Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Compenso'

La mia tesi offre uno studio sistematico di tutti i cambiamenti fonetici classificabili come 'Allungamento di Compenso' (AC) nella storia del greco antico. L'importanza di tali allungamenti vocalici nella fonologia storica e nella dialettologia del greco è, naturalmente, ben nota, ma diversi sviluppi individuali sono ancora discussi o poco chiari. Particolare attenzione è stata riservata all'odierno dibattito sull'AC nell'àmbito della fonologia teorica, e ad applicare correttamente i principi della linguistica generale ai fatti greci. Per ciascuna istanza di AC in greco, ho cercato di proporre una soluzione che sia coerente tanto con altri sviluppi noti del greco, sia con le tendenze attestate interlinguisticamente. Il greco risulta confermare la recente visione secondo cui non c'è un'unica regola o meccanismo responsabile dell'AC, ma esistono diverse tipologie, che in parte operano direttamente a livello della struttura fonologica astratta, in parte risultano dalla fonologizzazione di cambiamenti graduali e foneticamente condizionati. Entrambi i tipi risultano ben rappresentati in greco. Tuttavia, una tipologia di AC che è stata spesso postulata per il greco (l'AC da degeminazione) non è mai esistita in questa lingua. L'ultima parte di questo studio è dedicata a quattro casi separati di apparenti irregolarità nella distribuzione dell'AC o nel timbro della vocale lunga risultante. Dopo un'analisi filologica ed etimologica di tutto il materiale rilevante, si propongono delle spiegazioni per queste irregolarità.
My thesis offers a systematic study of all the sound changes classifiable as 'Compensatory Lengthening' (CL) in the history of the Ancient Greek language. The importance of such vowel lengthenings in Greek historical phonology and dialectology is of course well known, but several individual developments are still debated or poorly understood. Special attention has been paid to the current debate on CL in theoretical phonology, and to correctly applying the insights of general linguistics to the Greek facts. For each instance of CL in Greek, I have tried to propose an explanation which is consistent both with other known developments of Greek and with universal, cross-linguistic tendencies. Greek is found to confirm the recent view that there is not one single rule or mechanism responsible for CL, but that several kinds exist, some operating directly at the level of abstract phonological structure, some arising form the phonologization of gradual, phonetically-conditioned developments. Both types are found to be well-represented in Greek. However, one typology of CL that has often been postulated for Greek (i.e. CL from degemination) did not, in fact, exist in this language. The last part of this study is devoted to four separate cases of apparent irregularity in the distribution of CL, or in the timbre of the resulting long vowel. After an etymological and philological analysis of all the relevant material, explanations are proposed for the irregularities.

My thesis offers a systematic study of all the sound changes classifiable as 'Compensatory Lengthening' (CL) in the history of the Ancient Greek language. The importance of such vowel lengthenings in Greek historical phonology and dialectology is of course well known, but several individual developments are still debated or poorly understood. Special attention has been paid to the current debate on CL in theoretical phonology, and to correctly applying the insights of general linguistics to the Greek facts. For each instance of CL in Greek, I have tried to propose an explanation which is consistent both with other known developments of Greek and with universal, cross-linguistic tendencies. Greek is found to confirm the recent view that there is not one single rule or mechanism responsible for CL, but that several kinds exist, some operating directly at the level of abstract phonological structure, some arising form the phonologization of gradual, phonetically-conditioned developments. Both types are found to be well-represented in Greek. However, one typology of CL that has often been postulated for Greek (i.e. CL from degemination) did not, in fact, exist in this language. The last part of this study is devoted to four separate cases of apparent irregularity in the distribution of CL, or in the timbre of the resulting long vowel. After an etymological and philological analysis of all the relevant material, explanations are proposed for the irregularities.
La mia tesi offre uno studio sistematico di tutti i cambiamenti fonetici classificabili come 'Allungamento di Compenso' (AC) nella storia del greco antico. L'importanza di tali allungamenti vocalici nella fonologia storica e nella dialettologia del greco è, naturalmente, ben nota, ma diversi sviluppi individuali sono ancora discussi o poco chiari. Particolare attenzione è stata riservata all'odierno dibattito sull'AC nell'àmbito della fonologia teorica, e ad applicare correttamente i principi della linguistica generale ai fatti greci. Per ciascuna istanza di AC in greco, ho cercato di proporre una soluzione che sia coerente tanto con altri sviluppi noti del greco, sia con le tendenze attestate interlinguisticamente. Il greco risulta confermare la recente visione secondo cui non c'è un'unica regola o meccanismo responsabile dell'AC, ma esistono diverse tipologie, che in parte operano direttamente a livello della struttura fonologica astratta, in parte risultano dalla fonologizzazione di cambiamenti graduali e foneticamente condizionati. Entrambi i tipi risultano ben rappresentati in greco. Tuttavia, una tipologia di AC che è stata spesso postulata per il greco (l'AC da degeminazione) non è mai esistita in questa lingua. L'ultima parte di questo studio è dedicata a quattro casi separati di apparenti irregolarità nella distribuzione dell'AC o nel timbro della vocale lunga risultante. Dopo un'analisi filologica ed etimologica di tutto il materiale rilevante, si propongono delle spiegazioni per queste irregolarità.

Scopo: il trattamento del diabete mellito di tipo 2 richiede spesso l'uso di più agenti ipoglicemizzanti per raggiungere un adeguato controllo glicemico. Scopo di questo studio è stato valutare gli effetti di una triplice terapia con metformina, pioglitazone e sitagliptin sul controllo glicemico e la variabilità glicemica rispetto a metformina e metformina + pioglitazone. Per valutare la variabilità glicemica è stato utilizzato un sistema di monitoraggio glicemico in continuo della glicemia. Materiali e Metodi: sono stati arruolati 66 diabetici di tipo 2 non ben controllati. I pazienti hanno assunto per tre mesi metformina 500 mg tre volte al giorno, a cui è stato, poi, aggiunto pioglitazone 15 mg due volte al giorno per altri tre mesi ed, infine, sitagliptin 100 mg, una volta al giorno, per ulteriori tre mesi. Ad ogni fase dello studio, se il paziente raggiungeva l'obiettivo di emoglobina glicata (HbA1c) desiderato (<6.5%), veniva fatto uscire dallo studio. Abbiamo valutato: l'HbA1c, la glicemia a digiuno (FPG), la glicemia post-prandiale (PPG), l'insulinemia a digiuno (FPI), l'indice HOMA (HOMA-IR), la proteina C-reattiva ad alta sensibilità (hs-CRP), il profilo lipidico, la lipoproteina (a) [Lp(a)], la metalloproteinasi-2 (MMP-2), la metalloproteinasi-9 (MMP-9), le molecole di adesione (sICAM-1, sVCAM-1), la sE-selectina, l'adiponectina (ADN). Risultati: abbiamo registrato una significativa riduzione di HbA1c, FPG, e PPG con metformina + pioglitazone (p < 0.05 vs basale), ed un’ulteriore riduzione con metformina + pioglitazone + sitagliptin (p < 0.01 vs basale). Abbiamo osservato un miglioramento del profilo lipidico rispetto al basale con metformina + pioglitazone + sitagliptin (p < 0.05 vs basale). C'è stata una riduzione di Hs-CRP, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, ed un aumento di ADN con metformina + pioglitazone (p < 0.05 vs basale) e con metformina + pioglitazone + sitagliptin (p < 0.01 vs basale). i livelli di eSelectina si sono ridotti solo con metformina + pioglitazone + sitagliptin (p < 0.05 vs basale). Per quanto riguarda la variabilità glicemica, la deviazione standard è risultata minore con metformina + pioglitazone (p < 0.05 vs basale) e con metformina + pioglitazone + sitagliptin (p < 0.01 vs basale). Il valore M, indice di variabilità glicemica, è risultato più basso con metformina + pioglitazone + sitagliptin. Conclusioni: la combinazione di metformina + pioglitazone + sitagliptin è risultata efficace nel migliorare il controllo glicemico e nel ridurre la variabilità glicemica e potrebbe essere un'opzione per il trattamento del diabete mellito di tipo 2.
Background and aim: the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus often requires the use of one or more hypoglycemic agents to reach the adequate glycemic control. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of a triple therapy with metformin, pioglitazone and sitagliptin on glycemic variability compared to metformin monotherapy, and compared to a combination of metformin and pioglitazone. To assess glycemic variability a continuous glucose monitoring system was used. Material and Methods: we enrolled 66 not well controlled, type 2 diabetic patients. Patients were instructed to take metformin 500 mg three times a day for the first three months, then pioglitazone 15 mg twice a day was added for further three months, and finally sitagliptin 100 mg once a day was added for the last three months. At the baseline, and every three months a continuous glucose monitoring system was performed. At any stage of the study, if the value of glycated hemoglobin reached the desired goal (<6.5%), participation in the study was interrupted. We assessed: glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), post-prandial glucose (PPG), fasting plasma insulin (FPI), HOMA-index (HOMA-IR), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), lipid profile, lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)], metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), soluble adhesion molecules (sICAM-1, sVCAM-1), sE-selectin, adiponectin (ADN). Results: we recorded a significant decrease of HbA1c, FPG, and PPG with metformin + pioglitazone (p < 0.05 vs baseline), and a further decrease with metformin + pioglitazone + sitagliptin (p < 0.001 vs baseline). There was an improvement of lipid profile compared to baseline with metformin + pioglitazone + sitagliptin (p < 0.05 vs baseline). We recorded a decrease of Hs-CRP, sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, and an increase of ADN with metformin + pioglitazone (p < 0.05 vs baseline), and with metformin + pioglitazone + sitagliptin (p < 0.01 vs baseline). A decrease of eSelectin was recorded only with metformin + pioglitazone + sitagliptin (p < 0.05 vs baseline). Regarding glycemic variability, standard deviation was lower with metformin + pioglitazone (p < 0.05 vs baseline), and metformin + pioglitazone + sitagliptin (p < 0.01 vs baseline). The M value, an index of glycemic variability, was lower with metformin + pioglitazone + sitagliptin (p < 0.05 vs baseline). Conclusion: combination of metformin + pioglitazone + sitagliptin proved to be effective in improving glycemic control, and in decreasing glycemic variability, therefore it could be suitable for the treatment of type 2 diabetic patients.

La ricerca mira a rispondere a due quesiti che sorgono per così dire spontaneamente a un “primo impatto” con il nuovo formante normativo risultante dagli interventi legislativi che hanno caratterizzato la stagione – forse appena conclusa – dei Jobs Act, secondo una linea che parte idealmente dal decreto legislativo n. 81 del 2015, recante la disciplina organica dei contratti di lavoro per culminare nella legge n. 81 del 2017, recante misure per la tutela del lavoro autonomo «non imprenditoriale». L’intreccio tra le novità introdotte da tali interventi ha prodotto – come è stato da più parti osservato – un piccolo “sisma”, che ha interessato tanto la dimensione della qualificazione dei rapporti di lavoro, quanto quella della tutela applicabile ai rapporti di lavoro non subordinato. Le discussa riconduzione alla disciplina del lavoro subordinato dei rapporti di collaborazione c.d. etero-organizzata (art. 2, d.lgs. 81/2015), la successiva ma parallela norma di interpretazione autentica della nozione di coordinamento, introdotta in calce all’art. 409, n. 3, c.p.c. (art. 15, l. 81/2017) e il contestuale riconoscimento di forme di lavoro subordinato organizzato per fasi, cicli e obiettivi e senza precisi vincoli di orario o di luogo di lavoro (art. 18, l. 81/2017) impongono una rimeditazione delle nozioni tradizionali, in quanto finiscono per innestare sulla (pur sempre fondamentale) summa divisio tra lavoro subordinato e autonomo una serie di ulteriori partizioni, che si declinano secondo un continuum dai confini spesso difficilmente individuabili. La previsione di forme di tutela destinate a rispondere alle esigenze del lavoro autonomo purché «non imprenditoriale», poi, richiede di interrogarsi sul senso dell’etichetta adoperata dal legislatore e di esplorare la linea di confine intercorrente tra mondo del lavoro (autonomo) e mondo della (piccola) impresa. Si tratta dunque innanzitutto, questo il primo itinerario di ricerca, di individuare i confini esterni della fattispecie del lavoro autonomo, tradizionalmente raffigurato come un’area residuale compressa tra il mondo del lavoro salariato e quello della piccola impresa, nonché i confini interni tra il lavoro autonomo “puro” e quello variamente coordinato, su base più o meno consensuale, rispetto a un committente principale. Tale operazione richiede inoltre di interrogarsi sulla persistente attualità della grande dicotomia autonomia-subordinazione – a tutt’oggi oggetto di una giurisprudenza che fatica a trovare punti di riferimento più solidi che non siano le copiose massime tralatizie, tanto rigorose quanto circolari – e di chiedersi se le recenti riforme abbiano individuato partizioni interne al sistema del lavoro autonomo (lavoro autonomo etero-organizzato, lavoro autonomo coordinato e continuativo, lavoro autonomo non coordinato ma continuativo, lavoro autonomo “puro”), per consentire una graduazione delle tutele, ovvero se esse abbiano solo spostato la linea di confine tra rapporti di lavoro soggetti alla disciplina protettiva del lavoro subordinato e rapporti che ne sono esclusi. Al contempo, dal punto di vista della disciplina applicabile, l’introduzione su base universalistica di una disciplina a tutela del lavoro autonomo «non imprenditoriale», modellata sulla falsariga delle regole e dei principi che presiedono alla tutela civilistica del contraente debole, si candida, quantomeno nelle intenzioni del legislatore, a riempire lo spazio vuoto in cui il decreto di riordino dei contratti di lavoro aveva lasciato i collaboratori «genuini». È nell’intreccio di queste diverse dimensioni di «novità» che si spiegano la scelta del titolo Il «nuovo» lavoro autonomo e quella di articolare il lavoro nei quattro capitoli che lo compongono. Nel primo capitolo, dopo avere svolto alcune riflessioni introduttive sul concetto di «autonomia» e sulla sua caratterizzazione normativa in termini negativi impressa dalla codificazione del 1942, si tenta di effettuare una ricostruzione genealogica dell’istituto oggetto dell’indagine, per apprezzare come nel secolo breve il lavoro autonomo tenda a muoversi nel “solco” del lavoro subordinato, compresso dapprima dalla cosiddetta «tendenza espansiva» del diritto del lavoro e quindi da un approccio regolativo concepito in termini che rimarranno a lungo di carattere spiccatamente antiabusivo, di repressione cioè del «falso» lavoro autonomo. Tale indugio preliminare richiederà inevitabilmente di dare conto, sia pure per sommi capi, della speculare evoluzione della figura del contratto di lavoro subordinato, nelle cui pieghe il lavoro autonomo è stato dapprima fagocitato, fino quasi a scomparire, e quindi riemerso, orfano di tutele, richiedendone le più svariate, a tratti con grida e più spesso sottovoce. Nel secondo capitolo si cerca invece di ricostruire i tratti caratterizzanti la fattispecie posta ad oggetto dell’indagine e, in particolare, i suoi confini esterni e interni. A tal fine, dopo avere dato conto della perdurante attualità del binomio autonomia / subordinazione e dell’assetto attualmente raggiunto dall’elaborazione dottrinale e giurisprudenziale, il lavoro prosegue in una sorta di climax, passando in rassegna le partizioni interne al mondo dell’autonomia – lavoro etero-organizzato e coordinato – delle quali vengono analizzati gli elementi costitutivi, per poi soffermarsi sul confine esterno rappresentato dall’universo contermine dell’imprenditorialità, la cui analisi si rende necessaria in virtù dell’espressa esclusione dei piccoli imprenditori dal novero dei beneficiari delle nuove tutele statutarie. Il terzo capitolo, dedicato alle tutele del «nuovo» lavoro autonomo, si articola in tre sezioni, aventi ad oggetto tre nuclei concettuali, e, in particolare: i) la tutela contrattuale del lavoro autonomo disegnata dal nuovo Statuto, che attinge a piene mani dagli approdi raggiunti del diritto civile di “seconda generazione” nella tutela dei rapporti negoziali caratterizzati dallo squilibrio di forza contrattuale delle parti; ii) le tutele “fuori dal rapporto”, vale a dire quelle di carattere previdenziale, fiscale e promozionale introdotte dalla novella, rispetto alle quali si cercherà di accompagnare l’analisi puntuale delle disposizioni rilevanti all’individuazione del fil rouge che le lega; iii) le tutele collettive, rispetto alle quali pare opportuno valutare, anche in riferimento ai vincoli provenienti dal diritto europeo, gli spazi di agibilità sindacale e le potenzialità nei diversi modelli di associazionismo delle varie categorie di lavoratori autonomi. I primi due nuclei individuano, pur senza sovrapporvisi, le principali direttrici d’intervento dello Statuto, anche se vi saranno ricomprese questioni trascurate dallo stesso (come il nodo dell’equo compenso, che verrà invece affrontato anche alla luce delle ultime novità relative al mondo del lavoro libero professionale); l’ultimo è invece dalla novella quasi del tutto omesso, nonostante le mai sopite sollecitazioni sul punto lo rendano oggi un oggetto di studio obbligato nell’ambito di una ricerca sulle tutele del lavoro autonomo. Il quarto e ultimo capitolo, infine, ha ad oggetto il fenomeno della gig economy, sul quale gli interpreti si affaticano ormai da qualche anno a questa parte. La scelta di destinare il capitolo conclusivo al tema del lavoro “digitale” si spiega con il fatto che esso, nella misura in cui viene ricondotto, a ragione o a torto, al mondo dell’autonomia – opzione per nulla scontata, ma pare sia questa la direzione imboccata dalla nostra giurisprudenza – si candida a costituire il prototipo di quel lavoro economicamente debole, che, orfano delle tutele del lavoro a progetto (in primis in materia di compenso), non può che guardare alle nuove tutele statutarie, rappresentando, in altri termini, un privilegiato “banco di prova” per saggiarne le potenzialità applicative.
The doctoral research aims to give an answer to a series different questions arising at a first impact with the new Italian discipline regulating self-employed work as provided for by the legislative decree 81/2015, concerning the reform of the contractual models, and by the law 81/2017, concerning the protection of self-employed «non-entrepreneurial» work. The combination of these new provisions produced indeed a little “earthquake” in the system of Italian labour law, and, in particular. The innovations represented by the discussed introduction of a new discipline regarding bogus self-employment (so called hetero-organized collaborations: art. 2, d.lgs. 81/2015) together with the specification of the elements of a genuine self-employed collaboration (art. 15, l. 81/2017) calls for a rethinking of the traditional notions of labour law, as they introduce new categories in the area comprehended by the two poles represented by autonomous work and dependent (subordinate) work. On the other hand, the label «non-entrepreneurial» that the Legislator used to individuate the beneficiaries of the new discipline calls for an investigation regarding the border between (self-employed) work and (medium and small) businesses. Therefore, it seems necessary to individuate, in the first place, the external borders of the complex legal situation «self-employed work», which has traditionally been considered as a residual area compressed by the world of employment and the world of small businesses. In the second place, it seems also necessary to individuate the internal borders of self-employed work, which is articulated in several subcategories covering the area of those self-employed workers who devote the main part of their activity to a main client on a continuative basis. Meanwhile, the introduction on a universalistic basis of a protective regulation, which is structured as the private law remedies applicable to contractual relations characterized by the imbalance of bargaining power of the parties, requires a rethinking of the techniques of protection of «genuine» self-employed work. It is in the combination of these two different elements of innovation that it is possible to appreciate the title chosen (The «new» self-employed work. Qualification and legal protection after the legislative decree n. 81/2015 and the law 81/2017) and the articulation of the thesis in four chapters. In the first chapter, after some introductive reflexions about the concept of «autonomy» and its legal characterization under Italian law, we tried to make a genealogical analysis of the subject, in order to appreciate how during the XXth century self-employed work was compressed by the predominant figure of the employment contract and that for a long time the regulatory approach has been conceived mainly in terms of repressing bogus self-employment. In the second chapter we try to individuate the main characteristics of self-employed work and its internal and external borders. To this end, after having underlined that the dichotomy autonomy-subordination is still a cornerstone of the Italian labour law system, the dissertation continues examining the internal partitions of the figure – hetero-organized work, coordinated work – and its constitutive elements and then investigating the complex relation between the world of (self-employed) work and the world of (medium and small) businesses, expressly excluded from the new protective measures dedicated to «non-entrepreneurial» work. The third chapter deals more in particular with the new protective measures introduced in 2017 and it is articulated in three sections. The first section regards the contractual protection of self-employed work and it analyses the elements of the new discipline that recall closely the innovations coming from the field of private law, with particular regard to the B2b contractual relationships. The second section examines the innovations brought in the field of social security and tax regulation. The third section deals with the instruments of collective protection applicable to self-employed workers, in order to verify, also under European law, potentialities and limits of collective dialogue and conflict in the field of non-subordinate work. The last chapter, finally, deals with the phaenomenon of the so-called gig economy. The decision to dedicate the final part of the dissertation to this topic derives from the fact that insofar as the new forms of work emerged in the gig economy are qualified as self-employed relationship – and it seems that this is the direction taken by Italian case law – they represent the perfect prototype of “weak” self-employed work that shall look at the new protective provisions.

Ce mémoire résume l'étude effectuée sur les oscillateurs micro-ondes à résonateurs saphir compensés. Le résonateur, cœur de l'oscillateur, est excité sur un mode de galerie. Actuellement les oscillateurs cryogéniques, à résonateurs saphir, sont les sources les plus stables en fréquence sur le court terme (lO-14, t < 100s) mais fonctionnent à très basses températures (T ~ 6K). Ce qui nécessite des installations complexes. Pour réaliser un oscillateur ayant des performances comparables en stabilité de fréquence et fonctionnant à plus hautes températures, il faudra annuler la forte sensibilité du résonateur à la température tout en conservant de forts coefficients de surtension des modes de galerie du résonateur. Ceci est obtenu, par compensation thermique, avec l'adjonction d'une perturbation diélectrique ou paramagnétique. Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous avons étudié et réalisé deux types de résonateurs: Le résonateur saphir-rutile dans lequel une couche mince de rutile est déposée sur tout le cristal de saphir a fait l'objet d'une étude détaillée. Nous avons exploré plusieurs techniques de dépôt de rutile: voie sol gel, pulvérisation magnétron et évaporation thermique. La meilleure stabilité est obtenue avec le résonateur saphir-rutile par pulvérisation magnétron stabilisé à 38K. Elle est de 9,5. 10-14 avec une dérive de 2,5. 10- 12 /jour. Nous avons réalisé des oscillateurs à résonateurs saphir dopés en titane. Il s'agit de la première étude. Nous avons obtenu une stabilité de 7. 10-14 et une dérive de 8. 10-11t/jour à 39K. Mot-clés: Résonateur micro-onde, stabilité de fréquence, Densité spectrale de puissance, procédé sol gel, oscillateur, correcteur de Pound, rutile, pulvérisation magnétron, Compensation thermique
This memory summarizes the study carried out on the microwave oscillators with compensated sapphire resonators. The resonator, heart of the oscillator, is excited on a whispering gallery mode. Currently the cryogenic oscillators, with sapphire resonator, are the high frequency stability sources at the short term (10-14, t < 100 s) but function at very low temperatures (T ~ 6K). Those sources require complex installations. Ln order to build oscillator having similar performances on frequency stability and operating at higher temperatures, it will be necessary to cancel the strong sensitivity of the resonator to the temperature while preserving high-Q factor of the whispering gallery mode of the resonator. This is obtained, by thermal compensation, by addition of a dielectric or paramagnetic disturbance. Within the framework of this thesis, we studied and carried out two kind of resonators : The sapphire-rutile resonator, in which a thin film of rutile is deposited on the whole sapphire crystal, was study in details. We explored several techniques of rutile deposition : sol gel technique, magnetron sputtering and thermal evaporation. Best stability of 9,5. L0-14 with a drift of 2,5. 10-14 /jour, is obtained with the sapphire-rutile resonator (magnetron sputtering) operating at 38K. Ln other side, we have built the first titanium doped sapphire resonator oscillators. We obtained a stability of 7. 10-14 and a drift of 8. L0-11/jour at 39K

Como tentativa para compensar a ausência de resposta, aplicou-se o estimador ponderado por pesos amostrais nos dados de um inquérito domiciliar que registrou uma taxa global de resposta igual a 79,10 por cento . O procedimento procurou viabilizar a aplicação do ajuste ao nível dos elementos, usando os pesos obtidos a partir da taxa diferencial de resposta verificada na amostra composta pelas famílias. Fixado o número de cômodos do domicílio como a variável critério para a formação das classes ponderadas, calcularam-se as médias ajustadas e suas variâncias para o peso e a estatura dos menores de 19 anos, usando-se as estimativas calculadas na amostra constituída pelos elementos pertencentes às famílias que efetivamente responderam ao inquérito. A consistência dos resultados obtidos sugere que estudos devem ser desenvolvidos a fim de buscar soluções que minimizem as pressuposições necessárias à aplicação do procedimento e determinem níveis de abrangência que possam ser considerados satisfatórios.
The weighting adjustment by sample weights was applied on the data from a survey sampling with a total response rate of 79,10 per cent , in order to compensate for the unit nonresponse. The weighting factors were gotten by the differential response rate calculated on the household sample to facilitate the application procedure. The variable used to define the weighting classes was the number of rooms of the dwellings. Also, the adjusted means and their variances were calculaled for weight and height of persons with ages under 19 years, using the measures obtained from the same age group individuals related to the respondent households. The consistency of the results support the sugestion that more research has to be done to search for procedures that will minimize the necessary assumptions that underlie them and that can assure wider application levels.

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Frequentemente s?o destaques na m?dia novos esc?ndalos de executivos envolvidos em negocia??es com informa??o privilegiada (insider trading). No contexto dos crimes de colarinho branco, o insider trading ? um dos que mais amea?a a credibilidade do mercado financeiro. Em meio ao exposto, o objetivo desse estudo foi investigar as opera??es de insider trading julgadas pela Comiss?o de Valores Mobili?rios (CVM), observando os ind?cios de retorno anormal e a aplica??o da lei. Para isto, buscou-se ind?cios de retornos anormais em 32 casos julgados pela Comiss?o de Valores Mobili?rios (CVM) entre 2002 a 2015 por suspeita de insider trading. Foi utilizado o Estudo de Eventos como m?todo para estimar o retorno normal, analisando o efeito de um evento informacional de determinada empresa sobre os pre?os de suas a??es ao longo de uma s?rie de tempo. Os resultados encontrados apontam que: (i) 19 casos (59% da amostra) apresentam ind?cios de retorno anormal significativos na janela do evento; no entanto, (ii) 11 casos (34% da amostra) foram condenados ? multa e apenas 2 casos tiveram a inabilita??o tempor?ria acrescida na pena. Testando a distribui??o de probabilidade, nota-se que a chance do acusado ser absolvido ou punido ? independente da evid?ncia de retorno anormal. Ou seja, o que se observa ? a dificuldade da CVM em caracterizar a inten??o do acusado em obter ganhos anormais. No Brasil, em 2011, o ?nico caso que teve a pena de pris?o decretada a dois executivos pelo crime de insider trading foi o caso da Perdig?o. O que mostra a dificuldade da justi?a brasileira em aplicar a lei (enforcement). Outras hip?teses de pesquisa foram testadas: (iii) as vari?veis explicativas tamanho da empresa e ?ndice book-to-market apresentam um baixo poder explicativo do retorno efetivo da a??o, mas n?o foram retiradas do modelo; (iv) a chance de retorno anormal em negocia??es de compra de 4,54 vezes maior do que em negocia??es de venda. Este estudo contribui de forma pr?tica para apontar a import?ncia da amplia??o de regula??o mais restritiva da pr?tica de insider trading bem como sua execu??o, de forma a garantir maior equidade nas informa??es ao mercado e maior efici?ncia do mercado de capitais, ampliando as fontes de investimento e crescimento do mercado financeiro brasileiro.

La tesi di dottorato riporta alcuni contributi (tra cui un saggio di edizione critica) riguardanti i volgarizzamenti dell'Eneide in compendio (sec. XIV), opera più volte associata con il nome del fiorentino Andrea Lancia, celebre per i suoi interessi danteschi.
The doctoral thesis quotes several studies (among which an essay of critical edition) about transmission of the Aeneid's abridgement's translations (XIVth century): these works have been often associated with the name of the Florentine notary Andrea Lancia, who is famous because of his interests in Dante.

La tesi di dottorato riporta alcuni contributi (tra cui un saggio di edizione critica) riguardanti i volgarizzamenti dell'Eneide in compendio (sec. XIV), opera più volte associata con il nome del fiorentino Andrea Lancia, celebre per i suoi interessi danteschi.
The doctoral thesis quotes several studies (among which an essay of critical edition) about transmission of the Aeneid's abridgement's translations (XIVth century): these works have been often associated with the name of the Florentine notary Andrea Lancia, who is famous because of his interests in Dante.

This essay aims to explore and answer if the horror movies about exorcism stays true to the historical practices of the ritual. Or if the creators of these films made it all up. But also to see how the ritual has been portrayed in these movies over the years. Therefore I chose to analyse four different movies that is in different historic periods of the horror movie genre. Among these movies is the classic movie that started it all, The Exorcist. The other movies is representing periods that came after, with this essay we can also gather how society sees the rite of exorcism. The essay is going to present the history of the ritual, the various symptoms of possession and the classifications of getting an approved exorcism. We will focus on the roman-catholic tradition of this ritual, mainly because it is the version that the movies take most of their inspiration from.

La mise à la terre du point neutre des réseaux de distribution par une bobine de compensation réduit le courant de défaut lors d'un défaut monophasé, ce qui est le type de défaut le plus souvent rencontré dans l'exploitation. Cette mesure améliore la qualité de service, mats rend la détection et la localisation de défauts plus difficiles. Cette thèse traite de la localisation de défauts à faible résistance, auto-extincteurs ou permanents dans les réseaux compensés arborescents. Les phénomènes transitoires lors d'un défaut sont étudiés et une nouvelle approche pour la localisation est développée. L'approche est basée sur l'exploitation des signaux au niveau du poste de transformation HT/MT à une fréquence de résonance caractéristique. Un algorithme de localisation de défaut a été conçu, réalisé et testé. Son fonctionnement est validé avec des simulations de réseau et avec des enregistrements de défauts réels. L'influence des différents paramètres sur la précision de l'algorithme est examinée et expliquée.

352711\u La fissuration causée par le retrait de séchage est une problématique importante dans un contexte de réparation d’ouvrage en bétonarmé. Pour les bétons de ciment, il s’agit d’un phénomène inévitable qui peut diminuer de façon importante la durée de vie des réparations. Les bétons à retrait compensés (BRC) permettent, avec une cure humide adéquate, de pallier cette difficulté en compensant les efforts engendrés lors de la contraction du matériau par une expansion précoce de l’élément de béton. Cette étude vise à évaluer l’effet d’une restriction déformationnelle sur l’efficacité des BRC à contrer les effets du retrait de séchage. Plus précisément, il s’agit de restreindre les déformations des BRC selon quatre niveaux de renforcementet d’étudier leur comportement déformationnel dans le temps. Ainsi, six mélanges de béton prêt à l’emploi ont été préparés à partir de trois types d’agents expansifs, un Type K, un Type G ainsi qu’un troisième à base d’oxyde de magnésium (MgO) ; tous les mélanges ont un rapport E/L de 0,50.Ces mélanges ont été élaborés de façon à pouvoir atteindre trois objectifs distincts. Le premier objectif est d’étudier le comportement déformationnel des BRC en conditions restreintes, notamment de quantifier les effets du fluage en compression créé par la restriction lors de l’expansion du béton. Le deuxième objectif est de vérifier quelles sont les déformations subies par les BRC avant même le démoulage afin d’établir s’il est pénalisant de n’amorcer la prise de mesure qu’à la fin de démoulage comme le propose actuellement les essais normalisés. Le troisième objectif vise à enrichir les abaques de l’ACI 223R-10 qui permettent de prédire les déformations d’un élément de béton selon le niveau de renforcement et les résultats obtenus suivant l’essai ASTM C878. Les principales conclusions de l’étude montrent que le fluage en compression des BRC est plus important dans les premiers jours lorsque l’expansion est intense et rapide alors qu’il est de plus faible ampleur lorsque l’expansion est plus lente et d’intensité plus faible. Les mesures déformationnelles débutant lors de contact eau-ciment jusqu’au démoulage, obtenues à l’aide de jauges résistives fixées aux barres d’armature, montrent que les déformations observées durant les premières heures sont faibles comparativement aux expansions maximales observées à la fin de la cure humide. Les abaques ont donc été revisités pour tenir compte du type et du dosage en agent expansif. Les abaques obtenus indiquent que le comportement déformationnel dépend à la fois du type et du dosage d’agent expansif.
352711\u La fissuration causée par le retrait de séchage est une problématique importante dans un contexte de réparation d’ouvrage en bétonarmé. Pour les bétons de ciment, il s’agit d’un phénomène inévitable qui peut diminuer de façon importante la durée de vie des réparations. Les bétons à retrait compensés (BRC) permettent, avec une cure humide adéquate, de pallier cette difficulté en compensant les efforts engendrés lors de la contraction du matériau par une expansion précoce de l’élément de béton. Cette étude vise à évaluer l’effet d’une restriction déformationnelle sur l’efficacité des BRC à contrer les effets du retrait de séchage. Plus précisément, il s’agit de restreindre les déformations des BRC selon quatre niveaux de renforcementet d’étudier leur comportement déformationnel dans le temps. Ainsi, six mélanges de béton prêt à l’emploi ont été préparés à partir de trois types d’agents expansifs, un Type K, un Type G ainsi qu’un troisième à base d’oxyde de magnésium (MgO) ; tous les mélanges ont un rapport E/L de 0,50.Ces mélanges ont été élaborés de façon à pouvoir atteindre trois objectifs distincts. Le premier objectif est d’étudier le comportement déformationnel des BRC en conditions restreintes, notamment de quantifier les effets du fluage en compression créé par la restriction lors de l’expansion du béton. Le deuxième objectif est de vérifier quelles sont les déformations subies par les BRC avant même le démoulage afin d’établir s’il est pénalisant de n’amorcer la prise de mesure qu’à la fin de démoulage comme le propose actuellement les essais normalisés. Le troisième objectif vise à enrichir les abaques de l’ACI 223R-10 qui permettent de prédire les déformations d’un élément de béton selon le niveau de renforcement et les résultats obtenus suivant l’essai ASTM C878. Les principales conclusions de l’étude montrent que le fluage en compression des BRC est plus important dans les premiers jours lorsque l’expansion est intense et rapide alors qu’il est de plus faible ampleur lorsque l’expansion est plus lente et d’intensité plus faible. Les mesures déformationnelles débutant lors de contact eau-ciment jusqu’au démoulage, obtenues à l’aide de jauges résistives fixées aux barres d’armature, montrent que les déformations observées durant les premières heures sont faibles comparativement aux expansions maximales observées à la fin de la cure humide. Les abaques ont donc été revisités pour tenir compte du type et du dosage en agent expansif. Les abaques obtenus indiquent que le comportement déformationnel dépend à la fois du type et du dosage d’agent expansif.

Les erreurs d'arrondi peuvent dégrader la précision d'un calcul en arithmétique flottante. Comment améliorer et valider la précision d'un résultat calculé, tout en conservant de bonnes performances ? Nous étudions cette problématique au travers de deux exemples : l'évaluation polynomiale et la résolution de systèmes linéaires triangulaires. Dans les deux cas, nous utilisons la compensation des erreurs d'arrondi pour d'améliorer la précision du résultat. Nos contributions se situent à trois niveaux. 1) Amélioration de la précision : Nous proposons un schéma de Horner compensé, qui permet une évaluation polynomiale aussi précise que celle calculée par le schéma de Horner classique avec une précision interne doublée. En généralisant cet algorithme, nous proposons une autre version compensée du schéma de Horner simulant K fois la précision de travail (K>1). Nous montrons également comment compenser les erreurs d'arrondis générées par l'algorithme de substitution pour la résolution de systèmes triangulaires. 2) Validation de la qualité du résultat : Nous montrons comment valider la qualité du résultat de l'évaluation polynomiale compensée, en proposant le calcul d'une borne d'erreur aposteriori qui ne repose que sur des opérations élémentaires de l'arithmétique flottante: cela assure la portabilité de la méthode et de bonnes performances pratiques. 3) Performances des algorithmes compensés : Nos mesures de performances montrent l'intérêt des algorithmes compensés face aux autres solutions logicielles simulant une précision équivalente. Nous justifions aussi les performances pratiques des algorithmes compensés par une étude du parallélisme d'instructions qu'ils présentent
Rounding error may totally corrupt the result of a floating point computation. How to improve and validate the accuracy of a floating point computation, without large computing time overheads ? We consider two case studies: polynomial evaluation and linear triangular system solving. In both cases we use compensation of the rounding errors to improve the accuracy of the computed result. The contributions of this work are divided into three levels. 1) Improving the accuracy: We propose a compensated Horner scheme that computes polynomial evaluation with the same accuracy as the classic Horner algorithm performed in twice the working precision. Generalizing this algorithm, we present another compensated version of the Horner scheme simulating K times the working precision (K>1). We also show how to compensate the rounding errors generated by the substitution algorithm for triangular system solving. 2) Validating the computed result: we show how to validate the quality of the compensated polynomial evaluation. We propose a method to compute an aposteriori error bound together with the compensated result. This error bound is computed using only basic floating point operations, which ensures portability and efficiency of the method. 3) Performances of compensated algorithms: Our computing time measures show the interest of compensated algorithms compared to other software solutions that provide the same output accuracy. We also justify good practical performances of compensated algorithms thanks to a detailed study of the instruction-level parallelism they contain

Les échanges composés (ou compensation) ont pris aujourd'hui une place non négligeable dans l'arsenal des techniques du commerce international mais recouvrent une réalité plurielle allant d'un simple troc primitif a des techniques financières très sophistiquées. La présente étude, conduite dans une perspective évolutive, est une tentative de classification et de qualification juridique des échanges compensés. Ceux-ci évoluent en effet dans le sens d'une séparation croissante entre deux types d'accords ou de techniques qui se distinguent par leur organisation et leur fonction : - la compensation de type commercial qui constitue une mode de relation commerciale ou industrielle particulier et qui se traduit contractuellement par des formes originales d'accords qui évoluent vers un groupe de contrats interdépendants. - la compensation de type financier qui constitue un exemple de techniques strictement financières indépendantes des relations commerciales et venant se greffer artificiellement sur ces opérations commerciales classiques. Cette compensation donne naissance à des instruments financiers négociables sur un marché secondaire
Countertrade or compensation can be considered nowadays as an established technique of international trade. However, the general term of countertrade covers a broad range of techniques running from mere exchange of goods to sophisticated financial arrangements. This study has been conducted in an evaluative perspective and shows that countertrade is developing through two main and distinct branches: - "commercial compensation" which corresponds, from an economic point of view, to a form of commercial or industrial relationship and, from a legal point of view, to original contractual arrangements which tend to constitute a group of linked contracts. - "financial compensation" which is not a form of economic relationship but is developing as specific and autonomous financing techniques which are artificially connected to classical commercial operations

La mission LISA est composée d’une constellation de 3 satellites afin de créer un interféromètre géant dont la variation de longueur des bras permettra de détecter le passage d’une onde gravitationnelle. Durant les périodes de mesure l’interféromètre devra être en chute libre, c’est à dire soumis à aucune autre force que la gravité. Elle naviguera sur une orbite héliocentrique à 1 UA du soleil ; la pression de radiation solaire à ce niveau est de 4,5 µN. M-2 et perturbera cette chute. Pour contrebalancer cette perturbation les systèmes de contrôle d’attitude et d’orbite seront équipés d’un système de compensation de traînée. Il est composé d’un accéléromètre électrostatique mesurant les perturbations et de propulseurs ioniques asservis pour les compenser. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier les performances d’un tel système à partir des spécifications de mission les plus exigeante. Comme il est impossible de tester l’accéléromètre au sol il a d’abord fallu réaliser un budget d’erreur. Ensuite il s’est agit d’effectuer les tests de qualifications du prototype de vol de l’électronique de proximité de l’accéléromètre. Dans un troisième temps l’étude s’est portée sur les propulseurs ioniques de type FEEP (Field Emission Electric Propulsor) délivrant des poussées de 1 à 20 µN. Le banc d’essai est un pendule composé dont le mouvement est détecté par un accéléromètre utilisé en inclinomètre. La spécification de la mission pour les propulseurs est de fournir une force de 1 µN avec une précision de 0,1 µN. Les améliorations apportées sur la balance ont permis d’atteindre une résolution de mesure de 0,5 µN sur une bande de fréquence limitée à [10-1 ,1] Hz. La mise en place d’une boucle de contrôle, permettant de maintenir le bras du pendule en position verticale stable, a permis d’augmenter cette bande de fréquence mais au détriment de la précision. Ce banc de test peut être considéré comme un des leader européen pour la mesure de micro-poussée.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
The development of non-linear controllers gained space in the theoretical ambit and of practical applications on the moment that the arising of digital computers enabled the implementation of these methodologies. In comparison with the linear controllers more utilized, the non -linear controllers present the advantage of not requiring the linearity of the system to determine the parameters of control, which permits a more efficient control especially when the system presents a high level of non-linearity. Another additional advantage is the reduction of costs, since to obtain the efficient control through linear controllers it is necessary the utilization of sensors and more refined actuators than when it is utilized a non-linear controller. Among the non-linear theories of control, the method of control by gliding ways is detached for being a method that presents more robustness, before uncertainties. It is already confirmed that the adoption of compensation on the region of residual error permits to improve better the performance of these controllers. So, in this work it is described the development of a non-linear controller that looks for an association of strategy of control by gliding ways, with the fuzzy compensation technique. Through the implementation of some strategies of fuzzy compensation, it was searched the one which provided the biggest efficiency before a system with high level of nonlinearities and uncertainties. The electrohydraulic actuator was utilized as an example of research, and the results appoint to two configurations of compensation that permit a bigger reduction of the residual error
O desenvolvimento de controladores n?o lineares ganharam espa?o nos ?mbitos te?rico e de aplica??es pr?ticas no momento que o surgimento de computadores digitais possibilitou a implementa??o destas metodologias. Em compara??o aos controladores lineares mais utilizados, os controladores n?o lineares apresentam a vantagem de n?o necessitarem da lineariza??o do sistema para determinar os par?metros de controle, o que permite um controle mais eficiente principalmente quando o sistema apresenta elevado grau de n?o linearidade. Outra vantagem adicional ? a redu??o dos custos, uma vez que para obter o controle eficiente atrav?s dos controladores lineares ? necess?ria a utiliza??o de sensores e atuadores mais refinados do que quando se utiliza um controlador n?o linear. Dentre as teorias de controle n?o linear, o m?todo de controle por modos deslizantes se destaca por ser um m?todo que apresenta maior robustez frente ?s incertezas. J? ? comprovado que a ado??o de t?cnicas de compensa??o na regi?o do erro residual permite melhorar ainda mais o desempenho desses controladores. Assim, neste trabalho ? descrito o desenvolvimento de um controlador n?o linear que busca a associa??o da estrat?gia de controle por modos deslizantes com a t?cnica de compensa??o fuzzy. Mediante a implementa??o de algumas estrat?gias de compensa??o fuzzy, buscou-se aquela que proporcionasse maior efici?ncia frente a um sistema com elevado grau de n?o linearidades e incertezas. O atuador eletrohidr?ulico foi utilizado como exemplo de estudo, e os resultados apontam para duas configura??es de compensa??o que permitem uma maior redu??o do erro residual

Antecedents La cefalàlgia per punció dural i el dolor abdominal de la pancreatitis aguda són dues de les entitats que cursen amb dolor agut presents als serveis d’urgències. Amb excessiva freqüència el maneig del dolor a urgències no és prou satisfactori per al pacient i una de les possibles raons és la manca de coneixement científic existent a mans dels actors implicats. Mètodes S'han portat a terme tres revisions sistemàtiques seguint la metodologia Cochrane amb l'objectiu d'identificar i avaluar els beneficis i riscs dels fàrmacs emprats en la prevenció i tractament el dolor agut. 1) Fàrmacs per a la prevenció de la cefalàlgia per punció dural, 2) Fàrmacs per al tractament de la cefalàlgia per punció dural i 3) Opioides per a la pancreatitis aguda. Resultats 1) En la prevenció de la cefalàlgia per punció dural, la morfina epidural, la cosintropina intravenosa i l’aminofil·lina intravenosa, redueixen el risc de cefalàlgia amb un NNT de 2,8 (IC95% 1,7-7,9), 3,1 (IC95% 1,9-7,3) i 5,5 (IC95% 3,3-15,9) respectivament, especialment en aquells pacients d’alt risc. 2) En el tractament de la cefalàlgia per punció dural, la cafeïna intravenosa redueix la persistència de cefalàlgia i la necessitat d’altres intervencions complementàries; NNT de 1,6 (IC95% 1,2-2,7). La gabapentina oral, la teofil·lina oral i la hidrocortisona intravenosa redueixen la intensitat del dolor agut en 2-3 punts sobre 10. 3) En el tractament amb opioides del dolor abdominal de la pancreatitis aguda, la morfina subcutània i la pentazocina intravenosa, disminueixen la necessitat d’altres mesures analgèsiques complementàries; NNT de 2,4 (IC95% 1,7-3,7). Discussió Les revisions sistemàtiques presentades en aquesta tesi han intentat, seguint una metodologia rigorosa i sistemàtica, identificar les investigacions disponibles sobre el tema que s’està estudiant i sintetitzar els resultats dels estudis inclosos. Una de les principals limitacions identificades en aquestes revisions sistemàtiques són l’escàs número d’estudis inclosos en cada revisió; un total de 22 assajos clínics en les 3 revisions. L’escàs nombre de participants en els assajos és una altre limitació; un total de 2043 persones en les 3 revisions amb una mediana de 55 participants. Una pobre qualitat en la publicació dels assajos en limita l’avaluació del risc de biaix. L’heterogeneïtat clínica entre estudis dificulta el procés de síntesi de resultats. Conclusions En relació al tractament farmacològic del dolor a urgències, s’incorpora nou coneixement científic disponible per al personal sanitari sobre el benefici i risc de diferents estratègies farmacològiques per a dues entitats que cursen amb dolor agut; la cefalàlgia per punció dural i la pancreatitis aguda. • La morfina epidural, la cosintropina intravenosa i l’administració intravenosa d’aminofil·lina redueixen el risc de cefalàlgia per punció dural, especialment en pacients d’alt risc. • La cafeïna intravenosa redueix la persistència de cefalàlgia per punció dural i la necessitat d’altres intervencions complementàries. La gabapentina oral, la teofil·lina oral i la hidrocortisona intravenosa disminueixen la intensitat del dolor agut. • La morfina subcutània i la pentazocina intravenosa, disminueixen la necessitat d’altres mesures analgèsiques complementàries en el tractament del dolor abdominal de la pancreatitis aguda. • S’aconsella als investigadors que en futurs assajos utilitzin variables de resultat clínicament rellevants i amb definicions estandarditzades que permetin fer síntesi de resultats en futures revisions. • Es recomana als futurs investigadors d’assajos a utilitzar una grandària de mostra suficient per a donar resposta a les hipòtesis plantejades. • S’aconsella a tots els investigadors a seguir les directrius de la declaració CONSORT per millorar la qualitat de la publicació d’assajos. • S’anima als autors de revisions sistemàtiques a utilitzar el sistema GRADE per classificar la qualitat de l’evidencia i poder elaborar les recomanacions amb més rigor.
Background The post-dural puncture headache and the abdominal pain of acute pancreatitis are two entities with acute pain presents to the emergency services. Too often pain management is not satisfactory to the emergency patient and one of the possible reasons is the lack of existing scientific knowledge in the hands of those involved. Methods Carried out three systematic reviews using the Cochrane methodology in order to identify and evaluate risks and benefits of drugs used to prevent and treat acute pain. 1) Drugs for preventing post-dural puncture headache, 2) Drugs for treating post-dural puncture headache and 3) Opioids for acute pancreatitis. Results 1) In the prevention of post-dural puncture headache, epidural morphine, intravenous cosyntropin and the intravenous aminophylline, reduce the risk of headache with a NNT of 2,8 (95%CI 1,7-7,9), 3,1 (95%CI 1,9-7,3) and 5,5 (95%CI 3,3-15,9) respectively, particularly in high-risk patients. 2) In the treatment of post-dural puncture headache, intravenous caffeine reduces the persistence of headache and the need for other complementary interventions; NNT of 1,6 (95%CI 1,2-2,7). Oral gabapentin, oral theophylline and intravenous hydrocortisone reduced the intensity of acute pain in 2-3 out of 10. 3) In the treatment of abdominal pain from acute pancreatitis with opioids, subcutaneous morphine and intravenous pentazocine, reduce the need for other measures complementary analgesic; NNT of 2,4 (95%CI 1,7-3,7). Discussion Systematic reviews presented in this thesis have attempted, following a rigorous and systematic methodology, to identify the available research on the topic being discussed and summarize the results of the included studies. One of the main limitations identified in these systematic reviews are the limited number of studies included in each review; 22 trials in 3 reviews. The small number of participants in trials is another limitation; 2043 people in 3 reviews with a median of 55 participants. Poor quality publishing trials limits the risk assessment bias. Heterogeneity between studies difficults the process of synthesizing the results. Conclusions Regarding the pharmacological treatment of pain in the emergency department, new scientific knowledge is available to the medical staff on the benefits and risks of different pharmacological strategies for both entities that present with acute pain; the post-dural puncture headache and acute pancreatitis. ·The epidural morphine, intravenous cosyntropin and intravenous aminophylline reduce the risk of post-dural puncture headache, especially in high-risk patients. ·Intravenous caffeine reduces the persistence of post-dural puncture headache and the need for other complementary interventions. Oral gabapentin, oral theophylline and intravenous hydrocortisone reduced the intensity of acute pain. ·Subcutaneous morphine and intravenous pentazocine, reduce the need for other complementary analgesic in the treatment of abdominal pain from acute pancreatitis. ·It is recommended that researchers in future trials use a clinically relevant outcomes and standardized definitions that allow synthesis of results in future reviews. ·It is recommended that future researchers use a sample size sufficient to respond to the hypotheses. ·It is recommended to all researchers to follow the CONSORT statement to improve the quality of publication of clinical trials ·The review authors are encouraged to use the GRADE system in order to classify the quality of the evidence and to develop recommendations with more rigor.

Relés de distância são muito utilizados para proteger linhas de transmissão. Porém, há baixa precisão dos limites de sua zona de proteção devido a fenômenos de subalcance e sobrealcance. Assim, nesta dissertação de mestrado é proposto um algoritmo com compensação da resistência de falta, baseado em coordenadas de fase, objetivando aumentar a precisão dos limites da zona de proteção. A formulação proposta utiliza uma estimativa da corrente de falta para estimar a resistência de falta e compensar a impedância aparente calculada. Foram realizados o equacionamento e desenvolvimento do algoritmo para faltas tipo fase. Simulações e testes numéricos comparativos com formulações estado-da-arte verificaram a eficiência do método proposto.
Distance Relays are widely used to protect transmission lines. However, due to underreaching and overreaching phenomena, there is a low precision in protection zone limits of distance relays. Thus, in this dissertation, a new algorithm based in phase coordinates is proposed to increase the precision in zone protection limits. The proposed method uses the fault corrent to estimate the fault resistance and compensate the apparent impedance calculated. The equation development was done for phase type faults. Comparative tests with state-of-the-art formulations verified the efficiency of the proposed method.

Longtemps limites aux seules relations est-ouest, les accords d'echanges compenses sont devenus en quelques annees une caracteristiques importance du commerce international. A partir du debut des annees quatre-vingts, ils se sont notamment developpes dans les pays en developpement qui y ont vu un moyen de maintenir leurs importations au niveau necessaire aleur developpement, de reduire leurs desequilibres commerciaux avec leurs partenaires occidentaux, d7accroitre et de diversifier leurs exportations. A cet egard, dans le contexte des pays en developpement, les accords d'echanges compenses relevent incontestablement de la problematique de developpement. Des lors, se pose la question de savoir quelles sont les consequences de cette interaction entre la pratique de ces accords et l'imperatif de developpement sur les differents aspects juridiques de ces derniers> de cette question principale decoulent plusieurs autres questions, a savoir, quelle est la nature de ces accords dans le contexte nord-sud? quelles sont leurs mecanismes contractuels? quelles sont les fonctions dont ils sont investis par les pays en developpement qui les pratiquent? quelles sont les incidences de ces fonctions sur les rapports contractuels qui decoulent de ces accords? et enfin, quelle est la place et le statut de ces derniers dans les ordres juridiques nationaux et dans le droit international economique en vigueur? c'est a ces questions que nous avons essaye de repondre dans la presente etude
Having been for a long time limited only to east-west trade the countertrade agreements have become, within the period of a few years, an important characteristic of international trade. As from the beginning of the 80s, they have expanted more particulary in the developing countries who have thereby seen a means of maintaining their imports at a level which is necessary for their development, of reducing their trade imbalances with their western partners, and of increasing and diversifying their exorts. In this respect, the countertrade agreements are unquestionably in connection with the problems of development, in the context, of developing countries. From that can be asked the question of knowing the consequences of this interaction on the different legal aspects of the countertrade agreements. From this main question stem several other questions, namely what is the character of these agreements in the northsouth context? what are their stipulated modalities and techniques? what are the functions invested in them by the developing countries exercising them? what are the incedence of the functions on the stipulated agreements which spring from these agreements? and finally what is the place and the statute of these agreements in the national economic rules and in the international economic law in force. That's the questions we have tried to answer in this present study

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The oscillations presents in control loops can cause damages in petrochemical industry. Canceling, or even preventing such oscillations, would save up to large amount of dollars. Studies have identified that one of the causes of these oscillations are the nonlinearities present on industrial process actuators. This study has the objective to develop a methodology for removal of the harmful effects of nonlinearities. Will be proposed an parameter estimation method to Hammerstein model, whose nonlinearity is represented by dead-zone or backlash. The estimated parameters will be used to construct inverse models of compensation. A simulated level system was used as a test platform. The valve that controls inflow has a nonlinearity. Results and describing function analysis show an improvement on system response
As oscila??es presentes nas malhas de controle podem causar preju?zos ? ind?stria petroqu?mica. Anular, ou at? mesmo amenizar tais oscila??es, acarretaria em uma grande economia. Estudos identificaram que um dos causadores destas oscila??es s?o as n?o linearidades presentes nos atuadores dos processos industriais. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver uma metodologia para cancelamento dos efeitos nocivos destas n?o linearidades. Ser? proposto um m?todo de estima??o de par?metros para o modelo de Hammerstein, cuja n?o linearidade ? representada pela zona-morta ou pela folga. Os par?metros estimados ser?o usados na constru??o de modelos inversos de compensa??o. Utilizou-se um sistema de n?vel simulado como plataforma de testes, o qual possui uma v?lvula de controle de fluxo da vaz?o de entrada com uma n?o linearidade associada. Resultados e a an?lise por fun??o descritiva mostram a melhoria do comportamento da sa?da do processo

Lo scopo della presente ricerca è quello di fornire una panoramica ed analizzare i possibili scenari di sviluppo conseguenti alla presenza in Italia del dibattito sulla liberalizzazione del mercato che ha come oggetto la tutela del diritto d’autore e la sua remunerazione. Tale dibattito, che trova le proprie origini nella complessità della materia, si è acuito negli ultimi decenni come conseguenza del rapido evolversi della tecnologia utilizzata nella diffusione delle opere dell’ingegno e della relativa difficoltà nella pratica di aggiornamento della normativa in merito. Nel nostro paese, ciò che da più parti viene denunciato è in primis una generalizzata carenza informativa e formativa, accompagnata da una diffusa mancanza di trasparenza, tracciabilità e analiticità delle transazioni, economiche ma non solo, nel flusso delle operazioni riguardanti la tutela dell’individualità dell’autore. Le recenti normative di emanazione europea inoltre, registrano l’urgenza di creare strumenti di armonizzazione per il settore in oggetto e per gli attori che vi operano all’interno del mercato europeo; il dibattito è ritornato in primo piano, integrando nuove istanze stimolate dalle innovazioni in termini di standard tecnogologici di diffusione disponibli in sempre più forme e funzionalità diverse. La ricerca si focalizzerà sull’ambito della creazione musicale e sarà riferita in particolare alle sue espressioni “live”, nei termini della qualificazione dei soggetti e delle opere oggetto della tutela. In questo ambito, la problematica è di interesse quanto mai attuale: in particolare, essa risulta maggiormente avvertita dalle imprese di medio-piccola dimensione, nonché dalle singole individualità che operano nel settore musicale in qualità di autori, editori e distributori. In ultima analisi tale problematica si identifica quale cornice del quadro che più in generale delinea i tratti di un freno per lo sviluppo dell’innovazione, sia che si parli di creazione e produzione del “materiale” musicale sia che si parli della sua successiva gestione. Vanno di conseguenza a delinearsi nel settore della creazione musicale del nostro paese delle barriere all’ingresso determinate da fattori esogeni, descrivibili solo in minima parte in riferimento all’incontro dell’offerta con la domanda.

Face à l'enracinement des pratiques compensatoires dans les entreprises comme un instrument commercial actif, voire stratégique, il nous est apparu nécessaire, sinon utile à la compréhension qui se généralise : - de décrire les mécanismes sous-jacents aux pratiques compensatoires, - d'examiner les implications de ces pratiques dans les entreprises. En s'appuyant sur les données recueillies sur un échantillon de trente neuf entreprises françaises et sur des informations réunies par des entretiens approfondis dans treize entreprises (également françaises) ayant une expérience établie des pratiques compensatoires, cette thèse permet en effet : - d'apporter un éclairage dans un domaine ou les échanges prennent des formes diverses et dont on ne cerne pas toujours, a priori, les finalités pour les entreprises, - de découvrir des différences de comportement dans leurs pratiques de compensation, - de déterminer, d'une part, les variables de ces différences de comportement et d'autre part, d'en évaluer l'efficacité respective
This thesis examines various aspects of corporate countertrade practices : policy, strategy, organizing, financing. The practices discussed are those of french corporations. It is based on data collected throw postal questionnaires and interviews in french firms. Throughout, the findings on benefits and problem are compare as between small and large firms. We have discussed of how companies choose their countertrade policies. In fact, the development of strategy and the matching of countertrade policy to strategy are discussed. A large portion of our analysis is devoted to the type of countertrade units existing within companies. Our study covers also the major methods of financing countertrade transactions. General information is given on financing through escrow accounts and parallel technical banking agreements

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
O trabalho trata da aplica??o do Controle Preditivo com o proposto M?todo da Compensa??o de N?o-Linearidades para o controle de um quadric?ptero. Esse m?todo consiste de utilizar o modelo n?o-linear do sistema para prever e inserir n?o-linearidades na formula??o do controle preditivo por meio de uma estrutura afim. Dentro do contexto de controle de um quadric?ptero, o controlador proposto ? comparado, atrav?s de simula??es num?ricas, com o controlador preditivo linear tradicional. Posteriormente experimentos s?o feitos com um quadric?ptero real montado em uma bancada de testes. Como resultado o uso do m?todo proposto trouxe um ganho de desempenho consider?vel quando o estado do sistema se distanciou do ponto de opera??o em que foi linearizado.
This study analises the application of Model Predictive Control (MPC) with the proposed Nonlinear Compensation Method in order to control a quadcopter. This method is based on the use of the system?s nonlinear model to predict and insert nonlinearities in the predictive control formulation by means of an affine structure. With respect to the control of a quadcopter, the proposed controller is compared, using numerical simulations, to the traditional linear predictive controller. After that, experiments were made with a real quadcopter mounted in a test bench. As a result, the use of the proposed method brought a considerable perfomance improvement when the system?s state were farther apart from the operation point in which it was linearized.

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O presente trabalho consiste na an??lise da compensa????o ambiental do art. 36 da Lei n?? 9.985, de 18 de julho de 2000, que instituiu o Sistema Nacional de Unidades de Conserva????o (SNUC), como instrumento para a implementa????o e manuten????o do Sistema. Verificou-se que o processo de efetiva????o do mecanismo tem sido bastante conflituoso, com destaque para a discuss??o envolvendo a sua natureza jur??dica. Chegou-se ?? conclus??o de que a caracter??stica central do instrumento ?? a promo????o da internaliza????o de custos relativos aos impactos ambientais negativos n??o mitig??veis aos recursos naturais, no valor previsto para o empreendimento. Consiste, assim, em instrumento econ??mico baseado no princ??pio do poluidor-pagador, a ser exigido como condicionante compensat??ria no ??mbito do licenciamento ambiental. Com fundamento nesse entendimento, passou-se ao exame das posi????es acerca do tema adotadas pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal (STF) ??? por meio da A????o Direta de Inconstitucionalidade (ADI) n?? 3378 e da Reclama????o (Rcl) n?? 8465 ???, e do Tribunal de Contas da Uni??o (TCU). Concluiu-se que essas discuss??es atribu??ram mais complexidade e inseguran??a ?? execu????o do instituto, o que, contudo, pode ser revertido quando da rean??lise da mat??ria no momento da aprecia????o dos embargos de declara????o opostos, no caso da ADI, e do requerimento apresentado pelo Instituto Chico Mendes de Conserva????o da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) perante o TCU.

L'interferometre construit a l'institut national de metrologie differe des interferometres classiques de michelson par l'utilisation des oeils de chat qui permet de compenser le champ d'interferences a l'infini. Cet interferometre nous a permis de raccorder a une longueur d'onde de reference les longueurs d'onde d'autres lasers stabilises en frequence par absorption saturee de la molecule d'iode 127. Afin d'obtenir un faceur de visibilite voisin de l'unite, nous avons realise un systeme original de reglages fins pour le grand il de chat. Nous avons transforme l'interferometre en un sigmametre a champ compense dont l'acquisition et le traitement des donnees reposent sur l'exploitation de deux signaux en quadrature de phase. Le balayage pas a pas et le controle de la difference de marche sont assures par un des lasers helium-neon stabilise en frequence a 633 nm et une electronique appropriee. L'incertitude est egale au demi-millieme de frange sur 6 millions de franges, ce qui conduit donc a une limite de resolution de 40 khz sur 500 thz. Les mesures de frequences de radiations correspondant aux transitions de la molecule d'iode dans le domaine compris entre 576 nm et 633 nm ont ete obtenues. La composante principale de l'incertitude finale est la connaissance de la reference dans le domaine visible, et de plusieurs s'il faut corriger empiriquement des termes chromatiques on identifies lies a l'interferometre

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
Study about the national politics on the professional education, under responsibility of the brazilian Work Department in 1990 years. Purposes to apprehend the results of the actions of the professional education in a basic level, offered by the National Plan of the worker qualification ( PLANFOR ), as well as the effects on the assisted exits, starting from the experience appreciated on the Plan of Qualification developed in the state of Maranh?o between 1996 to 2000. It adopts a theoretical-methodological conception by an ontological nature, if being worth of categories as the one of totality and of mediation that together, makes possible the apprehension of a dialectical movement that happens among the analysis object, the professional education politics in a basic level, performed by PLANFOR and your context, the underdevelop and heterogeneous Brazilian capitalism and the consequent job market generalized precarious and informal, making possible that the reality investigated become to understood rationally. This paper uses the indirect documentation technique, instruments of the bibliographical research and documental research. This study is based on those that aren?t part of PLANFOR, qualified by professional education courses in basic level,they didn't get to be inserts at the formal job market, just occupying precarious occupations in the informal job market. Aims to presents and discusses the productive process and your restructuring globally in progress. It focuses at the impacts on the workers, the precariousness of the work that appears like a new phenomenon calls new informality. Talks about the particularity process of productive restructuring assumed in Brazil highlights, showing that the informality, was always a structural phenomenon in the country. Discusses about the professional qualification in the contemporary capitalism, specifying some of your theses. Shows in a historical view the process of appearance of the employment notions and competence, and the influence that it exercised on the reforms of the basic and professional education, as well as the implications of both in the politics of professional education in the country. Rescues the process of creation of PLANFOR, your official formulations and your organized bases, starting from the second half of the 1990 decade. Shows yet the continuos changes in the job market of Maranh?o state, for after, starting from the reports expresses at the Plans of Qualification from the state, elaborated by the Group of Evaluation and Studies of the Poverty and the Politics addressed to the poverty from the Master degree Program in Public Politics, from the Federal University of Maranh?o, analyzing the acting of PLANFOR in the State, your probable deficiencies, as results the changes verified in the conditions of occupation and the gains of the exits from the professional education courses in basic level
Estudo sobre a pol?tica nacional de educa??o profissional, sob responsabilidade do Minist?rio do Trabalho, na d?cada de 1990. Objetiva apreender os resultados das a??es de educa??o profissional em n?vel b?sico oferecidas pelo Plano Nacional de Qualifica??o do Trabalhador (PLANFOR), bem como os efeitos sobre os egressos atendidos, a partir da aprecia??o da experi?ncia do Plano Estadual de Qualifica??o desenvolvida no Maranh?o, no per?odo de 1996 a 2000. Adota uma concep??o te?rico-metodol?gica de natureza ontol?gica, se valendo de categorias como as de totalidade e de media??o que, juntas, possibilitam a apreens?o do movimento dial?tico que ocorre entre o objeto de an?lise, a pol?tica de educa??o profissional em n?vel b?sico, executada pelo PLANFOR, e o seu contexto, o subdesenvolvido e heterog?neo capitalismo brasileiro e o conseq?ente mercado de trabalho precarizado/informalizado, possibilitando que a realidade investigada possa vir a ser racionalmente compreendida. A pesquisa se vale da t?cnica de documenta??o indireta, recorrendo tanto aos instrumentos da pesquisa bibliogr?fica quanto aos da pesquisa documental. Parte do pressuposto de que os egressos do PLANFOR, qualificados pelos cursos de educa??o profissional em n?vel b?sico, n?o conseguiram se inserir no mercado formal de trabalho, mas t?o somente em ocupa??es prec?rias no chamado mercado informal. Discute o processo de reestrutura??o produtiva ocorrido mundialmente, bem como os impactos sobre os trabalhadores, como a precariza??o do trabalho e o surgimento do fen?meno denominado de nova informalidade. Destaca a particularidade que o processo de reestrutura??o produtiva assumiu no Brasil, mostrando que a informalidade, ao contr?rio de ser conjuntural, sempre foi um fen?meno estrutural no pa?s. Recupera parte da discuss?o sobre a qualifica??o profissional no capitalismo contempor?neo, resenhando algumas de suas teses. Historiciza o processo de surgimento das no??es de empregabilidade e compet?ncia, e a influ?ncia que exerceu sobre as reformas da educa??o b?sica e profissional, bem como as implica??es de ambas na pol?tica de educa??o profissional no pa?s. Resgata o processo de cria??o do PLANFOR, suas formula??es oficiais e suas bases organizativas, a partir da segunda metade da d?cada de 1990. Mostra as mudan?as e perman?ncias no mercado de trabalho do Maranh?o para, em seguida, a partir de dados oriundos dos relat?rios de avalia??o externa dos Planos Estaduais de Qualifica??o, elaborados pelo Grupo de Avalia??o e Estudos da Pobreza e das Pol?ticas Direcionadas ? Pobreza, do Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Pol?ticas P?blicas, da Universidade Federal do Maranh?o, analisar o desempenho do PLANFOR no Estado, suas prov?veis defici?ncias, tendo, como foco, as mudan?as verificadas nas condi??es de ocupa??o e renda dos egressos dos cursos de educa??o profissional em n?vel b?sico

2006/2007
Questo lavoro ha come finalità la trascrizione e l’analisi del Compendio di me Francesco da Molino de m(esser) Marco delle cose, che reputerò degne di tenerne particolar memoria, del patrizio veneto Francesco Da Molino, aristocratico minore della Venezia del Cinquecento. Il manoscritto è conservato a Venezia, nella Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, mss. Italiani, cl. VII, 553 (=8812). L’opera si è rivelata di vivo interesse per le molteplici informazioni da essa riportate. Francesco da Molino q. Marco, modesto mercante e giudice della Quarantia, Consigliere a Retimo, rettore a Pordenone e nella fortezza di Spinalonga, risulta essere un attento osservatore della realtà veneziana; egli si sposta nello spazio veneziano e cosparge il suo Compendio di annotazioni critiche sugli accadimenti avvenuti durante la sua vita. Il lavoro è organizzato in due parti. La prima, divisa in tre capitoli, si occupa di analizzare, usando come fonte il Compendio, la biografia del Molino, nato nell’aprile 1546 e deceduto nell’ottobre 1598, i suoi primi tentativi nella mercatura, che ebbero esito infelice, le cariche pubbliche da lui ricoperte da Avvocato ai Consigli (1568) fino a Provveditore a Pordenone. La seconda parte è costituita dalla trascrizione del Compendio stesso. PARTE PRIMA. Nel primo capitolo si dimostra, con l’ausilio delle dichiarazioni di decima della famiglia Molino, l’appartenenza dei da Molino al patriziato minore per possibilità economica e, di conseguenza, per ruoli ricoperti nella carriera politica. Quella dei da Molino non è povertà assoluta, ma è certamente povertà relativa, rispetto alla condizione patrizia, se le loro rendite vengono confrontate con quelle di famiglie illustri. Sono quindi esaminate le modeste cariche pubbliche con cui Francesco da Molino deve integrare le rendite familiari, senza potere aspirare a magistrature prestigiose come le ambascerie. Il secondo capitolo si occupa della rappresentazione della società veneziana nel Compendio; infatti il Molino è testimone, non solo dei più clamorosi avvenimenti politici, ma della vita veneziana (e dello Stato da mar) considerata in tutta la sua ricchezza e complessità. Il Compendio del Molino, così varia e spesso drammatica, ci porta dalle acque del Mare Egeo fino alla terraferma e all’Atlantico, e ci dice moltissimo sulla psicologia di un patrizio veneziano del ‘500 di mediocre ricchezza. Questa parte della ricerca intende proseguire sulla strada tracciata da storici come Alberto Tenenti e Ugo Tucci, che hanno portato negli studi su Venezia le novità metodologiche della scuola delle Annales. Si esamina inoltre la scrittura del da Molino, le sue intenzioni nel comporre l’opera, la sua formazione culturale, il suo rapporto coi possibili lettori del Compendio. L’opera viene confrontata con la cronachistica veneziana ed i diari coevi, nella sua funzione di archivio politico della nobiltà, con descrizione di esperienze, viaggi, osservazioni, critiche. Ci sono alcuni episodi nei quali il Molino non solo rappresenta una delle testimonianze più significative per lo storico, ma raggiunge - entro i limiti del suo stile - una notevole efficacia narrativa e, soprattutto, esprime con chiarezza la sua visione della vita e della società veneziana: vengono analizzati in particolare l’incendio di Palazzo Ducale e alla sua ricostruzione, da cui apprendiamo qualcosa sulla visione artistica del Molino, e gli episodi in cui appaiono le rare figure di donne, comuni o straordinarie, tratteggiate dal Molino (la madre, Bianca Cappello, Vittoria Accoramboni) ed ancora l’episodio dell’alchimista Mamugna, che ci presenta una sorta di summa della capacità del Molino di descrivere realisticamente gli atteggiamenti dei vari gruppi sociali, compresi i ceti dirigenti, principi e patriziati di fine ‘500, che si disvelano ai nostri occhi come assai poco saggi e prudenti: sicché la pietra filosofale del Bragadin si trasforma per noi in una cartina al tornasole dell’Italia della Controriforma. Il terzo capitolo intitolato “Politica e religione” vede il Molino testimone della riforma costituzionale veneziana del 1582-83 e partecipe dell’atteggiamento anticuriale di larga parte del patriziato alla vigilia dell’Interdetto. Il Compendio del Molino è stato talvolta utilizzato, accanto ad altre testimonianze, per cercare di delineare - sulle orme di Leopold von Ranke - caratteri ed orientamenti del cosiddetto patriziato “giovane” nei decenni precedenti all’Interdetto e in particolare nel periodo della crisi costituzionale, che condusse alla riforma del Consiglio dei X del 1582-3 e alla definitiva abolizione della sua “Zonta”. Essendo la questione complessa, si impone l’esigenza di un rinnovato contatto con le fonti, che, senza escludere a priori la possibilità di recuperare le formule già impiegate da qualificati osservatori contemporanei della vita pubblica veneziana, come nunzi e ambasciatori, per descrivere certe dinamiche interne alla politica del Senato, restituisca però più concretamente l’identità dei singoli personaggi e la specificità delle voci che concorrevano, con varie motivazioni, a dar vita alle tendenze anticuriali di una parte del patriziato veneziano. Storici e politici più profondi del Molino, come Paolo Paruta coglieranno nel papato post-tridentino una fatale tendenza all’accentramento, destinata a sfociare proprio durante il pontificato di Sisto V. Non a caso, è proprio questo accentramento di poteri che conferisce un aspetto più drammatico alle vertenze fra Venezia e Roma. Il Molino non si sofferma più di tanto su questi temi, ma –con la sua sensibilità di patrizio- riesce a cogliere il contrasto tra Venezia e Roma, fra l’idea di una città libera retta da un’aristocrazia che conserva un’apparente eguaglianza repubblicana e il papato romano, che esprime l’esigenze dello Stato assoluto, esaminando tale conflitto sotto un profilo affatto particolare, quello delle procedure di estradizione da Venezia allo Stato pontificio. APPENDICE. In appendice sono riprodotte le fonti archivistiche più importanti per la biografia del da Molino e per una piena comprensione della sua opera: accanto ai dati biografici (registrazione della nascita e del decesso), e alle notizie economiche (il contratto di matrimonio del padre, le dichiarazioni di decima), sono trascritti i dispacci dell’ambasciatore Sigismondo Cavalli da Madrid, sulla missione del da Molino in Spagna nel 1567 per la liberazione della nave Giustiniana; vengono documentati i contrasti giurisdizionali fra il da Molino rettore a Pordenone e il Consiglio dei Dieci e Zonta nel 1580-1581, e viene trascritta la relazione sulla fortezza di Spinalonga, del 1586. PARTE SECONDA. La seconda parte contiene l’edizione critica del Compendio, preceduta dall’indicazione dei criteri di edizione qui adottati e accompagnata da note storiche e filologiche. Concludono l’opera l’indice analitico, comprendente i personaggi, i luoghi e gli avvenimenti citati nel Compendio, e la bibliografia.
XX Ciclo
1975

L'objectif principal de cette thèse consiste à savoir comment les firmes de haute technologie obtiennent un avantage compétitif dans le marché international utilisant des programmes d'offset. Dans la première partie, nous débutons par l'encadraient de l'offset dans le contexte de la théorie économique. Nous soutenons que l'offset ne viole pas les règles de l'optimum de Pareto, contrairement aux autres formes de compensation. En effet, les alternatives à l'offset sont des situations qui ne donnent pas lieu aux transferts de technologie. L'offset correspond à un jeu de somme positive dans le commerce international. Les deux partis (firmes exportatrices et pays importateurs) sont tous les deux gagnants. Aussi l'offset ne peut pas être envisagé en tant qu'une solution à des problèmes financiers. Un programme d'offset est un ensemble d’opérations qui exige d'une part une stratégie spécifique des entreprises, et, d'autre part, la capacité des pays demandeurs à intégrer l'offset dans les plans nationaux de développement technique. Les entreprises qui pratiquait l'offset appartiennent à des secteurs d'activité très divers, possèdent des courbes d'apprentissage de durées très différentes. Une méthode de collecte et d'analyse de données (de cinquante programmes d'offset entre pays développés de la zone de l'OCDE et l'étude de cas (concernant huit entreprises françaises de haute technologie) nous ont permis de mettre en évidence la liaison existante entre la capacité d'adaptation aux demandes d'offset d'une entreprise au niveau stratégique et organisationnel. Le paradigme de l'échange des systèmes et le modèle des réseaux ont été proposés pour donner un cadre conceptuel à cette recherche, afin d'expliquer les relations qui émergent d'un programme d'offset. Car ces programmes ne peuvent pas être analysés uniquement sur le plan tactique et opérationnel, la firme a besoin d'une stratégie de recherche d'avantages mutuels. Pour profiter des opportunités d'un environnement changeant, elle doit adopter un marketing d'anticipation et des stratégies proactives et flexibles.

Le retrait de séchage du béton est une des problématiques importantes dans le domaine des réparations de béton, puisque souvent à l’origine d’une diminution de la durabilité de l’intervention. Un béton à retrait compensé (BRC) est sujet aux mêmes processus de retrait de séchage que les bétons de ciment Portland. La différence se fait lors de la période de mûrissement. Lors des premiers jours de l’hydratation d’un BRC, un agent expansif incorporé au ciment cause l’expansion de la pâte avec une amplitude permettant de compenser le retrait de dessiccation du béton. Ce projet de maitrise présente l’étude de la robustesse de plusieurs formulations de BRC, dans le but d’isoler certains paramètres qui influencent le comportement des BRC. Deux types d’agent expansif ont été étudiés, l’un à base de sulfoaluminate de calcium (type K), l’autre à base d’oxyde de calcium (type G). L’analyse de la robustesse se divise en deux parties : la première concerne l’influence des variations de formulations (rapport E/L, types et dosages d’agent expansif, sources du ciment portland utilisées avec l’agent expansif), la deuxième est vouée à l’influence des conditions d’exposition, à savoir la température de cure (5 °C, 23 °C et 38 °C) et la disponibilité en eau lors du mûrissement (soumis à 50 % d’humidité relative, et immergé dans l’eau saturée de chaux). Ensuite, l’adhérence de plusieurs formulations de BRC à des substrats de béton humide et sec a été étudiée. Finalement, la durabilité de certaines formulations de BRC face aux cycles de gel-dégel, à l’attaque des sels fondants et à la pénétration des ions chlores a été caractérisée. Cette étude montre que lorsque certaines conditions sont réunies, le béton reste dans un état de compression ce permettant de réduire le risque de fissuration. Une faible température de cure ne permet pas le développement optimal de l’expansion, ce qui nuit à la compensation du retrait de séchage. Il en est de même en absence de mûrissement humide. Les résultats de l’adhérence des formulations de BRC à un substrat ont globalement été satisfaisants, cependant deux formulations, mises en place sur un substrat « humide », n’ont pas adhéré au substrat. Les essais de durabilité montrent une résistance acceptable à l’écaillage et aux cycles de gel-dégel des BRC. Toutefois, une perméabilité élevée aux ions chlores a été mesurée sur la plupart des formulations de BRC.
Drying shrinkage is one of the least desirable properties of repair concrete, because in restrained conditions, it may lead to shrinkage cracking and thus adversely affecting durability. Shrinkage compensating concrete (ShCC) is prone to the same drying shrinkage as Portland cement concrete. During the first days of ShCC’s hydration, the expansive agent, added to the cement, induce an expansion what balances approximately the subsequent normal drying shrinkage. This project outlines the study of the robustness of several ShCC mixtures design, in order to delineate some parameters influencing the behavior of ShCC. Two kinds of expansive agent is used, one based on calcium sulfoaluminate (type K) and the other based on calcium oxide (type G). The assessment of the robustness is divided in two parts : the first one aims to evaluate the influence of mixture design parameters (w/b ratio, cement composition, kind and ratio of expansive agent), the second one aspires to study the influence of curing conditions (water availability, temperature) on the expansive behavior. Then, the bond between ShCC repairs and concrete substrates were investigated. Being aware of the influence of the water availability on the expansion, each ShCC mixture design was added on a “dry” and a “wet” substrate. Finally, the freezing and thawing resistance, the scaling resistance, and the ability to resist chloride ion penetration were performed to assess the durability of ShCC mixture design. This study shows that certain ShCC mixture design can reduce the risk of cracking by maintaining the concrete in a compressive state. A low curing temperature prevents the expansion and harms the shrinkage compensation. The absence of curing results to the same observation. The results of bonding strength were generally acceptable. However, in the case of two mixtures design cast on a « wet » substrate, the ShCC layer deboned. The durability tests show a generally good resistance to freezing and thawing cycle and to scaling, but a high permeability to chloride ions.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES
Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico - CNPq
O comportamento ca?tico tem sido amplamente observado na natureza, tanto em fen?menos f?sicos e qu?micos quanto em sistemas biol?gicos, aparecendo tamb?m em diversas aplica??es de engenharia, se manifestando tanto em simples osciladores mec?nicos quanto nos mais avan?ados sistemas de comunica??o. No que concerne aos sistemas mec?nicos, comumente os efeitos das n?o-linearidades sobre o comportamento din?mico do sistema s?o de car?ter indesej?vel, o que tem motivado o desenvolvimento de estrat?gias de compensa??o. No entanto, recentemente tem-se verificado a exist?ncia de situa??es nas quais a riqueza da din?mica n?o-linear torna-se atraente. Devido a sua grande sensibilidade ?s condi??es iniciais, os sistemas ca?ticos podem sofrer mudan?as consider?veis por meio de pequenas varia??es em seus par?metros, o que ? extremamente favor?vel quando desejamos dar maior flexibilidade ao sistema controlado. Nesse sentido, analisaremos as varia??es apresentadas pelo oscilador de Duffing, em especial de suas ?rbitas peri?dicas inst?veis e se??o de Poincar? frente a altera??es percentuais de $\pm$ 5, $\pm$ 1 e +10 \% no valor nominal do param?tro que multiplica o termo c?bico. Em seguida, sabendo que o gasto de energia para estabilizar OPIs ? m?nimo, analisaremos o esfor?o de controle necess?rio para controlar e estabilizar tais ?rbitas, que pertencem a modelos diferentes do oscilador de Duffing nominal. Devido a sua robustez a incertezas par?metricas utilizaremos um controlador por modos deslizantes com fun??o de satura??o e compensa??o adaptativa por s?rie de Fourier.
The chaotic behavior has been widely observed in nature, from physical and chemical phenomena to biological systems, present in many engineering applications and found in both simple mechanical oscillators and advanced communication systems. With regard to mechanical systems, the effects of nonlinearities on the dynamic behavior of the system are often of undesirable character, which has motivated the development of compensation strategies. However, it has been recently found that there are situations in which the richness of nonlinear dynamics becomes attractive. Due to their parametric sensitivity, chaotic systems can suffer considerable changes by small variations on the value of their parameters, which is extremely favorable when we want to give greater flexibility to the controlled system. Hence, we analyze in this work the parametric sensitivity of Duffing oscillator, in particular its unstable periodic orbits and Poincar?e section due to changes in nominal value of the parameter that multiplies the cubic term. Since the amount of energy needed to stabilize Unstable Periodic Orbits is minimum, we analyze the control action needed to control and stabilize such orbits which belong to different versions of the Duffing oscillator. For that we will use a smoothed sliding mode controller with an adaptive compensation term based on Fourier series.

La localisation à distance des défauts monophasés dans les réseaux de distribution, un exercice à l'issue toujours incertaine dans les réseaux des lignes aériennes, est rendu encore plus complexe par la prolifération de réseaux câblés. Pourtant, les câbles appellent plus de rapidité, d'efficacité et de fiabilité des protections à cause des valeurs élevées des courants transitoires et capacitifs. L'idée générale de ce travail est qu'une solution peut venir d'analyse des courants transitoires sans mesure de tension. Ainsi, les informations utiles pour la détection rapide du départ en défaut peuvent être trouvées en régime de propagation et sur le premier lobe des courants résiduels. Le régime transitoire fournit aussi les données permettant la localisation du défaut par la méthode d'ajustement des courbes mesuré et simulées. En développant les méthodes d'extraction de ces informations par les procédées déterministes nous avons cherché à renforcer la fiabilité des lois déjà exploitées (la loi de polarité et son extension vers le régime permanent – la règle d'avance de phase) et à rendre les circuits équivalents plus efficaces dans l'identification des paramètres des réseaux en défaut
Remote single line to ground fault location in distribution networks, an exercise still remaining to be solved in overhead line systems, becomes much more embarrassing in cables. However, the cable systems demand more rapidity, efficiency and more reliability of protections, because of high transients and strong capacitive currents without voltage measurement. The general idea of this work is that some solutions can be obtained from analysis of the transient currents. The useful information for rapid detection of the faulty feeder can be found in the propagation regime and on the first lobe of residual currents. The transient regime provides also the data allowing the fault location by curve matching. When developing methods to extract the information by deterministic procedures, our intention was to reinforce the reliability of laws already exploited (the polarity law and the rule of phase leading) and to make the equivalent circuits more efficient in identifying the faulty system's parameters

L’aménagement du territoire et l’intensification agricole constituent deux causes majeures du déclin de la biodiversité. La plupart des projets d’aménagement sont tenus d’appliquer la séquence « éviter-réduire-compenser » (ERC) aux impacts générés, pour atteindre une absence de perte nette de biodiversité. La mise en place de cette séquence dans le cas de la construction de parcs éoliens se heurte à la difficulté d’évaluation et de prédiction des impacts dont la mortalité par collisions avec les chiroptères et l’avifaune. Nous avons en effet montré dans un travail préliminaire que les manques théoriques sur l’évaluation de l’impact combinés à une qualité variable des études réglementaires amènent aujourd’hui à i) un évitement et une réduction peu efficaces, ii) une compensation la plupart du temps inexistante ou hasardeuse. Face aux contraintes d'implantation, les éoliennes sont principalement installées en milieu agricole. Ce dernier, en plus de constituer un espace de production alimentaire, de support d’énergie renouvelable et de biodiversité, doit également assurer le rôle de compensation des impacts générés par la production d’énergie éolienne. Il apparaît d’autant plus urgent d’étudier cette problématique que ces impacts semblent pouvoir affecter les populations d’espèces en fort déclin. Dans un premier temps, nous avons quantifié un deuxième type d’impact des éoliennes, la répulsion exercée sur les chiroptères, jusqu’ici largement méconnue et de ce fait non pris en compte dans les projets d’implantation. Nous mettons en évidence un fort impact négatif de la présence d’éoliennes sur la fréquentation des haies par les chiroptères jusqu’à une distance minimale de 1000 m autour de l’éolienne, engendrant ainsi d’importantes pertes d’habitats. Or, à l’échelle du nord-ouest de la France, 89% des éoliennes sont implantées à moins de 200 m d’une lisière arborée (haie ou forêt), cette distance constituant une recommandation européenne. Cette étude améliore donc les connaissances liées à l’implantation des éoliennes pour optimiser l’évitement d’une partie des impacts, les rendant compensables par leur quantification. Nous avons ensuite comparé différentes mesures couramment utilisées en compensation (jachères et infrastructures agroécologiques), en développant un calcul d’équivalence multi-taxonomique entre ces mesures. Ceci a permis en toute transparence de proposer des alternatives aussi efficaces à une mesure peu acceptable (par exemple les jachères en contexte grandes cultures), maximisant les leviers de mise en place de la compensation. Enfin, nous avons évalué la faisabilité de mesures compensatoires potentiellement plus acceptables, non plus axées sur l’ajout d’éléments dans la matrice agricole, mais sur des mesures visant directement la qualité de cette matrice support de biodiversité. En se focalisant sur des changements de pratiques agricoles n’engendrant pas ou peu de pertes de rendement, nous montrons que la simplification du travail du sol peut apporter de forts bénéfices à l’avifaune et aux chiroptères. Toutefois, ce bénéfice peut fortement varier en fonction des pratiques visant à limiter l’excès de végétation spontanée généré par l’absence de labour. Une diminution du travail du sol et de l’usage d’herbicides peuvent créer des gains comparables à ceux obtenus en agriculture biologique. La thèse souligne l’urgence de reconsidérer les stratégies actuelles d’implantation et d’exploitation des éoliennes en milieu agricole, causant de fortes pertes d’habitats et une mortalité systématique. Elle montre aussi qu'en dépit des manques de connaissances limitant les possibilités d’un dimensionnement des mesures compensatoires fondé sur une quantification intégrale des impacts, nous sommes en mesure d’apporter d’ores et déjà des gains écologiques efficaces en milieu agricole grâce à des mesures acceptables par l’ensemble des acteurs
Land-use planning and agricultural intensification are two major causes of biodiversity loss. Most of development projects have to apply the mitigation hierarchy, i.e. avoid, reduce then offset impacts on biodiversity, in order to achieve the no net loss. Wind farm installation makes the mitigation hierarchy application difficult due to the lack of knowledges regarding the quantification and the prediction of impacts, characterized by collisions of birds and bats with turbines. In a preliminary study we showed that the current fail of impact assessment studies in i) the avoidance and the reduction as well as ii) the offsetting of impact, are mainly linked to a lack of theoretical knowledges and a low quality of studies. Installation constraints often imply to implement wind turbines in farmland areas. Such areas have the triple function of food production, renewable energy and biodiversity carrier, but they also have to offset impacts on biodiversity, which are generated by wind turbines. Thus, there is an urgent need to improve the consideration of impacts on biodiversity in projects, which would have underestimated effects on populations. In a first time, we quantified a new type of impact: the wind turbine revulsion on bats. This impact is so far little known and not taken into account in assessment studies for wind farm installations. We highlighted a negative long distance impact (over 1000 m) of wind turbine proximity on bat activity at hedgerows, which is a highly attractive habitat for this taxa. These strong negative impacts currently lead to high losses of habitat use. Moreover, at the region scale study (north-west France), 89% of turbines are implemented at less than the European recommendations (200 m to wooded edges -hedgerows or forests). Thus, this study improved knowledges in order to optimize avoidance of this impact and made them measurable allowing their offsetting. We then compared different commonly used offsetting measures (i.e. fallows and agroecological elements), by developing a method for calculating ecological equivalences between offset measure. This allowed in complete transparency to find alternative measures as efficiently as an initial low acceptable measure (i.e. fallows in open field area). Such a method allowed an effective implementation of measures. Finally, we assessed the ecological gain provided by new types of measures such as changes in farming practices. Unlike classic measures which are usually an implementation of new elements in the landscape, changes in farming practices consist in quality improving of arable land features. Because we studied changes which do not implies losses of yield, or low in first years after changes, such measures are potentially more acceptable for farmers. We showed that tillage and herbicide reduction could positively impact birds and bats. However, to reduce tillage (i.e. no ploughing) implies to adapt the method to control weeds, previously performed by ploughing. Several possibilities can be used such as cover cropping or herbicide use intensification. In this context, our results also highlighted that positive impacts could vary significantly among underlying weed control possibilities. For instance, tillage reduction, when one herbicide pass is removed, generates as much ecological gain than organic farming system. This PhD thesis highlights the urgent need to adapt wind energy planning and these exploitation in farming areas, due to high habitat loss and systematic mortality. This thesis also shows that despite the current lack of knowledges, preventing to design offsetting measures facing to quantified impacts, implementation of acceptable measures for stakeholders may provide effective gains for bats and birds

Orientador: Nilson Tadeu Mascia
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil
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Resumo: A vantagem estrutural das vigas de madeira com alma em chapa de compensado advem da sua elevada rigidez e resistência, ao mesmo tempo em que são leves e de fácil execução. São compostas de mesas de madeira maciça e de almas de chapa de compensado, unidas através de pregos para formar seções / ou caixão de alta eficiência. As mesas, distanciadas entre si, têm como função transmitir a maior parte das tensões normais, e as almas, as tensões tangenciais. A principal aplicação dessas vigas é na construção de coberturas. Neste trabalho, no estudo teórico, foi investigado o comportamento da viga composta, tendo sido incluídos os efeitos que influenciam em sua rigidez, particularmente, a deformação da ligação. Uma abordagem segundo equações de equilíbrio foi feita, e foram desenvolvidas expressões para o cálculo dos deslocamentos e das tensões. Um estudo da influência da deformação tangencial foi incluído. Dentro do estudo experimental, foram realizados ensaios de flexão de modelos reduzidos, com o objetivo da determinação da rigidez da viga composta, deformações e deslocamentos para a comparação com a teoria. Nesse contexto, o comportamento da viga foi descrito, tendo sido avaliada a relevância dos efeitos considerados, o que permitiu trazer uma contribuição para um maior conhecimento desse elemento estrutural altamente racionalizado
Abstract: The structural advantage of plywood-webbed timber composite beams derives from their high stiffness and strength, and at the same time, their lightness and easy fabrication. They are composed of timber flanges and plywood webs, nailed to the flanges in order to form an efficient box or I-section. The timber flanges, spaced apart from each other, carry most of the bending stresses, and the plywood webs transmit the shear stresses. Their commonest application is in roof construction. In this work, in a theoretical study, the behavior of the beam was investigated, including the effect of deformation of the joint. An approach based on equilibrium equations was made, and the expressions for computing displacements and stresses were developed. An investigation of the effect of shear deformation was also included. In an experimental study, bending tests on reduced models were carried out, with the aim of determining the beam stiffness, strains and displacements for comparison with theory. In this context, the performance of the beam was described, and the relevance of included effects was evaluated, contributing to a further knowledge of this highly efficient structural element
Mestrado
Estruturas
Mestre em Engenharia Civil

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The present work presents the study and implementation of an adaptive bilinear compensated generalized predictive controller. This work uses conventional techniques of predictive control and includes techniques of adaptive control for better results. In order to solve control problems frequently found in the chemical industry, bilinear models are considered to represent the dynamics of the studied systems. Bilinear models are simpler than general nonlinear model, however it can to represent the intrinsic not-linearities of industrial processes. The linearization of the model, by the approach to time step quasilinear , is used to allow the application of the equations of the generalized predictive controller (GPC). Such linearization, however, generates an error of prediction, which is minimized through a compensation term. The term in study is implemented in an adaptive form, due to the nonlinear relationship between the input signal and the prediction error.Simulation results show the efficiency of adaptive predictive bilinear controller in comparison with the conventional.
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo o estudo e a implementa??o de um controlador preditivo generalizado bilinear adaptativamente compensado. Este trabalho utiliza t?cnicas de controle preditivo convencionais juntamente com t?cnicas de controle adaptativo na busca de um melhor resultado. No intuito de solucionar problemas de controle freq?entemente enfrentados pela ind?stria qu?mica, ? proposto o modelo bilinear para representar a din?mica dos sistemas em estudo. Os modelos bilineares s?o uma classe particular dentre os modelos n?o-lineares, por?m s?o por natureza mais simples que os modelos n?o lineares gerais e ainda conseguem representar as n?o-linearidades intr?nsecas dos processos industriais. A lineariza??o do modelo, pela aproxima??o quasilinear por degrau de tempo, ? utilizada para viabilizar a aplica??o das equa??es do controlador preditivo generalizado (GPC). Tal lineariza??o, no entanto, gera um erro de predi??o, o qual ? minimizado atrav?s de um termo de compensa??o. O termo em estudo ? implementado de forma adaptativa, dada a forte rela??o n?o-linear entre o sinal de entrada e o erro de predi??o. Resultados de simula??o mostram a efici?ncia do controlador preditivo bilinear adaptativo em compara??o com o convencional.

Cette thèse traite des réseaux de distribution moyenne tension [MT] dont le neutre est mis à la terre par l'intermédiaire d'une inductance. Ce traitement de neutre permet de réduire le courant dans un défaut phase-terre. Dans une première partie, le principe de cette diminution est expliqué et la théorie de base pour ce type de réseaux (dits réseaux compensés) est rappelée. Dans une deuxième partie, une vue d'ensemble des méthodes pour mesurer les paramètres fondamentaux décrivant le réseau est donnée. En particulier, une nouvelle méthode de mesure à base d'une injection d'un signal de mesure dans le circuit à la terre du réseau utilisant leurs courants résiduels est présentée. Ensuite, l'influence d'un défaut de terre monophasé résistif sur les grandeurs électriques du réseau et sur ses paramètres est étudiée. Des approches permettant la détection et la localisation de tels défauts en sont déduits. Une conception intégrant les résultats théoriques des parties précédentes pour un automate de gestion installé au niveau du poste de transformation HT/MT est développée. Cette conception inclut la gestion de l'inductance de neutre, l'acquisition des paramètres, la détection de défauts et des stratégies de maintenance préventive. La théorie et les algorithmes présentés ont été validés par des expériences avec une maquette de cet automate réalisée lors de cette étude

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
Estruturas e sistemas inteligentes tem como principal caracter?stica a capacidade de emular o comportamento de organismos vivos, os quais possuem comportamento autorregulado. Deste modo, devido a presen?a de um mecanismo de est?mulo-resposta, este tipo de estrutura possui propriedades adaptativas. O termo estrutura inteligente vem sendo usado para identificar sistemas estruturais capazes de modificar sua geometria e/ou propriedades f?sicas no intuito de executar determinada tarefa. Neste trabalho, um controlador por modos deslizantes com compensa??o difusa ? empregado para o controle ativo de vibra??es em uma treli?a de Von Mises feita de liga com mem?ria de forma. Este sistema possui uma din?mica bastante rica e complexa, podendo apresentar comportamento ca?tico mesmo quando submetido a carregamentos de frequ?ncias moderadas. Simula??es num?ricas s?o apresentadas para comprovar a efic?cia da estrat?gia utilizada.
Smart structures and systems have the main purpose to mimic living organisms, which are essentially characterized by an autoregulatory behavior. Therefore, this kind of structure has adaptive characteristics with stimulus-response mechanisms. The term adaptive structure has been used to identify structural systems that are capable of changing their geometry or physical properties with the purpose of performing a specific task. In this work, a sliding mode controller with fuzzy inference is applied for active vibration control in an SMA two-bar truss. In order to obtain a simpler controller, a polynomial model is used in the control law, while a more sophisticated version, which presents close agreement with experimental data, is applied to describe the SMA behavior of the structural elements. This system has a rich dynamic response and can easily reach a chaotic behavior even at moderate loads and frequencies. Therefore, this approach has the advantage of not only obtaining a simpler control law, but also allows its robustness be evidenced. Numerical simulations are carried out in order to demonstrate the control system performance.

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Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES)
Este trabalho tem como enfoque as dificuldades envolvidas em controlar sistemas de or-dem superior com atraso de transporte, onde a solu??o adotada para amenizar o efeito cau-sado pelo atraso ? a utiliza??o de um algoritmo de predi??o, composto pelas t?cnicas do Preditor de Smith e do Preditor de Smith Filtrado. Analisando os casos em que o modelo do sistema usado no algoritmo de predi??o n?o ? id?ntico ao real, foi poss?vel constatar a presen?a de erro na din?mica do sistema. Este erro pode amplificar o esfor?o de controle e o desgaste prematuro dos equipamentos envolvidos, levando em alguns casos a desestabili-zar o sistema. Diante disto, foi proposto o desenvolvimento de um sistema capaz de tratar as incertezas decorrentes da diferen?a entre o modelo e o sistema real, reduzindo o efeito do atraso de transporte sobre o sistema de controle. Como resultado foi gerada uma ferra-menta, que atua de forma aceit?vel para os casos testados, ajustando o modelo do processo e, consequentemente, melhorando a compensa??o de tempo morto.
This work considers the difficulties involved in the control of higher order systems with transport delay, where the solution adopted to mitigate the effect caused by the delay is the use of a prediction algorithm composed of the Smith Predictor techniques and Filtered Smith Predictor. Analyzing the cases where the system model used in the prediction algo-rithm is not identical to the real system, the presence of error in the system dynamics was observed. This error may amplify the control effort and cause premature wear of the equipment involved, in some cases leading the system to instability. In this manner, the development of a tool to treat uncertainties originated from the difference between the sys-tem model and the real system, thereby reducing the effect of transmission delay of the control system, has been proposed. A software to adjust the process model and thus im-prove the dead time compensation was implemented.

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Com o surgimento de t?cnicas de controle que utilizam estrat?gias n?o lineares combinadas com algoritmos da intelig?ncia artificial, tem sido poss?vel em diversas ?rea da engenharia o controle eficaz de sistemas n?o lineares, mesmo na presen?a de elevado grau de incertezas. A l?gica difusa (fuzzy) se destaca dentre as t?cnicas de intelig?ncia artificial tanto pela facilidade de sua implementa??o quanto pela semelhan?a entre o seu processo de infer?ncia e o racioc?nio humano. Outra vantagem reside no fato da l?gica difusa n?o necessitar de conhecimento pr?vio do modelo do sistema, quando aplicada ao controle de sistemas din?micos. No que tange ?s estrat?gias de controle n?o linear, a principal limita??o da t?cnica de lineariza??o por realimenta??o, por exemplo, est? na necessidade do conhecimento do modelo do sistema. Os sistemas eletro-hidr?ulicos, por sua vez, possuem modelo n?o linear de dif?cil controle pelas t?cnicas tradicionais e s?o utilizados em diversas ?reas da engenharia, como por exemplo nos setores industrial e aeroespacial. Desta forma, mostra-se extremamente importante que seu controle seja realizado de maneira eficiente, tanto por quest?es de economia quanto de seguran?a. Partindo das dificuldades apresentadas ao tentar controlar esse tipo de sistema, s?o apresentadas propostas de utiliza??o da t?cnica de controle de lineariza??o por realimenta??o em conjunto com a l?gica difusa para compensar a n?o linearidade de zona morta e demais incertezas inerentes a este tipo de sistema. Para avaliar o desempenho das estrat?gias de controle propostas s?o realizadas simula??es num?ricas utilizando um modelo n?o linear simplificado desse sistema e tamb?m s?o desenvolvidos testes experimentais em um atuador eletro-hidr?ulico de bancada.

La proportion de cables moyenne tension se developpe. Edf envisage de generaliser l'emploi de bobine de compensation dans les reseaux moyenne tension mixte. Ainsi la plupart des defauts monophases sont autoextincteurs et la plupart des defauts permanents sont des defauts a arc intermittent. Il est donc necessaire que les protections employees pour selectionner le depart en defaut exploitent le regime transitoire qui se produit a l'apparition du defaut. Pour etudier ces regimes transitoires, un circuit electrique equivalent simple, utilisant les composantes naturelles du reseau est realise. Sa structure permet une comprehension physique et intuitive des phenomenes. Ce modele est valide par confrontations avec differents enregistrements effectues sur un reseau d'edf ainsi qu'avec des simulations emtp. Dans les cas des faibles et des grandes resistances de defaut, les relations analytiques permettant de correler les caracteristiques du regime transitoire et les parametres du reseau sont proposees. La signification physique des differentes composantes du regime transitoire est mis en evidence. En dehors de ce domaine le probleme doit etre resolu numeriquement. L'influence des differents parametres du reseau sur les caracteristiques du regime transitoire ainsi que celle des composantes sur l'energie homopolaire transitee est etudiee. Les connaissances des regimes transitoires apportees par l'etude, doit permettre de definir avec plus de precision les besoins fonctionnels en matiere de protection sur les reseaux a neutre compense et de verifier le bon fonctionnement de ces protections

Ce travail est une application de la théorie des problèmes inverses à la reconstruction 3-D des artères coronaires avec compensation du mouvement à partir de données Rot-X. Dans un premier temps nous étudions le problème inverse en dimension finie et infinie. En dimension finie nous nous concentrons sur la modélisation du problème inverse en tomographie en définissant la notion de base de voxels et de matrice de projection, en vue de pouvoir se ramener à une formulation matricielle du problème inverse. Nous étudions aussi la notion de tomographie dynamique et les problèmes qui lui sont liés. Notre formulation discrète permet grâce aux bases de voxels d'inclure n'importe quelle déformation de support étant un difféorphisme dans le problème inverse matriciel, dès lors que cette déformation est connue a priori. Dans le dernier chapitre, nous présentons une méthode d'estimation du mouvement utilisant les projections Rot-X synchronisées par rapport à l'ECG, basée sur un modèle déformable 3-D des artères coronaires. Le mouvement est modélisé par des fonctions B-splines.
Une fois le mouvement estimé, la reconstruction tomographique à un instant de référence est effectuée par une optimisation aux moindres-carrés qui inclut le mouvement ainsi qu'un terme de pénalité qui favorise les valeurs d'intensités fortes pour les voxels au voisinage de la ligne centrale 3-D, et les faibles valeurs pour les autres. Cette méthode a été testée sur des données simulées basées sur des lignes centrales 3-D préalablement extraites de données MSCT.

Esta pesquisa enfocou o estudo descritivo do comportamento do mercado de compensado no Estado do Paraná e a apresentação de projeções do consumo e preço durante o ano de 1987. Foram utilizadas séries temporais trimestrais (1980-II à 1986-IV). Foi empregado o Método dos Mínimos Quadrados de Dois Estágios na estimação das equações. O grau de ajustamento obtido para a equação da demanda, medido através do valor do coeficiente de determinação corrigido (R2 = 0,93) foi superior ao obtido para a equação da oferta (R2 = 0,62). Todos os sinais dos coeficientes de regressão apresentaram-se coerentes com a teoria econômica. A Elasticidade-preço da demanda foi estimada em -0,833 e a Elasticidade-preço da oferta foi estimada em 0,916. A Elasticidade-valor das exportações relacionada ao consumo de compensado, indica que a indústria de compensado está fortemente dependente de mercados que estão fora do Estado do Paraná. As projeções da demanda de compensado apresentaram-se com uma tendência declinante acentuada durante os quatro trimestres de 1987. As projeções para o preço deste produto indicam que houve um crescimento significativo no preço (real) deflacionado durante o ano de 1987.

La compensation represente 10 a 15 % des echanges mondiaux. Elle est dans la reflexion des hommes d'affaires, politiciens, economistes et juristes confrontes aux problemes que pose la nouvelle guerre economique de la vente internationale. Elle est une arme commerciale permettant de conquerir de nouveaux marches. Sa pratique a ete consacree au plan international par la formule << petrole contre nourriture >> entre l'onu et l'irak. Son usage a ete reconnu par des decisions arbitrales et etatiques, et par l'o. M. C. A travers le contrat de compensation industrielle: l'offset. Les pouvoirs publics lui portent un vif interet. ; en france, cette modalite de l'echange est peu exploitee, a l'exception de grandes societes qui se : sont dotees de structures internes pour y faire face. Les pme et pmi setrouvent penalisees car elles ne disposent pas de l'experience requise pour y participer. L'utilisation des maisons de commerce peut faciliter leur lourde tache de conquete et penetration de nouveaux marches si elles decident d'accepter leurs nouveaux roles d'acheteuses malgre elles. L'auteur a effectue une approche theorique des structures contractuelles et financieres du contrat international de contre-achat. Il n'y a pas un contrat type adaptable a une operation de contre-achat. Tout montage conventionnel doit etre en harmonie avec les principes du droit des contrats internationaux, les systemes juridiques lies a l'operation et le droit de la distribution. L'economie de cette etude a ete basee sur les rapports juridiques convenus par les parties entre une vente dite "exportation principale" -provenant souvent d'un pays occidental- et une autre dite <> ou << contre-exportation >> venant de son partenaire. L'experience des comptes bloques en droit anglo-americain a ete etudiee ainsi que celle de certains pays de droit civil. L'utilisation adequate des credits documentaires croises, de la garantie bancaire autonome fait l'objet du montage financier. La question est posee: serions-nous en train de voir apparaitre une nouvelle donnee d'etude, un jus trocare pour un homo compensatio?

O cristalino se origina de um epitélio simples e cuboidal que recobre a vesícula óptica. Neste estádio, os filamentos de actina são distribuídos ao longo do eixo apicobasal. As células do ectoderma pré- placodal, em contato com a vesícula óptica, formam um epitélio pseudoestratificado, chamado de placóide do cristalino, com acúmulo de actina no domínio apical. Nós propusemos estudar o papel da proteína PAR3 e sua fosforilação no estabelecimento de actina apical. A superexpressão de PAR3 no placóide forma pontos ectópicos de PAR3 na membrana baso-lateral e induz o recrutamento de actina ectópica para esses pontos. O recrutamento de actina e aPKC ectópicos é independente do estado de fosforilação da treonina 833, resíduo localizado no domínio de ligação do PAR3 ao aPKC. Além disso, no ectoderma peri-placoidal, onde a actina localiza-se baso-lateralmente, PAR3 induz o recrutamento ectópico de actina apical e esse recrutamento é independente da fosforilação da treonina 833. Esses dados nos sugerem que PAR3 é suficiente para recrutar actina no placóide do cristalino.
The lens originates from a simple cuboidal epithelium that overlies the optic vesicle. At this stage, the actin filaments are distributed along its apical-basal sides. The pre-placodal ectoderm, in contact with the optic vesicle, forms a pseudostratified tissue, the lens placode, with accumulation of actin network at the apical domain. Here, we focused on the role of the polarity protein PAR3 and its phosphorylation in the establishment of this apical actin network. Overexpression of PAR3 in the lens placode, induced formation of ectopic actin clusters in the basolateral membrane of the lens placode. The formation of these actin clusters, as well as recruitment of aPKC was independent of Threonine 833 phosphorylation at the PAR3 aPKC-binding site. In addition, PAR3 induced ectopic actin networks in the apical membrane of the periplacodal ectoderm independent of the Threonine 833 phosphorylation. Taken together, these data suggest that PAR3 is sufficient for actin recruitment in the lens placode.