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Journal articles on the topic 'Comparisons'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 11 March 2023

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1

Kalro, Arti D., Bharadhwaj Sivakumaran, and Rahul R. Marathe. "The ad format-strategy effect on comparative advertising effectiveness." European Journal of Marketing 51, no. 1 (February 13, 2017): 99–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-11-2015-0764.

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Purpose Extant research on comparative advertising has focused only on “market leader” comparisons (a brand targeting the market leader), whereas in the marketplace, “multi-brand” comparisons are more prevalent (Kalro et al., 2010). Moreover, most research focuses on direct comparisons only. Hence, this research aims to investigate the interplay between comparison ad strategy (“market leader”/“multi-brand” comparisons) and comparison ad format (direct/indirect comparisons) on the effectiveness of comparative advertising. Design/methodology/approach This paper uses four 2 × 2 fully crossed factorial designs (comparison ad format: direct vs indirect and comparison ad strategy: market leader vs multi brand) with established and new brands in two categories: powdered detergents and smart phones. All studies were conducted in metropolitan cities of India. Findings By and large, the experiments indicated that direct (indirect) comparisons lowered (heightened) perceived manipulative intent and enhanced (reduced) attitude-toward-the-ad for multi-brand (market leader) comparisons. Practical implications Findings suggest that when advertisers use comparative advertising, they may use direct ads when using multi-brand comparisons and use indirect ones when using market leader comparisons. It could also be argued that when advertisers use multi-brand comparisons because of fragmentation in the marketplace, they may directly compare against these multiple brands. When advertisers need to compare against a market leader, they may do so indirectly. Originality/value This research is among the first to investigate multi-brand comparisons that are widely used in the industry and that too in the context of both direct and indirect comparison formats.

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DÜNDAR, Mahire Armağan, and Fırat TUFAN. "Sosyal Ağ Sitelerinde Sosyal Karşılaştırma Davranışı: Instagram- Twitter Karşılaştırması." Yeni Medya Dergisi 2022, no. 12 (June 30, 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.55609/yenimedya.1051044.

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The purpose of this study is to examine social comparison behavior on social networking sites (SNS). Quantitative research method based on the closed-ended questionnaire technique was used in the study in which social comparison behavior was examined on image-based SNS, Instagram and text-based SNS, Twitter. Findings show that; individuals make social comparisons more in physical environments than on SNS. The level of social comparison is higher on Instagram compared to Twitter. Individuals are more frequently engaged in upward comparisons than downward comparisons on both Instagram and Twitter. Wealth is the domain in which individuals make comparisons the most on Instagram while the prominent comparison domain on Twitter is success. Inspiration is an emotion experienced most by individuals towards upward comparisons, whereas sympathy is the most experienced emotion by individuals towards downward comparisons on both Instagram and Twitter. There is no relation between social comparison level and frequency of SNS use.

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3

Pollak, Robert A. "Welfare comparisons and situation comparisons." Journal of Econometrics 50, no. 1-2 (October 1991): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(91)90088-u.

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4

McCarthy, Peter A., Thomas Meyer, Mitja D. Back, and Nexhmedin Morina. "How we compare: A new approach to assess aspects of the comparison process for appearance-based standards and their associations with individual differences in wellbeing and personality measures." PLOS ONE 18, no. 1 (January 11, 2023): e0280072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0280072.

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We introduce a novel approach to assess habitual comparison processes, while distinguishing between different types of comparison standards. Several comparison theories (e.g., social) suggest that self-evaluations use different standards to inform self-perception and are associated with wellbeing and personality. We developed the Comparison Standards Scale for Appearance (CSS-A) to examine self-reported engagement with social, temporal, criteria-based, dimensional, and counterfactual comparisons for upward and downward standards in relation to appearance. The scale was completed by three hundred participants online alongside measures of appearance schemas, social comparison evaluations, depression, anxiety, stress, self-esteem, physical self-concept, narcissism, and perfectionism. The CSS-A was found to reliably assess individual differences in upward and downward comparison frequency and affective impact for multiple comparison standards. In line with theory, CSS-A upward comparisons were more frequent than downward comparisons and coincided with negative (versus positive) affective impact. Comparison intensity (i.e., comparison frequency × discrepancy) predicted negative and positive affective impact for upward and downward comparisons, respectively. This relationship was partially mediated by appearance concern for upward comparisons (a composite of appearance schemas and physical self-concept), yet moderated by negativity for downward comparisons (a composite of depression, anxiety, stress, and self-esteem). We offer a framework for measuring the comparison process that warrants further research on underlying comparison processes, for which the CSS(-A) and experience sampling methods should serve as useful tools.

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5

Lin, Chien-Huang, and Chia-Ching Tsai. "COMPARISON CONDITIONS, COMPARISON PATTERNS AND MODELS OF COMPARATIVE BEHAVIOR." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 35, no. 6 (January 1, 2007): 761–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2007.35.6.761.

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The conditions that cause subjects to make comparisons and the comparison patterns that influence the results of comparisons were investigated. People make social or temporal-past or temporal-future comparisons when facing a condition of decision. The impact of self-esteem on the choices of comparison patterns was also investigated. Unlike past research, three comparison patterns were investigated and three comparative models that lead to self-perception and affects are proposed.

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6

Bylsma, Wayne H., and Brenda Major. "Social Comparisons and Contentment." Psychology of Women Quarterly 18, no. 2 (June 1994): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.1994.tb00453.x.

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This study explored the role of social comparison processes in fostering contentment among those who are objectively disadvantaged. We focus on how comparisons can produce gender differences in personal entitlement, perceptions of one's own performance, and pay satisfaction. We hypothesized that individuals would base judgments of entitlement, performance, and pay satisfaction more on comparisons with ingroup (same-sex) than outgroup (cross-sex) others, even when both types of comparison information were equally available, unavoidable, and made clear the disadvantaged status of the ingroup. As predicted, the amount students felt they were entitled to be paid, how well they thought they had performed (women only), and how satisfied they were with their pay were all influenced more by same-sex than cross-sex comparison information. The implications of these results for the tolerance of injustice among disadvantaged groups are discussed.

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7

Miarka, Bianca, Fabrício B. D. Vecchio, Suzi Camey, and John A. Amtmann. "Comparisons." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 30, no. 7 (July 2016): 1975–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000001287.

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8

King, Robert. "Comparisons." Missouri Review 25, no. 2 (2002): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/mis.2002.0140.

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9

Tosun, Leman Pinar, Ahu Öztürk, and Gamze Özdemir. "Mother to mother: Mothers’ social comparison-based emotions on social networking sites." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 16, no. 4 (November 27, 2020): 602–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v16i4.2159.

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Social networking sites (SNSs) are platforms where people make social comparisons very frequently, and because of those comparisons, they have the potential for evoking a wide range of emotions. According to typology of social comparison-based emotions, the emotions felt after social comparisons may vary according to the direction of comparison (upward vs. downward) as well as the internal process that triggered by those comparisons (assimilation vs. contrast). The current study aims to examine the mothers' emotions they felt after social comparisons they make with other mothers on the SNSs, and search out the usefulness of using the typology of social comparison-based emotions in examining those emotions. For this purpose, an online survey was conducted on 42 mothers between the ages of 20 and 48, who have been a member of SNSs for at least six months. Mothers responses to two open-ended questions; one is about the emotions they feel after upward comparisons, and the other is about the ones that they felt after downward comparison they made with other mothers on SNSs, were examined through thematic analyses. The results pointed out that the emotion classification offered in Smith’s theory might be useful in examining the social comparisons on SNSs made by mothers, with the addition of some new categories. Specifically, it was found that some mothers feel doubts about the credibility of information in other mothers’ posts, and some others denied they are emotionally influenced by social comparisons. Another interesting finding was that mothers reported to feel assimilative and contrastive emotions simultaneously.

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10

Foley, Sharon, Hang-yue Ngo, and Raymond Loi. "Antecedents and consequences of upward and downward social comparisons." International Journal of Organizational Analysis 24, no. 1 (March 14, 2016): 145–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijoa-02-2014-0743.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to extend and test a theory of uncertainty and directional social comparisons. Prior studies have posited that uncertainty leads to increased upward and downward social comparisons. The authors ' view is that uncertainty affects upward and downward comparisons differentially. They test their theory in the Chinese workplace, and focus specifically on employees’ comparisons of career progress. Workplace consequences of social comparisons are also investigated. Design/methodology/approach – The authors achieve their objectives by collecting data from respondents in China that measure uncertainty, directional social comparisons, organizational commitment and job satisfaction. They use a longitudinal design to assess causality. Findings – This paper found that perceived organizational support, an antecedent that lowers uncertainty in the workplace, is related to upward social comparison, whereas psychological entitlement, an uncertainty-raising antecedent, is related to downward social comparison. Upward social comparison positively affected organizational commitment, whereas downward social comparison positively impacted job satisfaction. Research limitations/implications – The data collection relied on self-reports and hence the findings may be adversely affected by common method bias. Another limitation involves the generalizability of results, given that the respondents were drawn from three large firms in China. Originality/value – This paper indicates that directional social comparison processes serve as an important mechanism for understanding how employees’ work attitudes are developed. It also demonstrates the applicability of social comparison theory to the study of organizational behavior in China.

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11

Ye, Yinghua, Weihui Mei, Yaoyao Liu, and Xiuming Li. "Effect of Academic Comparisons on the Subjective Well-Being of Chinese Secondary School Students." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 40, no. 8 (September 1, 2012): 1233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2012.40.8.1233.

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We studied the effect of academic comparisons on the subjective well-being (SWB) of 330 students from 3 Chinese secondary schools. The results showed that the SWB of Chinese secondary school students (a) is relatively low; (b) is affected primarily by 4 demographic factors, namely, grade, gender, academic achievements, and family financial background; and (c) is significantly affected by academic comparisons in that self-comparison, upward comparison, and parallel comparison have a positive impact on SWB, and downward comparison has a negative impact on SWB. Both parents and teachers should guide students to draw appropriate academic comparisons.

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12

Semerjian, Tamar, and Dawn Stephens. "Comparison Style, Physical Self-Perceptions, and Fitness among Older Women." Journal of Aging and Physical Activity 15, no. 2 (April 2007): 219–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/japa.15.2.219.

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This study examined the relationships between older women’s comparison styles, physical self-perceptions, and functional fitness. Participants were community-dwelling women (N= 102, age 65-99) living in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Individuals were categorized as relying primarily on social comparisons, temporal comparisons, or a combination of both styles. Also of interest was whether individuals evaluated themselves positively or negatively when making comparisons. Participants who evaluated themselves positively as compared with others were found to have higher levels of physical self-perception. Analyses revealed that women who relied primarily on temporal comparisons had higher self-perceptions of their functional ability than those who relied on a combination of comparison styles. An avoidance of both temporal and social comparisons was also related to higher levels of physical self-perception.

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Stromer, Robert. "Symmetry of Control by Exclusion in Humans' Arbitrary Matching to Sample." Psychological Reports 64, no. 3 (June 1989): 915–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1989.64.3.915.

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Normally capable children and adults were taught arbitrary matching of visual sample stimuli and nonidentical visual comparison stimuli: if Sample A1, selecting comparison B1 was reinforced; if A2, selecting B2 was reinforced. Unreinforced tests included (1) those that assessed preferences between novel comparisons when samples were also novel and (2) those that assessed selections of the least-preferred novel comparisons when the alternate comparisons were familiar B or A stimuli. Subjects during the latter tests tended to select the novel comparisons and not the B or A stimuli; these performances supported an inference of control by exclusion. The finding that subjects excluded the A stimuli when they were displayed as comparisons is contrary to previous research and suggests that control by exclusion was symmetrical under these conditions. Preference tests given after exclusion testing suggested that four of six subjects learned new arbitrary matching performances, their selections of the novel comparisons persisted when the basis of exclusion (B or A stimuli) was removed.

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14

Chen, E. Jack. "Comparison with a Standard via All-Pairwise Comparisons." Discrete Event Dynamic Systems 16, no. 3 (August 3, 2006): 385–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10626-006-9328-9.

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15

Miller, Jane E., Paul D. Windschitl, Teresa A. Treat, and Aaron M. Scherer. "Comparisons as Predictors of People’s Beliefs About the Importance of Changing Their Health Behaviors." European Journal of Health Psychology 27, no. 1 (January 2020): 14–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2512-8442/a000043.

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Abstract. The current study tested relative strengths of different comparison beliefs for predicting people’s self-assessments of whether they should increase their health-relevant behaviors (exercise, sleep, and fruit and vegetable consumption). Comparison beliefs relevant to three standards (perceived global, local, expert standards) were evaluated. Data were combined from three similar studies (total N = 744) that had a cross-sectional, within-subject design. Participants completed importance-of-change scales regarding the three health behaviors and reported comparison beliefs and absolute behavior frequencies/amounts. Results were consistent across the three behaviors. Comparison beliefs predicted ratings of importance of changing one’s behavior, even beyond what is predicted by reports of absolute behavior frequency. Expert comparisons were consistently most predictive above and beyond the absolute estimates and the other comparison standards. There was no evidence of a local dominance effect when examining local versus global comparisons. Comparison beliefs have unique utility for predicting people’s perceived importance of changing their heath behavior. The fact that expert comparisons were consistently most predictive (and local comparisons the least) may have implications for interventions designed for encouraging behavior change.

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Wolff, Fabian, Friederike Helm, and Jens Möller. "Testing the dimensional comparison theory: When do students prefer dimensional comparisons to social and temporal comparisons?" Social Psychology of Education 21, no. 4 (April 9, 2018): 875–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11218-018-9441-2.

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17

Spini, Dario, Alain Clémence, and Paolo Ghisletta. "How are Temporal and Social Comparisons Related to Appraisals of Self-Rated Health During Very Old Age?" Swiss Journal of Psychology 66, no. 2 (June 2007): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1421-0185.66.2.79.

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This study investigated the direction of effects of temporal and downward social comparisons on self-rated health in very old age. Conversely, self-rated health can either reinforce or hinder comparison processes. In the framework of the Swiss Interdisciplinary Longitudinal Study on the Oldest Old, individuals aged 80 to 84 at baseline were interviewed and followed longitudinally for 5 years. Multilevel analyses were used to test the relative importance of temporal and social comparisons on self-rated health evaluations synchronically and diachronically (with a time lag of 12 to 18 months) as well as the direction of these relative influences. Results indicate that (a) at the synchronic level, continuity temporal comparisons have more impact than downward social comparisons on self-rated health; (b) both types of comparison had an independent and positive effect on self-rated health at the diachronic level; (c) self-rated health has an independent synchronic effect on both types of comparison and an independent diachronic effect in temporal comparison.

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Riyanto, Agus, and Gabriel Sianturi. "PROSEDUR PROSES LAYANAN INDUSTRI KEUANGAN MENGGUNAKAN MODEL IDEF0." Jurnal Ilmiah Bisnis dan Ekonomi Asia 15, no. 2 (September 29, 2021): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.32815/jibeka.v15i2.219.

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This research aims to provide an overview of the procedure of the financial comparison service process in the form of credit card comparisons and mortgage loan comparisons conducted digitally in Indonesia. This research used a qualitative method using the IDEF0 model. Current financial services have used digital technology. A large amount of financial services competition conducted by Fintech has been able to trim the existing process procedures. Credit card comparisons and mortgage loan comparisons can be done online. Innovations made by Fintech for financial services have cut downtime and a long process so far. The display of financial service process procedures in the IDEF0 model is expected to make it easier for consumers to understand the comparison process.

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Martinez, William, Kenneth A. Wallston, David G. Schlundt, Gerald B. Hickson, Kemberlee R. Bonnet, Ricardo J. Trochez, and Tom A. Elasy. "Patients’ perspectives on social and goal-based comparisons regarding their diabetes health status." BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care 6, no. 1 (May 2018): e000488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2017-000488.

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ObjectiveSocial comparisons (ie, self-evaluation in comparison with others) influence patients’ perspectives of their disease and may impact motivation and health behavior; however, little is known about patients’ perspectives toward receiving such information in a clinical context (eg, from their doctor’s office or health system). This study aims to understand patients’ perspectives and anticipated responses to receiving social comparison information regarding measures of their diabetes-related health status (eg, A1C) and how receiving such information would compare with goal-based comparisons (ie, self-evaluation in comparison with goal).Research design and methodsWe conducted semistructured interviews with 25 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) regarding social and goal-based comparisons involving their diabetes health status and qualitatively analyzed interviews for themes.ResultsWe identified seven major themes: self-relevance, motivation, self-concept, emotions, information seeking, medical care, and self-care. Participants commonly anticipated increased motivation and improved health behaviors in response to both social and goal-based comparisons. Subthemes unique to social comparisons included belief that this information would be motivating by engaging some patients’ competitiveness, perception that this information was more ‘personalized’ than comparisons with a standard goal (eg, A1C<7), and desire to learn from individuals similar to oneself who were doing better.ConclusionsOur findings provide significant insights into the anticipated response of patients with T2DM to receiving social and goal-based comparison information regarding their diabetes health status. Providing patients with diabetes with social and goal-based comparison information may affect motivation, mood, and self-concept in ways that may improve or sustain diabetes self-care behaviors for some patients.

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Zell, Ethan, and Jason E. Strickhouser. "Comparisons Across Dimensions, People, and Time: On the Primacy of Social Comparison in Self-Evaluations." Social Psychological and Personality Science 11, no. 6 (February 4, 2020): 791–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1948550619884564.

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People often consider how their performance in one domain compares to their performance in other domains, the performance of other people, and their past performance (i.e., dimensional, social, and temporal comparison). The present research is the first to test whether social comparisons have a significantly larger effect on self-evaluations than dimensional and temporal comparisons. Study 1 participants received downward versus upward dimensional, social, and temporal comparison feedback ( N = 393). Study 2 participants received downward versus upward comparison feedback for one type and lateral comparisons for the other two types ( N = 281). Dimensional and social comparison significantly influenced self-evaluations and affective reactions in both studies. As anticipated, however, social comparison had a significantly larger effect on self-evaluations and affective reactions than either dimensional or temporal comparison. These data provide novel, causal evidence for the primacy of social comparison when people receive three feedback types.

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Freedman, Joshua. "Status insecurity and temporality in world politics." European Journal of International Relations 22, no. 4 (July 24, 2016): 797–822. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354066115603781.

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International Relations scholars concerned with explaining status-seeking behavior in the international system draw heavily from social comparison theory and its observations that individuals judge their worth, and accordingly derive self-esteem, through social comparisons with others. According to this logic, states become status seekers because, like individuals, they have an innate desire for favorable social status comparisons relative to their peers. Thus, the great power status literature is often framed in the language of accommodation, and adjustment, which presupposes that status insecurities develop from unfavorable social comparisons and can be resolved through relative social improvements. This article challenges these assumptions by noting, as psychology has acknowledged for some time, that individuals use both social and temporal forms of comparison when engaging in self-evaluation. Where social comparisons cause actors to ask “How do I rank relative to my peers?” temporal comparisons cause actors to evaluate how they have improved or declined over time. This article advances a temporal comparison theory of status-seeking behavior, suggesting that many of the signaling problems associated with status insecurity emerge from basic differences in how states evaluate their status, and whether they privilege temporal over social comparisons. The implications are explored through China’s contemporary struggle for status recognition, situating this struggle within the context of China’s civilizational past and ongoing dispute over Taiwan.

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Song, Bangweon, and Seokjoong Kang. "A Method of Assigning Weights Using a Ranking and Nonhierarchy Comparison." Advances in Decision Sciences 2016 (April 28, 2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/8963214.

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The analytic hierarchy process (AHP) has advantages that the whole number of comparisons can be reduced via a hierarchy structure and the consistency of responses verified via a consistency ratio. However, at the same time, the AHP has disadvantages that values vary according to the form of hierarchy structure and it is difficult to maintain consistency itself among responses. If the number of comparisons can be reduced, a comparison within a single level is optimal, and if comparison can be made while the priority among entities is maintained, consistency may be automatically maintained. Thus, in this study, we propose a method of assigning weights, which applies hierarchy structure of AHP and pairwise comparison but complements the disadvantages of AHP. This method has advantages that the number of comparisons can be reduced and also consistency is automatically maintained via determination of priorities first on multiple entities and subsequent comparisons between entities with adjoined priorities.

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Arigo, Danielle, and Kyle Haggerty. "Social comparisons and long-term rehabilitation for traumatic brain injury: A longitudinal study." Journal of Health Psychology 23, no. 13 (October 5, 2016): 1743–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1359105316669583.

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Little is known about social influences on long-term rehabilitation outcomes for traumatic brain injury, particularly social comparisons (i.e. self-evaluations relative to others). Patients in long-term rehabilitation ( n = 31) completed assessments at baseline and 1 year. Self-reported social comparison orientation was comparable to existing samples and showed stability over 1 year; affective responses to comparisons (e.g. frustration) were less stable. Social comparison orientation and affective responses were related to baseline executive and psychosocial functioning ( rs = 0.34–0.53) and predicted worse impairment and depression at 1 year ( ds = 0.67, 1.39). Greater attention to comparisons in long-term rehabilitation could improve outcomes.

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Samoilenko, Oleksandr, and Yurii Kuzmenko. "The measurements results adjustment by the Least Square Method." Measurements infrastructure 1 (May 20, 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33955/v1(2021)-001.

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The method for processing of the measurement results obtained from Comite International des Poids et Measures (CIPM) Key, Regional Metrology Organizations (RMO) or supplementary comparisons, from the proficiency testing by interlaboratory comparisons and the calibrations is proposed. It is named by authors as adjustment by least square method (LSM). Additive and multiplicative parameters for each measuring standard of every particular laboratory will be the results of this adjustment. As well as the parameters for each artifact. The parameters of the measurements standards are their additive and multiplicative degrees of equivalence from the comparison and the estimations of the systematic errors (biases) from calibrations. The parameters of the artifacts are the key comparisons reference value from the comparison and the assigned quantity values from the calibrations. The adjustment is considered as a way to solving a problem of processing the great amount of homogeneous measurements with many measuring standards at a different comparison levels (CIPM, RMO or supplementary), including connected problems. Four different cases of the adjustments are considered. The first one is a free case of adjustment. It was named so because of the fact that none of participants has any advantage except their uncertainties of measurements. The second one is a fixed case of adjustment. Measuring results of RMO and supplementary comparisons are rigidly linked to additive and multiplicative parameters of measuring standards of particular laboratories participated in CIPM key comparisons. The third one is a case of adjustment with dependent equations. This one is not so rigidly linked of the new comparisons results to previous or to some other comparisons as for fixed case. It means that the new results of comparisons are influenced by the known additive and multiplicative parameters and vice versa. The fourth one is a free case of adjustment with additional summary equations. In that case certain checking equations are added to the system of equations. So, the sum of parameters multiplied by their weights of all measurement standards for particular laboratories participated in comparisons should be equal to zero.

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Petretta, Ida. "The Question of Comparison." American Journal of Comparative Law 68, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 893–928. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajcl/avab003.

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Abstract Comparison is a key component of legal reasoning. We move merrily from like to like within the doctrine of precedent. We invoke comparison whenever we distinguish or apply a case. This Article begins by elucidating how comparison is present in law. The Article shows how law cannot function without comparison, and how the legal world skips over the central role comparison plays in these matters. The Article explores the literature on legal comparison and draws on insights from philosophy, comparative law, and anthropology to better understand comparison in practice. This Article argues that while we are entangled in the questions of sameness and difference, of finding the function and tying together, we are still not asking the question of comparison. What is function and how is it related to comparison? Inspired by James Tully’s writings, the Article explores the aspectival views of the legal world suggested by the different games of comparison. The Article draws on Stephen Mulhall’s work on Wittgenstein’s seeing as, aspect dawning, and aspect blindness to further ask about our relationship to comparison. The Article shows how mainstream comparisons are ontic comparisons that think togetherness through the comparatist. The comparatist steers the belonging together and (un)makes the meaning of all things in mainstream comparison. The argument builds on earlier work by Igor Stramignoni, showing how the Western legal tradition is within a kind of Heideggerian calculative thinking. The Article explores the possibility of other kinds of comparison through Stramignoni’s poetic comparisons. This Article calls on us to slow down our comparisons and begin to question comparison itself.

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Morewedge, Carey K., Meng Zhu, and Eva C. Buechel. "Hedonic Contrast Effects Are Larger When Comparisons Are Social." Journal of Consumer Research 46, no. 2 (September 18, 2018): 286–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucy070.

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Abstract A hedonic contrast effect occurs when comparing a stimulus to its alternatives makes it better or worse. We find that counterfactual comparisons induce larger hedonic contrast effects when they are also social comparisons. Hedonic contrast effects influence happiness with a food or wage more when another person receives its counterfactual alternative than when no person receives its counterfactual alternative. Social attention, the propensity to attend to the experiences of other people, underlies the larger hedonic contrast effects induced by social comparisons. People pay more attention to counterfactual alternatives when they are also social comparison standards, and this difference in the allocation of attention mediates the larger hedonic contrast effects that social counterfactual comparisons induce. Reducing attentional resources with cognitive load or time pressure reduces the impact of social counterfactual comparisons, and drawing attention to nonsocial counterfactual comparisons increases their impact. Social attention makes comparisons stronger when they are social.

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Tosun, Leman Pınar, and Ezgi Kaşdarma. "Passive Facebook Use and Depression." Journal of Media Psychology 32, no. 4 (October 2020): 165–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000269.

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Abstract. In the current study we examined a psychological mechanism linking Facebook use to depression. A survey was conducted with 319 undergraduates about their passive Facebook use, their frequency of making upward social comparisons on Facebook, the emotions evoked through these comparisons, and their levels of depression. Half of the participants were given questions about the Facebook comparisons they made with their close friends, while the other half were given questions about the Facebook comparisons they made with acquaintances. Analysis of the whole sample revealed that upward Facebook comparison elicited assimilative emotions (inspiration, optimism, and admiration) more than contrastive emotions did (envy and resentment). A path model was developed in which passive use of Facebook predicted the frequency of making upward social comparisons, and, in turn, the frequency of making upward Facebook comparisons predicted depression through two routes: one through contrastive emotions and other through assimilative emotions. The results suggested that the model fits the data. As expected, the frequency of upward Facebook comparisons was associated with the increases in frequency of both contrastive and assimilative emotions, and the associations of these two types of emotions with depression were in opposite directions: Depression increased as the frequency of contrastive emotions increased, and it decreased as the frequency of assimilative emotions increased. The strength of the latter aforementioned association was stronger when the comparison targets were acquaintances rather than close friends.

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Rossi, Paolo L., Eric Haywood, and Barry Jones. "Dante Comparisons." Modern Language Review 83, no. 2 (April 1988): 468. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3731748.

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Wolach, Allen H., and Maureen A. McHale. "Orthogonal comparisons." Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers 20, no. 3 (May 1988): 337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3758/bf03203852.

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Browne, William G., Beverly A. Browne, Alan J. Klockars, and Gilbert Sax. "Multiple Comparisons." Journal of Marketing Research 24, no. 4 (November 1987): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3151399.

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Atil, Hulya, and Yakut Unver . "Multiple Comparisons." Journal of Biological Sciences 1, no. 8 (July 15, 2001): 723–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2001.723.727.

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Jones, Susan. "Strategic comparisons." Nature Reviews Microbiology 2, no. 5 (May 2004): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro898.

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Sweany, Erin E. "Unsettling Comparisons." English Language Notes 58, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 83–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00138282-8557934.

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Abstract While many areas of scholarship are already well into critical examinations of their global turns, one area that is not is the study of early medieval medicine. The number of global comparative approaches for this corpus are few and limited in scope, but this is an ideal time to consider the ethics of how scholars deploy comparisons between the medicine of early medieval England and other medicines, particularly those of American Indigenous peoples. This article argues for ethical comparative approaches between medieval medical corpora and the cultures and archives of American Indigenous peoples and for using decolonial and comparative considerations to guide the future of a scholarship whose framework is increasingly global.

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Newman, T. B. "Multiple Comparisons." AAP Grand Rounds 21, no. 5 (May 1, 2009): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/gr.21-5-50.

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Constantinescu, Cristian. "Vague Comparisons." Ratio 29, no. 4 (November 9, 2016): 357–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rati.12146.

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Levin, Ben. "International Comparisons." Phi Delta Kappan 92, no. 4 (December 2010): 95–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003172171009200421.

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Nickel, B. "Generic Comparisons." Journal of Semantics 27, no. 2 (February 23, 2010): 207–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jos/ffq004.

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CASSWELL, SALLY. "INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS." Australian Alcohol/Drug Review 4, no. 1 (January 1985): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09595238580000031.

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Cooper, William H., and Alan J. Richardson. "Unfair comparisons." Journal of Applied Psychology 71, no. 2 (1986): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.71.2.179.

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Priebe, H. J. "Problematic comparisons." British Journal of Anaesthesia 114, no. 2 (February 2015): 341–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/aeu469.

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Abinales, Patricio N. "Negative Comparisons." Philippine Studies: Historical and Ethnographic Viewpoints 64, no. 1 (2016): 144–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/phs.2016.0006.

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Hopkins, Debbie. "Country comparisons." Nature Climate Change 5, no. 11 (July 27, 2015): 975–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2730.

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Sutherland, Margaret B. "Examining Comparisons." Oxford Review of Education 21, no. 2 (June 1995): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0305498950210208.

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Law, David. "International comparisons." Perspectives: Policy and Practice in Higher Education 23, no. 1 (November 16, 2018): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13603108.2019.1534710.

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Dardanoni, Valentino, and Peter J. Lambert. "Progressivity comparisons." Journal of Public Economics 86, no. 1 (October 2002): 99–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0047-2727(01)00089-5.

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HOGUE, CHERYL. "TOXICITY COMPARISONS." Chemical & Engineering News Archive 89, no. 5 (January 31, 2011): 42–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v089n005.p042.

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Sterling, Christopher M., and Giuseppe (Joe) Labianca. "Costly comparisons." Organizational Dynamics 44, no. 4 (October 2015): 296–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2015.09.007.

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J.F.S. "Precolombian Comparisons." Americas 54, no. 2 (October 1997): 278–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003161500026134.

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Beasley, LeRoy B., Stephen J. Kirkland, and Bryan L. Shader. "Rank comparisons." Linear Algebra and its Applications 221 (May 1995): 171–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0024-3795(93)00242-r.

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Beck, Sigrid. "Pluractional comparisons." Linguistics and Philosophy 35, no. 1 (February 2012): 57–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10988-012-9111-3.

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