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1
Mahon, Rianne. The OECD and the reconciliation agenda: Competing blueprints. Toronto, ON: Childcare Resource & Research Unit, University of Toronto, 2005.
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2
W, Wright J. Competing trade agendas in the Arab-Israeli peace process. Abu Dhabi: Emirates Center for Strategic Studies and Research, 1998.
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3
Lauren, Hoffman, and Murray Lynn E, eds. School leaders building capacity from within: Resolving competing agendas creatively. Thousand Oaks, Calif: Corwin Press, 2005.
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4
Waldfogel, Jane. What do we expect lone mothers to do?: Competing agendas for welfare reform in the United States. London: Suntory-Toyota International Centre for Economics and Related Disciplines, 1996.
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5
Office, General Accounting. Food aid: Competing goals and requirements hinder Title I program results : report to Congressional committees. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1995.
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6
Turnbull, Penelope Anne. Germany, Britain and the instutionalisation of justice and home affairs co-operation and the European Union: Competing visions and common agendas. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 2000.
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7
Boyd, G. W. An assessment of the necessary interactions between the environment agency and other competent authorities in the determination and enforcement of I.P.C. authorisations at top-tier Cimah sites, using the oil refining industry sector as an example. Manchester: UMIST, 1996.
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8
McKenna, Michael. Power, Social Inequities, and the Conversational Theory of Moral Responsibility. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190609610.003.0002.
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According to the conversational theory, moral responsibility is essentially interpersonal and communicative. Indeed, it is not only communicative; it has a conversational dimension. On the conversational theory, an agent’s actions—those that are candidates for blameworthiness or praiseworthiness—are potential bearers of meaning, where meaning is a function of the quality of an agent’s will. This meaning is analogous to the meaning a competent speaker conveys when she engages in conversation. Call this “agent meaning.” Like speaker meaning, agent meaning can be affected by the interpretive framework whereby others interpret the meaning of an agent’s actions. One aspect of the conversational theory that remains unexplored is how asymmetrical power-dynamics, especially resulting from social inequities, shape the interpretive framework that in turn influences the context in which morally responsible agents act. This chapter explores this topic and thereby exposes an unpalatable side to the nature of our moral responsibility practices.
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Robillard, Michael. Fighting for One’s Self. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190495657.003.0006.
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This chapter explores a dilemma arising from interveners’ competing duties to respect authorization and to enforce necessity. Even in cases where an intervener could defend an agent more effectively and less harmfully, there is still good reason (within limits) for interveners to refrain from enforcing necessity and to allow or encourage agents to fight for themselves. Borrowing from the works of Statman and Frowe, the chapter argues that “defense of one’s honor” can serve as an independent moral reason justifying one’s use of defensive force, even in cases where necessity appears not to be met. It then considers what implications such analysis holds for interventions at the international level, arguing that political communities may gain extra moral permissions when fighting on behalf of an emergent impersonal good over and above the community’s individual members. Despite this claim, it does not commit one to collectivism.
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Öztürk, Mustafa Bilgehan, Ahu Tatli, and Mustafa Özbilgin. Global Diversity Management. Edited by Regine Bendl, Inge Bleijenbergh, Elina Henttonen, and Albert J. Mills. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199679805.013.12.
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Diversity management is an increasingly mature field defined by a wide array of conceptual approaches and competing discourses of diversity. This chapter briefly reviews the field of diversity to locate our discussion of a crucial problematic in global diversity management: implementing global diversity management standards locally. We take the UK as the local context for our analysis, and report findings from a study funded by the Equal Opportunities Commission on the use of equality and diversity tools. Our empirical evidence underscores the importance of localities and specific contexts, and emphasizes that equality and diversity tools can serve as an effective resource for local diversity officers of global firms to progress their agendas for organizational change locally. In the UK context effective diversity management crucially hinges on securing the buy-in of businesses and providing context-sensitive toolkits to local diversity management officers and organizational change agents to ensure equality and inclusion.
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Citizenship, Enterprise and Learning: Harmonising Competing Educational Agendas. Trentham Books, 2007.
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12
Ghaleigh, Navraj Singh. Economics and International Climate Change Law. Edited by Kevin R. Gray, Richard Tarasofsky, and Cinnamon Carlarne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199684601.003.0004.
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This chapter presents an economic analysis of climate change and international climate change law. From an economic perspective, the environment becomes a scarce resource which must be allocated between competing ends. The economics of climate change draws mainly on the two foundational insights of economics. The first is that the free exchange of goods tends to move resources to their highest valued use, in which case the allocation of resources is said to be ‘Pareto-efficient’. The second is that economic agents respond to incentives. Economic agents are rational utility maximizers, meaning that they will undertake those actions which raise their level of utility. The chapter examines economist Ronald Coase’s article The Problem of Social Cost, which deals with externalities, the cost or benefit that affects a party who did not choose to incur that cost or benefit, and applies it to pollution and emissions trading.
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Kölbel, Andrea. In Search of a Future. Edited by Meenakshi Thapan. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190124519.001.0001.
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In a conversation about youth agency, the most common discourses that come up are of acts of liberation, resistance, and deviance. However, this perspective is fairly narrow and runs the risk of reinforcing pervasive and often polarizing depictions of youth. In order to broaden the understanding of young people’s collective actions and their potential social implications, it is necessary to ask: What types of agency do young people demonstrate? This book aims to scrutinize some of the conceptual ideas that underlie prevalent visions of youth as agents of social change and as a source of hope for a better future. As a part of the Education and Society in South Asia series, it provides insightful accounts of students’ daily routines on and around a public university campus in Kathmandu, Nepal, and calls attention to a group of non-elite university students who have remained less visible in scholarly and public debates about student activism, youth unemployment, and international migration. By placing different strands of literature on youth, aspiration, and mobility into conversation, In Search of a Future unveils new and important perspectives on how young people navigate competing social expectations, educational inequalities, and limited job prospects.
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Walen, Alec D. The Mechanics of Claims and Permissible Killing in War. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190872045.001.0001.
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This book operates on two levels. On the more practical level, its overarching concern is to answer the question, When is it permissible to use lethal force to defend people against threats? The deeper concern of the book, however, is to lay out and defend a new account of rights, the mechanics of claims. This framework constructs rights from the premise that rights provide a normative space in which people can pursue their own ends while treating each other as free and equal fellow-agents whose welfare morally matters. According to the mechanics of claims, rights result from first weighing competing patient-claims on an agent, then determining if the agent has a strong enough agent-claim to act contrary to the balance of patient-claims on her, and then looking to see if special claims limit her freedom. The strength of claims in this framework reflects not just the interest in play but the nature of the claims. Threats who have no right to threaten have weaker claims not to be harmed than bystanders who might be harmed as a side effect, all else equal. With this model, a central problem in just war theory can be pushed to the margins: determining when people have forfeited their rights and are liable to harm. Threats may lack a right not to be killed even if they have done nothing to forfeit it.
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Carli, Linda L. Social Influence and Gender. Edited by Stephen G. Harkins, Kipling D. Williams, and Jerry Burger. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199859870.013.16.
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This chapter reviews current research on gender and social influence. Overall, men exert greater influence than women do. Women’s disadvantage derives from gender stereotypes that characterize men as more competent and agentic than women and that require women to be more selfless and communal than men. Both agentic and communal behaviors predict influence. As a result, women are subjected to a double bind. They may lack influence because of doubt about their competence, or they may lack influence because their competent behavior elicits concern that they are insufficiently communal. In contrast, men have greater behavioral flexibility than women do as influence agents. Men tend to be more resistant to women’s influence than women are, particularly when female influence agents behave in a highly competent manner. Resistance to female influence can be reduced in contexts that are stereotypically feminine and when women display a blend of agentic and communal qualities.
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Burrello, Leonard C., Lauren Hoffman, and Lynn Murray. School Leaders Building Capacity From Within: Resolving Competing Agendas Creatively. Corwin Press, 2004.
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Burrello, Leonard C., Lauren Hoffman, and Lynn Murray. School Leaders Building Capacity From Within: Resolving Competing Agendas Creatively. Corwin Press, 2004.
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18
Laver, Michael, and Ernest Sergenti. Endogenous Parties, Interaction of Different Decision Rules. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691139036.003.0006.
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This chapter attempts to develop more realistic and interesting models in which the set of competing parties is a completely endogenous output of the process of party competition. It also seeks to model party competition when different party leaders use different decision rules in the same setting by building on an approach pioneered in a different context by Robert Axelrod. This involves long-running computer “tournaments” that allow investigation of the performance and “robustness” of decision rules in an environment where any politician using any rule may encounter an opponent using either the same decision rule or some quite different rule. The chapter is most interested in how a decision rule performs against anything the competitive environment might throw against it, including agents using decision rules that are difficult to anticipate and/or comprehend.
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Katz, Richard S., and Peter Mair. The Rise and Decline of Parties. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199586011.003.0002.
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When they rose to prominence in the régimes censitaires of the nineteenth century, most political parties were based primarily in parliament and had little external organization. With the advent of mass suffrage, these elite parties were challenged by a new type of organization, the mass party ostensibly rooted in particular segments of society and with extensive extraparliamentary membership organizations that were, in theory, the authoritative voice of the party. By the second half of the twentieth century, both mass parties and the remaining elite parties were evolving into catch-all parties, with the party in public office more assertive of its independence and with parties increasingly working as brokers among competing interests rather than as the agents of particular interest. None of these any longer describes the nature of contemporary party politics, however.
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Jordan, Randolph. Acoustical Properties. Edited by Yael Kaduri. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199841547.013.44.
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One of the defining thematic preoccupations in the fiction filmmaking of Philippe Grandrieux, one of the leading figures in French Art Cinema, is that of the politics of property. InSombre, La Vie Nouvelle, andUn Lac, the relationship dynamics between a woman and a variety of agents competing to claim her are mapped out in the overlap between different registers of space. This overlap opens up complex dynamics between differing spatial practices that are evident within Grandrieux’s narratives and the stylistics with which he shapes them, breaking down conventional understanding of the distance between screen and audience. This chapter argues that one cannot account for the richness of spatial practice in these films without attention to the representation of acoustic space. Drawing on recent concepts in sound studies and critical geography, and expanding upon the literature on Grandrieux’s work, the author focuses on instances of spatial delineation that defines elements of owned property in each of these films.
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Jr, J. W. Wright. Political Economy of Middle East Peace: The Impact of Competing Trade Agendas. Taylor & Francis Group, 2015.
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W, Wright J., ed. The political economy of Middle East peace: The impact of competing trade agendas. London: Routledge, 1999.
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23
Yi-chong, Xu, and Patrick Weller. Agenda Setting. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719496.003.0005.
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Agenda setting and agenda management are key elements for the effective operation of IOs. They are at the centre of political manœuvring among member states and between states and IOs, and are a competitive process within which players strive to get their issues on the agenda. This chapter first examines how the mandates are interpreted and reinterpreted. It then explores the potential role played by the key players in agenda setting, be they IO leaders, international civil servants, member states, or non-state players. It finally examines how competing multilateral institutions changed the politics of agenda setting in IOs. The conclusion stresses how pluralistic agenda setting has become. It is not the sole prerogative of powerful member states but is open to a much larger range of influences.
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Holroyd, Jules. Two Ways of Socializing Moral Responsibility. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190609610.003.0006.
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This chapter evaluates two competing views of morally responsible agency. The first view at issue is Vargas’s circumstantialism—on which responsible agency is a function of the agent and her circumstances, and so is highly context sensitive. The second view is McGeer’s scaffolded-responsiveness view, on which responsible agency is constituted by the capacity for responsiveness to reasons directly, and indirectly via sensitivity to the expectations of one’s audience (whose sensitivity may be more developed than one’s own). This chapter defends a version of the scaffolded-responsiveness view, and develops two further claims. Firstly, moral responsibility should not be tied too closely to liability to praise or blame. Secondly, rather than revising our existing concept of responsibility, we would do better to ask what we want the concept of responsibility for.
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Beer, Daniel. Morality and Subjectivity, 1860s–1920s. Edited by Simon Dixon. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199236701.013.018.
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This chapter examines not the changing moral and sexual codes of Russian society in the decades of reform and revolution, but rather the notions of moral agency and subjectivity that contemporaries believed found expression in the observance, subversion and violation of these codes. Competing understandings of human motivation and behaviour informed the public representation of acts of infidelity, sexual corruption, rape, petty crime, suicide and murder. Drawing on a wide range of literary, journalistic, political and medico-legal texts, the chapter explores both the rise and the fall of the autonomous moral agent in Russian culture between the Great Reforms and the New Economic Policy.
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Cabrera, Luis, ed. Institutional Cosmopolitanism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190905651.001.0001.
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Is a global institutional order composed of sovereign states fit for cosmopolitan moral purpose? Cosmopolitan political theorists challenge claims that states, nations, and other collectives have ultimate moral significance. They focus instead on individuals: on what they share and on what each may owe to all others. They see principles of distributive justice—and increasingly political justice—applying with force in a global system in which billions continue to suffer from severe poverty and deprivation, political repression, interstate violence, and other ills. Cosmopolitans diverge, however, on the institutional implications of their shared moral view. Some argue that the current system of competing sovereign states tends to promote unjust outcomes and stands in need of deep structural reform. Others reject such claims and contend that justice can be pursued through transforming the orientations and conduct of individual and collective agents, especially states. This volume brings together prominent political theorists and international relations scholars—including some skeptics of cosmopolitanism—in a far-ranging dialogue about the institutional implications of the approach. The contributors offer penetrating analyses of both continuing and emerging issues around state sovereignty, democratic autonomy and accountability, and the promotion and protection of human rights. They also debate potential reforms of the current global system, from the transformation of cities and states to the creation of some encompassing world government capable of effectively promoting cosmopolitan aims.
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Bunte, Jonas B. Raise the Debt. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190866167.001.0001.
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Governments frequently borrow money. It is often assumed that it is creditors, and creditors alone, who determine what loans developing countries obtain. Yet this is only partially true: the data show that countries with the same credit rating, income levels, and degree of democracy exhibit a remarkable diversity in the types of creditors used. Some borrow from China, while others turn to the United States; some borrow from private investors, while others rely on multilateral institutions. Apparently, developing countries have some choice. Developing countries are not merely passive recipients gobbling up whatever loans they can get, but active agents. This book systematically explains how governments choose among competing loan offers. The argument focuses on societal interest groups in recipient countries and the distributional consequences of external loans. For example, China and the International Monetary Fund might both offer the same loan volume, but the strings attached to the loans differ. As a result, domestic interest groups would benefit from one loan but not the other. Governments then cater to whichever domestic interest group coalition dominates by borrowing from that coalition’s preferred creditor. Interviews with decision-makers in Ecuador, Peru, and Colombia provide strong evidence that domestic politics shape borrowing decisions. A Statistical analyses confirms that borrowing portfolios around the world reflect the relative strength of societal interest groups. Understanding why certain loans are chosen is critical for gaining insights into the effects these loans might have on growth and democracy.
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Berman, Joshua A. Inconsistency in the Torah. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190658809.001.0001.
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This book proposes a new approach to the Pentateuch’s narrative and legal inconsistencies that scholars have taken as signs of fragmentation and competing agendas. Recent studies of the scribal culture of the ancient Near East reveal that the models of textual growth hypothesized by biblicists often find no basis in the empirical evidence of these neighboring cultures. It reveals precursors for a variety of Pentateuchal inconsistencies in the narrative literature of the ancient Near East, deliberately deployed by a single agent. It explores the inconsistencies between the Pentateuch’s law corpora and arguing the view that these collections conflict with one another rests on an anachronistic understanding of ancient Near Eastern and biblical law as statutory law. It maintains that the historical critical approach to the Pentateuch has relied upon scholarly intuition concerning the inconsistencies found in the text. The recent pivot to empirical models constitutes a major challenge to traditional historical-critical method, mandating a review of its premises. The book includes a critical intellectual history of the theories of textual growth in biblical studies tracing how critics were influenced first by the fascination with science in the eighteenth century and then by Romanticism and Historicism in the nineteenth. These movements unwittingly led the field to adopt a range of commitments and interests that impede the proper execution of historical critical method in the study of the Pentateuch. It concludes by advocating a return to the hermeneutics of Spinoza and adopting a methodologically modest agenda.
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Boix, Carles. The Emergence of Parties and Party Systems. Edited by Carles Boix and Susan C. Stokes. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566020.003.0021.
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This article discusses the emergence of parties and party systems. It summarizes the two main competing explanations of party systems, which are the neo-institutionalist research agenda and the historical-sociological literature. It then evaluates their strengths and limitations. The last two sections are focused on a new method of restructuring the way people think about how parties emerged. This method eventually integrates both approaches within a broad analytical framework.
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Kamtekar, Rachana. Psychology for Sophists. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798446.003.0003.
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Chapter 2 argues that in the Protagoras, Socrates hypothesizes, (1) ‘virtue is knowledge and vice ignorance’ because if true, it would explain how virtue can be taught (as Protagoras claims), and then argues for a ‘higher’ hypothesis, (3) ‘we always do what we believe to be the best of our options’, on the basis of a ‘highest’ hypothesis, ‘pleasure is the good’, for if true, these higher hypotheses would explain how virtue can be knowledge (as virtue’s teachability seems to require). The identification of the good with pleasure serves not only to introduce (3) in the Protagoras but also to replace a popular conception of the agent as moved to act by the strongest of competing forces with a conception of the agent as a subject representing actions as good/better and bad/worse and acting on what appears best.
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Geppert, Cynthia, and Peter J. Taylor. What Troubles Psychiatrists. Edited by John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford, and Cornelius Werendly van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732365.013.14.
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This chapter presents the results of the 2011 Psychiatric Times ethics survey of psychiatrists. The nearly seven hundred participants responded to questions exploring opinions on general questions regarding ethical dilemmas and short scenarios on topics in the domains of end-of-life, professional boundaries, conflict of interest and public health. Qualitative and descriptive analysis of the data reveals three broad areas of ethical conflicts in current psychiatric practice: rise of technology, competing agendas, and the ascendency of medication management.
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Hutchinson, Ben. Comparative Literature: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780198807278.001.0001.
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Comparative literature is both the past and the future of literary studies. Its history is intimately linked to the political upheavals of modernity: from colonial empire-building in the 19th century to the postcolonial culture wars of the 21st century. But what is comparative literature? Comparative Literature: A Very Short Introduction tells the story of comparative literature as an agent of international relations, from the point of view both of scholarship and of cultural history. Outlining the complex history and competing theories of comparative literature, it offers an accessible means of entry into a notoriously slippery subject, and shows the value and importance of encountering literature from outside one’s own culture.
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Jeske, Diane. Do the Ends Justify the Means? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190685379.003.0004.
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Moral deliberation, like deliberation in general, almost always involves some appeal to the consequences of the actions available to the agent. The case studies of Franz Stangl, Ted Bundy, and Charles Colcock Jones provide examples of an appeal to consequences to attempt to justify action. In order to see what is wrong with the way that these men reasoned, the chapter examines the competing moral theories of consequentialism and deontology, and the nature of intrinsic versus instrumental value. By doing so, the author shows how to isolate errors in appealing to consequences such as failure to identify the full array of options, the effects on all people, and the overweighting of one’s own interests and of the interests of one’s loved ones.
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Bloomer, Kristin C. Authenticity and Double Trouble. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190615093.003.0004.
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Nancy, a follower of Jecintho from a lower-caste Hindu-Christian family, claims also to be possessed by Mātā and exhibits stigmata. This chapter examines Nancy’s story and her circumstances, as well as the dismissal of her claims by Rosalind and her community at the Our Lady of Jecintho Prayer House. What do Nancy’s and Rosalind’s competing claims mean about authenticity and agency? Caste, gender, and family roles appear to influence Nancy’s possession as she tries to decide whether or not to enter an arranged marriage, and she seems to be ambivalent about sex. Nancy is also influenced by her charismatic Catholic upbringing and by local cultural tropes.
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Kalyvas, Stathis N. Civil Wars. Edited by Carles Boix and Susan C. Stokes. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199566020.003.0018.
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This article studies civil wars. Kalyvas defines a civil war as armed combat taking place within the boundaries of a recognized sovereign entity between parties that are subject to a common authority at the outset of the hostilities. The article starts by determining why a study of civil war is important. This is followed by a section on the various macro findings and debates on civil war. The issue of the relation between a country's rural dimension and civil war is discussed, in order to help illustrate some of the complexities in figuring and sorting out competing causal mechanisms. The article ends with discussions of the types of civil war and the possible future research agendas.
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Slote, Michael, and Heather Battaly. Sentimentalist Virtue Epistemology. Edited by Nancy E. Snow. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199385195.013.51.
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Virtue ethics and virtue epistemology have been reviving in recent decades. There are currently two main competing branches of virtue ethics: the neo-Aristotelian and the sentimentalist or neo-Humean. But the two main forms of virtue epistemology, reliabilism and responsibilism, both take inspiration from Aristotle: the former from his work on intellectual virtue, the latter from his work on ethical virtue. In neither case is Hume in the picture, but we hope to show the reader that virtue epistemology in fact has a lot to learn from Hume and from sentimentalism. Here, we explore an alternative to both reliabilism and responsibilism: personalism. Personalism recognizes two categories of epistemic virtues that have been undervalued by reliabilists and responsibilists. It recognizes natural epistemic virtues that operate at the level of the person, and acquired epistemic virtues for which the agent herself is not responsible.
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Williamson, Arthur. David Hume, Richard Verstegan, and the Battle for Britain. Edited by Malcolm Smuts. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199660841.013.19.
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This chapter considers the debate about Anglo-Scottish union that accompanied James VI’s accession to the southern Crown. Through an analysis of David Hume of Godscroft’sDe Unione insulae Britannicaeand Richard Verstegan’sA Restitution of decayed intelligence, both published on 1605, it argues that the prospective union was far more politically fraught and intellectually significant than commonly recognized. Unionists like Hume urged ethnic erasure through the forging of a common British identity within an integrated British state. Brito-Sceptics like Verstegan stressed ethnic difference to the point of adopting Tacitean racial vocabularies. Precocious historical linguistics underlay each side. Each carried at its center a competing religious agenda. These matrices provide a frame for understanding the contemporary writings of such figures as Richard Hooker, William Camden, and William Shakespeare.
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Ramey, Jessie B. Contesting Orphans. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252036903.003.0008.
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This concluding chapter demonstrates how James Caldwell's experience highlights the way in which orphanages served as “community institutions,” serving the needs of the local people who used them. But institutional child care was contested terrain. Both the United Presbyterian Orphan's Home (UPOH) and the HCC illustrate how many different stakeholders negotiated the development of child care institutions, each with sometimes competing agendas and expectations. Similarly, the managers displayed motives of social control, wishing to not only assist poor children, but to reform poor families themselves. These managing women were the most powerful stakeholders in the orphanages, but they were never alone; their control of the institutions was mediated by constant interaction with working-class families, reformers, staff, and the broader community.
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Miller, Kenneth P. Texas vs. California. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190077365.001.0001.
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Texas and California are the leaders of red and blue America. As the nation has polarized, its most populous and economically powerful states have taken charge of the opposing camps. These states now advance sharply contrasting political and policy agendas and view themselves as competitors for control of the nation’s future. This book provides a detailed account of the rivalry’s emergence, present state, and possible future. First, it explores why, despite their many similarities, the two states have become so deeply divided. The explanations focus on critical differences in the state’s origins as well as in their later demographic, economic, cultural, and political development. Second, the book analyzes how the two states have translated their competing visions into policy. It describes how Texas and California have constructed opposing, comprehensive policy models—one conservative, the other progressive. It describes how these models operate and how they have produced widely different outputs in a range of domestic policy areas. In separate chapters, the book highlights the states’ contrasting policies in five areas: tax, labor, energy and environment, poverty, and social issues. It also shows how Texas and California have led the red and blue state blocs in seeking to influence federal policy in these and other areas. Finally, the book assesses the two models’ strengths, vulnerabilities, and potential futures, providing a balanced analysis of their competing visions.
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Koenig, Sarah. Providence and the Invention of American History. Yale University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300251005.001.0001.
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In 1847, Protestant missionary Marcus Whitman was killed after a disastrous eleven-year effort to evangelize the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest. By 1897, Whitman was a national hero, celebrated in textbooks, monuments, and historical scholarship as the “Savior of Oregon.” But his fame was based on a tall tale — one that was about to be exposed. This book traces the rise and fall of Marcus Whitman's legend, revealing two patterns in the development of American history. On the one hand is providential history, marked by the conviction that God is an active agent in human history and that historical work can reveal patterns of divine will. On the other hand is objective history, which arose from the efforts of Catholics and other racial and religious outsiders to resist providentialists' pejorative descriptions of non-Protestants and nonwhites. The book examines how these competing visions continue to shape understandings of the American past and the nature of historical truth.
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Gioia, Dennis A., and Aimee L. Hamilton. Great Debates in Organizational Identity Study. Edited by Michael G. Pratt, Majken Schultz, Blake E. Ashforth, and Davide Ravasi. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199689576.013.13.
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Historically speaking, there have been a number of great debates in the organizational identity literature. Undoubtedly the most basic still is, “Is there such a thing as organizational identity?” This debate might best be characterized as an ontological debate. A second debate has to do with what can be known about the phenomenon. This epistemological debate has pitted various “camps” against each other. The three most prominent camps are the social actor, social construction, and institutional theory views on organizational identity. We suggest a conceptual pathway for reconciling these apparently competing views and furthering the research agenda for organizational identity. This chapter argues that despite the debated differences among these views, each largely depicts identity as “entitative.” Our proposed reconciliation centers on a fourth “processual” view on identity, that is, identity-as-flow.
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Elledge, C. D. Studying Resurrection Today. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199640416.003.0001.
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This chapter defines the parameters of the concept of resurrection in early Judaism and charts its reception within various literary genres. Within a diverse conceptual environment of attitudes toward death and human existence, resurrection made bold and selective claims about divine agency, the characteristics of embodied life, and the location of human existence within the larger spatial arena of the cosmos. The representation of resurrection in early Jewish literature is increasingly strong across a variety of literary genres and works of regionally diverse origins. The chapter criticizes the myth, however, that it was somehow dominant within early Judaism. Instead, resurrection emerged as a controversial theodicy within a larger conceptual arena in which attitudes toward death and the body became matters of intense dispute among competing scribal circles within the Hellenistic era.
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Elliott, Dyan. Gender and The Christian Traditions. Edited by Judith Bennett and Ruth Karras. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199582174.013.011.
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Classical and medieval thinkers had much to say about gendered topics, including proper social roles and relationships for men and women, differing physical and psychological make-ups, and behaviors that might cause blurring between characteristics understood to belong to each sex. The theological arguments and pastoral direction of the Middle Ages relied heavily on precedents drawn from early Christianity, making an understanding of the apostolic and patristic periods essential when examining gender issues. This essay, therefore, addresses debates from both early Christianity and the central Middle Ages, concentrating primarily on discussions about the merits of virginity versus celibacy, but also treating discourse on "virile" women and the effects of the rediscovery of Aristotelian thought on ideas about procreation and the female body. Since these discussions often took place as their authors addressed contemporary crises, they offer an opportunity to examine Christian society's shifting, and often competing, values, especially those pertaining women.
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Little, Margaret Olivia, and Coleen Macnamara. For Better or Worse. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808930.003.0008.
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A striking feature of the life of practical agency is the substantial latitude it includes. One suggestion for how to explain this latitude is that such latitude points to pluralism in the very way that reasons favor: some reasons favor deontically, and other reasons only commend. However, there is a critical question about the comparative lives of such reasons. They presumably admit of different strengths, and are thus capable of ordering options. While one might agree that we have latitude to decline following the direction of a reason that merely commends, it seems that once we face two or more such reasons that offer competing recommendations, only the action supported by the better reason is a candidate for action. Against this challenge, this chapter argues that commendatory reasons have the ability to defend, in the cases we care about, the moral and rational acceptability of doing the less worthy.
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Weller, Patrick. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199646203.003.0010.
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The conclusion first assesses the prime ministers against the criteria set out in the introduction: their longevity, their control over their parties, and their ability to shape the agenda. The first two can provide evidence of those who were successful. Noticeably those who brought their party from opposition to government were those who were likely to flourish. Second, the conclusion explores the difference between the four political systems and the impact they have on the working of the prime ministers. It identifies the variations in cabinet practices and the degree to which cabinet remains a consistent decision-making forum in Australia and New Zealand but less so in Britain and Canada. It concludes by stressing that much of the difference can be explained by the levels of accountability prime ministers have to their parliamentary colleagues, rather than a broader party electorate: a choice between competing principles of party democracy and accountability.
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Retallack, James. The Possibilities of Liberal Reform. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199668786.003.0003.
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This chapter examines the years 1866–76 as a period of far-reaching liberal achievements in Germany’s Second Reich, and more modest, temporary liberal successes in Saxony. The first section provides a close examination of the Reichstag elections of February 1867, when Germans confronted the novelty of mass politics. It considers principal campaign themes and key races in order to convey the look and feel of this election contest, and discusses reactions to the election outcome in light of the political parties’ future prospects. A second section examines Saxony’s important but uncertain role in the North German Confederation, and the Reichstag election of August 1867. A third section is devoted to Saxony’s Landtag suffrage reform of 1868. Liberals, Conservatives, and the Saxon government put forward competing agendas for reform. The final reform reflected a mix of liberal and conservative ideals, and the general election of 1869 inaugurated a fragile liberal era.
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Ricento, Thomas. Globalization, Language Policy, and the Role of English. Edited by James W. Tollefson and Miguel Pérez-Milans. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190458898.013.17.
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This chapter explores some of the ways that apparently incompatible claims from the language policy and planning (LPP) literature can be disambiguated and resolved by reference to political economy. In particular, it focuses on competing views regarding the role of English in the world today as either a form of linguistic imperialism or a vehicle for social and economic mobility. In analyzing the nature and effects of neoliberalism, as expressed in its globalized economic and political forms, it shows that the role and utility of English worldwide is a vehicle for mobility for some people, in some economic sectors, mainly the knowledge economy, but is generally not connected to socioeconomic mobility for the vast majority of the global workforce. The discussion of neoliberal globalization and the role of English addresses the following questions: Where does power reside? Who has agency? Who decides which language has value? Who has rights?
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Stroud, Barry. Doing Something Intentionally and Knowing that You are Doing it. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198809753.003.0010.
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This chapter examines the philosophy of action, with particular emphasis on the parallel between the competent exercise of conceptual capacities involved in perceptual knowledge of the world and those competences essential to intentionally doing something and knowing that you are doing it. It also considers the ‘philosophical’ notion of ‘an experience’, as well as the difference between being aware of something and knowing something. This difference, it argues, is crucial to the proper understanding of human knowledge. Finally, it explains how monitoring the degree of success of your actions usually takes place through sense perception. It suggests that we understand the possibility of the special knowledge we have of our own intentional actions only to the extent to which we understand the distinctive character—and the rich conditions—of informed human agency.
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Yi-chong, Xu, and Patrick Weller. The Working World of International Organizations. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198719496.001.0001.
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International organizations (IOs) matter. Based on extensive interviews and exchanges with key players in IOs in the past decade, this book uncovers the regular working world of IOs, to challenge the orthodox view that member states alone decide what IOs do and how they operate. This book provides a realistic and provocative account of the way IOs really work, a picture that would be recognized by those who work there. The Working World of International Organizations specifically examines three groups of players in IOs—state representatives, as proxy for states and often with schizophrenic demands, the head of IOs as diplomat, manager, and politician, and the staff of the permanent secretariat with their competing solutions. It explores their actions and interactions by asking who or what shapes their decisions; how and when decisions are made; how players interact within an IO; and how the interactions vary across six IOs. It argues that each and all of them must contribute if any progress is to be achieved in managing global problems. It shows why this is the case by examining how decisions are made in three key areas: agenda-setting, financing, and decentralization.
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Candilis, Philip J., and Eric D. Huttenbach. Ethics in correctional mental health. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0008.
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Working as a psychiatrist in a jail or prison presents many ethical issues, many unique to the correctional setting. Obligations to the law, professional standards, the community, and public health require a complex appreciation of competing values. It remains an extraordinary commentary on the state of mental health that the largest mental health institutions in the United States are jails and prisons. In daily practice, acknowledging healthcare, individual, and professional values in a robust vision of professionalism means advocating for clinical values and opposing mistreatment. Making the limits of confidentiality clear is a time-honored element of the informed consent process and need not be diluted in the correctional system. Honoring clear boundaries between treatment and forensic evaluation are the crux of this issue: confidentiality warnings and access to counsel cannot be one-off affairs that do not account for the cognitive, educational, or mental health vulnerabilities of the patient in a correctional setting. Developing trust, offering transparency, and delivering clear descriptions of procedural requirements are the lessons of an empirical database that supports this approach and can lead to more collaboration and less violence. This chapter presents a discussion of the critical concerns, including informed consent and coercion, dual agency, appropriate access to care, and managing professional boundaries and standards.