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FERLA, LARA. "I percorsi delle cultural defenses tra garanzie di legalità e richieste di riconoscimento delle identità culturali." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/9456.
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In modern pluralistic society minorities and indigenous groups sometimes ask the legal system to recognize their cultural heritage and their costumary law in deciding criminal cases. This request is often rejected by the Courts, because of the difficulty of adopting solutions which appear prejudicial to the rights of victims and because of the need to solve conflicts that require special knowledge and expertise in cultural matter. Especially in United States of America there is an extraordinary range of cases in which individual attempted to invoke a special legale excuse, the "Cultural Defense", in order to avoid penalty or to obtain a mitigation of sanctions. This legal institute has appeared first in the judicial practise and then recently has become object of careful study by scholars, who have shown some features and characteristic, including arguments for and against the acceptance of this excuse. This study attempts to analyze the Cultural Defense and the Cultural Motivated Crime (Cultural Offense) precisely starting from the U.S. legal framework to reach Europe and Italy, where cultural diversity is mostly represented by immigrants and nomadic people. The aim is to understand the possible relevance in these Country, especially in Italy, of defendant's cultural background in explaining criminal behaviour. After examining the most recent legislative reforms in criminal law and judicial practise, it may be possible to underline some points of convergence or dissonance with U.S. context and to highlight the current trend in progress into Italian criminal justice system about the possibility for Courts to take into account cultural factors to consider and evaluate the personal culpability and to mitigate sanctions.
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Lee, Chee Hoe Michael. "A comparative study of defense reforms in eastern European nations." Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10496.
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MBA Professional ReportThis thesis analyzes the defense reforms in transitioning nations in Eastern Europe after the end of the Cold War. The objective is to compare the similarities and differences, as well as discern possible patterns of defense reform. To provide an analysis of this topic, literature on public management reforms will be studied to better understand the array of socio-economic, political and other factors, which may be involved in defense-oriented public management reforms. A proposed framework of the different forces of reforms (influence) and tides of reforms (purpose) will be developed to compare and analyze defense reforms in different countries. The model could serve as a framework for future analysis of defense reforms in other parts of the world.
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Konsolaki, Kalliopi. "Comparative advertising effectiveness : a cross-cultural study." Thesis, University of Kent, 2015. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/60150/.
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The lucrative world of comparative advertising has been attractive to marketers, who seek economic types of persuasive communication. Nevertheless, research in the actual effectiveness of comparative advertising has been inconclusive, contradicting, and insufficient. The increasing importance of comparative advertising in the current competitive global environment requires immediate findings about how comparative advertising can work effectively. This study is the first study to develop an integrated conceptual model of the factors, which influence comparative advertising effectiveness. Particularly, the conceptual model comprehensively indicates that two advertising features (namely, intensity of comparative claims, and source attractiveness) and five characteristics of the ad recipients (namely, NFC, product involvement, gender, familiarity with comparative advertising, and culture) determine the effectiveness of a comparative ad. The study adopts a critical-realist approach and a multi-method design to explore the research topic. The research questions are addressed using qualitative and quantitative data in a cross-cultural approach. Two phases of exploratory interviews conducted in Greece and a series of pilot tests conducted in the UK and Greece inform an extensive experimental study of 820 participants to explore the research questions and test all research hypotheses. The research findings empirically validate the conceptual model of the study in both countries. It is largely confirmed that the above mentioned factors influence claim believability and perceptions of manipulation intent in comparative advertising. Further persuasion effects are also examined. The results of the study contribute to knowledge about comparative advertising effectiveness and provide information and guidance to practitioners on how to develop and implement effective comparative ads. Overall, comparative advertising is a powerful marketing tool, which has to be applied with caution as there are factors which can have a negative impact on comparative advertising effectiveness. The novel findings of this study endow future research with a new avenue to proceed.
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Doane, Donna R. (Donna Reed), and Susan D. Spencer. "Cultural analysis case study : implementaiton of acquisition reform within the Department of Defense." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/82673.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 1997.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-103).
by Donna R. Doane.
M.S.
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Jansson, Ellen. "Cultural values in Swedish municipal planning : A comparative study." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för fysisk planering, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-19927.
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Hatada, Aya. "Comparative study about anti-herbivore defense of Macaranga species in a Bornean forest." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/149133.
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Durkin, Paul K. "Nondevelopmental item acquisition initiatives : a comparative study of implementation within Department of Defense services /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1993. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA277303.
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Clancy, Gregory A. "A comparative study of commercial and Department of Defense strategies for developing software applications." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1994. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA289653.
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Shields, Rob. "Images of spaces and places : a comparative study." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235561.
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Park, Yoon Ok Rosa. "Museums and cultural identity : a comparative study between Britain and Korea." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.273480.
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de, Azevedo Nogueira Affonso Henriques. "Cross-Cultural Leadership: A comparative Study between Brazilian and Portuguese Subordinates." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/82068.
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L’objectiu d’aquesta investigació, ha sigut comparar patrons culturals de grups brasilers amb grups portuguesos. Per identificar i comparar els esmentats patrons, s’ha fet servir un instrument anomenat Values Scale. A més a més, i utilitzant una adaptació de Tannenbaum and Schmidt’s Taxonomy desenvolupat per Vroom (2000) hem comparat els estils de lideratge dels esmentats grups. En darrer lloc hem investigat si existeix una correlació entre els patrons culturals i els estils de lideratge. S’ha pogut observar que ambdós grups demostren una preferència per als Patrons Culturals Horitzontals Col•lectius i que el grup brasiler, te tendència a triar un estil de lideratge més participatiu si ho comparem amb el grup portuguès. També s’ha observat una correlació entre els patrons culturals i els estils de lideratge. En acabar l’estudi, es presenten mancances i, com que no hi ha molts estudis de referència, es suggereixen propostes per a futures investigacions, enfocades especialment en brasilers i portuguesos, tenint present que aquests països tenen en comú un passat històric i es veuen abocats a canvis socials, econòmics i culturals significatius.El propósito de esta investigación, ha sido comparar el patrón cultural de grupos brasileños con grupos portugueses. Para identificar y comparar dichos patrones, se ha aplicado un instrumento llamado Values Scale. Además, utilizando una adaptación de Tannenbaum and Schmidt’s Taxonomy desarrollado por Vroom (2000), hemos comparado los estilos de liderazgo de los mencionados grupos. Finalmente hemos investigado si existe una correlación entre los patrones culturales y los estilos de liderazgo. Se ha podido observar que ambos grupos demuestran una preferencia para los Patrones Culturales Horizontales Colectivos y que el grupo brasileño tiende a elegir un estilo de liderazgo más participativo en comparación con el grupo portugués. También se ha observado una correlación entre los patrones culturales y los estilos de liderazgo. Al terminar el estudio se presentan limitaciones y, dado que no hay muchos estudios al respecto, se sugieren propuestas para futuras investigaciones, enfocadas especialmente en brasileños y portugueses, teniendo en cuenta que estos países comparten un pasado histórico y se enfrentan a cambios sociales, económicos y culturales significativos.
This study aimed to compare the cultural patterns of Brazilian and Portuguese groups. Using an instrument named Values Scale it was possible to identify and compare these patterns. In addition, we sought to compare the leadership styles preferred by those groups using an adaptation of the Tannenbaum and Schmidt’s Taxonomy developed by Vroom (2000). Finally, we assessed whether there was correlation between cultural patterns and leadership styles. It was observed that the two groups showed a preference for Horizontal-Collectivism Cultural Pattern and the Brazilian group chose a more participative leadership style when compared with the Portuguese group. There was also a correlation between cultural patterns and leadership styles. At the end of the study limitations are presented and proposals for future research are suggested, especially between Brazilians and Portuguese, since such studies are still scarce and taking into account that these countries have in common historical past and are also facing significant social, economic and cultural changes.
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Barker, Tanuja. "An exploratory cross-cultural comparative study of Moreton Bay fisheries management /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16315.pdf.
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Boggess, Kendra Stahle Jr. "Ethical Issues in Business Communication: A Comparative Study of the Perceptions of Japanese and US Students." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29408.
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This study compared Japanese and US students' intended beliefs and behaviors relating to ethical business decisions. The study assessed the extent to which three of Hofstede's (1984) cultural indexes related to three ethical classifications of Vitell, Nwachukwu, and Barnes (1993). Participants were 79 US and 33 Japanese students attending West Virginia colleges and universities, representing a response rate of 30.7%. A set of six vignettes were written to portray subtly unethical business situations.
The vignettes were reviewed by two expert panels, and pilot tested on students similar to those participating in the study. Quantitative techniques were used to analyze survey results. Some moderate correlations were found when determining the nature and degree of relationships among Belief and Behavior scores. A chi square analysis was used to determine significant differences between US and Japanese students' demographic characteristics. Means and standards deviations revealed higher scores for Japanese students on all measures for Belief and Behavior questions. These scores indicated that they believed each vignette portrayed a more ethical situation, and that they would more likely engage in such behavior than would US students. ANOVAs were used to examine differences between Japanese and US students' responses to the vignettes, revealing significant differences between groups, but not as Hofstede's dimensions predicted.
Findings on Hofstede's (1984) Individualism versus Collectivism dimension indicate that the theory that members of Japanese cultures will be more willing to work for organizational than personal gain, may not be true, particularly for students. Hofstede's Uncertainty Avoidance dimension, suggesting that members of the Japanese culture will be less comfortable with uncertainty than will members of the US culture, was not supported either. Finally, Hofstede's Masculinity/Femininity dimension, theorizing that members of the Japanese culture are more comfortable with traditional masculine values, was supported.
The major finding of this study is that present-day students did not react to Hofstede's assumptions as expected. Use of different subject groups than Hofstede's and the span of thirty years between his study and this one may have impacted the outcomes. Educators and members of the business community involved with training may find the results of this study helpful. The findings encourage educators and trainers to avoid stereotyping learners' abilities based upon culture or the specifications of cultural typology models.Ph. D.
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Huang, Ching-Yu Soar. "Chinese parenting and children's compliance to adults : a cross-cultural comparative study." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2013. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/244266.
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The current study examined the parenting beliefs and practices of Taiwanese, Chinese immigrant (all first-generation immigrants in the UK) and English mothers, and the compliance of their young children (aged 5–7), in order to elucidate the effects of child temperament, culture and acculturation strategies on reported parenting beliefs and practices, observed parental behaviour, child behaviour, mother–child interaction dynamics and children’s compliance. The data were collected from a total of 90 families with 5- to 7-year-old children in Taiwan and the UK. Child temperament, parenting beliefs and practices and acculturation were assessed using questionnaires, and parental behaviour, child behaviour, dyadic interaction dynamics and child compliance were assessed using observation in two tasks (Etch-A-Sketch and clean-up). Semi-structured interviews were also conducted with the Chinese immigrant parents to gather more information regarding their acculturation and parenting. Cultural differences were found between groups in reported as well as observed parenting and children’s compliance. The Taiwanese mothers reported greater use of Chinese-specific parenting and physical coercion and were observed to use more (gentle and assertive) physical intervention than both the Chinese immigrant and English mothers. The Chinese immigrant mothers reported a higher degree of child autonomy than the Taiwanese and English mothers, and also reported cultivation of their children’s independence. The stronger the Chinese immigrant mothers' affiliation with Chinese culture, the more they reported adopting the Chinese-specific parenting style; the longer they had been in the UK, the less they reported authoritarian parenting. The English mothers were rated as more responsive and less negatively controlling than the Chinese immigrant mothers; they also showed more positive affect than both the Chinese immigrant and Taiwanese mothers. There were few cultural differences between groups in the children’s behaviour, although Taiwanese children showed more situational compliance than Chinese immigrant children. Further regression analyses showed that child characteristics, such as child age and temperament, affected the parents’ and children’s behaviour as well as dyadic interactional dynamics. Committed compliance, situational compliance and opposition were associated with different predictors, suggesting that they are qualitatively different and are associated with different developmental processes. Committed compliance may develop as children grow older, mediated by surgency; situational compliance, on the other hand, was associated with authoritarian parenting and mothers’ use of negative control, which varied by culture. Child opposition was predicted by neither child characteristics nor parenting. These findings provide valuable insights into parenting and children’s compliance in different cultural contexts. The results underscore the importance of looking at human development from a holistic perspective. The active role that children play in shaping their developmental process, their parents’ parenting and the culture they live in should all be taken into account when attempting to understand their development.
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Rizzo, Alessandra. "Realism in transition : a comparative study of cultural translations - Bennet, Lawrence, Verga." Thesis, University of Essex, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.400981.
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Ceiriog-Hughes, David Jeremy. "Cultural professionalism : a comparative study of teacher professionalism in England and France." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.242300.
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Rhydderch, Francesca. "Cultural translations : a comparative critical study of Kate Roberts and Virginia Woolf." Thesis, Aberystwyth University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2160/5ed4ebb9-9cec-4bb9-a187-3f9f17e2c1ab.
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This thesis offers a comparative critical study of Virginia Woolf and her lesser known contemporary, the Welsh author Kate Roberts. To the majority of readers in the 'English-speaking world', the name of one of these writers is so familiar that it may be considered a literary touchstone, while that of the other is still almost entirely unknown. Written from the perspective of a minority culture, this thesis traces the faultlines-that is, previously unexplored sites of tension-within the respective cultural identities of the writers under discussion. Scrutinising such faultlines helps to illuminate the more paradoxical aspects of the work of both Roberts and Woolf. For example, a focus on Roberts's cultural positioning forces a significant reassessment of Woolf's relationship with English literary traditions and a more informed consideration of her attitude towards the British Empire. Conversely, the large body of criticism on the gendered aspects of Woolf's writing provides a highly relevant framework within which to explore the hitherto neglected sexual politics of Roberts's work, together with the ways in which her identity as a woman intersects with, and in fact conflicts with, her cultural identity. Drawing upon Frederic Jameson's notion of genre as a social institution, I explore the generic forms deployed by Woolf and Roberts in terms of their cultural specificity. The question of genre can in fact be seen as a crucial aspect of the issues discussed in this thesis-cultural positioning, gender and writing, aesthetics and politics. In this study I examine the output of Roberts and Woolf in five different genres autobiography, short stories, the war novel, drama and journalism. In each case such questions-of community and audience, literary tradition, gendered engagements with that tradition, and the forging of a self-conscious cultural aesthetics-are uppermost.
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Zhao, Chunyao. "A comparative study of British and Chinese stereotypes in cross-cultural interaction." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2018. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/34601/.
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Stereotype, as a ubiquitous and persistent social phenomenon, has been a key issue in social psychology for some ninety or so years since Lippmann introduced it into social science in 1922. However, “Stereotypes wear the black hats in social science” (Schneider, 2004:1) and, to some extent, stereotypes themselves have been stereotyped, as the traditionally held view has focused on the negative values of stereotyping and viewed it as a static factor in social perception. In this view, stereotypes were considered to be overgeneralisations, inaccurate assumptions, and the cognitive roots of prejudice even discrimination, which are best avoided. Stereotypes have recently claimed an important place in the field of intergroup relations and intercultural communication, but reciprocal interaction between self- and other- perceptions across different ethnic groups in the cross-cultural context has gone largely un-discussed in cross-cultural pragmatic studies. This thesis is an attempt to fill the void by theoretically situating in cross-cultural pragmatics, and empirically investigating one cross-cultural pairing, i.e., British and Chinese overseas students. Moreover, this work will focus on the conventional but perennial issues in stereotype research, i.e., the accuracy, role and pragmatic functions of stereotyping as realised in an interactive context. A mixed methods research methodology has been employed as a procedure for collecting, analysing, and integrating both qualitative and quantitative data in two consecutive phases: (1) focus group interview; (2) questionnaire survey. The aim is to build a holistic perspective to illuminate the research questions. The objectives are to probe the cross-cultural practitioners’ first-hand stereotypical perceptions of self and others through their interactive practice, generate insights into the impact and pragmatic functions of stereotyping, and thereby shed light on stereotype research. This thesis serves to assess the evidence of ‘kernel of truth’ hypothesis and bridge the divergences between British stereotypes of Chinese people and Chinese stereotypes of themselves and vice-versa. Ultimately, therefore, the stereotyping is demonstrated as pragmatic device to assist interactants in achieving more harmonious and mutually beneficial interactions as what is perceived can help interactants predict, expect, and explain what is meant in specific cultural context.
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Shenoy, Uma Ajit. "College-Stress and Symptom-expression in International Students: A comparative study." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28186.
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The primary purpose of the investigation was to examine differences in symptom-expression between Caucasians and Asians in response to college-stress. College-stress was defined as adjustment problems that students experience as a function of exposure to a college environment. The propensity of each group to express symptoms in response to stress in somatic (i.e., bodily) versus psychological (i.e., anxiety and depression) modes was investigated. Previous reports have postulated a somatization hypothesis for Asians, as opposed to a psychologization tendency in Caucasians. Intra-Asian differences with respect to symptom-expression were also examined. Data were collected electronically. 115 graduate students participated in the study. Using Fisher's transformations to compare correlations, it was found that neither the somatization nor the psychologization hypotheses were supported. However, within Asians depression demonstrated a stronger association with stress than somatic symptoms.
A subsidiary purpose of this investigation was to determine whether attribution-style was an aspect of culture that could lead to differences in symptom-expression. It was hypothesized that Asians would have a more external attribution-style, while Caucasian-Americans would have a more internal style. External style was hypothesized to be related to a somatic tendency, while internal style was hypothesized to be related to a psychological tendency. None of these hypotheses were supported. Finally, some exploratory analyses were carried out to assess the effect of demographic variables on symptom-expression. Sex was related to anxiety symptoms, while level of education was related to somatic symptom-reports. Overall, these findings highlight the need for cross-cultural research in psychology to adopt a more systemic approach in studying variables, as opposed to using merely country/culture as an independent variable.Ph. D.
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Harvey-Wilson, Simon Brian. "Shamanism and alien abductions : a comparative study." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2000. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1389.
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Some UFO researchers (ufologists) claim that being abducted by aliens can be compared with shamanic initiation experiences in traditional societies in that both types of experience may be similarly transformative, leading to a more spiritual or animistic world-view, a deep concern for the environment and the development of paranormal abilities such as healing. This qualitative study is designed to investigate the validity of such claims. The research aim is to see whether the experiences and subsequent world-view of eleven alien abductees (eight women and three men) from a local abduction support group are similar to those of the typical shaman and, if so, what those similarities are. To do this, material gathered from in-depth interviews with the abductees is compared with the anthropological literature on shamanism, especially shamanic initiation experiences, from all parts of the world.
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Wells, Emmett G. "A comparative study of the right of defense in canonical penal law and in American criminal law." Online full text .pdf document, available to Fuller patrons only, 2001. http://www.tren.com.
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Gayt��n, Ruiz M��nica. "Design of marketing campaigns and cultural differences. Comparative study in Mexico and Germany." Thesis, Universidad de las Am��ricas Puebla, 2011. http://catarina.udlap.mx/u_dl_a/tales/documentos/lni/gaytan_r_m/.
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This project gives an approach of what constitutes the culture and the reasons why international firms, by trying to conquer foreign markets, have to consider it for doing advertising.
A literature review and an observation were made in this thesis and the goal is to find out if the culture really matters when doing advertising in a foreign country. This is taking into account Hofstede��s dimensions and other factors like traditions, values and language. In this particularly case observation was made by analysis of advertisements in Mexico and in Germany.
At the end of the research it is find that Hofstede��s cultural dimensions can be also reflected in the commercials. Nevertheless, Individualism and Masculinity are the two mainly dimensions that were observed in the TV spots analyzed. Therefore, Hofstede��s dimensions can be very helpful as a basis when an International marketer wants to expand their products and reach markets in other countries..
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Rocha, Elaine Pereira. "Racism in novels : a comparative study of Brazilian and South African cultural history." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-0822200-183728/.
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Ben-Cnaan, Nimrod. "A comparative study of tropes of cultural pessimism in postwar Britain and France." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2008. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1445205/.
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This thesis examines the occurrence, convergence and divergence of tropes of cultural pessimism in British and French letters over the two decades following the Second World War. Like other forms of pessimism, cultural pessimism is a consistently negative approach to the future here it refers to the prospects of culture as a whole, seeing it as being in decline. The specific cultural context surveyed here has received little critical attention in the already limited declinism scholarship as a time of sweeping change, it is a particularly revealing juncture that also suggests new tropes for the cultural pessimism range. Although Britain and France had arrived at the end of the war in rather different circumstances, in the following twenty years they underwent similar social, economic and cultural processes: cultural massification, decolonisation, modernisation, Americanisation, postwar reconstruction and Cold War positioning. These processes are taken as the basis for this ad hoc thematic comparison. The first section discusses cultural pessimism with reference to class and social structure it surveys discourses on Culture and popular culture and expands on two illustrative works: Jean Genet's Le Balcon and Alan Sillitoe's Saturday Night and Sunday Morning. In the second section, conceptions of national identity and collective memory come to the fore: similar reattachments to heritage, real or imagined, are explored through Angus Wilson's Anglo-Saxon Attitudes and Marguerite Duras's Hiroshima mon amour. The third section unpacks the morally ambivalent concept of youth along with the advent of youth culture and its greater adaptability to modernisation and Americanisation, and develops this alongside discussions of Boris Vian's L 'Ecume des jours and Colin MacInnes's Absolute Beginners.
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Hogg, Dana E. "Influence of Cultural Capital in Two Rural Appalachian Towns: A Comparative Case Study." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/73555.
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Despite natural beauty and strong ties to kinship and community, the Appalachian region has experienced economic and social disadvantages compared to other regions of the United States. Historically rural areas have been left by the wayside with little federal or state funding; rural areas received $401-$648 less per capita than their metropolitan counterparts in the years between 1994 and 2001(Kellogg Foundation, 2004). 42 percent of the population of Appalachia live in rural areas, compared to 20 percent nationally (Gohl, 2013). As of 2014 the poverty rate in Appalachia is 17.2 percent in comparison to the national average of 15.6 percent (ARC, 2016). Consequently Appalachian towns have been privy to anti-poverty policies and development work by the United States government for over half a century (Farmbry, 2014). But the anti-poverty measures did very little to change the region.
In order to promote change and prosper as a region, many Appalachian towns have turned to using their cultural capital as a community development resource. As a tool in community building, cultural capital shifts the focus of a community away from its problems, towards its assets (Phillips and Shockley, 2010).
The purpose of this study was to explore how two rural Appalachian towns use cultural capital to impact their community's viability. To do so the researcher used qualitative interview methods and focus groups to understand the experiences of three leadership groups in each community. The findings of this study provide insight into how communities identify and operationalize their cultural capital, and what impact it has on their economic and social prosperity. Additional research should be done on community viability in rural areas, including community visioning, and power dynamics of rural spaces.Master of Science in Life Sciences
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Crain, Dwanna Colette. "A Comparative Study of Cultural Change in Roman Iberia: Ullastret, Merida, and Italica." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/192308.
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Anderson, James Valentine. "Comparative study of an antioxidant defense mechanism in genotypes of eastern white pine which show differential foliar characteristics." Diss., This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09162005-115019/.
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Gray, Meghan C. "Building a Persian Gulf ballistic missile defense umbrella: a comparative case study analysis of regional phased adaptive approaches." Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/34669.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedThis thesis investigates the shift to theater-based missile defense (TBMD) systems from the U.S. and its Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) partners perspectives, and it provides recommendations for developing a realistic pathway forward for the implementation of a TBMD system in the Persian Gulf region that takes into account the differences in the nature of security threats and collective security arrangements in this region. The 2010 Ballistic Missile Defense Review (BMDR) Report placed greater emphasis on theater-level missile defenses to counter weapons of mass destruction proliferation that threatens the European, Asian, and Middle Eastern regions. However, the European and Asian TBMD systems are significantly more developed than the Persian Gulfs capabilities. Lessons learned and key differences between threat capabilities and alliance structures within these regions have important implications for how a phased adaptive approach to missile defense is implemented in the Persian Gulf. Thus, a comparative case study analysis of the advanced European and Asian missile defense programs and the more modest Arabian Peninsula defense initiatives provides insight into developing a pathway forward for implementing a phased adaptive approach to missile defense that is tailored to the threats, interests, and abilities of the United States Persian Gulf partners.
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Lord, Alexander Michael. "An investigation into the role of the project manager : a comparative study of project leadership, organisation and culture in UK defence contractors and engineering constructors." Thesis, Henley Business School, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.253455.
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Mueller, Santos Milena. "CSR innovation : a comparative study of India and the UK." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:fb9bece2-3c66-4afa-aa6c-541e964ebfbc.
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This thesis contributes to the field of research on corporate social responsibility (CSR) and explores the underresearched phenomenon of CSR innovation. It sheds light on this phenomenon by comparing CSR innovation in two nations with differing degrees of economic development, namely the UK and India. An interpretive, multicase study approach was chosen to compare CSR initiatives of British and Indian retailers. Data were collected through interviews, archival research, and observation. The research used sensemaking theory as a theoretical lens to examine how actors made sense of CSR innovation and communicated it to others. Data analysis was guided by a conceptual framework focussing on the triggers of sensemaking for CSR initiatives, formalisation as a key sensemaking process for CSR innovations, and the legitimation strategies employed by the case companies. The analysis shows that CSR leaders, close followers, and aspirants think differently about CSR; it also points to broader patterns of CSR innovation in the UK and India. CSR innovations were identified in both the British and Indian retail industries, contextual differences between the innovations in the two countries were observed, and the complex nature and role of these innovations were illustrated. CSR innovation was seen as involving complex constellations of continuity and newness. The British companies studied engaged in deliberate CSR leadership, actively tried to change CSR practises, and communicated these efforts externally. In contrast, the Indian companies mainly discussed CSR initiatives within the business, experimented with nonphilanthropic CSR, and tried to determine the role of CSR in the emerging Indian retail industry. The observed differences were traced back to country-specific regulatory and market environments and differences in field level conditions were highlighted. The study also examined the impact of environmental uncertainty on the management of CSR innovation and discussed strategies that the case companies use to deal with challenges related to CSR innovation.
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Tawat, Mahama. "Multiculturalism and Policymaking : A comparative study of Danish and Swedish cultural policies since 1969." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Statsvetenskap, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-2287.
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This master’s thesis deals with the cultural diversity policies of Denmark and Sweden within the cultural sector. It attempts at explaining why these two “most-similar” scandinavian countries having in common the same cultural model, “the architect model”, opted for different policies when it came to cultural diversity: Assimilationism for Denmark and multiculturalism for Sweden. I show that though institutional and power-interest factors had an impact, ideas as “programmatic beliefs” (Sheri E. Berman 2001) or “frames” (Erik Bleich 2003) played the ultimate role. I evaluate their relative importance by analyzing the anthropological dimension of the countries cultural policies since 1969. The study confirms that at least in the cultural sector, Danish policies have been assimilationist and Swedish ones multiculturalist and proposes a new classification of terms.By investigating immigrants cultures, it fills a gap left by previous researchers working on a common Nordic cultural model.
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Paterson, David William Gilbert. "Identified problems, preferred helpers, and helper qualities : a cross-cultural comparative study of perceptions." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28966.
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This study examines two groups, Native and Non-Native Canadians, in terms of three research questions: (a) what do they identify as a problem or concern, (b) who do they seek out for assistance, and (c) what are the preferred qualities of the helper. The sample group was comprised of 255 subjects aged 13-15, and 108 subjects aged 18-20 from Prince Rupert, British Columbia. Native subjects represented 25% of this sample group. Though Native and Non-Native respondents identified similar problems, differences were noted in the selection of helper and preferred qualities of a helper. Native respondents preferred helpers within the family and valued different helper qualities than their Non-Native counterparts. Implications of this study are discussed with respect to, (a) contributing to existing literature in cross-cultural counselling, (b) assisting practising counsellors by providing information about client expectations and (c) contributing to the development of cross-cultural counselling education programs.Education, Faculty of
Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of
Graduate
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Nakamura, Makoto. "Functional literacy from a cross-cultural perspective : a comparative study of Canada and Japan." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ39039.pdf.
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Wong, Nga-man, and 黃雅敏. "Quality evaluation of geriatric health information on Yahoo! Answers : a cross-cultural comparative study." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/193007.
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Given the increases on global ageing population, popularity of social Q&A sites and the level of geriatric health concerns from family caregivers, it raises the uncertainty about the quality of health information on social Q&A sites for family caregivers of elderly. The purposes of this study are to evaluate the quality of geriatric health information on social Questions and Answers (Q&A) sites: Yahoo! Answers from registered nurses’ perspective, to identify the structural patterns of questions and answers vary in quality and to discover the cultural aspects in relation to the findings. A total of 60 question-answers set is retrieved from regional Yahoo! Answers sites, including Australia, Canada, UK & Ireland, US, Hong Kong, Mainland China and Taiwan. 126 English answers and 112 Chinese answers are examined.
Through a mixed method approach, results show that the overall information quality provided in Chinese group is relatively poorer than those of English. About 40% of questioners form both groups are not capable of judging the best answer among choices. In terms of structural patterns, questioners from both language groups are less capable of asking questions with clear focuses. 4 structural patterns, including Chinese and English answers with good and poor quality, are identified. Furthermore, cultural differences are found to have a significant impact on the level of information quality in social Q&A site. Finally, recommendations to corresponding social sectors are made for improving the current information quality of social Q&A sites in future.published_or_final_version
Library and Information Management
Master
Master of Science in Library and Information Management
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Boakye, Kofi Emmanuel. "Juvenile delinquency in Ghana : a cross-cultural comparative study of offenders and non-offenders." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609716.
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Hemmingsson, Sara, and Linnea Sjöberg. "Cultural Differences towards Sexual Advertising : A comparative study between Swedish and South Korean students." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-79605.
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This study has investigated whether cultural differences affect how one perceives sexual advertising. The study has focused on Sweden and South Korea, which showed great differences in Hofstede's cultural framework. Sweden, according to Hofstede, is considered to be a feminine country and has low uncertainty avoidance. In contrast to South Korea, which is considered masculine and is one of the most uncertainty avoiding countries in the world. The study examined whether these cultural aspects affect how the consumer perceives sexual advertising. To answer this, data was collected through a questionnaire, with Swedish and South Korean university students as respondents. The results showed that there were differences in how Swedish and South Korean participants experienced sexual advertising, although not as great differences as expected. The South Koreans proved to be more easily upset by the advertising than the Swedes, however, it turned out that no one felt interested in buying the promoted product, regardless of culture.
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Hedegard, Danielle A. "Racialized Cultural Capital and Inequality: A Comparative Study of Blackness in Brazil's Tourism Market." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/203431.
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In my dissertation, I argue that blackness is an accumulable cultural resource that perpetuates racial and class inequality. The overarching question I ask is what determines who benefits from blackness, black bodies or dominant resources? To answer this question, I first develop a framework that integrates cultural capital theory with two streams of research within the sociology of race - `racialization' and `race as a resource.' Next, I demonstrate my argument and address secondary theoretical goals - in globalization and race in Brazil, with an empirical study in the context of cultural tourism.I examine how individuals transform capoeira into a racialized cultural resource through connections to symbols of blackness and the meanings these symbols provoke, within the tourism market in Salvador, Brazil. Capoeira is a globally popular Brazilian martial art often linked to blackness, which brings American and European tourists together with Brazilian practitioners in an interactive setting. Cosmopolitan consumers now interpret cultural symbols of racial difference, including blackness, as valuable, and tourism exemplifies the growing value of racial otherness. Salvador, Brazil is a central site in the framing of blackness for cosmopolitan consumers. Tourist settings allow me to examine how individuals acquire embodied cultural capital through experience with cultural others. Scholars connect Brazil's extreme social inequality to race and class, and they reveal a profound ambiguity over racialized cultural heritage in Brazil. This creates a context where Brazilians of diverse racial and class backgrounds can benefit from racialized culture.How do racial meanings emerge as tourists and Brazilians interact, how does blackness becomes valuable as valuable a social, cultural, or economic resource for producers and consumers, and which actors benefit from this racialized cultural capital? I answer these questions through comparative participant observation and interviews at two capoeira studios. Long-term participant observation allows me to focus on the embodiment of experiences and the how of cultural valorization. Comparative ethnography best provides insight into how individuals, groups, and organizations put cultural capital to practical use to control and limit resources, allowing for two layers of analysis - one, of interactional meaning making and cultural enactment and the other, a cross-group comparison of these micro-level processes.
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van, Maastricht Sylvia. "Learning disabilities : socio-cultural context and inclusion : a comparative study between Greece and Wales." Thesis, Swansea University, 2004. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42808.
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This study looks at learning disabilities in socio-cultural context. It does so by comparing the experiences of two small groups of people that each attend a day centre for adults locally considered as having learning disabilities. One of these centres is on the Greek island of Aniksi, the other in the small Welsh town of Ffynnon. It considers what goes on in these centres, the processes of classification that have lead to admission to the service, the experiences of the people that attend them and their parents. By examining the lives of individual people in local context, in particular in the area of work, socio-cultural elements have been identified that contribute to or act as barriers to their inclusion. I hope that this research will further understanding of their lives and the forces that shape them.
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Nilsson, Michelle. "The Cultural Impact on Information System Utilization : A comparative study between Sweden and Nicaragua." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för informatik (IK), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-78228.
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Information system (IS) utilization and success are influenced by culture due to that the management is handled by individuals and their values that affect their behavior. Therefore, culture is an important aspect for implementation and evaluation of an information system and IS utilization. Some countries absorb the technical development easier than others which can be the reason for several failed IS implementations. This makes an impact on globalization due to the difficulties to implement information systems in subsidiaries. The purpose of this research was to study the cultural impact on IS utilization by identifying the cultural factors that impacts IS utilization and furthermore how an addition of a cultural dimension in IS utilization theories can affect implementation and evaluation of an information system. To study this, the theory Task-Technology Fit (TTF) was used for the collection of empirical data which further was analyzed with Hofstede´s dimensions of national culture. The conducted study was a qualitative method with a deductive approach conducted through interviews and observations of partner companies in Sweden and Nicaragua. The result identified problem areas in the two partner companies regarding utilization of selected systems and further, the result describes the different parts that affect a fit between the technology and the tasks it is meant to accomplish. The result was discussed with the analysis of Hofstede´s dimensions of national culture to identify cultural factors and aspects that could explain why the fit between technology and the tasks were not ultimate. The connection between culture and IS utilization are further discussed together with how the knowledge and awareness of cultural impact can provide benefits for multinational businesses. The conclusion argued the importance of knowledge contribution has due to globalization, factors that affect the cultural impact and what a separated dimension for culture in IS utilization theories could provide for the multinational businesses.
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Tilson, Donn James. "Eco-nuclear publicity : a comparative study in Florida and Scotland." Thesis, University of Stirling, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/21902.
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This comparative study of the corporate public relations strategies of the nuclear industry in the U.S. and Britain, specifically of Florida Power & Light (FP&L) in Florida and Scottish Nuclear Limited (SNL) in Scotland, examines the use of visitor centres and environmental messages as key components of advocational campaigns designed to influence public opinion and shape public policy in favour of a pro-nuclear agenda. The study would seem to confirm other research that draws a direct relationship between the function of public relations in an organisation and the degree of input by public relations into corporate policy-making. Moreover, the data also suggest that, given a prominent role within an organisation, public relations can and does develop strategies and programmes to pro-actively manage emerging strategic public policy issues in direct support of organisational objectives Such programmes, as the study reveals, have been designed specifically around visitor centres as communication vehicles for corporate pronuclear messages, carried directly to key publics without gatekeeping by the mass media. Moreover, it would appear that the nuclear industry has been intentionally 'greening' its corporate messages so as to capitalise upon the public's growing concern about the environment. The study also suggests that the nuclear industry is using such centres, as well as newer, emerging advocational initiatives, in a fully promotional sense to circulate and thereby enhance the reputation of the industry. A comparative analysis of corporate nuclear public relations in the U.S. and Britain suggests a 'cross-national' exchange of intelligence, and in some respects, an outright collusion of efforts. Moreover, it would seem that there exists a further government-industry alliance both within the U.S. and Britain as well as trans-Atlantically. This alliance represents a convergence of government and industry interests in the development of nuclear energy for military and civilian purposes, and further illustrates earlier research of collusion among politicaleconomic elites and the over representation of corporate interests at the expense of unorganised public interests in the government decision-making process. Finally, the study argues that upcoming public policy decisions on the future of nuclear power in each country will be a measure of the effectiveness of pro-nuclear campaigning in achieving its objectives. The public debate on nuclear power will represent a genuine test of the relative health of democracy in both the U.S. and Britain, nation-states in which, military-industry-government interests mostly have had their way as it has concerned nuclear energy.
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Komatsu, Kaori. "Attachment and 'amae' : a comparative study of mother-child close relationships in Japan and Britain." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/6196.
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Attachment theory addresses the young child’s biological and psychological need to elicit their mother’s protection and care, and seeks to explain the emotional bond that forms between them in the early years of life. Several researchers have pointed out that the Western concept of attachment might be less relevant for Japanese parent-child dyads because Japanese child-rearing ideals are based on the concept of ‘amae’ (emotional one-ness between mother and child), whereas attachment theory emphasises the link between attachment and independence/autonomy. Research to date, however, has not yet directly addressed the possible association between maternal amae attitudes and attachment patterns in Japanese mother-child dyads. This is, in part, due to the current lack of any assessment tool to measure mothers’ responses to their child’s amae behaviours. Japanese attachment patterns have also not yet been investigated using the Manchester Child Attachment Story Task (MCAST: Green et al., 2000), a doll-play attachment measurement for children aged between 4 and 8 years old which has been used in Western contexts. This doctoral thesis consists of three cross-cultural empirical studies which address this gap in the current literature. In the first study, a 39-item prototype amae attitude scale (AAS) was constructed based on responses from Japanese focus groups and an earlier study of amae behaviours (Vereijken et al., 1997). The scale was subsequently completed by Japanese and British mothers. Japanese mothers were found to be more tolerant in general than British mothers of their child’s amae behaviours, in all 4 sub-categories explored (pure, asking, frustrated, and anxious amae), with cultural differences most marked in maternal attitudes towards their children’s anxious-amae behaviour. The second study addressed two questions: whether attachment behaviours differ in Japanese and British 4-5 year olds (measured with the MCAST) and whether there is a relationship between children’s MCAST attachment classifications and maternal attitudes towards children’s amae behaviours (measured with the AAS) in Japanese and British dyads. Contrary to what has been found in some of the previous Japanese Strange Situation studies, the distribution of MCAST attachment classifications was similar in the two countries. As predicted from the results of study 1, the AAS scores of Japanese mothers also indicated that they were significantly more tolerant of their child’s amae behaviours than their British counterparts. This was true for both mothers of securely and insecurely attached children. A tendency for mothers of securely attached children to have less tolerant attitudes towards children’s amae behaviours than those of insecurely attached children was found in both countries. A cultural difference also emerged in the way children expressed the maternal needs of the child doll during the mildly stressful scenarios in the MCAST. The third study examined actual mother-child interaction in both countries, measuring the mother’s emotional availability to the child (using the Emotional Availability Scale: Biringen, 2000) and relating this to both maternal AAS and child MCAST data. The results showed that emotional availability scores and attachment classification patterns did not differ across cultures. Analysis of the home observations also indicated that children from both cultures who were classified as insecurely attached (ambivalent and disorganised type) in the MCAST tended to show more amae behaviours towards their mothers than children classified as securely attached. Together, these three studies suggest that children in both counties show similar attachment patterns and that it is not only Japanese children who express amae behaviours towards their mothers. In fact, amae relates to attachment security in both cultures, although the way it is expressed and maternal attitudes towards such behaviours differ across cultures.
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Choe, Boyun. "Cultural politics of creativity : a comparative study of the development of the cultural policy discourses of creativity in England and Korea." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2010. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3132/.
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This thesis examines the recent development of the policy discourses of creativity in England and Korea. It aims to analyse the values that the word „creativity‟ represents in policy terms, challenge their underlying assumptions, and explore how the idea of creativity has been implicated in each country‟s cultural policy formations. It also provides a critical examination of the similarities and differences between the two countries. In so doing, this thesis attempts to challenge the absence of cultural policy research on creativity and provide a meaningful scholarly contribution to the existing field of cultural policy studies. In order to provide a comprehensive and critical analysis of the emergence and development of the creativity discourses in England and Korea, the study employs a social scientific method of relational thinking that draws on Pierre Bourdieu‟s field theory. By challenging the existing tradition of cultural policy discussion that is either implicitly or explicitly informed by a dichotomous thinking between intrinsic and instrumental values of culture, the study proposes a new critical approach to understanding and examining the complex dynamics of cultural policy issues surrounding the idea of creativity in policy terms. Based on the Bourdieusian heuristic tool of relational thinking, the thesis explores how the idea of creativity has become politically reconstructed so as to serve specific interests, values and dispositions that correspond to a particular political position, rather than a recognised field of cultural or creative practices. By closely examining the policy contexts of the government‟s creative education initiatives Creative Partnerships in England and Korea Arts and Culture Education Service in Korea, the thesis suggests that there are distinctive parallels between the English and Korean cases; not simply in the developmental trajectory of creativity discourses, but also in the broader aspect that relates to the shaping of cultural policy formations and recent paradigm shifts in cultural policy thinking. The study examines the extent to which these commonalities can be interpreted as an instance of „policy convergence‟ between the two countries.
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Cook, Samuel Robert 1965. "Monacans and mountaineers: A comparative study of colonialism and dependency in southern Appalachia." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282502.
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For scholars of underdevelopment, Appalachia is an enigma. The vast and diverse natural resources of the region offer the potential for local prosperity, but much of the region is characterized by widespread poverty. Accordingly, many writers have tended to characterize Appalachia as a homogeneous region, in spite of its cultural, environmental, and economic diversity. This study assesses the causes and consequences of underdevelopment in Appalachia through a controlled comparison of two mountain communities: the Monacan Indians of Amherst County, Virginia, an aboriginal community located in the Blue Ridge foothills; and a mining community in Wyoming County, West Virginia, located in the rugged plateau coalbelt. Two mutually related theoretical approaches are used: the internal colonialism and dependency models. This study is concerned with the relationship between colonial processes within the region and the variable ways in which these have been related to conditions of economic dependency. The study begins with the hypothesis that each community is an internal colony, but that the extent of colonization and dependency may vary between the two, and that the historical processes of colonization and dependency may also vary profoundly between the two. To test this, several variables are examined, including who the initial colonizers were, salient cultural patterns of each community prior to and after colonization, traditional subsistence patterns, and local environmental factors which may have effected exploitative processes differentially in each community. It is shown that the differences in these variables between the two communities have had profound effects on their colonial experiences. Although doctrines of racial/ethnic superiority were used to justify colonial endeavors in both cases, these were much more salient in the case of the Monacans. While the Monacan's engagement with colonial forces began much earlier than that of the Euro-American settlers and their progeny in Wyoming County, various social, economic, and political changes have converged in recent years to allow the Monacans to break away from the bonds of colonialism and dependency. In Wyoming County, however, land alienation and a corporate controlled state government have severely crippled the possibility of local grassroots empowerment.
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Huang, Feng Yi. "A comparative study of international backpackers in Taiwan: travel motivations, behaviour and national cultural influences." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.486878.
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This thesis addresses a number of new and unexplored issues in the context of the / macro-regional origins of backpackers and their backpacking behaviour. It attempts to make a contribution to the understanding of an important contemporary tourism ' phenomenon, backpacker travel. The study builds on previous research and conceptual frameworks, whilst recognising that earlier research neglected some aspects of the travel motivations and attitudes of independ~nt travellers. It is particularly interested in the cultural diversity of macro-regional and national groups which potentially exercise a significant influence on contemporary backpacker travel and consumption. With the aim .1 ........ .. J_ .~ of making a compar?tive study of Western ana Asian backpackers' motivations and behaviour, the work attempts to establish a more precise understanding of the complex ., associations incorporating national cultural values, perceptions and travel- related issues in the context ofbackpacker tourism. This thesis outlines some of the distinctive perceptions and decision-making of backpacker travel and consumption. Throughout, a variety of primary and secondary data have been employed. The latter type of data collection was initially obtained from a number of government reports, organisations and other companies related to the tourism industry. A combination of questionnaire surveys and in-depth interviews were undertaken. The data from the questionnaire survey (n=440) were' analysed using a series of statistical techniques, such as Chi-Square, Factor Analysis, Correspondence Analysis and Kruskal-Wallis test. This quantitative approach provided the basis for conducting a follow-up in-depth interview survey (n=23). The detailed backpacking behavioural aspects of national groups and macro-regional backpackers in Taiwan were explored through the in-depth'interviews. From this research, although there are many aspects of travel motives and behaviour differed significantly depending on the cultural background backpackers are from, there is a tendency which shows that to some extent, the backpacking phenomenon has started to int.egrate diverse behavioural patterns into becoming m.ore homogenous. Backpackers surveyed from this research has showed high degree of interests in purchasing souvenir fqr family back home and trying local food and drink. The main . . purposes of travel for the majority backpackers concentrated on learning culture, relaxation and meeting people. Rega,rdin.g the travel characteristics and decision making, the collective cultural influence on Asians appear to decreasing as East Asian backpackers planned the travel within a week and illustr~ted high degree of willingness of independent travel which involv.e long term travel and trying local food and drink. Despite the emerging homogeneity between Asian and Western travellers' behaviour and travel pattern, some fundamental perceptions and concerns for the travel between different national groups remained. The results suggest that the motives of 'pursuit of psychological well-being' and 'indulgen~e of backpacking' are associated closely with Asian travellers than other macro-regional respondents. It is also found that safety and security needs are more emphasised by East Asian respondents whilst widening the mind and mental growth are rated as the most important needs for Western backpackers surveyed. To conclude, the survey results have been utilised to examine recept backpacker travel propensities, and discover whether they are heterogeneous, or if there is homogeneity between macro-regional backpackers.
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Zhang, Xiao Yang. "Shakespeare and traditional Chinese drama : Shakespeare in Chinese culture; a comparative study in cultural materialism." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358083.
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Veronica, Felstad. "Cultural Differences, Social Support and Therapy Outcomes: A Comparative Study Between Individualist and Collectivist Cultures." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1583935979670494.
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Fell, Jennifer. "Leisure at work in Britain, West Germany, France and Japan : a cross-cultural comparative study." Thesis, Aston University, 1990. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/10290/.
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The aim of this thesis was to investigate the impact of changing values and attitudes toward work and the workplace in Britain, West Germany, France and Japan. A cross-national approach was adopted in order to gain a better understanding of differences and similarities in behaviour and to identify aspects specific to each society. Although the relationship between work and leisure has been thoroughly examined and there is a growing body of literature on changes in the values associated with these two phenomena, little research has been carried out into leisure at work. Studies of work time have tended to consider it as a homogeneous block, whereas recent research suggests that more attention should be devoted to unravelling the multiple uses of time at the workplace. The present study sought to review and analyse this new approach to the study of work time, and special attention is devoted to an examination of definitions of leisure, recreation, free time and work within the context of the workplace. The cross-cultural comparative approach gave rise to several problems due to the number of countries involved and the unusual combination of factors being investigated. The main difficulties were differences in the amount and quality of literature available, the non-comparability of existing data, definitions of concepts and socio-linguistic terms, and problems over access to organizations for fieldwork. Much of the literature generalizes about patterns of behaviour and few authors isolate factors specific to particular societies. In this thesis new empirical work is therefore used to ascertain the extent to which generalizations can be made from the literature and characteristics peculiar to each of the four countries identified. White-collar employees in large, broadly comparable companies were studied using identical questionnaires in the appropriate language. Respondents selected were men and women, aged between 20-65 years and either managers or non-managers. Patterns of leisure at work were found to be broadly similar in the national contexts, but with the Japanese and the West Germans experiencing the least leisure at work, and the British and the French perceiving the most. The general trend seems to be toward convergence of attitudes regarding leisure at work in the four countries. Explanations for variations in practice were sought within the wider societal contexts of each country.
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Mueller, Meirinho Ana Clara, and Li Mengting. "Cross-Cultural Comparative Study of Entrepreneurial Leadership Traits Among Brazil and China in Small Businesses." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Akademin för ekonomi, teknik och naturvetenskap, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-39934.
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Title: Cross-Cultural Comparative Study of Entrepreneurial Leadership Traits Among Brazil and China in Small Businesses Authors: Ana Clara Mueller Meirinho and Li Mengting Level: Master Thesis, 30 hp Keywords: Entrepreneurial leadership, Leader traits, Hofstede’s 6D Model, Small Business, Cross-Cultural leadership, Brazil, China. Background: Entrepreneurship is important among all the countries for the growth and prosperity of nations due to movement of economic activities that they generate. To sustain a business, the character behind it, known as a leader, plays an important role since for guiding a business the entrepreneurs needs to provide a clear vision for the company. Entrepreneurial leaders can have different postures when leading business inside a country. Yet, when comparing between countries, their behaviors can be influenced by many aspects, mainly because of the culture of the nation. However, a study showed that appear to be a convergence of entrepreneurial leadership among the BRICS countries. Also, there have been a lack of studies of entrepreneurial leadership in emergent economies like the BRICS countries, and for that reason, Brazil and China were selected to be the main focus of this study. Furthermore, studies also lack measurements of entrepreneurial leadership traits and behaviors. Research Question: What are the predominant traits of entrepreneurial leaders of small business and which cultural aspect impact on the behaviour of leaders among Brazil and China? Sub research question: What are the similarities and differences on the way that leadership is conducted by entrepreneurs of small businesses among Brazil and China? Purpose: The purpose of this study is, therefore, to describe, explore and instigate predominant traits of leaders as entrepreneurs in small businesses that can lead to distinct behaviour, through investigations in Brazil and China. In addition, this study also verifies similarities and differences of leaders behaviour that can differ from one culture to another, due to cultural impact. This way, the authors developed a framework, to better visualize entrepreneurial leadership traits comparison between Brazil and China, giving the readers a better understanding of preferred traits in both countries, directing them to take right actions considering the cultural values. Method: A mixed method approach was used in this research. Qualitative semi-structured exploratory interviews with abductive approach were conducted with leaders who are entrepreneurs of small businesses in South Brazil and Urban China, which focuses on entrepreneurial leadership traits. Also, quantitative surveys were collected, aiming to measure cultural value and predominant traits of leaders, complementing the qualitative interview. Theoretical Framework: Articles used for this study were meticulously selected, focusing on reliable sources and quality content; also, it was given preferences to new data from well- known journals. This section covers subjects that are interesting and fit to the thematic, such as regarding of Entrepreneurial Leadership and Traits, Hofstede 6D Model, Importance of Micro and Small Businesses to Society, and economic and political facts about Brazil and China, alike as definitions and data of micro and small business characteristics in each nation, and the nations own beliefs. Particular information from the countries was brought from organizations and governmental related websites. Discussion and Conclusion: Based on the results of respondent’s surveys and the interpretation of interviews with entrepreneurs among south Brazil and China. The results are structured and analyzed in the same sequence as the surveys and interviews are designed using Hofstede 6D model, discussing first south Brazil and urban China and then a general overview about similarities and differences of both countries for each section. The study revealed that the preferred entrepreneurial leadership traits are divergence between two countries, while there appear to be a convergence of entrepreneurial leadership style that encompass more democratic, flexible, opportunity oriented yet still remaining the traits of paternalistic and authoritative leadership including directing, participative, consideration of subordinates in small businesses among both countries. Furthermore, the author presented an overview of similarities and different entrepreneurial leadership traits among two countries by categorized based on distal attributes, including personality, cognitive ability and motives values, as well as proximal attributes, including social appraisal skills, problem solving skills and expertise/tacit knowledge are shown in the end.
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Svensson, Tova. "Cultural Appropriation in Games : A Comparative Study Between Far Cry 3 (2012), Overwatch (2016) and Horizon Zero Dawn (2017)." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för speldesign, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-323878.
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This thesis is a comparative study between Far Cry 3 (2012), Overwatch (2016) and Horizon Zero Dawn (2017) to determine how game developers appropriate minority cultures in character design. The character designs are compared to the cultures of origin to determine whether they have been appropriated and to what extent. Far Cry 3 appropriates Maori and Samoan cultures, Horizon Zero Dawn appropriates native American cultures, and Overwatch appropriates both Maori and native American cultures. Appropriation leads to stereotypes which may influence the way the audience regard and understand the real world.Denna rapport är en komparativ studie mellan Far Cry 3 (2012), Overwatch (2016) och Horizon Zero Dawn (2017) för att avgöra hur spelutvecklare approprierar minoritetskulturer i karaktärsdesign. Karaktärsdesignerna jämförs med ursprungskulturerna för att avgöra om de har blivit approprierade och hur mycket. Far Cry 3 approprierar Maori- och Samoakulturer, Horizon Zero Dawn approprierar ursprungsamerikanska kulturer, och Overwatch approprierar både Maori- och ursprungsamerikanska kulturer. Appropriering leder till stereotyper som kan påverka hur publiken uppfattar och förstår den verkliga världen.
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Okewole, I. A. A. "Human behaviour settings : A comparative analysis of adaptation of residential environments in Ibadan, Nigeria." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383236.
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