES = 0.55), explosive efforts (P < .001, ES = 0.63), and training impulse (P < .001, ES = 0.48). For the competition data, there were also differences between positions for PlayerLoad (P < .001, ES = 0.26), PlayerLoad·minute−1 (P < .001, ES = 0.38), explosive efforts (P < .001, ES = 0.64), and training impulse (P < .001, ES = 1.47). Similar results were found when positions were viewed independently; competition had greater load and intensity across both positions for PlayerLoad, training impulse, and explosive efforts (P < .001, ES = 1.59–2.98) and with PlayerLoad·minute−1 (P = .016, ES = 0.25) for the defense. Conclusions: There are clear differences in the volume and intensity of external and internal workloads between training and competition sessions. These differences were also evident when comparing the playing positions, with defense having lower outputs than forwards. These initial results can be used to design position-specific drills that replicate match demands for ice hockey athletes.
47
Gonçalves, Carlos E. B., Luís M. L. Rama, and António B. Figueiredo. "Talent Identification and Specialization in Sport: An Overview of Some Unanswered Questions." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 7, no. 4 (December 2012): 390–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.7.4.390.
Full textAbstract:
The theory of deliberate practice postulates that experts are always made, not born. This theory translated to the youth-sport domain means that if athletes want to be high-level performers, they need to deliberately engage in practice during the specialization years, spending time wisely and always focusing on tasks that challenge current performance. Sport organizations in several countries around the world created specialized training centers where selected young talents practice under the supervision of experienced coaches in order to become professional athletes and integrate onto youth national teams. Early specialization and accurate observation by expert coaches or scouts remain the only tools to find a potential excellent athlete among a great number of participants. In the current study, the authors present 2 of the problems raised by talent search and the risks of such a search. Growth and maturation are important concepts to better understand the identification, selection, and development processes of young athletes. However, the literature suggests that sport-promoting strategies are being maintained despite the increased demands in the anthropometric characteristics of professional players and demands of actual professional soccer competitions. On the other hand, identifying biological variables that can predict performance is almost impossible.
48
McLean, Blake D., Donald Strack, Jennifer Russell, and Aaron J. Coutts. "Quantifying Physical Demands in the National Basketball Association—Challenges Around Developing Best-Practice Models for Athlete Care and Performance." International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance 14, no. 4 (April 1, 2019): 414–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2018-0384.
Full textAbstract:
The National Basketball Association (NBA) has an extremely demanding competition schedule, requiring its athletes to compete in 82 regular-season games over a 6-mo period (∼3.4 games/wk). Despite the demanding schedule and high value of athletes, there is little public information on the specific game and training demands required to compete in the NBA. Although provisions in the NBA collective-bargaining agreement allow for research designed to improve player health and broaden medical knowledge, such information is sparse in the available literature. In relation to the physical demands of the NBA, the current lack of information likely results from multiple factors including limited understanding of (basketball-related) emerging technologies, impact of specific league rules, and steps taken to protect players in the age of Big Data. This article explores current limitations in describing specific game/training demands in the NBA and provides perspectives on how some of these challenges may be overcome. The authors propose that future collaborations between league entities, NBA clubs, commercial partners, and outside research institutions will enhance understanding of the physical demands in the NBA (and other health- and performance-related areas). More detailed understanding of physical demands (games, practices, and travel) and other health-related areas can augment player-centered decision making, leading to enhanced player care, increased availability, and improved physical performance.
49
Doherty, Madigan, Warrington, and Ellis. "Sleep and Nutrition Interactions: Implications for Athletes." Nutrients 11, no. 4 (April 11, 2019): 822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11040822.
Full textAbstract:
This narrative review explores the relationship between sleep and nutrition. Various nutritional interventions have been shown to improve sleep including high carbohydrate, high glycaemic index evening meals, melatonin, tryptophan rich protein, tart cherry juice, kiwifruit and micronutrients. Sleep disturbances and short sleep duration are behavioural risk factors for inflammation, associated with increased risk of illness and disease, which can be modified to promote sleep health. For sleep to have a restorative effect on the body, it must be of adequate duration and quality; particularly for athletes whose physical and mental recovery needs may be greater due to the high physiological and psychological demands placed on them during training and competition. Sleep has been shown to have a restorative effect on the immune system, the endocrine system, facilitate the recovery of the nervous system and metabolic cost of the waking state and has an integral role in learning, memory and synaptic plasticity, all of which can impact both athletic recovery and performance. Functional food-based interventions designed to enhance sleep quality and quantity or promote general health, sleep health, training adaptations and/or recovery warrant further investigation.
50
Douglas, J. L., M. Price, and D. M. Peters. "A systematic review of physical fitness, physiological demands and biomechanical performance in equestrian athletes." Comparative Exercise Physiology 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/cep12003.
Full textAbstract:
This article presents a systematic review of the literature investigating physical fitness, physiological demands and biomechanical performance in equestrian athletes. Three databases (SportsDiscus, CAB abstracts and PubMed) were searched to identify the literature. The main search term of ‘horse-riding’ was combined with eleven specific keywords (‘fitness’, ‘physiology’, ‘biomechanics’, ‘equestrian’, ‘athlete’, ‘co-ordination’, ‘heart rate’, ‘oxygen consumption’ ‘kinematic’ ‘EMG’ and ‘skill’). Exclusion criteria were: conference proceedings, abstracts, theses, and non-peer reviewed articles. Subsequently, 15 peer-reviewed papers were identified and included within this review. The main research findings are that as a horse progresses through the gaits (walk, trot and canter), the rider's heart rate and oxygen consumption increase. The causal physiological factor at present is thought to be higher levels of tonic muscular contraction particularly of the trunk, which in elite equestrians achieves a more controlled upright trunk position, compared to their novice counterparts. It is the faster gaits, and jumping that require the rider to adopt a ‘forwards’ riding position that necessitates weight bearing to be through the rider's legs, as opposed to a seated position, where weight bearing is predominantly through the pelvis. It is apparent that these ‘forward position’ modes of riding significantly increase metabolic cost and result in elevated levels of blood lactate, thus implying that they incorporate some anaerobic demand. Due to the paucity of literature available for review and particularly that which incorporates data obtained from ‘competitive’ performances, future research should attempt to prioritise investigations in competitive in addition to simulated riding environments. Only when further physiological and biomechanical data are available from a greater range of equestrian disciplines and from a range of level of athletes, will the demands of these sports be more clearly understood. Until such time, the development of evidence-based sport specific and potentially performance enhancing rider strength and conditioning programmes cannot be realised.