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Jiang, Yun. "Comparative study on the history of derivative action." Thesis, University of Macau, 2016. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b3525657.
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Penfold, Ward Alexander. "Meeting of the Minds: The Franco-American Origins of Modern Comparative Law, 1900-1940." Thesis, Harvard University, 2013. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10966.
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This dissertation traces the development of a modern approach to comparative law that arose out of the fin-de-siècle critique of nineteenth-century legal thought in France and the United States. This critique undermined a mode of legal reasoning that assumed the common law and the civil code were internally-coherent and gapless systems of rules from which judges could logically deduce legal outcomes. As rapid social and economic changes swept across the Atlantic World, jurists influenced by reform movements sought to make the law more responsive to changing conditions, while also addressing the problem of legal indeterminacy posed by the critique of deduction. One group of jurists—including Raymond Saleilles, Édouard Lambert, Roscoe Pound, and John Wigmore—responded to these challenges by turning to comparative law. Because they could no longer pretend to access static legal concepts, these jurists worked to achieve stability by formulating the best legal solution for a particular time and place—replacing timeless Truth with the historicized, spatial truths of comparative law. Before the First World War, however, French and American comparativists struggled to get beyond the differences between the common law and the civil law. Unlike the social theorists of the day, whose transatlantic exchanges constituted a veritable marketplace of ideas, the comparativists of the Progressive Era and the Belle Époque held each other at arm’s length. This changed, however, when the Great War led to a profound realignment of intellectual affinities. As a result of the collateral damage suffered by Germany’s scientific reputation, French and American jurists turned to different sources for legal exchange—each other. During the interwar period, Franco-American jurists sought to achieve a rapprochement that would unite their laws in a “common law for the League of Nations.” This alliance finally bore fruit during two International Congresses of Comparative Law in the 1930s, but the intervening exchanges did not constitute a marketplace of ideas. Rather, they are best understood as a protracted contract negotiation over the terms of comparative law. Though the French and the Americans ultimately achieved a “meeting of the minds,” this outcome was far from certain when the century began.History
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Olivier, Pierre J. J. "Die grondslag van kontraktuele gebondenheid." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49919.
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Thesis (LLD)--Stellenbosch University, 2004ENGLISH ABSTRACT: An overview of the historical development of contract law and its underlying theory, spanning from Roman times to the present day, and in Western European and Anglo American systems, shows that the gradually developing will theory dominated in the early nineteenth century. It was, however, also in the nineteenth century that the first cracks in this theory were observed. First, sociological, political and economic factors, brought about by the Industrial Revolution, the rise of socialism and of labour, required a new, more humane approach. Secondly, with the emergence of a new economic system, new technical problems came to the fore: how were problems of mistake, interpretation, implied terms and derogation to be solved, unless reliance was placed, in each case, on untenable fictions? Thus, towards the last quarter of the nineteenth century, an intense and unparalleled juristic debate ensued, mainly in Europe, but later also in England and the United States of America. New approaches, e.g. that a strict and uncompromising declaration be followed, was proposed. The outcome of this debate was the emergence of the so-called confidence theory. The basis of this approach is that, whatever a person's real intention may have been, he so conducts himself as to lead the other party, as a reasonable person, to believe that the first party has assented to the contract as proposed or understood by the second party, the first party is bound by the impression he created. The principle was clearly stated by Blackburn J in Smith v Hughes (1871) LR 6 OB 597, which has since become one of the famous dicta in the law of contract, and forms part of the English law. It should be stressed that the Blackburn approach was not alien to Europe, where the gradual and natural development of the common law was overtaken by codification The French Codification retained the pure will theory. Under the Dutch code, the so-called will-reliance system was developed, akin to the Blackburn approach. In German law, however, the De Groot view was followed: the mistaken party was permitted to 'resile' from the 'contract' but under obligation to compensate the 'innocent' party's negative interest. In South Africa, the basic point of departure is the will theory but supplemented by the confidence theory This system is made possible by our law of procedure, where two remedies, the justus error approach and the contractual consent approach are available. As both these remedies have the same objective, viz. to protect the legitimate interests of the party that was misled, they require the same substantive law requirements. The confidence theory has imbedded itself so deeply in South African, European and English law, that it is now recognized by some as the key, not only to the solution of the dissensus problem, but also in cases of interpretation, supplementation and derogation. The combination of will and reliance are the foundation stones of contractual liability. These two principles have developed (and are still developing) from society's pre-positive, moral, ethical, political, economic, religious and other values, which have been and are still being absorbed in the body of legal rules. This process of development is informed by the norms and rules relating to public policy, public interest, the bani mores and good faith. These norms and rules are recognized and applied in the legal systems of the United States of America, England and Europe. They form part of our law, but unfortunately our courts are extremely conservative in recognizing and applying them. If we wish to obtain and sustain social and contractual justice, more weight should be accorded to these values.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Oorsig van die geskiedkundige ontwikkeling van die kontraktereg en die onderliggende teorie daarvan vanaf die Romeinse tyd tot vandag in sowel Wes-Europese as die Anglo-Amerikaanse stelsels, toon aan dat die geleidelik-ontwikkelende wilsteorie in die negentiende eeu die botoon gevoer het. Dis egter ook gedurende die negentiende eeu dat die eerste krake in hierdie teorie waargeneem is. Eerstens het sosiologiese, politieke en ekonomiese faktore, veroorsaak deur die Industriële Revolusie, 'n nuwe, meer menslike benadering geverg. Tweedens het nuwe, tegniese probleme ontstaan met die opkoms van 'n nuwe ekonomiese sisteem: hoe moes probleme soos dwaling, uitleg, stilswyende bepalings en derogasie opgelos word, tensy die oplossing in elke geval op onhoudbare fiksies moes berus? In die laaste kwart van die negentiende eeu het derhalwe 'n intense en ongeëwenaarde juridiese debat ontstaan, hoofsaaklik in Europa, maar later ook in Engeland en die VSA Nuwe benaderings, bv. dat slegs gelet word op die eksterne verklaring ter uitsluiting van enige subjektiewe bedoeling, is voorgestel. Die resultaat van hierdie debat was die ontwikkeling van die vertrouensteorie. Die basis van hierdie benadering is dat wat ookal 'n mens se werklike bedoeling mag gewees het, hy so opgetree het dat die ander party, redelikerwys, oortuig was dat die eerste party toegestem het tot die kontrak soos voorgestelof verstaan deur die tweede party die eerste party dan gebonde is aan die indruk wat hy geskep het. Die beginsel is duidelik gestel deur Blackburn R in Smith v Hughes (1871) LR 6 OB 597. Dit moet benadruk word dat die Blackburn benadering nie vreemd aan Europa was nie, waar die geleidelike en natuurlike ontwikkeling van die gemene reg deur kodifikasie kortgeknip is. Die Franse Kodifikasie het die suiwer wilsteorie behou. Die sogenaamde wils-vertrouens stelsel, soortgelyk aan die Blackburnbenadering, het onder die Nederlandse Kode ontwikkel, maar in Duitsland is die De Groot-benadering gevolg: die party wat homself vergis het, is toegelaat om uit die 'kontrak' terug te tree, maar onder die verpligting om die 'onskuldige' party se negatiewe interesse te vergoed. In Suid-Afrika is die basiese vertrekpunt die wilsteorie, maar aangevul deur die vertrouensteorie. Dit word moontlik gemaak deur ons prosesreg, waar twee remedies, die Justus error-benadering en die wilsooreenstemmings-benadering beskikbaar is. Aangesien beide hierdie remedies dieselfde mikpunt het, naamlik om die regmatige belange van die misleide party te beskerm, verg hulle dieselfde materiële regsvereistes. Die vertrouensteorie is so diep in die Suid-Afrikaanse, Europese en Engelse reg ingebed dat dit nou deur sommige mense erken word as die sleutel, nie alleen tot die oplossing van die dissensus probleem nie, maar ook in gevalle van uitleg, aanvulling en derogasie. Die kombinasie van wil en vertroue is die hoekstene van kontraktuele aanspreeklikheid. Hierdie twee begrippe het ontwikkel (en ontwikkel nog steeds) uit die gemeenskap se voor-positiewe, morele, etiese, staatkundige, ekonomiese, godsdiens- en ander waardes, wat in die regstelselopgeneem en beliggaam is en word. Hierdie ontwikkelingsproses berus op die norme en reëls betreffende openbare beleid, openbare belang, die boni mores en goeie trou en word erken en toegepas in die regstelsels van die VSA, Engeland en Europa. Dit maak deel uit van ons reg, maar ongelukkig is ons howe aartskonserwatief in die erkenning en toepassing daarvan. As ons maatskaplike en kontraktuele geregtigheid wil bekom en volhou, moet groter gewig aan hierdie waardes vergun word.
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McNeish, Alexander Stewart. "Human tissue legislation in the United Kingdom 1952-2006 : a history and comparative analysis of policy development." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2011. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1323.
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This is a study of the genesis of the Corneal (Grafting) Act 1952, the Human Tissue Act 1961, the Human Tissue Act 2004, and the Human Tissue (Scotland) Act 2006. The aim has been to understand why so much had apparently changed between 1952-61 and 2004-06, both in society and in medical practice, as an explanation of why the earlier Acts were essentially ‘enabling/permissive’, whereas the later Acts were ‘regulatory/restraining’. A comparison between the Human Tissue Act 2004 and the separate Human Tissue (Scotland) Act 2006 (both Acts concerned with ‘human tissue’ and with origins in ‘retention of organs without consent’, but with significant differences in their respective provisions), has allowed a finer dissection and comparative analysis of the possible factors involved. The Thesis focuses on the ‘inspiration’, ‘deliberation/ formulation’ and ‘legitimation’ phases of the legislative process (using the terminology of Drewry)-that is, the genesis of the various Acts- and has not sought to study the later (Drewry) phases of ‘implementation’ of the law nor subsequent ‘feedback’. The methodology has been to ‘interrogate the sources’ through in depth study of archived records, using publicly available documents, certain confidential papers made available by the Royal College of Pathologists and the Royal College of Physicians (London), papers released under Freedom of Information Acts, and analysis of the scholarly literature. The findings suggest that a complexity of factors contributed to shaping the 2004 and 2006 legislation, in addition to the proximate ‘organ scandals’. The study may contribute specifically to any wish of Government and the medical/scientific professions to review their processes of consultation and negotiation prior to developing new legislation with an impact on research; and more generally to the case for more regular use of pre-legislative scrutiny of Bills.
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Fernandez, Mark F. "The appellate question: A comparative analysis of supreme courts of appeal in Virginia and Louisiana, 1776-1840." W&M ScholarWorks, 1991. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539623810.
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This dissertation examines the processes that created supreme courts of appeal in Virginia and Louisiana and challenges the traditional view of Louisiana as an anomaly in the American judicial system. Comparison of the development of the Supreme Court of Louisiana to that of Virginia reveals important similarities in judicial practices and procedures, legal theory, and the role the courts played in the early political development of each state. In every area, the two states shared important intellectual and historical experiences.;In order to investigate the creation of these jurisdictions, this dissertation examines the political climate of both states; the background, education, and politics of the judges; the rules of court which they developed; and the jurisprudence that defined the structure and operation of the courts. Accordingly, the judicial history of both states reflects the political changes which governed the era. The study of the development of the jurisdictions, moreover, chronicles the structural changes that influenced a pronounced shift from "moral" or "republican" principles of law to a more pragmatic and activist approach to justice in nineteenth-century America. Finally, the profound influence of the common law and Anglo-American patterns of judicature on Louisiana's legal institutions suggests a reconsideration of the state's place in the mainstream of American legal history.
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Barnes, Todd A. "Law reform in Virginia's first colony : a comparative analysis of the criminal codes of Jamestown and seventeenth century England." Virtual Press, 1995. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/958773.
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This study presented a comparative analysis of two sets of criminal laws in colonial Jamestown under the Virginia Company of London with seventeenth century English law. The historical evidence indicated England's criminal code closely resembled Jamestown's military regime, also known as "Dale's Laws," from 1610 to 1619. But it was the strict disciplinary nature of Dale's Laws which provided security and stability in the infant colony thus creating an opportunity to institute a more benevolent criminal code and a representative form of government in 1619. Furthermore, this study determined Puritanism and the "Country" Party, both gaining power in England, provided the impetus for Virginia's reform movement.Department of History
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Zhao, Li Rui. "Fa (statute law), Li*(rationality), Qing(feeling) : Chinese concepts of law." Thesis, University of Macau, 2010. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2285465.
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Corcodel, Veronica. "Modern law and otherness : the dynamics of inclusion and exclusion in comparative legal thought." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015IEPP0053.
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Cette thèse porte sur la pensée juridique des comparatistes euro-américains. Elle analyse les travaux d’un nombre important de comparatistes, qui ont eu une place significative au sein de la discipline en Europe et aux Etats-Unis entre les années 1860 et le début des années 2000. En examinant les représentations du monde non-occidental, elle met en avant les tensions entre l’inclusion et l’exclusion des spécificités non-occidentales, tout en insistant sur la nécessité de développer une pratique critique de résistance. En s’inspirant des théories postcoloniales, ce travail aborde les questions suivantes: comment le savoir sur les sociétés non-occidentales est-il construit dans la pensée juridique des comparatistes euro-américains ? Quelles sont les préconceptions qui facilitent la production de ce savoir ? Quel est le fondement théorique qui anime ces constructions et quelles sont leurs implications politiques ? Dans quelle mesure la pensée juridique comparative alimente-t-elle les attitudes de domination ou bien les remet-elle en question ? De quelle manière les réponses à ces questions sont-elles reproduites ou modifiées d’une époque à l’autre, d’un auteur à l’autre ?This dissertation focuses on Euro-American comparative legal thought. It analyses the works of an important number of comparatists operating in Europe and in the United States, roughly from the 1860s to the early 2000s. Examining their representations of non-Western societies, it puts emphasis on the tensions between inclusion and exclusion of particularism and it argues in favor of a critical praxis of particularism. Inspired from postcolonial theories, it addresses the following questions: how are non-Western societies constructed in Euro-American comparative legal thought? What are the preconceptions that make the production of such knowledge possible? What is the theoretical framework that animates these constructions and what are their political implications? What elements internal to comparative legal knowledge fuel attitudes of domination or/and challenge them? How do they change and how are they reproduced from one epoch to another, from one author to another?
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Arlettaz, Jordane, Attila Badó, Kitti Bakos-Kovács, Szilvia Bató, János Bóka, Laureline Congnard, Erzsébet Csatlós, et al. "Internationale Konferenz zum zehnjährigen Bestehen des Instituts für Rechtsvergleichung der Universität Szeged = Conférence internationale au 10ème anniversaire de l‘Institut de droit comparé de l‘Université de Szeged." Universität Potsdam, 2014. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2014/7203/.
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Die Konferenz „International Conference for the 10th Anniversary of the Institute of Comparative Law” hat am 24. Mai 2013 in Szeged stattgefunden. Im Rahmen der viersprachigen Konferenz haben mehr als dreißig Teilnehmer ihre Forschungsergebnisse präsentiert.
Der Essay von Zoltán Péteri blickt auf die Disziplin aus der Perspektive der Wissenschaftsgeschichte. Katalin Kelemen und Balázs Fekete gehen in ihrem Aufsatz der Frage nach, welchen Weg die Versuche der Klassifikation der Rechtssysteme von Osteuropa in der späten Phase der Umbrüche der 1980/90er Jahren genommen haben. Die historische Betrachtungsweise mit Bezug auf Rechtsgeschichte und Rechtsvergleichung spiegelt sich auch in anderen Essays wider, vor allem in den Aufsätzen von Szilvia Bató, Magdolna Gedeon und Béla Szabó P. sowie auch in den Aufsätzen von Péter Mezei und Tünde Szűcs. Attila Badó analysiert die Rechtsvergleichung aus der Sicht des Rechts, der Soziologie und der Politikwissenschaft anhand von Untersuchungen über das Sanktionsystem der Richter in den USA. Diese politikwissenschaftliche Seite wird auch in den Aufsätzen über die aktuellen Fragen der europäischen Integration von Carine Guemar und Laureline Congnard betont. Eine Reihe von Aufsätzen behandeln die konventionelle normative Komparatistik auf dem Gebiet des Verfassungsrechts (Jordane Arlettaz und Péter Kruzslicz), Gesellschaftsrechts (Kitti Bakos-Kovács), Urheberrechts (Dóra Hajdú) und Steuerrechts (Judit Jacsó). Daneben bilden eine weitere Gruppe die Aufsätze von János Bóka und Erzsébet Csatlós, die die Verwendung der vergleichenden Methode in der Praxis der Rechtsprechung untersuchen.
Die Rechtsvergleichung ist eine sich dynamisch entwickelnde Disziplin. Die Konferenz und dieser Band dienen nicht nur der Würdigung der bisherigen Arbeit des Instituts für Rechtsvergleichung, sondern zeigen gleichzeitig neue Ziele auf. Die wichtigsten Grundsätze bleiben aber fest verankert auch in einem sich stets verändernden rechtlichen und geistigen Umfeld. Das Motto des Instituts lautet „instruere et docere omnes qui edoceri desiderant“ – „alle lehren, die lernen wollen.“ Auch in den folgenden Jahrzehnten werden uns der Wille des Lernens und Lehrens, die Freiheit der Forschung sowie die Übertragung und Weiterentwicklung der ungarischen wie globalen Rechtskultur leiten.
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Gucturk, Yavuz. "A Comparative Study Of The Press Laws Of 1909 And 1931." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12606827/index.pdf.
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In this thesis the press laws of 1909 and 1931 are analyzed and compared. Before the comparative examination of the press laws, the emergence and development of press in the Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth century, including the related legal arrangements, is given within an historical framework. This thesis aims to introduce the similarities and differences between the first and only press law of the Ottoman Empire and the first one of the Turkish Republic by examining them in detail. It is argued that the press laws of 1909 and 1931 were prepared to be able to remove the legal deficiencies in press area. However, it is also claimed that the Ottoman and Turkish governments, which prepared the related press laws, was trying to control and suppress the press sine they were anxious about the safety of their regimes. Although both laws included articles that limited the press freedom, this study argues that the press law of 1909 had more liberal aspects in comparison with the Abdulhamid period and, the press law of 1931 gave extensive rights to the government to be able to control the press as a result of restrictions it imposed on the freedom of press which existed at that time.
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Li, Jerry. "Institutional Influences on the Political Attainment of Chinese Immigrants: Ethnic Power Share, Citizenship Acquisition Law, and Discrimination Law." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1942.
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A transnational network of more than 50 million people, the Chinese diaspora stretches its reach across the globe. As part of their immigrant journeys, many Chinese immigrants have achieved political leadership in their adopted home countries despite monumental barriers. This thesis examines the political attainment of Chinese immigrants by uncovering how institutional factors such as political power sharing between ethnic groups, citizenship acquisition law, and discrimination law affect their pursuit of public office. I first establish a database of 265 politicians I define as Chinese immigrants, whose various levels of political attainment I then use as the dependent variable. Through empirical analysis, this thesis finds that politicians of Chinese descent attain lower levels of political office when institutional discrimination has targeted Chinese immigrants. In contrast, this thesis reveals that politicians of Chinese descent attain higher levels of political office when political power is shared amongst ethnic groups and when citizenship acquisition laws are exclusionary. While the last result is seemingly counterintuitive, the negative relationship between the inclusiveness of citizenship and political attainment can be explained by the intrinsic role exclusionary citizenship acquisition laws play in naturalizing citizens who are deemed to be integrated and electable.
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Nebiolo, Francesca. "« Nîš ilim zakârum ». Prêter serment à l’époque paléo-babylonienne : étude comparative des serments mésopotamiens du début du IIe millénaire av. J.-C., entre grammaire et société." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEP065.
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Prêter serment est un acte humain propre à toutes les sociétés historiques. Sur cette base, ce travail doctoral dédié au serment à l’époque paléo-babylonienne (2002-1595 av. J.-C.) vise à analyser les aspects grammaticaux, religieux et sociaux qui le constituent. Grâce à une étude détaillée d’un corpus hétérogène qui couvre l’ensemble des villes mésopotamiennes de cette époque, on établit les composants des formules du serment, on suit leur évolution dans le temps et on observe les particularismes régionaux détectés. Établir la structure grammaticale du serment permet ainsi de mieux le définir en tant qu’acte religieux qui agit sur la société. Le serment se révèle être le point de conjonction entre religion, justice et pouvoir royal. Dans ces trois domaines, il est utilisé de manière constante afin de garder intact un équilibre entre les relations humaines, autant à l’intérieur des différents royaumes qu’au niveau international. Cette étude philologique et historique des sources analyse le serment paléo-babylonien comme miroir d’une société remarquable par sa complexitéTaking oath is a human act presents in all historical societies. On this basis, this doctoral dissertation dedicated to the oath in the Old Babylonian period (2002-1595 BC) aims at analysing it from its grammatical, religious and social aspects. Thanks to a detailed study of a heterogeneous corpus that covers all the Mesopotamian cities of that time, we establish the grammatical components of the formulas of the oath, we follow their evolution over time and we observe the regional peculiarities detected. Establishing the grammatical structure of the oath thus makes it possible to better define it as a religious act which impacts society. The oath turns out to be the point of conjunction between religion, justice and royal power. In these three areas, it is used consistently to maintain a balance between human relationships, both inside the kingdoms and internationally. This philological and historical study of sources analyses the Old Babylonian oath as a mirror of a society relevant for its complexity
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More, Andrew. "Early Statements Relating to the Lay Community in the Svetambara Jain Canon." Thesis, Yale University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3582168.
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In this thesis I examine various statements relating to the Jain lay community in the early Śvetāmbara texts. My approach is deliberately and consistently historical. The earliest extant Śvetāmbara writing presents an almost exclusively negative view of all non-mendicants. In the context of competition with other religious groups to gain the respect and material support of members of the general population, the Śvetāmbara mendicants began to compose positive statements about a lay community. Instead of interpreting the key terms and formulations in these early statements anachronistically on the basis of the later and systematized account of lay Jain religiosity, I attempt to trace how the idea of lay Jainism and its distinctive practices gradually came into being. The more familiar account that is often taken as the basis for understanding earlier sources in fact emerges as the end product of this long history.
This historical reconstruction poses numerous challenges. There is little reliable historical scholarship to draw from in carrying out this investigation. In the absence of a widely accepted account of the formation of the Śvetāmbara canon, the dates of the canonical sources that I examine remain uncertain. I argue that by focusing on key passages relating to the Jain lay community it is possible to establish a relative chronology for the composition of some of these passages and for the compilation of some of the texts in which they appear. We can thus observe development in the strategies employed by the mendicants as part of their effort to establish and maintain relations with a community of householders who respected and regularly supported them. What I offer here is a preliminary but important step toward writing a critical and comprehensive history of lay Jainism. More broadly, scholars of monastic religious traditions may be interested in this account of how one group of ascetics in ancient India garnered lay support and developed a role for non-monastic members of the community.
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Provost, Mario. "Le mauvais traitement de l'enfant : perspectives historiques et comparatives de la législation sur la protection de la jeunesse." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59842.
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The first part of the thesis recounts how originally, in Great Britain, the State only protected the child who did not benefit from parental support. However, due to injustices which arose from the socio-economic changes brought about by the Industrial Revolution, the State gradually agreed to extend its protection to children working in factories. Afterwards, in order to safeguard society from the increase of crime, the State began to interpose itself in the family when it was thought there was a link between parental neglect and juvenile delinquency.The second part describes the awakening of society, first in the United States, then in Great Britain, to the phenomenon of child maltreatment. Direct state intervention in the family came about in Great Britain by means of statutes withdrawing the child from his abusive family. Influenced by the evolution of British legislation, the Canadian common law provinces, Ontario in particular, adopted their own laws against child abuse relatively quickly. However, probably by reason of its existing social care network structure, the province of Quebec was much slower in contrast to adopt child welfare laws and recognizing the legal rights of the child.
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El, Tayeb El Saddig Ramah. "De l’existence d’un droit maritime méditerranéen : survivance de la pratique romano-byzantine dans le fiqh al-islami (VIIIe-XIe siècles)." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nantes Université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NANU3008.
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De manière dogmatique et apologétique, le ‘ilm usul al-fiqh ou la principiologie du droit musulman place à la tête de ses sources, la Shari'a ou « la voie droite » – soit le Qur'an ou la Sunna du Prophète Muhammad – et en dernier ressort le ‘urf ou la coutume. Nonobstant, à l’étude du fiqh et des actes de la pratique relatifs aux affaires maritimes « fi Bahr al-Rum » ou dans la Mer des Romains soit la Méditerranée au début de la période médiévale, non seulement la Shari'a ne dit presque rien, mais les similitudes observables en la matière avec les compilations juridiques et les actes de ses anciens dominants, indiquent un usage premier de règles d’origines « profanes ». Il serait cependant excessif de considérer que le droit musulman était celui de Justinien en « arab dress ». S’il n’existait pas de « droit maritime musulman », comme il n’existait pas de « droit maritime romain » avant lui, il existait bel et bien un « droit applicable aux activités maritimes ». Les fuqaha ou jurisconsultes reprirent leurs contrats issus du ius gentium en Arabie en intégrant les règles maritimes romaines. Ce modus operandi sera le même que les prudentes utilisèrent quand les Romains investirent la mer Méditerranée, en empruntant beaucoup de la pratique des Grecs qu’ils adaptèrent à leur système contractuel. Cette itération semble indiquer qu’il a bien existé un « droit maritime méditerranéen » qui à la période qui nous intéresse a été « islamisé », et avant « romanisé », tout en se moulant dans les formes de ces derniers. Est-ce dans ce cadre qu’est appréciable la survivance de la pratique romano-byzantine dans la jurisprudence islamiqueDogmatically and apologetically, the 'ilm usul al-fiqh or the principles of Islamic jurisprudence places at the head of its sources the Shari'a or "the right path" – that is, the Qur'an or the Sunna of the Prophet Muhammad – and as a last resort, the 'urf or custom. Nonetheless, in the study of fiqh and the practices related to maritime affairs "fi Bahr al-Rum" or in the Sea of the Romans, meaning the Mediterranean at the beginning of the medieval period, not only does the Shari'a says almost nothing, but the observable similarities in this area with the legal compilations and the acts of its former rulers indicate a primary use of rules of "secular" origins. However, it would be excessive to consider that Islamic law was a "Justinian law in Arab dress." Although there was no "Islamic maritime law”, just as there was no "Roman maritime law" before it, there indeed existed a law applicable to maritime activities. The fuqaha or jurists adopted their contracts from the ius gentium in Arabia by incorporating Roman rules. This modus operandi will be the same as the prudentes used when the Romans invested in the Mediterranean Sea, borrowing much from Greek practice which they adapted to their contractual system. This iteration seems to indicate that there indeed existed a "Mediterranean maritime law" which, during the period of interest, was "Islamized," and before that "Romanized," while fitting into the forms of the latter. It is within this framework that the survival of romano-Byzantine practices in Islamic jurisprudence is appreciable
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Moaté, Michaël. "La création d'un droit bancaire islamique." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LAROD027/document.
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Ce travail de thèse sur « la création d’un droit bancaire islamique » offre une perspective globale du phénomène. Faisant appel à l’histoire, à l‘économie et au droit, il envisage l’étude de ces techniques bancaires dans le contexte socio-culturel présidant à leur émergence et notamment sous l’angle des rapports entre le monde occidental et l’Orient islamique.Tout d’abord, s’appuyant sur l’étude du droit musulman classique, ce travail analyse le substrat qui a permis le développement de la banque islamique à travers d’une part l’étude des concepts bancaires majeurs et d’autre part l’évolution du monde musulman au cours de l’histoire. Puis, l’analyse se tourne vers la légitimation des techniques bancaires islamiques modernes au regard des contrats musulmans classiques. Ceci amène cette étude vers la variété des modèles de banques islamiques dont elle propose de mettre en lumière les divergences au regard des questions religieuses, politiques et économiques, mais aussi de montrer que la perspective actuelle tend vers leur uniformisation. La dernière partie de l’étude s’attache à exposer les rapports entre ce droit bancaire islamique et le droit positif des pays dans lesquels il s’incorpore. Ainsi, en Occident, l’analyse distingue la France et les pays de Common law dont l’histoire montre l’influence sur les systèmes juridiques des pays musulmans. En Orient, le Maroc et l’Arabie Saoudite, deux pays dont les systèmes bancaires sont respectivement issus des droits civilistes et de Common law, font l’objet d’une étude spécifique. Les développements s’achèvent enfin par la confrontation des normes et des valeurs que soulève l’introduction de techniques bancaires islamiques dans le système financier international. L’ensemble des analyses proposées dans cette étude accrédite la thèse de la difficulté que rencontrent ces techniques bancaires à trouver leur cohérence entre la volonté de s’inscrire dans la tradition religieuse de l’Islam et la recherche de l’efficacité économiqueThis thesis on "the creation of an Islamic banking law" provides a global perspective of this phenomenon. Looking upon history, economics and law, this essay plans to study these Islamic banking techniques in the socio-cultural context governing at their emergence particularly in terms of relations between the Occident and the Islamic Orient.First, based on the study of classical Islamic law, this work analyses the substratum that has allowed the development of Islamic banking by, on the one hand, the study of the major banking concepts and on the other hand, the evolution of the Muslim world as centuries go by. Then, the analysis turns to the legitimization of modern Islamic banking techniques by comparison with classical Islamic contracts. This leads this study to the various models of Islamic banks, in order to highlight the differences with regard to religious, political and economic issues, but also to show that today's perspective move towards their uniformity. The last part of the study seeks to explain the relationship between Islamic banking law and positive law in the countries where it is incorporated. Furthermore, in Occident, the analysis distinguishes France and the Common law countries whose history shows the influence on the legal systems of Muslim countries. In the Muslim world, Morocco and Saudi Arabia, two countries whose banking systems are respectively stemming from Civilian law and Common law, are subject to a specific study. The developments come to an end by the confrontation of norms and values raised by the introduction of Islamic banking techniques in the international financial system.All the analysis proposed in this study supports the theory of the difficulty faced by these banking techniques to find consistency between the desire to be part of the religious tradition of Islam and the pursuit of economic efficiency
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Griffiths, David Barclay. "Confessions, admissions and declarations by persons accused of crime under Scots law : a historic and comparative study." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1992. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/2834/.
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This work examines in depth the issue of the accused's own words as evidence against him in a Scottish criminal court. The work begins with a brief consideration of the historic development of the modern Scottish criminal justice system with particular emphasis on the position of the accused within that system. The literature of the topic is next considered. The right to silence is discussed in some detail, encompassing the modern law in both Scotland and England as well as the various, mainly English, proposals to attenuate the right under the guise of law reform. The early history of confessions in Scotland is examined before turning to the issue of the admissibility of confession evidence. The bulk of this discussion focusses, not surprisingly, on confessions to the police with the development of the law being traced on a case-by-case basis, but all other types of confession evidence are also treated. A comparative note on the English law is included. The issue of corroboration of confession evidence has recently received a considerable amount of attention in the press both legal and lay, and the present work examines both the general issues involved as well as the particular dangers caused by the development of the so-called `special knowledge' confession. Once again comparison is made with English law. The exceptional situation in Northern Ireland is considered in order to demonstrate, albeit in an extreme form, the dangers of unsupervised interrogation and other activities by the forces of `law and order' and the inquisitorial system is likewise considered to see what lessons, if any, can be learned and to identify the dangers and pitfalls of the main alternative procedural system.
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Asokan, Ratik. "The Political Economy of Environmental Justice: A Comparative Study of New Delhi and Los Angeles." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1190.
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Though mainstream environmentalism, both in the U.S. and India, was initially rooted in social justice, it has, over time, moved away from this focus. The Environmental Justice Movement consequently arose to reunite social and environmental activism. In this thesis, I trace the historical relationship between the mainstream environmentalism, the Environmental Justice Movement, and marginalized communities. After providing this general overview, I examine two case studies – in Los Angeles and New Delhi respectively – where marginalized communities have been involved in Environmental Justice activities. My analysis reveals that marginalized communities often act in an ‘environmentalist’ or ‘environmentally friendly’ manner, without defining their actions as such. That is, their socio-political activism often is or becomes environmental because of the contexts it operates within.
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Neyrat, Anna. "Le rapport du droit administratif national aux droits administratifs étrangers : les cas de la France et de l'Espagne." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0233/document.
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Les droits administratifs français et espagnol sont traditionnellement présentés comme des idéaux-types opposés dans leur rapport aux droits administratifs étrangers. Comme exportateur, le droit administratif français considère ses homologues étrangers comme un réceptacle de son influence ; comme importateur, le droit administratif espagnol les envisage comme source de son enrichissement. Si une telle présentation repose sur des raisons temporelles et culturelles qui ont fait du droit administratif français un modèle et du droit administratif espagnol un imitateur, et s’illustre par de nombreuses manifestations, elle se révèle être partiellement inexacte. Historiquement, elle est trop réductrice en envisageant l’exclusivité de ces deux postures. Elle est ensuite dépassée aujourd’hui, à l’heure de la globalisation, puisque les solutions juridiques circulent sans que l’on identifie clairement des exportateurs ou des importateurs. Cette recherche invite alors à poser un regard différent sur ces présupposés qui considèrent le droit administratif français comme un exportateur et le droit administratif espagnol comme un importateurFrench and Spanish Administrative Laws are, traditionally, presented as two opposed “ideal-types”. Indeed, their relations to foreign Administrative Laws and their way to think these relations are deeply different. While French Administrative Law is viewed as understanding its foreign equivalents as recipients of its own influence, Spanish Administrative Law is seen as using them as a way to enrich its own representations. A such picture is induced by temporal and cultural reasons that make French administrative law a model for other administrative laws and Spanish one an imitator. This observation has many manifestations but is partially inaccurate . Historically, these two positions are too reductive. Moreover, nowadays, in a time of globalization a such affirmation is outdated. The increase of interactions between legal systems makes difficult to identify which concept is derived from which legal system. Hence, the purpose of this study is to view in a critical way the assumptions that make French administrative law an exporter and Spanish administrative law an importer
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García, Chávez Tania Guadalupe. "Perspectives on community policing : a social constructivist and comparative analysis." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3459/.
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Community policing is one of the more significant recent developments in policing and the notion has been widely discussed and applied around the world. This thesis examines its various conceptions as discussed in the literature and in practice, with particular emphasis being given to the role of trust between police and citizens in this context. The investigation adopts a constructivist and qualitative comparative analysis based in two countries: Mexico and the UK (with two case studies in each country) and with data primarily collected through interviews with samples of police and citizens. Key findings are that: The variety of conceptions about community policing highlight the complex nature of the notion and the many factors shaping its varied practices. Police assumptions as to what constitutes good practice in community policing and what success might look like, deserve to be re-examined. The social constructions that police and citizens hold about community policing provide valuable sources of insight which challenge some of the conventional understandings regarding policing priorities. Trust is a vital ingredient for successful community policing and needs to be based as much on the police trusting citizens and communities as the other way round.
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Bourlot, Maria Solange. "Direito, sociedade, ambiente e reforma agrária: debates sobre a função socioambiental da propriedade na Argentina, no Brasil e no Paraguai." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-15042015-160137/.
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A insatisfação com o sistema latifundiário predominante na América Latina tem levado à implementação de reformas, ainda que com diferentes intensidades. O direito constitui um fator essencial nesses processos, através dos textos constitucionais e das leis que dispõem que a propriedade da terra deve cumprir uma função social. Tal concepção significou uma transformação do clássico direito de propriedade, aquele que assegura o uso pleno e ilimitado do bem pelo proprietário. Sua incorporação nas constituições ocorreu num processo amplo de reconhecimento dos direitos econômicos, sociais e culturais, denominado constitucionalismo social, verdadeira mudança de paradigma em meio a uma grande concorrência de interesses e pressões. Junto à função social, posteriormente foi considerada a função ambiental da propriedade fundiária, entendida como um requisito essencial nos tempos atuais. Este trabalho consiste num estudo comparativo acerca do surgimento, evolução e incorporação do princípio da função socioambiental da propriedade pelos ordenamentos jurídicos da Argentina, do Brasil e do Paraguai, assim como sobre o entendimento dos Tribunais de última instância a respeito da sua aplicação em casos concretos. Graças à revisão e análise do material bibliográfico, pôde-se interpretar que a pressão exercida pelos movimentos sociais constitui um dos principais fatores que determinaram a incorporação deste princípio nos sistemas jurídicos, embora com diferentes níveis de profundidade, vista a disparidade de força com a qual estes grupos atuam nos três países. Por outro lado, através da análise de conteúdo dos principais julgamentos dos Tribunais Superiores tratando sobre a função socioambiental da propriedade, foi possível advertir que tal princípio é aceito e levado em conta nos três casos. Porém, principalmente no caso brasileiro, seu cumprimento é em última análise colocado num segundo plano para a resolução das controvérsias, o que demonstra que sua aplicação concreta como princípio de justiça social é ainda tímida no âmbito judiciário.The discontent with the landowner system in Latin America has led to the implementation of reforms, although with different intensities. The law has been a key factor in these processes through constitutions and laws which state that land ownership should fulfill a social function. This has meant to a transformation of the classic ownership law, one that ensures the full and unlimited use of the good by the owner. Its incorporation in constitutions takes place within a broad recognition process of economic, social and cultural rights, called social constitutionalism, a genuine paradigm shift that entailed huge fight of interests and pressures. Besides the social function, later was considered the environmental function, understood as a key requirement nowadays. This work is a comparative study about the emergence, evolution and incorporation of the social and environmental function principle of property by the legal systems of Argentina, Brazil and Paraguay, as well as on the understanding of the courts of last resorts regarding of their application in specific cases. By means of the review and analysis of bibliographic material, we could interpret that the pressure exerted by social movements has been one of the main factors in determining the incorporation of this principle in the legal systems, although with different strength, given the relevance of these groups operation in the three countries. Moreover, by analyzing the content of the Superior Courts main judgments dealing with the social and environmental function of property, it was possible to observe that such a principle is accepted and taken into account in all three cases. However, especially in the Brazilian case, its lack of compliance is placed in the background for disputes resolution, which shows that its practical application as a principle of social justice claims is still timid in courts.
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Luo, Gang. "La protection de l'autonomie personnelle en matière matrimoniale dans le cadre des traditions juridiques européenne et chinoise : études comparatives sur la transformation historique vers un nouveau "ius commune" de la liberté matrimoniale à la lumière des droits français, allemand, anglais et du droit chinois." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D005.
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Dans une actualité où l’institution matrimoniale est devenue l’expression d’une liberté individuelle, s’élevant au niveau du droit constitutionnel et du droit international, on se demande d’abord si un nouveau droit commun à cet égard est né à la base des traditions européenne et chinoise, et puis dans quelle mesure. Ces réponses dépendent étroitement d’un regard sur le passé de cette institution à la lumière du droit comparé. Fondé sur le droit romano-canonique, le ius commune europaeum avait laissé une grande liberté comme le consensualisme romain à la conclusion du mariage mais exclu le divorce, ce qui avait été suivi par les droits français, allemand et anglais jusqu’au XVIème siècle. C’est la Réforme protestante au XVIème siècle et les codifications nationales au XVIIIème et XIXème siècle qui ont fait l’éclatement de ce vieux droit commun. Toutefois, la notion de liberté individuelle et la réclamation d’égalité juridique ont jeté des bases d’un nouveau droit commun de la liberté matrimoniale qui évoque non seulement la liberté de se marier mais celle de divorcer. C’est depuis le XXème siècle que la notion européenne de liberté matrimoniale, du moins en tant qu’« état d’esprit », a pénétré dans l’ordre juridique chinois, aboutissant à la rupture chinoise avec son héritage traditionnel qui avait rendu défavorisée et inégalitaire la liberté individuelle des époux, et à la naissance d’un nouveau droit commun qui traverse les deux traditions. Néanmoins, une telle convergence, en raison de la contrainte culturelle étant le fruit d’évolutions historiques distinctes, n’est encore qu’un rapprochement conceptuel et idéologiqueIn the current situation where the matrimonial institution has become the expression of an individual freedom, rising to the level of constitutional law and international law, questions may arise as to, first, whether a new ius commune in this respect has been born on the basis of Chinese and European legal traditions, and then, to what extent. The answers closely depend on a glance at the past of this institution in the light of comparative law. Based on Romano-Canon law, the ius commune europaeum had left a considerable freedom as Roman consensus to the conclusion of marriage, but excluded the divorce, which had been followed by French, German and English laws until the 16th century. It is the Protestant Reformation of the 16th century and national codifications of the 18th and 19th century that maked this old ius commune burst. Nevertheless, the notion of individual freedom and the claim of legal equality provided the basis for a new ius commune of matrimonial freedom that evokes not only the freedom to marry but also the freedom to divorce. It is since the 20th century that the European notion of matrimonial freedom, at least as a “state of spirit”, penetrated into the Chinese legal order, leading to China’s break with its traditional heritage that had made the individual freedom of the spouses disadvantaged and unequal, and to the birth of a new ius commune crossing the two traditions. However, such a convergence, due to the cultural constraint being the fruit of distinct historical evolutions, is still only a conceptual and ideological rapprochement
In der gegenwärtigen Situation, wo die Institution der Ehe zum Ausdruck der individuellen Freiheit geworden ist, die sich auf dem Niveau des Verfassungs- und Völkerrechts erhoben hat, ist zunächst zu hinterfragen, ob ein neues gemeines Recht in dieser Hinsicht entstanden ist, das sich aus der europäischen und chinesischen Rechtstraditionen ergibt, und dann inwieweit. Die Antworten auf diese Fragen hängen in hohem Maße von einem Blick zurück in die Vergangenheit dieser Institution im Lichte der Rechtsvergleichung. Das römisch-kanonische Ius commune, das bis zum 16. Jahrhundert von der französischen, deutschen, englischen Rechte gefolgt worden war, hatte der Eheschließung eine grosse Freiheit wie römische Konsensvereinbarung gelassen, aber die Ehescheidung ausgeschlossen. Die protestantische Reformation im 16. Jahrhundert und die Nationalkodifikationen im 18. und 19. Jahrhundert zersplitterten dieses alte gemeine Recht. Allerdings schufen der Gedanke der individuellen Freiheit und die Einforderung der Rechtsgleichheit wichtige Grundlagen für einen neuen gemeinen Recht von Ehefreiheit, das sich nicht nur auf die Eheschließungsfreiheit sondern auch auf die Ehescheidungsfreiheit beruft. Seit 20. Jahrhundert ist der europäische Begriff von Ehefreiheit zumindest als eine „Geisteshaltung“ in die chinesische Rechtsordnung eingeführt worden. Dies hat dazu geführt, dass China mit dem traditionellen Erbe gebrochen hat, das die individuelle Freiheit der Ehegatten benachteiligt hatte, und dass ein neues gemeines Recht quer durch diese zwei Rechtstraditionen entstanden ist. Aufgrund der kulturellen Einschränkung, die auf unterschiedliche historische Entwicklungen zurückzuführen sind, ist dennoch eine solche Angleichung noch immer eine konzeptionelle und ideologische Annäherung
当前，婚姻制度已经演进成为个人自由的表达，并且上升到了宪法与国际法的层面，于是人们不禁要问，在这一方面基于中欧两大法律传统的新的“共同法”是否已经形成？如果有，在多大的范围内呢？这些答案紧紧地取决于从比较法的角度对这个制度既往史的考察。根植于中世纪罗马教会法的“欧洲共同法”对婚姻的缔结赋予了极大的自由，如罗马式意思一致，但却排除了离婚自由，并在十六世纪以前被法国法、德国法以及英格兰法所共同遵循。正是欧洲十六世纪的宗教改革以及十八和十九世纪的民族国家法典化运动打碎了旧的“共同法”秩序。尽管如此，个人自由的观念和法律平等的诉求为婚姻自由新一轮的“共同法”奠定了基础，不仅涉及结婚自由，还扩大到离婚自由。正是二十世纪以来，婚姻自由的欧洲观念，起码作为一种“精神状态”，被引入中国法律秩序，使中国与其传统遗产（夫妻个人自由的不尊重和不平等）相决裂，横跨两大法律传统的新一轮“共同法” 也相应诞生。然而，由于不同历史演进所带来的文化束缚，这样的一种趋同，目前还只是处于一种概念上和观念形态上的接近。
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Rivron, Sarah. "La notion d'Indirect rule." Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT3020/document.
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L'administration coloniale a pris de nombreuses formes au fil des siècles, et l'Indirect rule est l'une des plus représentatives de la colonisation britannique. A ce titre, il convient de s'intéresser aux causes et aux conséquences de ce système de gouvernement, ainsi qu'aux spécificités qui y sont liées en pratique. Cette analyse portera donc essentiellement sur sa mise en application au Nigeria, ainsi que sa diffusion dans l'empire colonial britannique d'Afrique. Afin d'approfondir cette étude, l'Indirect rule sera également abordé d'un point de vue plus théorique, notamment concernant l'évolution de sa perception par les historiens du droit. De même, sa spécificité sera questionnée, notamment en la comparant à d'autres systèmes de gouvernement coloniaux européensColonial administration evolved a lot through centuries, and Indirect rule is one of the most representative of the British one. As such, it is interesting to look at the reasons and the issues of the particular system of government, as well as the particularities linked to Indirect rule in the facts. This analysis will be more specifically about how Indirect rule worked in Nigeria, as well as its diffusion through the British colonial empire in Africa. In order to complete the study, Indirect rule will also broached from a theoretical point of view, in particular regarding the evolution of how historians of law considered it. Moreover, its specificities will be observed, in particular by comparing indirect rule with other Europeans colonial governments
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Potschka, Christian. "Towards a market in broadcasting : a comparative analysis of British and German communications policy." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2010. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6324.
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Political structures and the evolution of late capitalism in liberal Western democracies lend a common frame to the development of national media systems. However, whereas media policy from the post-war period to the mid-1980s was largely driven by socio-political concerns and coextensive with policy for public service television, this model has been vehemently challenged. Key factors were the convergence of erstwhile-separated industries and infrastructures, as well as the ambitions of the corporate sector and governments alike, to benefit from the economic opportunities offered by the communications revolution. By assessing the changing relationship between the role of the state, economic structures and technological innovation, this research investigates these processes in the UK and Germany. Both countries have the two key public service systems but also feature striking differences such as the antithetic political systems and democratic processes (majoritarian vs. consensus democracy). The basic assumption suggests that a genuine understanding of contemporary developments is only possible if political/economic as well as historic/sociological perspectives are incorporated into the holistic approach applied. Thereby this study gives consideration to key processes and events which have determined transitions between communications policy paradigms and regulatory regimes. Given the Anglo-Saxon tradition of regulating, key processes and events in the UK are often indicated by the appointment and report of a committee of enquiry. For the purpose of this study the most crucial of these is the Committee on Financing the BBC (1986), which first applied market-driven politics onto British broadcasting, and whose recommendations still serve as a blueprint for current communications policy-making. In Germany the KtK Report (1974) formed the basis for decisive reforms in broadcasting and communications. Apart from that, however, Germany features the characteristic of administering state interventions in as detailed a manner as possible through legislation. Of central importance are, therefore, the rulings of the Federal Constitutional Court, which continuously set decisive parameters for the development of the broadcasting system. The thesis follows two driving themes which have been identified as crucial in terms of the comparative dimension and are elaborated continuously in more detail. First, the focus is on the interdependencies between public and private sector. Second, implications and responses of the central vis-à-vis federal characteristic of state formation are investigated. In doing so, the thesis draws on vast sources of archival documents as well as exclusive material from a series of elite interviews with a purposively-selected sample of very high-level sources, including Chairmen, Director-Generals, ministers, very senior civil servants and so on. The thesis demonstrates how communications policy-making is carried out in both countries and how these processes are determined by national regulatory frameworks which are rooted within the borders of the nation state. As such the research findings have broader implications for commercial and public sector regulation.
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Rahon-Dos, Santos Marie-Bénédicte. "Les professeurs de droit du Collège de France (1612-1919)." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCB044.
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Le Collège de France, créé en 1530, a pour objectif principal d'enseigner des matières nouvelles, non présentes dans le paysage universitaire. Le droit, représenté par la Faculté de droit de Paris, est ainsi, au commencement, mis de côté. Il faut attendre 1612, pour qu'une chaire de droit soit instituée au Collège de France. Cette discipline est représentée jusqu'en 1919. La première chaire de droit est intitulée chaire de droit canon, il s'agit ici d'un enseignement classique, pourtant cette institution décide de mettre en place cette matière en son sein. Les raisons sont de divers ordres : politiques mais également scientifiques et s'inscrivent contre toute apparence dans le projet principal du Collège. Au cours de l'époque moderne, deux chaires de droit canon sont ainsi présentes. La première de 1612 à 1792 est simplement supprimée sous la Révolution, la seconde de 1689 à 1773, est transformée en chaire de droit de la nature et des gens. Cette transformation met en place un enseignement inédit en France. En effet, si cette matière est déjà enseignée dans d'autres pays notamment outre-Rhin, elle ne l'est pas en France. Exclue du champ universitaire classique, le Collège de France voit dans la création de cette chaire, non seulement la mise en valeur d'un enseignement inexistant à la Faculté, mais également la mise en place d'un certain contrôle sur une matière polémique. Cette chaire traverse plus d'un siècle, très mouvementé, et est transformée en 1887. Enfin, une chaire d'histoire des législations comparées est créée en 1831 et perdure jusqu'en 1919. Il s'agit de la dernière chaire de droit. Cette matière est la plus innovante. Ces quatre chaires ne doivent leur création, leur existence et leur fin qu'à leurs titulaires. Ce n'est pas tant la chaire, ou la matière elle-même qui comptent que ce dernier. Il s'agit d'un système intuitu personae, ou la personne même du professeur est fondamentale. L'intérêt de cette étude porte donc sur les professeurs eux-mêmes, d'un point de vue personnel, institutionnel et scientifique. Les professeurs sont ainsi étudiés dans leurs rapports avec le Collège de France, les pouvoirs publics, les autres institutions de l'enseignement supérieur, principalement la Faculté de droit de Paris, mais aussi dans leurs relations avec leurs homologues et avec la doctrine juridiqueThe main goal of the Collège de France, created in 1530, is to teach new subjects that are not presented in the traditional academic landscape. Law, presented by the Paris Faculty of Law, used to be part of those set aside courses. It was not until 1612 that a chair of law was instituted at the Collège de France where it was then presented until 1919. The first chair of law, called chair of canon law, became part of this institution's offer despite being classified as formal education. Against all odds, that decision was aligned with the College's main goal and was taken for various reasons, both political and scientific. During the modern era, two chairs of canon law are present. The first chair, operated from 1612 to 1792, is simply suppressed during the Revolution ; the second one, operated from 1689 to 1773, is transformed into a chair of law of nature and people. This transformation sets up an unprecedented educational system in France. Indeed, although this subject is already taught in other countries, particularly across the Rhine, it is not the case in France yet. Excluded from the classical university field, the Collège de France sees in the creation of this chair, not only the enhancement of a non-existent teaching at the Faculty, but also the establishment of a certain control over a controversial subject. This chair goes through a very hectic century before being transformed in 1887. Finally, a chair of history of comparative legislation was created in 1831 and lasted until 1919. This was the last chair of law and the most innovative material. These four chairs owe their creation, their existence and their end only to their professors. It is the latter that really count, before the chair or the material itself. It is an intuitu personae system, where the character of the teacher himself is fundamental. Consequently, this study focuses on the teachers themselves, from a personal, institutional and scientific point of view. Thus, teachers are studied through their relations with the Collège de France, public authorities or other institutions of higher education such as the Paris Faculty of Law, but also in their relationship with their counterparts and with the legal doctrine
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Gandois, H. N. A. "The emergence of regional security organisations : a comparative study on ECOWAS and SADC." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:82c09a8b-6a13-45dc-b017-a89ceaaea7f8.
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The emergence of regional security organisations during the 1990s in Africa proved to be of great significance for the lives of many Africans, including those living in conflict-torn countries such as Liberia, Sierra Leone, Côte d’Ivoire or the Democratic Republic of Congo, but, at the same time, this phenomenon has been understudied. This dissertation explores why regional security organisations with an agenda of democratic governance emerged in Africa in the 1990s. This question is answered with two in-depth case studies on the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Driven by an empirical puzzle, this study is both hypothesis-testing and hypothesis generating. The study starts by laying out the different possible factors put forward by several bodies of theory in international relations to explain the emergence of ECOWAS and SADC as security organisations. These hypotheses are then tested throughout the history and the evolution of ECOWAS and SADC in order to highlight the circumstances of their creation and their qualified failure as economic communities. This is followed by a comparative analysis of the security and democracy mandates entrusted to ECOWAS and SADC by its member states based on the study of the legal texts that outline the specific objectives of each regional security organisation and the tools they were given to implement their mandates. The study finally analyses the implementation records of ECOWAS and SADC in order to assess the commitment of their member states to their new democracy and security mandate. The research concludes with the two following hypotheses: 1) A security agenda cannot emerge without the involvement of the regional hegemon. 2) What the regional hegemon can do, including affecting the speed of the transformation, is constrained by the acceptance of its leadership by its neighbours (legitimacy) and by state weakness (capability).
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Numata, Yuki. "Why Foreign Policy Principles Persist: Understanding the Reinterpretations of Japan’s Article 9 and Switzerland’s Neutrality." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/157.
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This study examines why Japan and Switzerland have chosen to keep the vocabulary of Article 9 and neutrality, respectively, and to reinterpret their definitions to suit their needs (policy reinterpretation), instead of simply abandoning the original policy and replacing it with a new, more suitably worded policy that clarifies the changing policy position of the government (policy abandonment). By analyzing the legal history of the overseas capabilities of the Japanese Self-Defense Forces and the Swiss Armed Forces, as well as the actions and influences of the government, political parties, and the public, this study finds the following trends. First, the government tends to refrain from policy abandonment either due to perceived public opposition or benefits in international negotiations. Second, party resistance is not an significantly influential factor in the choice of policy abandonment over policy reinterpretation. Finally, public opinion is influential, but self-contradictory; often supporting the change in policy (increased overseas capabilities of armed forces) but opposing the concept of policy abandonment due to high attachment to the respective policies of Article 9 and neutrality.
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Acosta, Joaquin Emilio. "La constitutionnalisation du droit colombien des contrats : contribution à l'étude du droit transnational des contrats." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0274.
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Traditionnellement, le droit des contrats de tradition romaniste a eu, pour l’essentiel, sa source dans la loi et notamment dans le Code civil. Ainsi les contractants ont disposé d’une grande liberté d’action juridique, car la plupart des lois régissant les contrats présentaient un caractère supplétif de la volonté individuelle. Cependant, cette primauté du législatif a été limitée par la promulgation des Constitutions d’après-guerre. En effet et incontestablement, les droits de l’homme sont à la mode, et cette vogue laisse son empreinte dans le droit des contrats. Désormais, il n’est plus possible au législateur de porter atteinte à certains principes ayant valeur constitutionnelle. De plus, ce système permet au juge constitutionnel contemporain d’annuler des dispositions législatives portant atteinte à des tels impératifs. De même, les gardiens des nouvelles constitutions s’octroient le pouvoir d’indiquer l’interprétation que les juges ordinaires doivent retenir des textes législatifs. De cette façon le juge constitutionnel devient un acteur important du droit des contrats dans la famille romaniste. Il émerge ainsi un évènement qui marque une nouvelle étape dans le développement du droit privé des contrats : sa constitutionnalisation. Or ce nouvel épisode donne lieu au débat sur une éventuelle remise en cause de l’ordre contractuel civilisteTraditionally, the law of contracts of Romani tradition has basically had its source in the law and in particular in the Civil Code. Thus the contracting parties had a great deal of legal discretion, since most of the laws governing contracts had a residual character of the individual will. However, this primacy of the legislature has been limited by the promulgation of the post-war Constitutions. Indeed and incontestably, human rights are the fashion, and this vogue leaves its imprint in the law of contracts. From now on, it is no longer possible for the legislator to violate certain principles having constitutional value. Moreover, this system allows the contemporary constitutional judge to annul statutory provisions that violate such imperatives. Similarly, the guardians of the new constitutions give themselves the power to indicate the interpretation that ordinary judges must adopt of the legislative texts. In this way the constitutional judge becomes an important actor of contract law in the Romanist family. Thus, an event marks a new stage in the development of private contract law: its constitutionalization. This new episode gives rise to the debate on a possible questioning of the contractual civil order
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Falélavaki, Yannick. "L'histoire d'une conversion : la doctrine française du XIXe siècle et le recours à la comparaison juridique." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1G022/document.
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Alors que la doctrine juridique française ne semble porter qu’un intérêt relatif pour les droits étrangers entre 1815 et 1869, elle recourt au contraire de façon intensive au droit comparé entre 1869 et 1914. Comment expliquer ce basculement ? La première période est marquée par le silence d’une large partie de la doctrine relativement aux droits étrangers : ayant à sa disposition de véritables modèles juridiques (les codes napoléoniens), celle-ci ne ressent effectivement pas le besoin de porter son regard au-delà des frontières nationales mais se concentre presque exclusivement sur les seuls textes de ces codes nouveaux. En matière d’enseignement, cela se traduit notamment par l’adoption de la méthode exégétique ; d’ailleurs encouragée par l’Etat… Bien qu’une poignée de juristes français s’élève rapidement contre cette méthode qu’ils jugent insatisfaisante, les pionniers de la comparaison juridique ne forment alors que le cercle restreint des membres de la doctrine française. Mais ils annoncent et préparent leurs successeurs à l’ « ère comparative ». C’est en effet en 1869 qu’est fondée la Société de législation comparée, ses fondateurs pressentant en réalité dès cette date un « retard français », sur le plan juridique mais aussi dans les autres domaines (économie, enseignement, armée, sciences, etc.), qu’il sera difficile selon eux de combler. L’année suivante, la défaite de Sedan ne fait que confirmer leurs craintes. Surtout, elle pousse les jurisconsultes français à s’intéresser activement aux droits étrangers, en particulier celui du vainqueur. D’après eux, la comparaison juridique peut participer au « redressement français ». Du point de vue juridique, elle vise en effet à rénover le droit français et ses codes vieillissants. Ainsi s’explique, en définitive, l’intérêt grandissant porté par les plus célèbres juristes français de la fin du XIXe siècle et du début du XXe siècle au droit comparé. Certains auront même pour ambition de l’ériger en scienceWhile the French legal doctrine seems to be barely concerned about foreign laws between 1815 and 1869, it appeals intensively to comparative law between 1869 and 1914. How to explain this swing ? The first period was marked by the silence of a large part of the doctrine in respect of foreign laws : having at its disposal genuine legal models (the Napoleonic codes), the doctrine actually does not feel the need to look across national borders but almost exclusively focuses on the texts of these new codes. In terms of education, this is reflected by the adoption of the exegetical method ; incidentally encouraged by the state... Although a handful of French lawyers quickly rise against this method they consider unsatisfying, the pioneers of legal comparison then constitute the limited circle of members of the French doctrine. But they announce and prepare their successors for the "comparative era." It is indeed in 1869 that the Société de legislation comparée is founded, the founders actually foreseeing since then a "French delay" in legal terms but also in other fields (economy, education, military, science, etc.), that it will be difficult to fill. The following year, the defeat of Sedan confirmed their fears. Above all, it pushes the French jurisconsults to take an active interest in foreign laws, especially the one of the winner. According to them, the legal comparison can contribute to the "French recovery." From a legal perspective, it is indeed to restore French law and its aging code. This explains, ultimately, the growing interest by the most famous French jurists of the late XIXth and early XXth century for comparative law. Some will even have the ambition to erect it in science
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Maze, Jonathan William. "With Liberty and Justice for All: An Examination of the United States’ Compliance with Rule of Law as it relates to Domestic and International Terrorism." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1527529654328283.
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Aragoneses, Alfons. ""Au-delà du code civil mais par le code civil". Raymond Saleilles (1855-1912) y la lucha por el derecho comparado." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/7677.
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Raymond Saleilles (1855-1912) és considerat pels comparatistes com pare del dret comparat modern. De fet fou el màxim responsable de l'organització del primer congrés internacional de dret comparat a París el 1900. L'època marcada per la internacionalització dels intercanvis, la crisi del mètode jurídic francès i el repte de la codificació alemanya i suïssa motivà alguns juristes a buscar noves formes d'estudiar el dret. Saleilles defensava pel dret comparat un mètode, un objecte i un fi propis i autònoms diferents dels que fins ara tenien la dogmàtica jurídica o l'estudi de la legislació estrangera. El mètode tenia els seus fonaments en la sociologia i la història. L'objectiu del dret comparat havia de ser la construcció d'un ideal "droit commun de l'humanité civilisée". Aquest dret comú havia de ser construït no només per la doctrina sinó també per la jurisprudència i el legislador.Raymond Saleilles (1855-1912) is considered by many comparatists as the father of modern comparative law. Saleilles had a great responsibility in the organization of the first International Congress on comparative Law in Paris in 1900. This event is still today considered as the foundation moment of modern comparative law.
Saleilles' times were those of the internationalization of exchanges, of the crisis of the "Exegèse" Method and of the new challenging German and Swiss civil codification.
Saleilles tried to build a new discipline, comparative law, with its own method, object and aim. This method had its basis on sociology and history and tried to break the national and scientifical fences of Jurisprudence.
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Bluffstone, Zoe. "Seeking Redemption in a World of Waste: A Comparative Analysis of Bottle Deposit Systems and Campaigns and a Consideration of Their Comprehensive Sustainability." Oberlin College Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=oberlin1462983935.
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Mäkinen, Ilkka. "On suicide in European countries : some theoretical, legal and historical views on suicide mortality and its concomitants." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 1997. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-48376.
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The theme of this thesis is suicide mortality in its various aspects, seen from an international, European perspective. It questions the existence of social (structural) concomitants to suicide mortality and investigates attitudes towards and legislation concerning suicide, as well as some historical processes pertaining to their development. Paper 1 replicates an authoritative study of the "correlates of suicide" on a national level in European countries. It shows that the findings of this study do not hold 16 years later, and it presents some ideas as to why these changes have taken place. It is suggested that there are no simple social correlates to suicide on this level, and that suicide rates tend to vary according to, among other things, international cultural influences. Paper 2 investigates penal legislation relating to suicide in European countries. Three types of punishable action are found: 1) aiding suicide, 2) abetting suicide, and 3) driving somebody to suicide. A majority of European countries include some of these acts in their criminal laws. However, the laws vary very widely between countries, thereby constituting a notable exception to the common presumption of uniformity of law. The scope of the criminalization and the severity of the penalties for the crimes covary both with cultural attitudes towards suicide and with suicide rates. The results are interpreted as indicating the existence of a cultural-normative system, consisting of the cultural attitudes towards suicide, the laws regulating the actions relating to suicide and, perhaps, religion. It influences the occurrence of suicide, mainly by offering individuals cultural models of behavior. Paper 3 describes the process towards the decriminalization of suicide (in 1864) in Sweden, its causes and consequences. It is suggested that the law change took place because of a) the international ideological currents of the time (the heritage of the Enlightenment), b) the examples presented by other European countries, and c) the radical changes in people's behavior. The reform was long overdue, and thus did not have a direct effect on suicide mortality. The increase in Swedish suicide rates in the 19th century is seen as connected with certain aspects of the "modernization" process. Paper 4 addresses the prospects and problems connected with the ap-plication of Talcott Parsons's functionalist theory to suicide research, in particular when contrasting it with Durkheim's theory. It is found that the latter, despite its shortcomings, still dominates socially oriented suicide research. Parsons's theory is seen as implicating the cultural primacy of suicide mortality. Its general usability is, however, highly uncertain since many of its essential constituent parts are not well suited to the subject. A model for suicide rates, consisting of cultural (domestic and inter-national), political, social, diffusion and availability factors is presented. Taken together, the papers constitute a case for cultural (as opposed to socio-structural) research into suicide mortality. They question the repeated testing of structural variables in favor of creating cultural indicators. They suggest some new lines of research, and call for a consistently universal perspective on the problem of suicide and suicide mortality.Härtill fyra uppsatser.
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Curk, Joshua M. "From Jew to Gentile : Jewish converts and conversion to Christianity in medieval England, 1066-1290." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:996a375b-43ac-42fc-a9f5-0edfa519d249.
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The subject of this thesis is Jewish conversion to Christianity in medieval England. The majority of the material covered dates between 1066 and c.1290. The overall argument of the thesis contends that converts to Christianity in England remained essentially Jews. Following a discussion of the relevant secondary literature, which examines the existing discussion of converts and conversion, the principal arguments contained in the chapters of the thesis include the assertion that the increasing restrictiveness of the laws and rules regulating the Jewish community in England created a push factor towards conversion, and that converts to Christianity inhabited a legal grey area, neither under the jurisdiction of the Exchequer of the Jews, nor completely outside of it. Numerous questions are asked (and answered) about the variety of convert experience, in order to argue that there was a distinction between leaving Judaism and joining Christianity. Two convert biographies are presented. The first shows how the liminality that was a part of the conversion process affected the post-conversion life of a convert, and the second shows how a convert might successfully integrate into Christian society. The analysis of converts and conversion focusses on answering a number of questions. These relate to, among other things, pre-conversion relationships with royal family members, the reaction to corrody requests for converts, motives for conversion, forced or coerced conversions, the idea that a convert could be neither Christian nor Jew, converts re-joining Judaism, converts who carried the names of royal functionaries, the domus conversorum, convert instruction, and converting minors. The appendix to the thesis contains a complete catalogue of Jewish converts in medieval England. Among other things noted therein are inter-convert relationships, and extant source material. Each convert also has a biography.
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Haverals, Jacqueline. "Analyse de la connexion entre les droits comptable et fiscal belges à la lumière du principe de l'image fidèle." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210762.
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Schotter, Geoffrey. "A Peculiar Type of Democratic Unity: Carl J. Friedrich's Strange Schmittian Turn 0r How Friedrich Stopped Worrying and Learned to Decide on the Exception." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1301688653.
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Fahlbusch, Markus. "European integration in the field of human rights protection: the interaction on the basis of different constitutional cultures." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209162.
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The present thesis suggests that judicial interaction can benefit constructive solutions of concrete human rights problems as a specific way of integrating European human rights protection. This affirmation is substantiated by case studies examining the interaction of the European Court of Human Rights with the UK House of Lords and Supreme Court on the one hand and with the German Federal Constitutional Court on the other. Yet, the manner in which the courts proceed in their interaction, notably in view of their potentially conflictual stances, can deflect from the concentration on constructively solving the substantive human rights problem with which the courts are confronted. Accordingly, the courts might be inclined to preserve the status quo of their initial positions and to resort to a mere compromise between the different interests involved.This thesis identifies two major factors in the courts’ reasoning that inhibit the fruitful discussion of the substantive human rights questions brought up by the cases: the reference to “culture” and the focus on their institutional relationship with the balancing of possibly conflicting interests. By way of analysing practical cases against a legal- and political-theoretical backdrop, this work develops how these two factors contribute to the obstruction of a constructive interaction between the courts and to the shielding of controversial views from being discussed and challenged. In response, also by reference to the concrete practice of the courts, this thesis puts forward an approach to the interaction which avoids this inhibiting effect and therefore allows for a comprehensive, deep and critical discussion on how to solve the specific human rights problems raised by the cases./La présente thèse soutient que l’interaction judiciaire peut bénéficier à des solutions constructives des problèmes concrets de droits de l’homme comme une forme spécifique d’intégration de la protection européenne des droits de l’homme. Cette affirmation est corroborée par des études de cas qui examinent l’interaction de la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme avec la House of Lords et la Cour suprême du Royaume-Uni d’un côté et avec la Cour constitutionnelle fédérale de l’Allemagne de l’autre. Pourtant, la manière dont les cours procèdent dans leur interaction, notamment au vu de leurs points de vue potentiellement conflictuels, peut détourner l’attention de la solution constructive des problèmes substantiels des droits de l’homme auxquels les cours font face. En conséquence, il se peut que les cours soient susceptibles de préserver le statu quo de leurs positions initiales et d’avoir recours à un simple compromis entre les différents intérêts en cause.
Cette thèse identifie deux facteurs majeurs dans le raisonnement des cours qui entravent la discussion fructueuse des questions substantielles soulevées par les cas :la référence à la « culture » et la concentration sur leur relation institutionnelle avec le balancement des intérêts possiblement conflictuels. Au moyen de l’analyse des cas pratiques sur le fond de la théorie juridique et politique, ce travail fait ressortir comment ces deux facteurs contribuent à l’obstruction d’une interaction constructive entre les cours et à la protection des opinions controversées contre leur discussion et défi. En réponse, également en se fondant sur la pratique concrète des cours, cette thèse avance une approche quant à l’interaction qui évite cet effet inhibant et, par conséquent, permet une discussion complète, profonde et critique de comment résoudre les problèmes spécifiques de droits de l’homme posés par les cas.
Doctorat en Sciences juridiques
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Déchaux, Raphaël. "Les normes à constitutionalité renforcée : recherches sur la production du droit constitutionnel." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX32074.
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Le contrôle de constitutionnalité des révisions n’est pas encore accepté en France. Il s’agit d’une position qui fait consensus en doctrine depuis les débuts de la IIIème République. Dans sa décision du 26 mars 2003, le Conseil constitutionnel a également rejeté sa compétence en matière de lois constitutionnelles. Pour autant, la situation française reste, à l’aune du droit comparé, si ce n’est exceptionnelle, du moins isolée par rapport à ses proches voisins allemands et italiens. En outre, il existe dans le texte de la Constitution de 1958 une disposition formellement non-révisable. L’article 89 alinéa 5 dispose ainsi : « La forme républicaine du Gouvernement ne peut faire l’objet d’une révision ». Loin des débats sur la supraconstitutionnalité, il est donc possible d’envisager un contentieux spécifique des lois de révision constitutionnelles sur le fondement même de la Constitution. On désigne ces normes comme des normes à constitutionnalité renforcée. Il s’agit d’envisager d’abord s’il existe en théorie une hiérarchie entre les normes à constitutionnalité renforcée et les normes à constitutionnalité simple. Cette recherche ne peut se fonder que dans le cadre d’une analyse positiviste et kelsénienne du droit. Elle montre bien que le pouvoir constituant pose des normes spécifiques lors de la production de la constitution que le pouvoir de révision, mais aussi tous les autres pouvoirs constitués de l’État, doit respecter. Ensuite, il convient de vérifier que cette théorie est effective dans la pratique. L’étude des « changements de constitution », lors de transitions constitutionnelles ou des révisions totales conforte cette posture théorique. L’analyse de la jurisprudence constitutionnelle comparée démontre enfin que, loin d’être la prémisse d’un « Gouvernement des juges », le contrôle des révisions constitutionnelles permet le parachèvement de l’État de droitJudicial review of constitutional amendments is not yet accepted in France. The legal community quasi-unanimously agreed on that solution since the early days of the III Republic. In its decision dated from march 26th, 2003, the Constitutional Council has explicitly denied its power concerning constitutional amendments. In view of the situation in neighboring countries Germany and Italy, the French situation remains singular, if not exceptional.The Constitution contains a provision which cannot be amended. Article 89 para 5 thus states: The republican form of government shall not be the object of any amendment.” Far from the debate on supraconstitutionaliy, it is therefore possible to envisage a specific action of constitutional amendment, based on the Constitution itself. These norms are called constitutionally enforced. The idea is to determine whether a hierarchy exists between “enforced constitutionally norms” and “simple constitutionally norms”. This research must be conducted under a positivist and kelsenian approach. It demonstrates that the constituent power creates specific norms that the amending power, along with all delegated power must respect. It should then be assessed if this theory is effective. The analysis of “constitutions changes” during constitutional transition reinforces the theoretical analysis. Comparative constitutional law studies demonstrate that judicial review of constitutional amendments is not a “Government by judiciary”; it further advances the rule of Law
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Calderon, Valencia Felipe. "Le contrôle a posteriori de la constitutionnalité des lois en droit français et colombien, éléments de compréhension d'une culture constitutionnelle." Thesis, Paris 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA020021/document.
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L’étude de l’histoire constitutionnelle comparée montre l’essor de la protection du fond et la forme de la Constitution politique. Pour ce faire, le développent des conditions de la création l’implémentation progressive du contrôle a posteriori entre le XVIIIème et XXème, a permis la création d’une actio popularis. Le droit constitutionnel français que le droit constitutionnel colombien possèdent de mécanismes processuels dont les composants favorisent et relient la citoyenneté aux processus qui étaient auparavant à l’usage exclusif de ses représentants. Le but de cette étude est donc de réfléchir sur l’origine des fondements de l’incidence du droit du contentieux constitutionnel dans la préservation de la Constitution comme base de l’ÉtatIf we analyze a posteriori constitutional review of legislation in Comparative law, it will show that State preservation can be made from the individual point of view by an action popularis. Therefore, both the French and the Colombian constitutional law whose components have procedural mechanisms foster a new citizenship in processes that were previously in the hands of their representatives. This essay aims to consider the influences of Procedural Constitutional Law in the preservation of the Constitution as the State’s cornerstone
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Dorvillé, Raphaël. "Anglomanie juridique, des Lumières jusqu'à la première Entente cordiale." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDSJPG/2023/2023ULILD007.pdf.
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Le modèle anglais apparaît, au XVIIIe siècle, comme la référence absolue en matière de droit et de liberté politique, vanté par les juristes francophones et les voyageurs ainsi que par les juristes anglais eux-mêmes, ce qui ouvre la voie à un nouveau monde de la comparaison juridique. Les dernières décennies du XVIIIe siècle voient ainsi un véritable engouement juridique pour l’Angleterre et son modèle politique libéral, alors que les bibliothèques des juristes de premier plan de l’Ancien Régime qu’étaient les parlementaires disposaient de peu d’ouvrages sur le droit étranger. Les premiers auteurs à écrire sur le système juridique anglais rencontrent un grand succès d’édition. Face à l’émergence d’un nouveau monde juridique dans son esprit et sa méthode, quelles sont les méthodes de travail de ces auteurs ? Peut-on leur faire confiance pour comprendre et pour rapporter fidèlement un modèle juridique qu’ils envient souvent ?The English model appeared in the 18th century as the absolute reference, both in terms of law and political freedom, praised by French-speaking jurists and travelers as well as by English jurists themselves, which opened the way to a new world of legal comparison. The last decades of the 18th century thus saw a real legal enthusiasm for England and its liberal political model, while the libraries of leading jurists of the Ancien Régime, such as the members of the Parlements, had few books on foreign law. The first authors to write about the English legal system achieved great publishing success. Faced with the emergence of a new legal world in its spirit and method, what are the working methods of these authors? Can we trust them to understand and faithfully report a legal model which they often envy?
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Roynier, Céline. "Le problème de la liberté dans le constitutionnalisme britannique." Thesis, Paris 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA020090.
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Le relatif échec que fut le Human Rights Act 1998 et les condamnations régulières du Royaume-Uni par la CEDH peuvent être considérés comme les symptômes, parmi d’autres, d’un problème de la liberté dans le constitutionnalisme britannique. Comment expliquer que cet Etat, membre fondateur du Conseil de l’Europe, résiste si fortement à l’application de cette déclaration de droits qu’est la Convention Européenne de Sauvegarde des droits de l’Homme et des libertés fondamentales ? Nous proposons dans ce travail une solution appuyée sur une étude de la culture classique de la common law, c'est-à-dire, essentiellement mais pas seulement, de la grande doctrine parlementaire anglaise du dix-septième siècle. Il nous semble en effet que cette doctrine a fixé la conception anglaise de la liberté et l’a définitivement envisagée comme devant relever de la common law. Nous suggérons que c’est par une redéfinition permanente de la common law que la liberté a été pensée en droit public anglais et que ce travail de redéfinition est encore à l’oeuvre aujourd’hui. Tout d’abord le problème de la liberté – qui s’est aussi posé en France et en Amérique par exemple – a pris une forme particulière en Angleterre : plutôt que de penser la source de légitimité du pouvoir, les juristes anglais ont réfléchi à ce que pouvait être les « marques » d’un droit acceptable pour tous. Cette réflexion a engendré des vagues de politisation du droit mais elle a rendu l’apparition d’un peuple sujet de droit beaucoup plus difficile. La première vague de politisation fait de la common law, le droit de la communauté, c'est-à-dire le droit commun à tous (Partie 1). La seconde vague de politisation de la common law correspond à un approfondissement de la première et fait de la common law un droit de la liberté en articulant le langage de la common law à l’individu par le biais d’une morale constitutionnelle (Partie 2)Many are the signs revealing a certain difficulty with liberty or freedom in british constitutionalism. The relative failure of the Human Rights Act 1998 in terms of efficiency , the never-ending debate about the enactment of a british declaration of rights and the numerous sanctions taken by the ECHR against the UK, can be considered as symptoms of this problem. How, then, is it possible to explain the overwhelming role of the UK in the adoption of the ECHR in the 1950’s and this resistance of the UK towards the European Convention ? Our aim, in this work, is to provide an explanation which would be based on the study of the early modern common law tradition that is mainly (but not exclusively) the parliamentary Doctrine of the Seventeenth Century. We think that this doctrine or discourse established the english conception of liberty and considered this latter as originating in the common law. We suggest that liberty was and is thought as a permanent redefinition of the law itself (the common law) and that this idea gave birth to Public Law exactly at the same time. First of all, the above-mentioned problem of liberty – which appeared in America and France as well – arose in a particular way in England. Rather than focusing on power and its legitimacy, english state lawyers concentrated their work on the marks of a law which could be acceptable for all. This reflexion led to successive waves of politisation of the law itself but did not enable the apparition of a people which would be the source of both law and power. The first wave of politisation established that common law was the law common to all (Part 1). The second wave deepened the first one and enabled the common law to be « the law of liberty » by linking the language of the common law with the individual, through constitutional morality (Part 2)
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Romano, Valerio Cosimo. "Empirical Comparative Law." Doctoral thesis, Luiss Guido Carli, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11385/200991.
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Raith, Alexandre Pacheco. "A cultura da estiva no Porto de Santos: análise comparativa de duas gerações de trabalhadores." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/100/100135/tde-13102015-145823/.
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Este projeto objetiva discutir as experiências na estiva de duas gerações de trabalhadores do Porto de Santos, localizado no litoral sul do Estado de São Paulo, a partir das mudanças na cultura e na organização do trabalho decorrentes da introdução dos contêineres, na década de 1960, e da promulgação da Lei de Modernização dos Portos, em 1993. O trabalho pretende analisar este processo por meio de uma investigação empírica com pais e filhos estivadores, a fim de identificar as diferentes percepções das mudanças no setor portuário. O objetivo é o de descrever como cada geração vivenciou as transformações impostas pelo novo cenário de produção e de que forma realizou-se o processo de herança e de transmissão da cultura da estiva. Por meio de um estudo empírico com estivadores de duas gerações espera-se identificar as diferentes práticas vividas no âmbito do trabalho e na esfera social. A história oral é o principal aporte metodológico para captar a experiência e buscar a memória dos estivadores. Desta forma, a pesquisa debate sobre a herança da cultura da estiva entre pais e filhos e as permanências e as rupturas na transmissão geracionalThis project discusses the work experiences of two generations of stevedoring workers at the Port of Santos, located on the southern coast of São Paulo. We consider the changes in the culture and the organization of work due to the introduction of containers, in the 1960s, and the creation of the Port Modernization Law in 1993. The study aims to examine this process through an empirical research with parents and sons, all stevedores, in order to identify the different perceptions of the changes occurred in the port sector with the 1993´s Law. The objective is to describe how each generation has experienced the changes imposed by the new production scenario and how the process of inheritance and transmission of the culture of stowage works. Considering this empirical study of two generations of stevedores we expect to identify different experiences in the work of stevedoring and in the social sphere. Oral history is the main methodological approach to capture the experiences and to register the memory of the stevedores. This research debates the heritage of culture stowage and the permanence and ruptures in the generational succession
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Díaz, Serrano Ana. "El modelo político de la Monarquía Hispánica desde una perspectiva comparada. Las repúblicas de Murcia y Tlaxcala durante el siglo XVI." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Murcia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10898.
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Durante el siglo XVI, las oligarquías de las repúblicas de Murcia (en el sureste de la Península Ibérica) y Tlaxcala (en el Valle Central de México), a pesar de sus particularidades, convergieron en las estrategias para demostrar y certificar su calidad como miembros del cuerpo político-territorial de la Monarquía Católica. En ambos casos, el reconocimiento de su preeminencia social se basó en sus servicios en defensa de los intereses de la Corona española, asegurando el buen gobierno y protegiendo y/o agrandando las fronteras de la Monarquía. De este modo, los 'señores Murcia' y los 'señores Tlaxcala' se consolidaron como líderes naturales de sus repúblicas, a la vez que se insertaron en las dinámicas globalizadoras de la Monarquía Hispánica. El análisis comparado de los discursos textuales y visuales sobre su identidad de estas oligarquías permite establecer los ritmos y distinguir los instrumentos que hicieron posible la relación de la Corona con sus territorios y su reforzamiento como entidad política planetaria.During the XVI century, the oligarchies of the republics of Murcia (in the Southeast of the Iberian Peninsule) and Tlaxcala (in the Central Valley of Mexico) , in spite of their special features, used the same strategies to prove and certify their quality as member of the policial and territorial body of the Catholic Monarchy. The recognition of their social pre-eminence was based in their defense of the interests of the Spanish Crown, guaranteing the good government and protecting or enlangering the frontiers of the Monarchy. In this manner, the 'señores Murcia' and the 'señores Tlaxcala' were consolidated as natural leaders in their republics and, at the same time, they managed to be part of the globalizer dinamics of the Hispanic Monarchy. The comparative study of this oligarchies' textual and visual discourses about their identities in the long time enables to establish the speeds and recognize the instruments which maked possible the relationship between the Crown and its territories and its consolidation as a planetary politic entity.
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Piser, Gabriel A. "Appalachian Anthropocene: Conflict and Subject Formation in a Sacrifice Zone." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1469120301.
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Infantino, Marta. "Comparative Law of causation in Tort Law." IUS ET VERITAS, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123595.
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this article analyzes the causal element of torts from the perspective of comparative law, focusing on the field of tort liability. Thus, it specifies both the particular aspects of the investigation as well as each legal system studied. then, the article discusses the differences and similarities of each system. Later, it stops on the dominant approaches examining its success on facing the tort phenomenon in order to highlight the essential characteristics that determine the various approaches tort liability can assume.El presente artículo analiza el elemento causal de la responsabilidad civil desde una perspectiva de derecho comparado, haciendo énfasis sobre el campo de la responsabilidad aquiliana. Así, precisando tanto los aspectos particulares de la propia investigación como de cada Ordenamiento Jurídico estudiado, el artículo aborda las diferencias y similitudes de cada Ordenamiento. De esta forma, se detiene sobre los enfoques dominantes examinando la capacidad de los mismos. Ello con la finalidad de evidenciar las características esenciales que determinan los diversos alcances que puede asumir la responsabilidad aquiliana.
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Wyner, Garret B. "The Wounded Healer: Finding Meaning in Suffering." Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1355854266.
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Gren, Marie. "De la suprématie législative à la suprématie constitutionnelle : étude comparée d'un changement de paradigme en France : en Israël et au Royaume-Uni." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01D061.
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Le système juridique repose sur un paradigme constitutionnel. La dialectique entre la doctrine, le constituant et le juge renforce le consensus dominant qui constitue ce paradigme. La puissance de ces convictions partagées implique que le passage d'un paradigme à un autre se fait par le biais d'un processus révolutionnaire. Lorsque survient une crise, une rupture révolutionnaire peut bouleverser l'ordre constitutionnel établi. Si cette révolution réussi un nouveau modèle paradigmatique, accepté par la majorité des acteurs juridiques, se substitue à l'ancien. L'analyse détaillée d'un tel processus de substitution de paradigme en droit constitutionnel a rarement été faite. L'étude comparée du passage du paradigme de la suprématie législative à celui de la suprématie constitutionnelle, en France, en Israël et au Royaume-Uni en est une excellente illustration. Dans ces trois pays, la crise du paradigme de la suprématie législative a conduit les juges à adopter des décisions révolutionnaires qui renversent ces systèmes initialement construits sur le modèle de la toute-puissance parlementaire. La décision Liberté d'association du Conseil constitutionnel, l'arrêt Mizrahi Bank de la Cour suprême israélienne et l'arrêt Factortame de la Chambre des Lords forment le point de départ du processus révolutionnaire qui a conduit à l'établissement du nouveau paradigme de la suprématie constitutionnelle. L'acceptation de ces décisions juridictionnelles par les constitutionnalistes et parfois leur validation par le constituant, a contribué à la mise en place du nouveau consensus, qui repose sur la garantie de normes constitutionnelles par les jugesThe legal system relies on a constitutional paradigm. Dialectics between legal scholars, Parliament vested with constituent power and judges reinforces the consensus underpinning the paradigm. Given the compelling strength of these shared beliefs, a revolutionary process is necessary to overtum the system. At a time of crisis questioning the paradigm, a revolution can subvert the constitutional order if it is approved by the majority of legal actors, and particularly constitutional scholars. A detailed analysis of such a process in constitutional law has rarely been made. A perceptive study of such a phenomenon can be made by comparing the change of paradigm from legal to constitutional supremacy in France, Israel and the United Kingdom. In these three legal orders, the crisis of legislative supremacy lead judges to make revolutionary decisions, striking down a system based on the omnipotence of Parliament. The Constitutional Council Freedom of Association decision, the Israeli Supreme Court Mizrahi Bank case and the House of Lords Factortame case were a revolutionary move towards constitutional supremacy. The creation of a new paradigm, relying on the protection of constitutional norms by judges has then been favored by its acceptance by constitutional experts and sometimes even by Parliament
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Weber, Ruth. "Der Begründungsstil von Conseil constitutionnel und Bundesverfassungsgericht : eine vergleichende Analyse der Spruchpraxis." Thesis, Paris 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA020096.
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Le style, c’est la Cour ! – Cette thèse examine la manière dont le Conseil constitutionnel français et la Cour constitutionnelle fédérale allemande motivent leurs décisions, et ce que ces motivations nous disent sur la façon dont chaque Cour se perçoit. Le Conseil constitutionnel peut-il être qualifié de bouche de la Constitution ? et la Cour constitutionnelle fédérale allemande est-elle l’incarnation différenciée de l’état de droit constitutionnel ? Telles sont les questions qui sous-tendent la thèse.La thèse montre que les styles de motivation façonnent l’identité de chaque Cour nationale. Depuis la création de la Cour constitutionnelle fédérale allemande, son style de motivation a contribué à garantir l’acceptation de ses décisions, notamment en ce qui concerne son rôle d’autorité constitutionnelle suprême du pays. En revanche, le style de motivation du Conseil constitutionnel français a traditionnellement servi à mettre en évidence sa subordination au législatif. Toutefois, les réformes de 2016 suggèrent que le Conseil constitutionnel commence lui aussi à s’affirmer en tant que gardien de la Constitution. L’une des raisons probables de ces changements réside dans la manière dont la jurisprudence française est reçue par les autres juridictions nationales et supranationales en Europe. Les réformes facilitant une communication inter-juridictionnelle européenne sont en effet souhaitables. Et bien qu’il soit trop tôt pour le dire, on pourrait faire valoir qu’elles représentent un premier pas important vers un style de motivation européenThe style is the Court! – This thesis explores both how the French Constitutional Council and the German Federal Constitutional Court justify their decisions, and what those justifications tell us about how each Court sees itself. Can the Constitutional Council be characterized as an authoritative voice, the "bouche de la Constitution"?, and is the German Federal Constitutional Court the sophisticated embodiment of a constitutionalized state?, are the questions that underpin the dissertation.The thesis finds that the reasoning styles shape the identity of each national Court. Since the founding of the German Federal Constitutional Court, its reasoning style has helped guarantee the acceptance of its decisions, particularly as it concerns its role as the country’s foremost constitutional authority. By contrast, the reasoning style of the French Constitutional Council traditionally served to highlight its subordination to the legislative. Reforms from 2016, however, suggest that the Constitutional Council, too, is beginning to assert itself as the guardian of the constitution. One probable reason for the changes lies in how French case law is received by other national and supranational courts in Europe, with the reforms facilitating desirable European inter-jurisdictional communication. And although it is too early to tell, it could be argued that they represent a significant first step towards a European reasoning style
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Pardolesi, Roberto, and Massimiliano Granieri. "The Future of Law Professors and Comparative Law." IUS ET VERITAS, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/123064.
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In this paper, the authors analyze the positions on the objectives of Comparative Law as an autonomous discipline, as well as the intersection between law and economics and its implications for future studies of law. this is studied in relation not only to what is Law, but with what it should be. ending the authors propose a new perspective for comparatists lawyers, seeking to revitalize legal research.En el presente artículo, los autores analizan las posiciones acerca de los objetivos del Derecho Comparado como una disciplina autónoma, así como la intersección entre Derecho y la economía y sus implicancias en los futuros estudios del Derecho. todo ello se estudia a en relación no solo a lo que es el Derecho, sino con lo que debería ser. Finalizan los autores proponiendo una nueva perspectiva para los abogados comparatistas, buscando revitalizar la investigación jurídica.