Academic literature on the topic 'Comparative law of contracts'
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Journal articles on the topic "Comparative law of contracts":
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Rösler, Hannes. "Hardship in German Codified Private Law – In Comparative Perspective to English, French and International Contract Law." European Review of Private Law 15, Issue 4 (August 1, 2007): 483–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2007028.
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Abstract: This article analyzes the German, English and French law if and how contracts can be terminated or amended in response to unforeseen events. In addition, it describes the solutions in the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), the Principles of European Contract Law (PECL) and the UNIDROIT Principles on International Commercial Contracts. The starting point of this article is German law with its doctrine of Störung der Geschäftsgrundlage established by the courts in the 1920’s and recently codified in § 313 BGB. The new provision requires a fundamental change in circumstances upon which a contract was based and that it is unreasonable to hold the party bound to its (unchanged) duty. The article then stresses some parallels to the English frustration law, though English Courts have no power to revise the contract, whereas this is the primary remedy in German law. Taking French law into account, which still rejects the concept of imprévision, English law is thus placed between the Germanic and Romanic legal solutions. French law only knows force majeure which officially results in tout ou rien, though there is some trend towards accepting an obligation de renégociation. While article 79 (1) CISG is not dealing with the change of fundamental circumstances or the adjustment of contracts, article 6:111 PECL and articles 6.2.1 to 6.2.3 UNIDROIT Principles provide for this. The fact that they do not just allow for a termination of the contract, but also its juridical adaptation to restore the equilibrium is a trend that should be welcomed from the perspective of European and international contract law. Résumé: Cet article analyse au niveau des droits allemand, anglais et français la question de la résiliation ou de la modification des contrats suite à des évènements imprévus. De plus, il décrit les solutions de la Convention des Nations Unies sur les Contrats de Vente Internationale de Marchandises (CVIM), des Principes de droit européen des contrats (PECL) et des Principes UNIDROIT relatifs aux contrats du commerce international. Le point de départ de cet article est le droit allemand et sa doctrine de Störung der Geschäftsgrundlage [see above]. instauré par les tribunaux dans les années 1920 et codifié récemment par le § 313 BGB. Cette nouvelle disposition requiert deux conditions: un changement important des circonstances à la base du contrat et qu’il ne soit pas équitable d’exiger l’exécution par la partie de son obligation contractuelle (non modifiée). Des parallèles sont ensuite tracés avec le droit anglais de l’impossibilité d’exécution, et ce bien que les tribunaux anglais n’aient pas le pouvoir de modifier le contrat alors que c’est le recours principal du droit allemand. Au vu du droit français, qui rejette encore le concept d’imprévision, le droit anglais est donc situé entre les solutions germaniques et romanes. Le droit français connaît uniquement la force majeure qui se solde officiellement par tout ou rien, bien qu’il existe une certaine tendance vers l’acceptation d’une obligation de renégociation. Alors que l’article 79 (1) CVIM ne concerne par le changement des circonstances à la base du contrat ou la modification des contrats, l’article 6:111 PECL et les articles 6.2.1 à 6&peri
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Urazbaevna, Tulepova Zulfiya. "THE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CONTRACTS AND DEALS IN THE CIVIL LAW OF UZBEKISTAN." American Journal Of Philological Sciences 03, no. 03 (March 1, 2023): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ajps/volume03issue03-07.
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The article deals with the concepts of contracts and deals in the Civil Code of the republic of Uzbekistan. Mainly, the research concerns the types of contracts and deals and citizens' rights and duties. In addition, the research is based on the comparative-legal analysis of contract and deals in the Civil Code of the republic of Uzbekistan. Therefore, the article presents similarities and differences between contracts and deals.
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Ong, Jason Pratama. "The Enforceability of Digital Contract: A Comparative Analysis on Indonesia and New Zealand Law." Lawpreneurship Journal 1, no. 1 (March 3, 2021): 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.21632/tlj.1.1.30-42.
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The age of digitalization has impacted paper contracts as it is being replaced by digital contracts. Therefore, not understanding the different interpretation of digital contracts in both countries could result in a flawed contract. A flawed contract could make it difficult and confusing for the party concerned to meet their end which could lead to a breach of contract. The injured party would then demand damages, specific performance, cancellation, or restitution. This paper intends to provide a comparative analysis and explanation about the enforceability of digital contracts within the New Zealand and Indonesian contract law. The research method used in this paper is normative legal research with comparative legal research. New Zealand and Indonesian law have some similarities but there are differences that still need to be considered in order to ensure the enforceability of digital contracts.
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Eller, Klaas Hendrik. "Comparative Genealogies of “Contract and Society”." German Law Journal 21, no. 7 (October 2020): 1393–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/glj.2020.84.
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AbstractSince contracts form a basic institution of every legal order, the interdisciplinary orientation of concepts of contracts reveals socio-legal inclinations of a legal order more broadly. Contrasting the UK and US Common Law of contracts with developments under German law, this Article examines the relation between normative and social science approaches, notably rooted in economics, economic sociology, and social theory in the genealogy of contract law. A shared leitmotif over the 20th century has been the drive to account for the societal embeddedness of contract. However, conceptualizations of “Contract and Society” differ considerably between legal orders in their disciplinary ingredients and design. In the US, and to a lesser extent also in the UK, the rather continuous reception of legal realism has paved the way for broad interdisciplinary perspectives on contract law, ranging from classical socio-legal, empirical work (e.g., Macaulay), economics (e.g., Williamson), sociology (e.g., Powell), and critical theory (e.g., Kennedy) to today’s landscape, where essentially instrumental and ideal-normative theories compete. Alternatively, in Germany, where the realist heritage was more ephemeral, the transformations of contract law were processed from within legal discourse and foremost in their effects on private autonomy as conceptualized, for example, in German idealism, discourse theory and critical theory. Similarly, the “constitutionalization” of contract law—even if championed for fostering private law’s reflexivity—has, for the most part, defied a socio-legal orientation. Finally, the Article highlights the path dependencies with which these different starting points translate in current debates around the role of contract in transnational governance.
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Liçenji, Anjeza, and Vitiana Pitaku. "A Comparative Analysis of Donation Contract in Albanian and Italian Contract Law." European Journal of Economics, Law and Social Sciences 8, no. 2 (June 1, 2024): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ejels-2024-0008.
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Abstract The donation contract, as delineated in the Albanian Civil Code, symbolizes the altruistic and compassionate ethos upon which is founded. Its primary aim is to embody acts of generosity and selflessness, reflecting the donor’s relinquishment of ownership for the benefit of the recipient. The motivation behind entering this legal relationship is rooted in the donor’s desire to enhance the recipient’s assets, a sentiment essential for the contract’s efficacy. The transition in Albania’s political landscape has brought forth a new legislative ethos, prompting adaptations to legal provisions in alignment with contemporary requirements. As property relations evolve, influenced by political and historical shifts, so too does the donation contract. Addressing the challenges encountered in donation contracts, Albanian legal scholars have sought solutions that align with evolving social dynamics. While current legislation offers broader provisions for donation contracts compared to previous iterations, ambiguities persist. Thus, there’s a recognized need for enhancements and clarifications, achieved through comparative analysis of Albanian and Italian legislation on donations. This comparison aims to elucidate critical yet ambiguous aspects of donation contracts for readers and scholars. One such issue pertains to categorizing donations accurately, determining whether they stem from unilateral acts or real contracts. The Civil Code unequivocally designates donation as a contractual arrangement. Regarding the grounds for revoking donation contracts, Albanian law delineates only two cases wherein donors can revoke donations, in contrast to Italian law, which affords donors this right in numerous circumstances. Italian jurisprudence and the previous Albanian Civil Code, unlike the current one, recognize another ground for revocation: the birth of the donor’s children. This provision aims to safeguard donors who, had they known about impending births at the time of donation, might have reconsidered their decision.
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Štemberger Brizani, Katja. "Changed Circumstances and Concession Contracts: Slovenian Law in a Comparative Perspective." Anali Pravnog fakulteta u Beogradu 71, no. 4 (December 20, 2023): 669–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.51204/anali_pfbu_23402a.
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In Slovenian law concession contracts are subject to both the public law and private law regime of changed circumstances. The former applies only to certain concession contracts, while others are subject to the general rules of the law of obligations. However, these rules are not adapted to features of concession contracts as they only give the affected party the right to request the rescission of the contract, but not its modification, unless otherwise agreed in the contract. This is not in line with the principle of continuity of public service and the protection of the public interest. In addition, the private law regime is not adapted to the concession award procedure, as it allows only reference to changes in circumstances that occur after the contract is concluded, but not after the binding tender is submitted, meaning that the tenderer bears a disproportionately higher burden of the risk than the grantor.
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Shhadah Alhussein, Hussein, Zlatan Meskic, and Ahmad Al-Rushoud. "Sustainability and Challenges of Arbitration in Administrative Contracts: the Concept and Approach in Saudi and Comparative Law." Access to Justice in Eastern Europe 6, no. 5 (April 5, 2023): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.33327/ajee-18-6s004.
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Background. The arbitrability of administrative contracts contributes to sustainable dispute resolution within the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals 16 (SDG 16). However, different regulation of administrative contracts in comparative law affects the arbitrability of the disputes arising out of them. The question arises – is protection deserved if an administrative contract containing an arbitration clause concluded in violation of the administrative law of the governmental body or without a special approval is invalid, unenforceable, or if the company was unaware of such a requirement? This paper analyses the concept of an administrative contract and its arbitrability in Saudi Arabia and comparative law to provide for sustainable solutions. Methods. The analysis of the applicable arbitration and administrative laws and rules is conducted with the normative method to establish the arbitrability of the disputes arising out of administrative contracts and the concept of the administrative contract. The case analysis reveals if the legislative approach causes difficulties in practice. The dogmatic method is applied to link the reasons for legislative and case law development to the current normative solutions in comparative and Saudi law. The conclusions on the existing problems and possible solutions shall be based on the analytical method. Results and Conclusions. Government contracts are of great importance and their exclusion from arbitration contradicts the set goal of sustainable dispute resolution mechanism. Differences in comparative law in terms of the notion of the administrative contract and the arbitrability may diminish the positive effects of arbitration in administrative contracts, as they may endanger equal access to dispute resolution as part of the sustainable development goals, be enforceable, or even cause discrepancies between states that annul the arbitration awards and others that still enforce the awards despite their annulment.
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Herbots, Jacques. "Un aperçu du droit chinois des contrats." European Review of Private Law 18, Issue 5 (October 1, 2010): 915–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2010070.
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Abstract: This essay presents the current situation of Contract Law in the People’s Republic of China. First, it demonstrates why, before the end of the Qing Dynasty, no Chinese statute on contracts existed. It then sketches the introduction of a Civil Code in the Kuomintang period, as well as the situation in the first decades of the People’s Republic and the genesis of the Contract Act of 15 March 1999. This Act, in anticipation of a Civil Code, encompasses common Contract Law. It consists of two parts: the provisions on contractual obligations on the one hand and those on specific contracts on the other. This essay briefly deals with a number of important notions (such as the freedom of contract, good faith, public policy, nullities, rescission, force majeure, etc.). This indicates that Contract Law in China belongs to the German Legal Family, with some inroads of international uniform law. The paper devotes some attention to the problem of translation into Chinese of Western legal notions. The Common Law has had virtually no influence on the Law of 15 March 1999. Comparative law teaches us that we therefore should be cautious with English language treatises on the Chinese Act. Finally, the paper suggests that the ideology of the Chinese Communist Party, and possibly also Confucian doctrine, may provide the law of contracts with an autonomous character. Résumé: Cet article porte sur le droit des contrats de la République Populaire de Chine, offrant tout d’abord une perspective historique précédant la genèse de la Loi sur les contrats de 1999. Sont passées en revue des notions juridiques centrales telles que la liberté contractuelle, la bonne foi, l’ordre public, les nullités, et la force majeure. L’auteur constate que le droit des contrats chinois puise son inspiration dans la tradition juridique allemande, le droit anglo-américain n’ayant que peu d’influence.
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van Deventer, Sanmarie. "Problems relating to the formation of online contracts: A comparative perspective." South African Law Journal 139, no. 1 (2022): 32–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/salj/v139/i1a2.
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The formation of online contracts has enjoyed considerable judicial and academic attention in American law. Generally, American courts are of the view that the rise of online contracts has not necessitated any changes to the fundamental principles of the law of contract, although commentators argue that the enforcement of online contracts has stretched the requirement of mutual assent beyond recognition. This article engages in a comparative evaluation of these arguments, as well as some proposals contained in the American Law Institute’s Draft Restatement of the Law, Consumer Contracts. Ultimately, the aim is to identify whether the principles regarding the formation of contracts in South African law ought to be adapted or supplemented to accommodate online contracts. It is found that both legal systems subscribe to fairly lenient formation requirements. The possibility of recognising more stringent assent-related requirements, such as imposing specific disclosure requirements, is investigated. It is concluded that there is little to be gained by insisting on stricter formation requirements for online contracts in general, because consumers rationally choose not to read these contracts. Instead, recognising these concerns may provide the impetus for increased reliance on other forms of control, most notably regulating the use of certain problematic standard terms.
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Demark, Armando, and Josip Dešić. "PRIVIDNI UGOVORI IZMEĐU NIŠTETNOSTI I NEPOSTOJANJA." Pravni vjesnik 39, no. 3-4 (December 2023): 7–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/pv/25648.
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In this paper, the authors discuss apparent contracts as regulated by Article 285 paragraph 1 of the Croatian Civil Obligations Act as a cause of either the nullity or the inexistence of the contract. In several recent decisions of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Croatia, one can notice the standpoint that apparent contracts are not null contracts, but inexistent contracts. The aforementioned standpoint resulted in the rejection of many claims for the determination of nullity of apparent contracts. Therefore, in the first part of the paper, the authors analyze the subject case-law, as well as apparent contracts in Croatian and comparative law. At the same time, inexistent contracts have been the subject of discussion exclusively from the point of view of legal theory. The second part of the paper is consequently focused on the analysis of inexistent contracts, their practical value and their comparison to null contracts. The authors also give specific attention to the difference between the moment of entering into a contract and the creation of the contract’s legal effects, as well as the need for the differentiation between legal consequences of contracts that are not formed, contracts that are not entered into, contracts that do not produce legal effects and contracts that are explicitly null. In the conclusion, the authors discuss the practical necessity of distinguishing null and inexistent contracts and propose de lege ferenda suggestions for normative improvement of the Civil Obligations Act in the part that pertains to contracts with no legal effect.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Comparative law of contracts":
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Lin, Ching-Lang. "Arbitration in administrative contracts : comparative law perspective." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014IEPP0023/document.
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Il a été longuement discuté de savoir si le système d'arbitrage est applicable pour régler les litiges administratifs qui concernent certains contrats administratifs ou d’autres sans rapport avec le contrat administratif. Dans cette thèse, les trois questions spécifiques sont analysées tour à tour : (1) Est-il possible pour un arbitre ou un tribunal arbitral de trancher des questions relevant du droit administratif? (2) Y a-t-il, ou devrait-il y avoir, des limitations à l'autorité des arbitres et des tribunaux arbitraux? (3) Enfin, après la délivrance d'une sentence arbitrale, quel rôle devrait jouer l'État dans la phase de contrôle judiciaire? La première question concerne l'arbitrabilité et a été discutée dans la première partie (FIRST PART: ARBITRABILITY). La deuxième question a été discutée dans la deuxième partie (SECOND PART: PARTICULAR QUESTIONS OF ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS IN ARBITRATION PROCEDURE). Enfin, sur la dernière question a fait l’objet d’une troisième partie (THIRD PART: JUDICIAL REVIEW AND EXECUTION OF ARBITRATION AWARD). Dans cette thèse, nous avons comparé les systèmes de quatre pays (Canada, Chine, France, Taïwan). En conclusion, nous pouvons donc conclure que l’évolution de la conception du contrat administratif implique de nombreux aspects, y compris les aspects juridiques, économiques, politiques et même culturels. Le développement de la fonction de contentieux administratif, comme ‘’subjectivement orienté" ou "objectivement orienté" aura une incidence sur l'acceptation de l'arbitrage en matière administrative. Dans l'ensemble, l'arbitrage sera plus acceptable dans les systèmes dont la fonction est plus ‘’subjectivement orientée" que dans ceux dont la fonction est "objectivement orientée"While arbitration has traditionally been considered as a means to resolve private disputes, its role in disputes involving administrative contracts is a crucial question in administrative law. In brief, the three specific questions are (1) Can arbitrators or arbitral tribunals decide issues involving administrative law? and (2) Is there, or should there be, any limitation on the authority of arbitrators or arbitral tribunals? (3) Moreover, after the issue of an arbitration award, what role should the State play in the judicial review phase? The first question, the issue of arbitrability, is discussed in part 1 (FIRST PART: ARBITRABILITY). The second question will be discussed in part2 (SECOND PART: PARTICULAR QUESTIONS OF ADMINISTRATIVE MATTERS IN ARBITRATION PROCEDURE). Finally, on the question of what happens after the arbitration award, we will discuss judicial review in part 3 (THIRD PART: JUDICIAL REVIEW AND EXECUTION OF ARBITRATION AWARD). We compare legal systems between the four countries: in France, in Canada, in China and in Taiwan. We believe that an administrative contract, at least in its function and conception, is gradually becoming different from a private contract. Innovation with respect to administrative contracts will also reflect the concentration and function of the administrative litigation systems in each country. In addition, the “objective” or “subjective” function of administrative litigation will also affect the degree of arbitrability, as well as arbitration procedures. Taken together, arbitration will be more acceptable in systems whose function is more “subjectively oriented” than in those whose function is “objectively oriented". Finally, “the arbitration of administrative matters” traditionally has been an important question in administrative and arbitration law. In the future, we will continue to see it shine in the doctrine and jurisprudence of both the administrative and arbitration law fields
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Al-Hajeri, Abdul-Rahman R. "Sanctions in public works contracts : a comparative study." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261869.
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Watt, Ilze Jr. "The consequences of contracts concluded by unassisted minors : a comparative evaluation." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71723.
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Thesis (LLM)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.Includes bibliography
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is a general principle of the law of South Africa that an unassisted contract of a minor is unenforceable against the minor. Although it binds the other party, the minor is not bound. The minor will only be bound if the contract is enforced by his guardian, or if the contract is ratified by the child after attaining majority. This implies that the other party is in a rather unfortunate position, since the effectiveness of the contract will remain uncertain until the guardian of the minor decides to enforce or repudiate the contract, or until the minor ratifies it after attaining majority. The other party may not resile from the contract during this interim period. Should it be established that the contract has failed, the question arises to what extent the parties are obliged to return performances made in purported fulfilment of the contract. In terms of the law of South Africa, the prevailing view is that these claims are based on unjustified enrichment. However, the extent of these claims differs. In principle, both parties’ liability will be limited to the amount remaining in its estate, according to the defence of loss of enrichment. But the application of the defence is subject to an exception that does not apply equally to the parties. Had the other party known or should the other party have known that the enrichment was sine causa, yet continued to part with it, he will be held liable for the full enrichment. However, this exception does not apply to the enrichment liability of minors. In other words, whether the minor knew or should have known that the enrichment was sine causa, he would still be allowed to raise the defence of loss of enrichment. Furthermore, the rules applicable to minors’ enrichment liability applies to all minors, and no scope is left to consider the specific circumstances of each minor. It is accepted that there are two competing principles relating to minors’ unassisted contracts. On the one hand, the law must protect the minor from his immaturity and lack of experience. On the other hand, the law must protect the interests of the other party. It will be seen throughout this study that the determination of how to balance these competing principles is not an easy task. The key aim of this thesis is to investigate the principles governing the unwinding of unassisted minors’ contracts in South Africa. A comparison will be made with the principles applied in other legal systems, in order to identify similarities and differences in the approaches and, to establish what underlies the differences in the various approaches. Germany, England and Scotland have been chosen for comparison for various reasons. First, they share some historical roots, and they represent three major legal traditions, namely the civil law, common law and mixed legal systems, of which South Africa also forms part. Secondly, both England and Scotland have experienced recent legislative reform in this regard, which implies that their respective legal systems should be in line with modern tendencies, and consequently they may provide a valuable framework for possible reform in South Africa. In Germany, although mainly regulated by rather older legislation, there have been interesting developments in the determination of consequences of failed contracts. Hellwege has argued that the unwinding of all contracts should be treated similarly, regardless of the unwinding factor. He has also suggested that in order to prevent the accumulation of risk on one party, and to ensure that the risk is placed on the person who is in control of the object, the defence of loss of enrichment should not be available to any party. His reasoning and suggestions is dealt with in more detail in this thesis. This study argues that the current strict approach applied under South African law regarding minors’ unassisted contracts needs to be re-considered. The current approach is dated and is not in line with modern tendencies and legislation. No proper consideration is given to minors’ development into adulthood or personal circumstances of the parties. It is submitted that in the process of re-consideration, some form of acknowledgement must be given to minors’ development towards mature adults. It is submitted that this would be possible by introducing a more flexible approach to regulate the enforceability and unwinding of minors’ unassisted contracts.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING Dit is ‘n algemene beginsel van die Suid-Afrikaanse reg dat ‘n kontrak aangegaan deur ‘n minderjarige sonder die nodige bystand van sy ouer of voog onafdwingbaar is teenoor die minderjarige. Die minderjarige sal slegs gebonde wees indien die kontrak afgedwing word deur sy voog, of indien die minderjarige self die kontrak ratifiseer nadat hy meerderjarig word. Dit impliseer dat die ander party in ‘n ongunstige posisie is, aangesien die werking van die kontrak onseker is totdat die voog besluit om die kontrak af te dwing of te repudieer, of totdat die minderjarige dit ratifiseer nadat hy meerderjarig word. Gedurende hierdie interim periode mag die ander party nie terugtree uit hierdie kontrak nie. Sou dit bepaal word dat die kontrak misluk het, ontstaan die vraag tot watter mate die partye verplig word om prestasies wat reeds gemaak is, terug te gee. In terme van die Suid-Afrikaanse reg is die meerderheidsopinie dat hierdie eise gebaseer is op onregverdige verryking, maar die omvang van die partye se eise verskil. In beginsel is beide partye se aanspreeklikheid beperk tot die bedrag wat steeds in sy boedel beskikbaar is, weens die beskikbaarheid van die verweer van verlies van verryking. Maar die toepassing van die verweer is onderworpe aan ‘n uitsondering wat nie op beide partye geld nie. Indien die ander party geweet het of moes geweet het dat die verryking sine causa was, maar steeds afstand gedoen het van die verryking, sal hy aanspreeklik gehou word vir die volle verryking. Hierdie reel is egter nie van toepassing op die minderjarige se verrykingsaanspreeklikheid nie. Met ander woorde, indien die minderjarige geweet het of moes geweet het dat die verryking sine causa was, en steeds afstand gedoen het van die verryking, sal hy steeds die verweer van verlies van verryking kan opper. Bowendien, die reels van toepassing op minderjariges se verrykingsaanspreeklikheid is van toepassing op alle minderjariges, en geen ruimte word gelaat om die spesifieke omstandighede van elke minderjarige in ag te neem nie. Wanneer ons kontrakte aangegaan deur minderjariges sonder die nodige bystand, oorweeg, word dit algemeen aanvaar dat daar twee kompeterende beginsels van belang is. Aan die een kant moet die reg die minderjarige beskerm teen sy onvolwassenheid en gebrek aan ondervinding. Aan die ander kant moet die reg ook die belange van die ander party beskerm. Dit sal deurlopend in hierdie studie gesien word dat die behoorlike balansering van hierdie twee beginsels nie ‘n maklike taak is nie. Die hoofdoel van hierdie tesis is om die beginsels wat die afdwingbaarheid en ontbinding van minderjariges se kontrakte in Suid-Afrika, wat aangegaan is sonder die nodige bystand van ‘n voog, te ondersoek. ‘n Vergelyking sal getref word met die beginsels wat in ander regstelsels toegepas word, om sodoende die ooreenkomste en verskille te identifiseer, asook om te bepaal wat hierdie verskille onderlê. Duitsland, Engeland en Skotland is gekies as vergelykende jurisdiksies vir verskeie redes, naamlik hulle historiese gebondenheid en die feit dat hulle drie groot regstradisies (die kontinentale regstelsel, die gemenereg en die gemengde regstelsel) verteenwoordig. Bowendien het beide Engeland en Skotland onlangse wetgewende hervorming ondergaan in hierdie sfeer van die reg, wat impliseer dat hierdie regstelsels waarskynlik in lyn sal wees met moderne tendense. Gevolglik kan hulle ‘n waardevolle raamwerk skep waarbinne moontlike hervorming in Suid-Afrika mag plaasvind. Alhoewel Duitsland grotendeels nog deur ouer wetgewing gereguleer word, het dit ook ‘n reeks interessante verwikkelinge ondergaan in die bepaling van die gevolge van kontrakte wat misluk het. Hellwege argumenteer dat die ontbinding van alle kontrakte dieselfde hanteer moet word, ongeag die onderliggende ontbindende faktor. Hy stel ook voor dat om te verhoed dat die risiko op slegs een party geplaas word, en om te verseker dat dit eerder gedra word deur daardie party wat beheer het oor die voorwerp, die verweer van verlies van verryking nie vir enige party beskikbaar moet wees nie. Sy redenering en voorstelle word in meer besonderhede in hierdie studie bespreek. Hierdie studie argumenteer dat die huidige streng benadering wat in Suid-Afrika toegepas word met betrekking tot kontrakte aangegaan deur minderjariges sonder die nodige bystand van ‘n voog, heroorweeg moet word. Die huidige benadering is verouderd en is nie lyn met moderne tendense en wetgewing nie. Bowendien word geen behoorlike oorweging gegee aan minderjariges se ontwikkeling tot volwassenheid nie, en die partye se persoonlike omstandighede word ook nie in ag geneem nie. Daar word argumenteer dat in die proses van heroorweging, ‘n mate van erkenning gegee moet word aan minderjariges se persoonlike ontwikkeling. Daar word verder argumenteer dat ‘n meer buigsame benadering toegepas moet word ten opsigte van die regulering van die afdwingbaarheid en ontbinding van hierdie kontrakte.
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Albrecht, Andreas. "Third party rights under inter-bank contracts : a comparative study." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63390.
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Kennefick, Ciara M. "Unfair prices in contracts in English and French law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b162d4c6-66f8-4687-a6af-e0418b06c549.
Abstract:
When and why can parties escape from a contract on the ground that the price is unfair? This question is considered in a comparative and historical perspective in English and French law. The general rule in both systems is that the parties are free to determine the price and they are then bound by their contract. One well known exception in French law, which derives from Roman law, is Article 1674 of the Code civil which allows a vendor to rescind a contract for the sale of land if the price agreed in the contract is less than five-twelfths of the fair price. It is generally thought that there are no analogous rules in English law. However, the law on this subject is in fact considerably more complex and more colourful than this simple contrast would suggest. Numerous rules on unfair prices in contracts were created in French law by the legislature and the courts since the promulgation of the Code civil in 1804. In English law, courts intervened in contracts on the ground of an unfair price in a few instances in the nineteenth century. However, only the rule on unfair prices in salvage contracts has survived until today. In both systems, the policies of preserving family wealth, protecting weak parties and giving special treatment to certain parties for economic, political, social or cultural reasons underpin these rules. There are two principal conclusions. First, freedom of contract is much less extensive in French law than in English law. This is evident in the numerous rules on unfair prices in contracts in French law and in the primacy of the remedy of altering the price rather than rescission. Secondly, while in theory, French courts play a much less significant role than English courts in the development of law, the creation and abolition of certain rules on unfair prices in contracts by French courts shows that judicial creativity in French law can be much less constrained in practice than in English law.
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Whittaker, Simon John. "The relationship between contract and tort : a comparative study of French and English law." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670368.
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Naude, Tjakie. "The legal nature of preference contracts." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53655.
Abstract:
Thesis (LLD)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The various constructions of rights of pre-emption encountered in South African case law all have some merit. This is confirmed by the multiplicity of types of preference contracts encountered in German law especially. The tendency of South African courts and writers to portray one approach as the only correct one to the exclusion of all other views, results in tension and confusion, all the more because of the failure to investigate the relevant policy considerations comprehensively. The confusion is compounded by what amounts to a breakdown of the system of precedents with judgments being based on incorrect interpretations of previous decisions and with scant regard for contrary decisions. No certainty exists regarding the construction of the contractual right of pre-emption in Roman and Roman-Dutch law, nor is it clear what figure or figures were received into South African law. The Germanic concept of tiered ownership that forms the historical basis for the Oryx remedy, does not form part of our law. This accounts for the difficulty that courts and writers have in explaining this remedy in terms of Romanist terminology, and the resort to the language of fiction. German law and English law, relied upon in South African case law, do not support a uniform construction of all rights of pre-emption as creating an enforceable duty to make an offer upon manifestation of a desire to sell. The almost unanimous support of US courts for a remedy by which the holder can ultimately obtain performance of the main contract upon conclusion of a contract with a third party, challenges the hypothesis suggested by German law that the default construction of preference contracts should be the bare preference contract which only creates a negative obligation. The very cryptic way in which rights of pre-emption are normally drafted, makes it difficult to even identify the main purpose of the parties. It is therefore not easy to classify preference contracts into the different types identified in this study as notional possibilities. A default regime is therefore highly desirable in the interest of legal certainty. The choice of a default regime should be made on the basis of recognised policy considerations, particularly on the basis of an equitable balancing of typical parties' interests and in view of communal interests balanced against the demand for legal certainty. The choice of default regime cannot be based merely on historical authority or precedent (which is in any event unclear in the present context) or unsubstantiated claims that one model is more logical or commercially useful than another. When rules are chosen as the default regime, these rules must, as far as possible, be reconciled with the existing conceptual structure of our law to prevent contradictions and inconsistencies. A policy analysis reveals that three default types of preference contract should be recognised, each with a clearly delineated field of application. Firstly, where the agreement allows the grantor to contract with a third party, the holder has the right to contract with the grantor at the terms agreed with the third party. Such a preference contract can therefore be regarded as an option conditional upon conclusion of a contract with a third party. Such contracts are rare in South Africa. In other cases, the default rule should be that the grantor must first give the holder an opportunity to contract before he contracts with a third party. The default construction of this latter type of preference contracts depends on whether the preference contract itself predetermines the main contract price. If so, the holder has a right or option to contract at that price upon any manifestation of a desire to conclude the relevant type of contract. However, where the preference contract does not predetermine the price, or refers to a price that the grantor would accept from third parties, any manifestation of a desire to sell should not be sufficient to trigger the holder's right. The grantor and society have an interest in having her freedom to negotiate with third parties to obtain the best possible price curtailed as little as possible. In such cases, the default rule should be that the holder is only entitled to conclusion of the main contract upon breach in the form of a contract with or offer to a third party. The default rule should also be that such preference contracts - which will be treated as ordinary preference contracts - only terminate upon the grantor actually contracting with and performing to a third party within a reasonable time after the holder declined the opportunity to match those terms, and provided the identity of the third party was disclosed to the holder on request. The holder therefore cannot lose his preferential right by a rejection of an outrageously high offer by the grantor. Options and preference contracts are closely related and overlapping concepts. The type of preference contract that grants a conditional right to contract can often be understood as a conditional option (or at least as a conditional option subject to a resolutive condition that the grantor does not want to contract anymore). The traditional distinction between options and rights of first refusal can only be maintained in respect of some types of preference contracts. These are negative or bare preference contracts which only give rise to remedies aimed at restoring the status quo ante the breach, as well as those preference contracts creating conditional rights to contract which courts refuse to treat as conditional options because their wording implies a duty to make or accept an offer, or because the requirement of certainty precludes them from being options.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die verskillende konstruksies van voorkoopsregte aanvaar III Suid-Afrikaanse beslissings het almal meriete. Dit word bevestig deur die verskillende tipes voorkoopskontrakte wat veral in die Duitse reg erken word. Die neiging van Suid- Afrikaanse howe en skrywers om een benadering as die enigste korrekte een te tipeer veroorsaak spanning en onsekerheid, des te meer weens die versuim om die relevante beleidsoorwegings deeglik te ondersoek. Boonop is die presedentestelsel telkens verontagsaam deur verkeerde interpretasies van vorige uitsprake en deurdat teenstrydige uitsprake bloot geïgnoreer is. Geen sekerheid bestaan oor die konstruksie van die kontraktuele voorkoopsreg in die Romeinse of Romeins-Hollandse Reg nie. Dit is ook nie duidelik watter figuur of figure in die Suid-Afrikaanse reg geresipieer is nie. Die Germaanse konsep van gesplitste eiendomsreg wat die historiese basis van die Oryx-meganisme daarstel, vorm nie deel van ons reg nie. Dit verduidelik hoekom howe en skrywers sukkel om dié remedie te verduidelik aan die hand van Romanistiese verbintenisreg-terminologie, en die gevolglike gebruikmaking van fiksie-taal. Die Duitse en Engelse reg waarop gesteun is in Suid-Afrikaanse regspraak, steun nie 'n uniforme konstruksie van alle voorkoopsregte as behelsende 'n afdwingbare plig om 'n aanbod te maak by enige manifestasie van 'n begeerte om te verkoop nie. Die byna eenparige steun van Noord-Amerikaanse howe vir 'n remedie waarmee die voorkoopsreghouer uiteindelik prestasie van die substantiewe kontrak kan kry by sluiting van 'n kontrak met 'n derde, is 'n teenvoeter vir die hipotese gesuggereer deur die Duitse reg dat die verstekkonstruksie van voorkeurkontrakte behoort te wees dat slegs 'n negatiewe verpligting geskep word. Die kriptiese wyse waarop voorkeurkontrakte normaalweg opgestel word, maak dit moeilik om selfs die hoofdoelstelling van die partye te identifiseer. Dit is daarom nie maklik om voorkeurkontrakte te klassifisieer in die verskillende tipes wat in hierdie studie geïdentifiseer is nie. 'n Verstekregime is daarom wenslik in die belang van regsekerheid. Die keuse van verstekregime behoort gemaak te word op die basis van erkende beleidsoorwegings, spesifiek op die basis van 'n billike balansering van tipiese partybelange en in die lig van gemeenskapsbelange gebalanseer teen die vereiste van regsekerheid. Die keuse van verstekregime kan nie gebaseer word bloot op historiese gesag en vorige beslissings nie (wat in elk geval in die huidige konteks onduidelik is). Dit kan ook nie gebaseer word op ongemotiveerde aansprake dat een model meer logies of kommersieël bruikbaar as 'n ander is nie. Wanneer verstekreëls gekies word moet dit, sover moontlik, versoen word met die bestaande begrippe-struktuur van ons reg om teenstrydighede in die sisteem te vermy. 'n Beleidsanalise laat blyk dat drie verstektipes voorkeurkontrakte erken behoort te word, elk met 'n duidelik afgebakende toepassingsveld. Eerstens, waar die ooreenkoms toelaat dat die voorkeurreggewer eers met 'n derde party kontrakteer, het die voorkeurreghouer 'n opsie om te kontrakteer op die terme ooreengekom met die derde. Die voorkeurkontrak kan daarom beskou word as 'n opsie onderhewig aan die voorwaarde van sluiting van 'n kontrak met 'n derde. Sulke kontrakte is raar in Suid- Afrika. In ander gevalle behoort die verstekreël te wees dat die voorkeurreggewer eers die houer 'n geleentheid moet gee om te kontrakteer voordat sy met 'n derde 'n kontrak aangaan. Die verstekkonstruksie van hierdie laasgenoemde tipe voorkeurkontrak hang daarvan af of die voorkeurkontrak self die substantiewe kontraksprys vasstel. Indien wel het die houer die reg of opsie om te kontrakteer teen daardie prys by enige manifestasie van 'n begeerte om die spesifieke soort kontrak te sluit. Maar waar die voorkeurkontrak nie die prys vasstel nie, of verwys na 'n prys wat die gewer sou aanvaar van 'n derde, behoort enige manifestasie van 'n begeerte om te kontrakteer nie genoeg te wees om die houer se reg afdwingbaar te maak nie. Die voorkeurreggewer en die gemeenskap het 'n belang daarby dat die gewer se vryheid om met derdes te onderhandel so min as moontlik beperk word sodat sy die beste moontlike prys kan kry. In sulke gevalle behoort die verstekreël te wees dat die houer slegs geregtig is op die voordeel van die substantiewe kontrak by kontrakbreuk in die vorm van 'n kontrak met of aanbod aan 'n derde. Die verstekreël behoort ook te wees dat sulke voorkeurkontrakte in beginsel slegs beëindig word wanneer die voorkeurreggewer inderdaad kontrakteer met en presteer aan 'n derde binne 'n redelike tyd nadat die voorkeurreghouer die geleentheid gegee is om daardie terme te ewenaar. Dit behoort ook vereis te word dat die identiteit van die derde aan die houer geopenbaar word op sy versoek. Die houer kan dus nie sy voorkeurreg verloor deur nie-aanvaarding van 'n belaglik hoë aanbod deur die voorkeurreggewer nie. Opsies en voorkeurkontrakte is oorvleulende konsepte. Die tipe voorkeurkontrak wat 'n voorwaardelike reg om te kontrakteer verleen kan dikwels verstaan word as 'n voorwaardelike opsie (of minstens as 'n voorwaardelike opsie onderhewig aan 'n ontbindende voorwaarde dat die gewer glad nie meer wil kontrakteer nie). Die tradisionele onderskeid tussen opsies en voorkeurregte kan slegs behou word tov sommige voorkeurkontrakte. Hulle is die "negatiewe" voorkeurkontrakte, wat slegs aanleiding gee tot remedies gemik op herstel van die status quo ante kontrakbreuk sowel as daarde voorkeurkontrakte wat voorwaardelike regte om te kontrakteer skep wat howe weier om as voorwaardelike opsies te behandelomdat hulle bewoording wys op 'n plig om 'n aanbod te maak of te aanvaar, of omdat die vereiste van sekerheid hulle verhoed om opsies te wees.
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Alhowaimil, Ibrahim Saad. "Frustration of performance of contracts : a comparative and analytic study in Islamic law and English law." Thesis, Brunel University, 2013. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/8532.
Abstract:
This thesis is an assessment of the position of Islamic law and English law regarding the doctrine of the frustration of the contract. The thesis gave in the first general view about Islamic law and Saudi legal system, also about the contract in Islamic law in general. This study provides a detailed and critical account of the principles of frustration of contract law which operate under Islamic law and English law, where appropriate, identifies and critically evaluates the differences between the principles of frustration of contract which operate respectively under Islamic law and English law and to recognize the effect of the frustration on the performance of the contract. In the case of the absence of theory of frustration of contract in Islamic Law, an attempt will be made to create a complete doctrine of frustration of contract. Researcher discussed the frustration of contract in Islamic Law. In the case of the absence of theory of frustration of contract in Islamic Law, an attempt will be made to create a complete theory of frustration of contract in Islamic law. This is recognised owing to the fact that most cases of the application of frustration fall under the doctrine of impossibility. Impossibility can be regarded as taking place ‘when there supervening events without default of either party and for which the contract makes no sufficient provision which so significant changes the nature, if the cases where impossibility relates to the subject-matter of contracts or relates to the parties, subjective or objective impossibility. This study discusses the issue of Frustration of contract due to external factors covering cases of legal impossibility. This study examines the discharge of contract if there is circumstances do not make the performance impossibility but became difficult to perform such as impracticability and frustration of purpose. It will also look in some detail at the limitations and narrow scope of the doctrine of frustration, and also discuss contractual parties’ sometimes preferred alternatives, such as drafting force majeure clauses and hardship clauses.
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Habibzadeh, Taher. "Developing and modernizing Iranian law in the context of electronic contracts by a comparative study of UNCITRAL rules, English law, American law, EU law and Iranian law." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2014. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/developing-and-modernizing-iranian-law-in-the-context-of-electronic-contractsbya-comparative-study-of-uncitral-rules-english-law-american-law-eu-law-and-iranian-law(004e86e1-83a6-42f0-9e6b-d3f6270696ad).html.
Abstract:
In the modern world, electronic communications play a significant role in national and international electronic transactions. This issue has forced all legal systems to face up to many emerging legal problems in the context of electronic communications, such as the time and the place of formation of electronic contracts, the validation of e-contracts made by the interaction with e-agents, the legal validity of electronic documents and signatures, consumer protection in contracting electronically in particular in cross-border e-transactions, and the Internet jurisdiction and choice of law. One issue to determine is the place of formation of contracts when contracting electronically, either through email, websites or chat-rooms to see how the notion of 'place' is perceivable in cyberspace; and the way of application of the four traditional theories of information, dispatch, receipt and awareness relating to the time and place of conclusion of contracts in contracting by electronic means should be examined. Regarding the legal validity of e-contracts made through interactive websites, the legal status of electronic agents which play an important role in this process is questionable to see whether they are akin to real agents in the physical world or they are only a mere tool of communication. The responsible person for any mistakes that an electronic agent makes and causes losses or damages to the contracting parties should also be examined. There are also questions regarding meeting the formalities in the formation of some specific contracts in contracting electronically to see whether the electronic documents and signatures legally valid and admissible at the courts of law or not. Their legal weight should also be measured. Moving on the jurisdiction and choice of law issue, some argumentative questions raise. For instance, where the rule of private international law provides that the competent court is the court within which jurisdiction the contract is performed, it is necessary to see that where the place of performance of the contract in which the subject matter is digital goods such as e-books or computer software delivered online is. This is also an important question in providing electronic services such as e-teaching. Regarding the choice of law issue the same questions of jurisdiction are posed. Furthermore, as consumer protection issue in B2C contracts is important in developing electronic commerce worldwide, it should be considered that whether the consumer party is able to bring an action against the business party in his own place of domicile or habitual residence or not. These are only a sample of questions that the current research tries to analyse based on the traditional legal rules and principles and the statues on electronic commerce. Discussing the above legal doubts in the context of Iranian law shows that there are a number of legal uncertainties in the Iranian legal system hindering, or at least putting in doubt, the development of electronic commerce in both national and cross-border electronic transactions. Despite the fact that some of them have been addressed by the Iranian Electronic Commerce Act 2004 indirectly, however a detailed legal work is still definitely needed to elaborate the questions and provide solutions developing and modernizing Iranian law in the context of electronic contracts. The author in the current research tries to analyse the questions by a horizontal comparative study of the UNCITRAL Model Laws, the Convention on the Use of Electronic Communications in International Contracts 2005, the EU law, English law, American law and Iranian law. Also, a four-stage roadmap that acts as the guiding principle of this research is employed to develop the Iranian legal system in the context of e-commerce. The first stage focuses on whether the exact application of Iranian traditional law can address the emerging legal doubts; the second stage expands and develops traditional rules; the third introduces legal presumptions; and the fourth theorizes new rules. The research concludes that the Iranian legal system may be modernized and developed in the context of electronic contracts by adopting the legal policy and solutions of other legal systems by both scholarly legal doctrines and legislation.
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Ayus, Abdul Mohaimin Bin Noordin. "Building contract claims a comparative study (Scotland, England and Malaysia) /." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 1992. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=59638.
Books on the topic "Comparative law of contracts":
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Shalev, Gabriela. Comparative contract law. Toronto]: Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 1993.
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Shalev, Gabriela. Comparative contract law. [Toronto]: Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 2002.
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Shalev, Gabriela. Comparative contract law. Toronto]: Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 2002.
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Shalev, Gabriela. Comparative contract law. [Toronto]: Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, 1993.
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Stazi, Andrea. Smart Contracts and Comparative Law. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83240-7.
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Smits, J. M. Contract law: A comparative introduction. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2014.
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Hoecke, Mark van. Deep level comparative law. San Domenico, Florence: European University Institute, 2002.
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Kovač, Mitja. Comparative contract law and economics. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2011.
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Alpa, Guido. Markets and comparative law. London: British Institute of International and Comparative Law, 2010.
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Marsh, P. D. V. Comparative contract law: England, France, Germany. Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Gower, 1994.
Book chapters on the topic "Comparative law of contracts":
1
Graziano, Thomas Kadner. "Formation of contracts." In Comparative Contract Law, 49–219. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-87676-1_4.
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Graziano, Thomas Kadner. "Performance of contracts." In Comparative Contract Law, 221–404. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-87676-1_5.
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Calzolaio, Ermanno. "The formation of contracts." In Comparative Contract Law, 54–85. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003251606-4.
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Stazi, Andrea. "Contract and Technology from Automatic to Telematic Contracts." In Smart Contracts and Comparative Law, 3–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83240-7_2.
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Stazi, Andrea. "Introduction: Contract Automation and “Smart Contracts” in Comparative Law." In Smart Contracts and Comparative Law, 1–2. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83240-7_1.
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Graziano, Thomas Kadner. "The law applicable to cross-border contracts and the future of European contract law." In Comparative Contract Law, 405–502. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-87676-1_6.
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Stazi, Andrea. "Conclusion." In Smart Contracts and Comparative Law, 143–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83240-7_6.
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Stazi, Andrea. "Elements, Pathologies, and Remedies of Smart Contracts." In Smart Contracts and Comparative Law, 107–42. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83240-7_5.
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Stazi, Andrea. "Peculiarities and Regulation of Electronic Bargaining." In Smart Contracts and Comparative Law, 29–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83240-7_3.
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Stazi, Andrea. "Smart Contracts: Legal Issues and First Regulatory Approaches." In Smart Contracts and Comparative Law, 71–106. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83240-7_4.
Conference papers on the topic "Comparative law of contracts":
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Biczysko-Pudełko, K. "Algorithmic Contracts in European and United States Contract Law - A Comparative Legal Analysis." In 2023 46th MIPRO ICT and Electronics Convention (MIPRO). IEEE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/mipro57284.2023.10159844.
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Hossen, Yehya. "A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON ARBITRARY CLAUSES OF E-COMMERCE CONTRACTS." In 2nd Law & Political Science Conference, Prague. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/lpc.2018.002.005.
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Golub, Jura. "CONTEMPORARY FORMS OF WORK WITH A DIGITAL FEATURE IN PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW." In International Scientific Conference on International, EU and Comparative Law Issues “Law in the Age of Modern Technologies”. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/28269.
Abstract:
Digitalization has enabled the rapid development of the gig economy and changed the entire paradigm in such a way that through digitalization people are increasingly achieving their primary employment. As a result, there is a frequent occurrence of the phenomenon of digital nomads and platform workers. Although initially conceived as freelance jobs, in certain cases, the legal relationships of digital nomads or platform workers take on the characteristics of an employment relationship. To circumvent fiscal and labour obligations, digital nomads or platform workers are often defined in contracts as self-employed individuals or independent contractors, resulting in a deprivation of labour rights. Consequently, a challenge arises for European private international law in terms of the correct characterization regarding the legal relationship and, subsequently, the application of the appropriate conflict of law rule to determine the applicable law.
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Jarjis Khalaf Saleh, Firas, and Saja Omar Al Amr. "Conflict of Legislative and Judicial Jurisdiction in Electronic Contract Disputes - A Comparative Study." In II. Alanya International Congress of Social Sciences. Rimar Academy, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/alanyacongress2-10.
Abstract:
Contracts and deals are concluded through the Internet using computers, laptops, or any other electronic device. These contracts have been increasing day after day, and have been able to overcome the barriers of space and time by reaching most global markets in moments without moving across borders, but rather through websites. And browse through it. The electronic contract is a contract that knows no borders, which poses difficulties regarding determining the moment of its conclusion and the place of its holding, especially in the event of a difference in the nationality of the contracting parties. This led to a problem regarding determining the law applicable to these contracts, which are characterized by privacy because they are concluded via the Internet and the virtual contract council. Also, the connection between the conflict of laws and the conflict of jurisdiction has led to problems in determining the court competent to hear disputes related to these contracts, as these two issues are related to the electronic contract tainted by a foreign element.
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Milosavljevic, Miroslav, Jelena Milosavljevic, and Ognjen Bakmaz. "UGOVORI O TURISTIČKIM USLUGAMA SA POSEBNIM POGLEDOM NA UGOVOR O ANGAŽOVANjU TURISTIČKIH KAPACITETA." In XV Majsko savetovanje: Sloboda pružanja usluga i pravna sigurnost. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xvmajsko.343m.
Abstract:
There are several contracts that regulate tourist services, which represent an increasingly important field of economic activity. Tourism from year to year brings more and more revenue to national economies. In addition, there is an increasing number of employees in this branch of the economy. Of all contracts on tourism services, it is especially worthwhile. contract for engaging tourist capacities, i.e. an allotment contract, whose primary objective is to achieve security and stability, and to plan business in the field of tourism in the long term. Our legislation, in the Law on Obligations, of 1978, made a pioneering step in regulating the contract, which was unusual in comparative law by then. For the above reasons, the authors decided to study the contract on engaging tourist capacities, i.e. contract for allotment.
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Salomo, S. "Comparative Study on Fixed-Price Contract Versus Incentive-Based Contract in Indonesia’s Oil and Gas Industry." In Indonesian Petroleum Association - 46th Annual Convention & Exhibition 2022. Indonesian Petroleum Association, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.29118/ipa22-se-194.
Abstract:
The commonly used fixed-price contract in the oil and gas industry is experiencing lots of problems because of high expenditures and low productivity. This paper conducts a comparative study of the uncommon incentive-based contract and the common fixed-price contract. The contracts are modelled with 20 parameters composed of fixed-price contract parameters and additionally time correction parameters and production rate parameters for the incentive-based contract. A Monte Carlo Simulation is conducted to expand the limited production data into 1000 cases with several baseline parameters. The preference for the two contracts will be illustrated with analytical equations and graphical illustrations. The study’s findings show that the operator and service provider prefer the incentive-based contract to the fixed-price contract, as the latter contract brings greater profit to both parties. Hence, the main practical challenges of high expenditures, such as monitoring, coordination, moral hazard, and adverse selection, can be minimized by applying this solution.
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Župan, Mirela. "FEASIBILITY OF MOOCS FOR LEGAL EDUCATION." In International Scientific Conference on International, EU and Comparative Law Issues “Law in the Age of Modern Technologies”. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/28270.
Abstract:
Distance learning tools are not a feature of modern times. However, COVID-19 pandemic boosted its usage and enabled its penetration into higher education. Among various e-learning features, higher education embraced model of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs). This paper addresses the very notion of e-learning in law. It focuses on MOOCs from the perspective of educational pedagogy, but more specifically on its usage in legal education. Pros and contras are given based on experience of MOOCs development in the framework of DIGinLaw project.
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Butorac Malnar, Vlatka, Mihaela Braut Filipović, and Antonija Zubović. "RETHINKING UNFAIR TRADING PRACTICES IN AGRICULTURE AND FOOD SUPPLY CHAIN: THE CROATIAN PERSPECTIVE." In International Jean Monnet Module Conference of EU and Comparative Competition Law Issues "Competition Law (in Pandemic Times): Challenges and Reforms. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/18812.
Abstract:
In recent years, the need for a systematic and harmonised way of preventing unfair trading practices (hereinafter UTPs) in the food supply chain has intensified at the European level due to many diverging national legislative solutions. These efforts resulted in the Directive 2019/633 on unfair trading practices (UTPs) in business-to-business relationships in the agricultural and food supply chain. Croatian UTPs Act, enacted already in 2017, was just amended to conform with the requirements of the named Directive. Generally speaking, the UTPs Act sets out rules and measures to prevent the imposition of UTPs in the food supply chain, establishes the list of such practices and sets up the enforcement structure and sanctions. Comparing the Directive to the UTPs Act, the authors discuss the outcome of the transposition pointing to the incorrect scope of application of the national legislation, its potential consequences and de lege ferenda solutions. Further, the authors anlyse the legal nature of the adopted UTPs system concluding that it does not fit into the traditional systematisation of laws jeopardising the coherency of the intricate and complex relationship between relating legislative frameworks. New rules are diverging and overlapping with both competition and contract law, leading to possible undesirable spill over effects in contract law, and unresolved concurring competence with competition law. Authors suggest precautionary interpretative measures as a means of solving the identified legal conundrum.
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Ljubojev, Nadežda, and Marijana Dukić Mijatović. "LEGAL STATUS OF LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY - COMPARATIVE OVERVIEW." In International scientific conference challenges and open issues of service law. Vol. 2. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of law, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xxmajsko2.565l.
Abstract:
In the paper, the authors analyze the legal position of the limited liability company, primarily from the aspect of the establishment and operation of the company in comparative law. Regardless of how it is legally regulated, a limited liability company has the same basic characteristics in different national legislations. This company, which is an independent legal entity, has a basic capital and is responsible for obligations with all its assets. In contrast, the members of the company do not assume responsibility for the company's obligations. Due to its characteristics, the limited liability company is the most common legal form for the establishment of small and medium-sized enterprises in the EU. Experiences from business practice have shown that the faster procedure for registering a company and differences in the prescribed amount of the lowest founding capital required for its establishment greatly influence the choice of the member state in which the company will be established. Some legal systems prescribe the maximum number of members a limited liability company can have. Also, in some countries, establishing a limited liability company is strictly formal. In the paper, the authors particularly point out that there is a possibility of electronic incorporation in the case of a single-member company with limited liability. The methods used by the authors are comparatively legal, historical and normative.
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Glušac, Danijela. "SPECIFIČNOSTI ODREĐIVANjA KORISNIKA KOD UGOVORA O OSIGURANjU ŽIVOTA U KORIST TREĆEG LICA." In 14 Majsko savetovanje. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/xivmajsko.301g.
Abstract:
In addition to the insured, who concludes an insurance contract with the insurer, first of all, in order to protect his own property or person, insurance is often provided for the benefit of a number of other persons, either on the basis of the insured's will or on some other basis. According to the general opinion, it is typically the contracting of rights for a benefit of the third in life insurance. Life insurance contracts for a benefit of the third party also contain specific characteristics theoretical and practical significance. This type of insurance contract obliges the insurer to pay the insured sum in case of occurrence of the insured event or to compensate the beneficiary, i.e., to the beneficiary of the insurance, and the insured is obliged to pay the premium in the contract to the insurer. Life insurance contract for a benefit of the third party is most commonly found in personal insurance in practice. The paper starts from the concept of life insurance contract for a benefit of the third party, a relationship with the provisions of the law regarding to contract for a benefit of the third, and in the end article analyzes all issues related to the determination of the beneficiary. The aim of the paper is to present specific features of the beneficiary decignation in the life insurance contract for a benefit of the third party both in national as well as in comparative law with examples from case-law.
Reports on the topic "Comparative law of contracts":
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Kahima, Samuel, Solomon Rukundo, and Victor Phillip Makmot. Tax Certainty? The Private Rulings Regime in Uganda in Comparative Perspective. Institute of Development Studies, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2021.001.
Abstract:
Taxpayers sometimes engage in complex transactions with uncertain tax treatment, such as mergers, acquisitions, demergers and spin-offs. With the rise of global value chains and proliferation of multinational corporations, these transactions increasingly involve transnational financial arrangements and cross-border dealings, making tax treatment even more uncertain. If improperly structured, such transactions could have costly tax consequences. One approach to dealing with this uncertainty is to create a private rulings regime, whereby a taxpayer applies for a private ruling by submitting a statement detailing the transaction (proposed or completed) to the tax authority. The tax authority interprets and applies the tax laws to the requesting taxpayer’s specific set of facts in a written private ruling. The private ruling offers taxpayers certainty as to how the tax authority views the transaction, and the tax treatment the taxpayer can expect based on the specific facts presented. Private rulings are a common feature of many tax systems around the world, and their main goal is to promote tax certainty and increase investor confidence in the tax system. This is especially important in a developing country like Uganda, whose tax laws are often amended and may not anticipate emerging transnational tax issues. Private rulings in Uganda may be applied for in writing prior to or after engaging in the transaction. The Tax Procedures Code Act (TPCA), which provides for private rulings, requires applicants to make a full and true disclosure of the transaction before a private ruling may be issued. This paper evaluates the Ugandan private rulings regime, offering a comparative perspective by highlighting similarities and contrasts between the Ugandan regime and that of other jurisdictions, including the United States, Australia, South Africa and Kenya. The Ugandan private rulings regime has a number of strengths. It is not just an administrative measure as in some jurisdictions, but is based on statute. Rulings are issued from a central office – instead of different district offices, which may result in conflicting rulings. Rather than an elaborate appeals process, the private ruling is only binding on the URA and not on the taxpayer, so a dissatisfied taxpayer can simply ignore the ruling. The URA team that handles private rulings has diverse professional backgrounds, which allows for a better understanding of applications. There are, however, a number of limitations of the Ugandan private rulings system. The procedure of revocation of a private ruling is uncertain. Private rulings are not published, which makes them a form of ‘secret law’. There is no fee for private rulings, which contributes to a delay in the process of issuing one. There is understaffing in the unit that handles private rulings. Finally, there remains a very high risk of bias against the taxpayer because the unit is answerable to a Commissioner whose chief mandate is collection of revenue. A reform of the private rulings regime is therefore necessary, and this would include clarifying the circumstances under which revocation may occur, introducing an application fee, increasing the staffing of the unit responsible, and placing the unit under a Commissioner who does not have a collection mandate. While the private rulings regime in Uganda has shortcomings, it remains an essential tool in supporting investor confidence in the tax regime.
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MacLeod, W. Bentley. Great Expectations: Law, Employment Contracts, and Labor Market Performance. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w16048.
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Qian, Jun, and Philip Strahan. How Law and Institutions Shape Financial Contracts: The Case of Bank Loans. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w11052.
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Dussan, Manuel, and Alejandro Melandri. Estudio comparativo de las condiciones esenciales de la provisión de servicios públicos domiciliarios en América Latina. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0009972.
Abstract:
El Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) ha considerado conveniente profundizar su conocimiento sobre la evolución de los marcos regulatorios e institucionales que rigen la provisión de servicios públicos domiciliarios en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) y su correlación con las provisiones de la política de servicios públicos domiciliarios (OP-708) del BID. Con este fin, contrató una consultoría de corta duración para realizar un estudio comparativo de la evolución de las reformas del sector eléctrico en los principales países de la región, y de los nuevos retos que enfrenta el sector para lograr los objetivos de contribuir al desarrollo económico a largo plazo de la región y al bienestar de su gente, con el fin de orientar mejor la interpretación y la aplicación de la política OP-708 y ajustar, si es necesario, las pautas del sector de energía que se aprobaron en 2005.
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Roberts, Tony, Abrar Mohamed Ali, Mohamed Farahat, Ridwan Oloyede, and Grace Mutung'u. Surveillance Law in Africa: a Review of Six Countries. Institute of Development Studies, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2021.059.
Abstract:
This review provides the first comparative analysis of African legal surveillance frameworks. The study identifies nine core principles derived from existing guidelines as an analytical framework to identify opportunities to strengthen privacy protection, while narrowly targeting surveillance on the most serious crimes. Six detailed country reports are synthesised in this comparative analysis to produce a series of actionable recommendations for policy, practice and further research.
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Elbehri, Aziz, and Thomas Hertel. A Comparative Analysis of the EU-Morocco FTA vs. Multilateral Liberalization. GTAP Working Paper, December 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21642/gtap.wp30.
Abstract:
An applied general equilibrium model with oligopoly and scale economies, based on detailed plant-level data, is used to contrast the impacts of the Morocco-EU free trade area (FTA) to multilateral trade liberalization on Morocco’s economy. Simulation results show that the FTA agreement is likely to have adverse effects on Morocco due to: (a) deteriorating terms of trade, (b) reductions in output per firm in industries dominated by scale economies, (c) diversion of imports away from relatively low cost, non-EU suppliers, and (d) potentially adverse effects on the aggregate demand for labor which could exacerbate already high levels of unemployment. We contrast this FTA with a multilateral liberalization scenario along the lines of those proposed under the Doha Development Round and find this to be more beneficial to Morocco, despite the associated income transfer from the EU to Morocco. The difference may be attributed to: (a) lesser terms of trade losses, (b) positive scale effects, (c) non-preferential liberalization of imports into Morocco, and (d) a positive impact on aggregate labor demand and hence unemployment. We conclude that Morocco would be better off pursuing trade liberalization in the multilateral arena. JEL classification: F12, F14, F15 Keywords: Applied general equilibrium; Market Structure; Trade liberalization; Developing economies; Morocco
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Brown, Thomas C., and George L. Peterson. An enquiry into the method of paired comparison: reliability, scaling, and Thurstone's Law of Comparative Judgment. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-gtr-216.
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Brown, Thomas C., and George L. Peterson. An enquiry into the method of paired comparison: reliability, scaling, and Thurstone's Law of Comparative Judgment. Ft. Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/rmrs-gtr-216.
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Moriguchi, Chiaki. Implicit Contracts, the Great Depression, and Institutional Change: A Comparative Analysis of U.S. and Japanese Employment Relations, 1920-1940. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, March 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w9559.
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Kim, Hyeyoung, Jihyun Lee, and Gerardo Reyes-Tagle. Standardized PPP Contract in Korea and its Implications for Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003708.
Abstract:
The standardization of PPP contracts in Korea has played a key role in establishing PPP institutional frameworks in the civil law system in which there must be legal and institutional safeguards for the long-term PPP contracts. The reliability of standardized contracts is secured due to the fact that the standardized PPP contract has been prepared by the statutory PPP agency under the approval of the Ministry of Economy and Finance, an influential ministry within the government. The standardization of PPP contracts has been of great utility for both the competent authorities and private partners. The standardized contract has streamlined negotiations. The private partner was able to trust in the major risk allocation declared through the standardized contract in handling land acquisition, construction completion, operation and demand, and termination. We found out through our survey that there are similarities between Korea and LAC countries in that most LAC countries have adopted the civil law system and the countries have developed similar payment types for PPP and risk allocation principles. The experience and lessons on standardized PPP contract in Korea can be of great utility to LAC countries.