Academic literature on the topic 'Compensation plan derivation'
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Journal articles on the topic "Compensation plan derivation"
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Kubíčková, S. "Non-market evaluation of landscape function of agriculture in the PLA White Carpathians." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 50, No. 9 (February 24, 2012): 388–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5223-agricecon.
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This paper describes research to quantify, in monetary terms, the landscape amenity benefits of agriculture in the Protected Landscape Area White Carpathians. Within the case study of the PLA, we measured benefits to three groups: local residents, visitors, and the general public. The benefit measurement technique used in the main part of the study was the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM). This allowed the estimation of both use and non-use (existence and bequest value). The emphasis in this paper is the derivation of information, which is essential for the design, and evaluation of compensation programs targeted to landscape amenity protection. Primarily, the need for this arises because of the existence of genuine concern for the provision of landscape amenity services by agriculture. It is also useful and of interest to evaluate and compare the perceptions of agricultural landscape amenity benefits as held by different affected groups of people.
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Tousizadeh, Mahdi, Amirmehdi Yazdani, Hang Seng Che, Hai Wang, Amin Mahmoudi, and Nasrudin Abd Rahim. "A Generalized Fault Tolerant Control Based on Back EMF Feedforward Compensation: Derivation and Application on Induction Motors Drives." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010051.
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In this paper, a fault-tolerant three-phase induction drive based on field-oriented control is studied, and an analytical approach is proposed to elucidate the limitations of FOC in flux-torque regulation from the controller perspective. With an open-phase fault, the disturbance terms appear in the controller reference frame and degrade the controller performance when operating in a d-q plane with DC quantities. In addition, the hardware reconfiguration, which is essential to operate faulted three-phase drives, causes substantial change in the way the control parameters vd, vq are reflected onto the machine terminals. An accurate understanding of the feedforward term, by considering the open-phase fault and the hardware modifications, is provided to re-enable the FOC in presence of an open-phase fault. Furthermore, the concept of feedforward term derivation is generically extended to cover multiphase induction drives encountering an open-phase fault whereby no hardware reconfiguration is intended. The proposed method is explained based on a symmetrical six-phase induction and can be extended to drives with a higher number of phases. The effectiveness of the proposed derivation method, which is required to form a feedforward fault-tolerant controller, is verified and compared through the simulation and experiment, ensuring smooth operation in postfault mode.
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Marais, G. F., and A. S. Marais. "The derivation of compensating translocations involving homoeologous group 3 chromosomes of wheat and rye." Euphytica 79, no. 1-2 (1994): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00023578.
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Tan, Xiaobo, Alireza Modafe, and Reza Ghodssi. "Measurement and Modeling of Dynamic Rolling Friction in Linear Microball Bearings." Journal of Dynamic Systems, Measurement, and Control 128, no. 4 (April 9, 2006): 891–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2362786.
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In prior work of the authors and co-workers, a vision-based system was developed for characterizing the tribological behavior of silicon-micromachined linear microball bearings. Plain difference methods introduce amplitude and/or phase distortion in computing the derivative signals (e.g., velocity and acceleration) based on the position snapshots. In this paper frequency-dependent amplitude and phase compensation algorithms are developed for both the forward difference and the central difference methods to retrieve without distortion the friction and the relative velocity between bearing elements. Processing of experimental data with these techniques reveals nonlinear, viscous frictional behavior in the bearing. A viscoelastic model based on a continuum of mass-spring-damper elements is then proposed for the ball-groove interaction. Numerical results show that this model captures the nonlinear velocity dependence of the rolling friction observed in experiments.
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Kariuki, Robert Kariuki. "Influence of Effective Planning of Work Process on Competitive Advantage of Numerical Derivative Industries. A Critical Literature Review." International Journal of Modern Statistics 2, no. 1 (November 23, 2022): 25–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijms.1131.
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Purpose: Adaptive capability is defined as a firm’s ability to identify and capitalize on emerging market opportunities. The overall objective of this study was to examine influence of effective planning of work process on competitive advantage of numerical derivative industries. A critical literature review
Methodology: The paper used a desk study review methodology where relevant empirical literature was reviewed to identify main themes and to extract knowledge gaps.
Findings: The study also concluded that organizational transformation affects competitive advantage in the numerical machining industries positively. The study showed that new performance measures enhance sustained profitability and revised compensation and training strengthens customer loyalty. The study further revealed that continuous improvement determines brand recognition.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: The study recommends that management in firms should engage with emerging markets more closely. This can be done through planning and determining the cost advantages as well as the operational costs in order to keep itself competitive. The study recommends that international business participant should have an understanding of economics, finance, marketing and strategy, a social understanding of culture and managing across culture. The Numerical Machining industries should plan and launch next generation line extensions with precision and advice from physicians and patients. The study recommends that the patent protection should have lapsed and the corporation set up a defined strategy.
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Wang, Liang, Jianliang Ai, Li Zhang, and Zhenlin Xing. "Design of Airport Obstacle-Free Zone Monitoring UAV System Based on Computer Vision." Sensors 20, no. 9 (April 27, 2020): 2475. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092475.
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In recent years, a rising number of incidents between Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) and planes have been reported at airports and airfields. A design scheme for an airport obstacle-free zone monitoring UAV system based on computer vision is proposed. The system integrates the functions of identification, tracking, and expelling and is mainly used for low-cost control of balloon airborne objects and small aircrafts. First, a quadcopter dynamic model and 2-Degrees of Freedom (2-DOF) Pan/Tilt/Zoom (PTZ) model are analyzed, and an attitude back-stepping controller based on disturbance compensation is designed. Second, a low and slow small-target self-identification and tracking technology is constructed against a complex environment. Based on the You Only Look Once (YOLO) and Kernel Correlation Filter (KCF) algorithms, an autonomous target recognition and high-speed tracking plan with great robustness and high reliability is designed. Third, a PTZ controller and automatic aiming strategy based on Anti-Windup Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) algorithm is designed, and a simplified, automatic-aiming expelling device, the environmentally friendly gel ball blaster, which features high speed and high accuracy, is built. The feasibility and stability of the project can be verified through prototype experiments.
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Sands, Timothy. "Optimization Provenance of Whiplash Compensation for Flexible Space Robotics." Aerospace 6, no. 9 (August 30, 2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace6090093.
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Automatic controls refer to the application of control theory to regulate systems or processes without human intervention, and the notion is often usefully applied to space applications. A key part of controlling flexible space robotics is the control-structures interaction of a light, flexible structure whose first resonant modes lie within the bandwidth of the controller. In this instance, the designed-control excites the problematic resonances of the highly flexible structure. This manuscript reveals a novel compensator capable of minimum-time performance of an in-plane maneuver with zero residual vibration (ZV) and zero residual vibration-derivative (ZVD) at the end of the maneuver. The novel compensator has a whiplash nature of first commanding maneuver states in the opposite direction of the desired end state. For a flexible spacecraft simulator (FSS) free-floating planar robotic arm, this paper will first derive the model of the flexible system in detail from first principles. Hamilton’s principle is augmented with the adjoint equation to produce the Euler–Lagrange equation which is manipulated to prove equivalence with Newton’s law. Extensive efforts are expended modeling the free–free vibration equations of the flexible system, and this extensive modeling yields an unexpected control profile—a whiplash compensator. Equations of motion are derived using both the Euler–Lagrange method and Newton’s law as validation. Variables are then scaled for efficient computation. Next, general purposed pseudospectral optimization software is used to seek an optimal control, proceeding afterwards to validate optimality via six theoretical optimization necessary conditions: (1) Hamiltonian minimization condition; (2) adjoint equations; (3) terminal transversality condition; (4) Hamiltonian final value condition; (5) Hamiltonian evolution equation; and lastly (6) Bellman’s principle. The results are novel and unique in that they initially command full control in the opposite direction from the desired end state, while no such results are seen using classical control methods including classical methods augmented with structural filters typically employed for controlling highly flexible multi-body systems. The manuscript also opens an interesting question of what to declare when the six optimality necessary conditions are not necessarily in agreement (we choose here not to declare finding the optimal control, instead calling it suboptimal).
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Abbaker, AM Omer, Haoping Wang, and Yang Tian. "Voltage control of solid oxide fuel cell power plant based on intelligent proportional integral-adaptive sliding mode control with anti-windup compensator." Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control 42, no. 1 (August 26, 2019): 116–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142331219867779.
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Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) plant is considered a most important type in the field of fuel cells, which gives control difficulties such as fuel flow constraints, load disturbance, system nonlinearities, and parameter uncertainties. However, due to these difficulties, the voltage control of SOFC plant is extremely difficult. In this paper, a new intelligent proportional integral-adaptive sliding mode control (iPI-ASMC) with anti-windup compensator is proposed to control the output voltage of SOFC plant to keep up with the rated voltage. The referred iPI-ASMC is made of three sub-components: (i) an extended state observer (ESO)-based-intelligent proportional-integral to estimate the unknown dynamic, (ii) an adaptive sliding mode control is added to compensate the estimation error of unknown dynamic, and (iii) an anti-windup compensator based on back-calculation is used to deal with saturation problem which is caused by input constraints. Moreover, the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed iPI-ASMC strategy is demonstrated by comparing with some other approaches such as conventional proportional integral-derivative (PID) controller, intelligent proportional-integral (iPI) and fuzzy PID controller. Corresponding simulation results show that the proposed iPI-ASMC approach provides better dynamic responses and outperforms to compared methods in term of settling time, peak overshoots, integral absolute error (IAE), integral square error (ISE), and integral time absolute error (ITAE).
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Taha, Zahari, Anwar P. P. Abdul Majeed, Amar Faiz Zainal Abidin, Mohammed A. Hashem Ali, Ismail Mohd Khairuddin, Abdelhakim Deboucha, and Mohd Yashim Wong Paul Tze. "A hybrid active force control of a lower limb exoskeleton for gait rehabilitation." Biomedical Engineering / Biomedizinische Technik 63, no. 4 (July 26, 2018): 491–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/bmt-2016-0039.
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Abstract Owing to the increasing demand for rehabilitation services, robotics have been engaged in addressing the drawbacks of conventional rehabilitation therapy. This paper focuses on the modelling and control of a three-link lower limb exoskeleton for gait rehabilitation that is restricted to the sagittal plane. The exoskeleton that is modelled together with a human lower limb model is subjected to a number of excitations at its joints while performing a joint space trajectory tracking, to investigate the effectiveness of the proposed controller in compensating disturbances. A particle swarm optimised active force control strategy is proposed to facilitate disturbance rejection of a conventional proportional-derivative (PD) control algorithm. The simulation study provides considerable insight into the robustness of the proposed method in attenuating the disturbance effect as compared to the conventional PD counterpart without compromising its tracking performance. The findings from the study further suggest its potential employment on a lower limb exoskeleton.
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Djalal, Muhammad Ruswandi, and Nasrun Kadir. "Optimal design of energy storage for load frequency control in micro hydro power plant using Bat Algorithm." SINERGI 26, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/sinergi.2022.1.002.
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The rotational speed of a generator affects the frequency and voltage produced, where this change will affect the load side. For that we need a control equipment that can optimize the performance of micro-hydro. Therefore, we need a technology to optimize the performance of micro hydro by applying Load Frequency Control (LFC). LFC designed by implementing Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES) and Capacitive Energy Storage (CES), this application will provide power compensation to reduce or even eliminate frequency oscillations caused by changes in consumer electrical power loads. To get optimal microhydro performance, it is necessary to set the right parameters for SMES and CES. SMES and CES parameter tuning in this study is proposed using the Bat Algorithm. The objective function used by this algorithm is to optimize the Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE). For performance analysis, the system is tested with load changes, then the governor, turbine, and system frequency responses are analyzed. To test the reliability of the system, this study used several scenarios of a combination of control, SMES, CES, with conventional control based on Proportional, Integral, Derivative (PID). The right control parameters will improve system performance more optimally. Optimal system performance can be seen from the response of the governor, turbine, and minimum overshoot of the frequency, as well as the fast settling time for the system to switch to steady state conditions.
Book chapters on the topic "Compensation plan derivation"
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Baer, Paul. "Adaptation to Climate Change: Who Pays Whom?" In Climate Ethics. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195399622.003.0024.
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The problem of adaptation to climate change is complex and multifaceted. At its core, however, are two simple questions: what actions should be taken to prevent or reduce harm that will be caused by anthropogenic climate change, and who should pay for those actions that have costs? In this chapter I focus on the latter question, concerning liability for the funding of adaptation. I argue that obligations for funding adaptation are based on ethical principles governing just relationships between individuals in a “life-support commons,” which are essentially the same as the norms of justice governing other forms of harm. Simply, it is wrong to harm others by abusing a commons, and if one does, one owes compensation. In this view, ethics and justice address the rights and responsibilities of individuals; obligations between countries are derivative, based on the aggregate characteristics of their populations, and pragmatic, given the existing state system. Furthermore, liability can be disaggregated in other ways; as I argue, it is equally important that the distribution of liability can be differentiated between classes within nations. A simple quantitative exercise applying these principles of justice to the adaptation problem suggests net liability from the North to the South but also net liability for adaptation from wealthy classes in the South. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) devotes a small but significant amount of attention to adaptation to climate change. Only in the last few years, however, with the creation of the Least Developed Countries (LDC) Fund and the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF) under the UNFCCC, the creation of an Adaptation Fund under the Kyoto Protocol, as well as the support for the development of National Adaptation Plans of Action (NAPAs), have delegates and advocates begun to focus seriously on the problems of adaptation and adaptation funding. Given the disproportionate share of current and past emissions from the industrialized countries of the North and the evidence that the developing countries of the South are more vulnerable to climate damages, almost any plausible interpretation of “common but differentiated responsibilities” implies that the North should shoulder the major part of the costs of adaptation.
Conference papers on the topic "Compensation plan derivation"
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Noury, Keyvan, and Bingen Yang. "Class of Stabilizing Parallel Feedforward Compensators for Nonminimum-Phase Systems." In ASME 2019 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2019-9240.
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Abstract In this work, the properties of the class of parallel feedforward compensators to stabilize linear closed-loop systems are studied. The characteristic equation and its root locus behavior, including its asymptotes, are investigated to leave out the compensators that will not result in a stable closed-loop system. Even though there have been numerous studies relevant to parallel feedforward compensation that result in the optimal integration of squared errors (ISE), the broader view of all possible compensators has not been of much interest in the literature. Nevertheless, this study is important because, in the presence of noise and disturbance, an optimal ISE control design for the nominal plant may perform poorly while a finite ISE design may have a robust and efficient performance. One of such class compensators is parallel feedforward compensator with derivative effort (PFCD) that for a vast number of processes can have impressive properties such as no branch comebacks to the right half plane (RHP) of the root locus plot (LHP black hole effect). The example in this paper shows how effectively PFCD can contract the root locus branches into the LHP.
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Noury, Keyvan, and Bingen Yang. "Analytical Statistical Study of Linear Parallel Feedforward Compensators for Nonminimum-Phase Systems." In ASME 2019 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2019-9126.
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Abstract In this work, a new parallel feedforward compensator for the feedback loop of a linear nonminimum-phase system is introduced. Then, analytical statistical arguments between the existing developed methods and the innovated method are brought. The compelling arguments suggest the parallel feedforward compensation with derivative (PFCD) method is a strong method even though at its first survey it seems to be optimistic and not pragmatic. While most of the existing methods offer an optimal integral of squared errors (ISE) for the closed-loop response of the nominal plant, the PFCD offers a finite ISE; in reality, typically, the nominal plant is not of main concern in the controller design and the performance in the presence of mismatch model, noise, and disturbance has priority. In this work, there are several arguments brought to bold the importance of the innovated PFCD design. Also, there is a closed-loop design example to show the PFCD effectiveness in action.
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Abd. Rahman, Ramhuzaini, and Nariman Sepehri. "Position Tracking of a Pneumatic Actuator Using Backstepping-Sliding Mode Control With Adaptive Friction Observer." In ASME/BATH 2013 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2013-4447.
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In this paper, an enhanced sliding mode control (SMC)-based controller known as backstepping-sliding mode control (B-SMC) with an adaptive friction observer is proposed for position tracking control of pneumatic actuators. The adverse effect of friction encountered in the pneumatic actuators which play a major role in pneumatic servo system is highlighted and a solution to rectify this is proposed using an adaptive LuGre-based friction observer for friction compensation. The B-SMC is experimentally applied, for the first time, on a double-acting single-rod industrial pneumatic cylinder. Comprehensive derivation as well as stability proof of the controller is presented. The performance of B-SMC with and without the friction observer is experimentally investigated. From the results, it is clearly observed that the B-SMC with the adaptive friction observer performs better (i.e. reduces the tracking as well steady-state errors of up to 30%) than the one without friction observer. Thus, the adaptive friction observer of B-SMC is identified as the key element that improved the control performance by compensating the adverse effect of friction during the position tracking tasks.
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Zhao, Luman, Myung-Il Roh, and Seung-Ho Ham. "Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation for a Heave Compensator of an Offshore Support Vessel." In ASME 2016 35th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2016-54709.
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Tune and verification of control system algorithms for offshore installation operations involving complex and advanced machinery and difficult due to its safety factor. It may be also very costly or even impossible to establish certain test conditions in the physical process environment of the control system. To solve this problem, the Hardware-In-the-Loop-Simulation (HILS) can be regarded as an effective method for testing the control system prior to its final development. The sophisticated HILS is composed of a control system and a HIL simulator which is a simulation model of the offshore plant developed by software. In this study, we focus on the application of HILS for a heave compensator which is used to keep the position or the lowing speed of a lifting object. This study contains three components. Firstly, a physics-based analysis component is used to develop a simulation model of an offshore plant, that is, a HIL simulator. Secondly, the programmable logic controller (PLC) component, that is a control system, is used to regulate the offshore plant model, including a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) feedback controller which aims to control the position or lowering speed of the lifting object. Thirdly, an interface component is developed to communicate the data between the HIL simulator and the control system in real-time. To evaluate the applicability of HILS for a heave compensator, it was applied to an example of an offshore support vessel (OSV) crane. In order to verify the control system for the crane operation in case of heave stabilization of the lifting object, two simulation processes had been established with both a software PLC (software-in-the-loop) and a hardware PLC (hardware-in-the-loop). HILS makes it possible to test the heave compensator without building costly prototypes and without endangering natural environment.
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Guo, Dan, and Hong Xia. "Set-Point Function Compensation-Based Control for Steam Generator Water Level." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-66031.
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Steam generator (SG) water level system is a highly complex nonlinear time-varying system. It is complicated at low power levels due to shrink and swell phenomena which must be considered for plant safety and availability. To improve the transient performance of the SG level subject to power adjustments, an innovative set-point function method is put forward in this paper. The set-point functions based on the inverse-control theory and the swell and shrink effect which generate a desirable reference input to the widespread cascade Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller of the level control system respectively. The set-point function can apply appropriate control to the feed-water flow rate duly depended on the pivotal time between the power adjustment decision and the real start time of adjustment. Finally, comparative simulation is carried out under the same condition of power adjustment. The simulation results demonstrate that the water level control system added set-point functions can restrain the disturbance and improve the transient performance effectively. The method added the Inverse Control-Based Set-Point (ICSP) function can achieve better control performances than the swell-based set-point (SBSP) function.
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Tsai, Alex, David Tucker, and Craig Groves. "Improved Controller Performance of Selected Hybrid SOFC-GT Plant Signals Based on Practical Control Schemes." In ASME Turbo Expo 2010: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2010-22470.
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This paper compares and demonstrates the efficacy of implementing two practical Single Input Single Output (SISO) multi-loop control schemes on the dynamic performance of selected signals of a Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Gas Turbine (SOFC-GT) hybrid simulation facility. The hybrid plant, located at the U.S. Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) in Morgantown WV, is capable of simulating the interaction between a 350kW SOFC and a 120kW GT using a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) configuration. Previous studies have shown that the thermal management of coal based SOFC-GT hybrid systems is accomplished by the careful control of the cathode air stream within the fuel cell (FC). A decoupled centralized and dynamic de-centralized control scheme is tested for one critical airflow bypass loop to regulate cathode FC airflow and modulation of turbine electric load to maintain synchronous turbine speed during system transients. Improvements to the studied multivariate architectures include: feed-forward (FF) control for disturbance rejection, anti-windup (AW) compensation for actuator saturation, gain scheduling for adaptive operation, bumpless transfer (BT) for manual to auto switching, and adequate filter design for the inclusion of derivative action. Controller gain tuning is accomplished by Skogestad’s Internal Model Control (SIMC) tuning rules derived from empirical First Order Plus Delay Time (FOPDT) Transfer Function {TF} models of the hybrid facility. Avoidance of strong Input-Output (IO) coupling interactions is achieved via Relative Gain Array (RGA), Niederlinski Index (NI), and Decomposed Relative Interaction Analysis (DRIA), following recent methodologies in PID control theory for multivariable processes.
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Schmidt, Lasse, Torben O. Andersen, Per Johansen, and Henrik C. Pedersen. "A Robust Control Concept for Hydraulic Drives Based on Second Order Sliding Mode Disturbance Compensation." In ASME/BATH 2017 Symposium on Fluid Power and Motion Control. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fpmc2017-4265.
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The application of sliding mode algorithms for control of hydraulic drives has gained increasing interest in recent years due to algorithm simplicity, low number of parameters and possible excellent control performance. Both application of first- and higher order sliding mode control algorithms in hydraulic drive controls have been presented in various literature, demonstrating the possible successful application of these. However, a major drawback is the presence of e.g. valve dynamics which often necessitates the usage of continuous approximations of discontinuities in order to avoid control chattering, which on the other hand compromises the robustness properties. This may also be the case when discontinuities are only present in the control derivative. This fact suggests that sliding mode algorithms may be more appropriate for assisting the control, i.e. for state observation, disturbance observer based control etc., and several examples of such approaches have been presented in literature. The latter case appear especially interesting as a sliding mode actually takes place, but only the low-pass filtered sliding mode algorithm output is used in the actual control input. However, the successful implementation relies heavily on the low-pass filter design where the drive dynamics, sample rate etc. play a significant role. In this paper the utilization of the super twisting algorithm for disturbance compensation is considered. The fact that the discontinuity here is nested in an integral causes less restrictions on the used low-pass filter, enabling the possibility for a wide range of usage when the sampling frequency is in the range of industrial grade control hardware. The proposed control structure is designed and considered in relation to a valve driven hydraulic winch drive, and results demonstrate that excellent and high precision control may be achieved in the presence of large and highly varying external loads.
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Rudolph, Jürgen, Steffen Bergholz, and Roland Hilpert. "Detailed Fatigue Checks Based on a Local Monitoring Concept." In ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2012-78042.
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The Detailed Fatigue Calculation (DFC) of nuclear power plant components is part of the three staged approach to lifetime assessment and lifetime management of the AREVA Fatigue Concept (AFC). It is applied for fatigue relevant components showing high usage factors by application of the Simplified Fatigue Evaluation (SFE) and/or the Fast Fatigue Evaluation (FFE), e.g. the preceding stages of the AFC. The quality of the fatigue lifetime assessment essentially depends on one hand on the fatigue model assumptions and on the other hand on the load data as the basic input. In the case of nuclear power plant components thermal transient loading is most fatigue relevant. The issue of qualified determination of the real operating loads is crucial and closely connected to the fatigue monitoring strategy to be applied in the plant. As regards fatigue monitoring, two possible basic approaches are practiced: global and local concepts. The first mentioned relies on signals from the standard plant instrumentation in connection with transfer functions whereas the second one requires additional measurement sections at fatigue relevant locations. As a compensation to the additional instrumentation effort, the application of a local fatigue monitoring strategy paves the way of delivering continuously (at a frequency of 1 Hz) realistic load data. Disposal of these data constitutes the first step within the flowchart of fatigue assessment. The according methods of qualified processing of these data are discussed in detail. The processing of arbitrary operational load sequences and the derivation of representative model transients are essential steps. Appropriate cycle counting approaches and the consideration of Environmentally Assisted Fatigue (EAF) by way of Fen-factors are addressed in this context. Within the fatigue evaluation model the appropriate consideration of cyclic plasticity effects and the identification of fatigue damaging events are central modules. Plasticity correction is equally proposed in a staged approach by the application of established and more advanced Ke-factors within the simplified elasto-plastic analysis, the application of direct methods (such as the simplified theory of yield zones) and the general elasto-plastic analysis based on appropriate material models. These three stages are characterized by increasing calculation effort and (usually) decreasing degree of conservatism. Their application is case dependent. Additionally, the general elasto-plastic analysis entails a cycle-by-cycle ratcheting check based on an appropriate material model as part of the detailed fatigue check (not elaborated in detail in this paper). The application of the integrated AFC approach is explained by way of a representative example.