Journal articles on the topic 'Comparative and typological linguistics'
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1
Alieva, E. N. "The category of mood in typological aspect." Язык и текст 2, no. 2 (2015): 3–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/langt.2015020201.
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The development of linguistics is a continuous ongoing process. New material is being accumulated, new ideas arise, previous assessments and concepts have been clarified and reevaluated. This makes it necessary to create a synthesis of the work. Their aim might be summarizing research, achievements, consideration of new material and revaluation of previously known one. A considerable improvement over the years of research methodology in linguistics contributes to comparative and universal-typological studies of languages of different building including genetically and typologically distant ones.
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Salokhiddinov, Manuchehr, and Oybek Rabimov. "Comparative analysis of language typology and its tasks." Общество и инновации 2, no. 12/S (February 5, 2022): 319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47689/2181-1415-vol2-iss12/s-pp319-322.
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Comparative language typology is part of the general typology of linguistics. She studies systems of two or more languages, certain categories of languages in a deductive way (from external to internal). Comparative linguistic typology, as the concept itself shows, is a linguistic subject of typology based on the method of comparison. Comparative typology can equally consider only dominant or common features, as well as only distinctive features that occur in languages of the same structural type (synthetic, analytical, agglutinative, etc.) or in languages of different structural types (synthetic and analytical, agglutinative and incorporated, etc.). The classification of the main essential features of languages, and their most important characteristics and patterns, are the subject of comparative linguistic typology. The task of comparative linguistic typology is to create general typological rules and concepts by comparing linguistic phenomena of different languages. Classification of the main essential features of languages, the most important characteristics and regularities are the subject of comparative typology. The task of Comparative Typology is to create General typological rules and conceptions by comparing linguistic phenomena of various languages.
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Korbozerova, Nina. "TASKS OF MODERN LINGUISTIC TYPOLOGY AND CONTRASTIVE LINGUISTICS (on the example of comparing Spanish and Ukrainian languages)." PROBLEMS OF SEMANTICS, PRAGMATICS AND COGNITIVE LINGUISTICS, no. 41 (2022): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2663-6530.2022.41.03.
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When comparing the native language and a foreign language, several methods of comparison are used, which differ significantly from each other. Therefore, the disciplines that deal with the comparison of two or more languages are multilingual, they are based on cross-linguistic comparison. Comparative-historical, areal, and typological research aims to build appropriate classifications of languages, they are aimed at finding similar features in the compared languages that connect them and form the basis for genetic correspondences, which is explained by primary linguistic affinity. Contrastive linguistics is mainly interested in what distinguishes the languages being compared, and what may be a factor causing cross-linguistic interference. Comparative typology and congruent linguistics, not being interested in the genetic origin of languages, their diachronic development, have their specific goals, purpose, research material and limits of application. If comparative typology pays attention primarily to similar features between two languages, then contrastive linguistics focuses on identifying differences in order to prevent mistakes when learning foreign languages.
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Kemm, Roy. "The Linguistic and Typological Features of Clickbait in Youtube Video Titles." Social Communication 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sc-2022-0007.
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Abstract This exploratory study aims to identify which linguistic and typological features commonly associated with clickbait in online news headlines are indicative of clickbait in YouTube video titles. A comparative corpus analysis is conducted to compare YouTube video titles commonly associated with clickbait to titles not associated with clickbait. Results indicate that a majority of the typological and linguistic features associated with clickbait in online news headlines are found to be indicative of clickbait in YouTube video titles. However, the role which each of the features plays seems to differ to that of online news. The findings contribute to the understanding of clickbait in non-news contexts from a linguistics perspective, an area which has been relatively unexplored in the current literature.
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Nichols, Johanna. "The Origin and Dispersal of Uralic: Distributional Typological View." Annual Review of Linguistics 7, no. 1 (January 14, 2021): 351–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011619-030405.
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Recent progress in comparative linguistics, distributional typology, and linguistic geography allows a unified model of Uralic prehistory to take shape. Proto-Uralic first introduced an eastern grammatical profile to central and western Eurasia, where it has remained quite stable. Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Uralic had no connection, either genealogical or areal, until the spreading Indo-Iranian branch of Indo-European came into contact with the already-diverged branches of Uralic about 4,000 years ago. A severe and widespread drought beginning about 4,200 years ago cleared the way for a rapid spread of Uralic-speaking people along the Volga and across southwestern Siberia. It also contributed to the sudden rise of the Seima-Turbino bronze-trading complex, one component of the Uralic spread mechanism. After the initial spread, the Uralic daughter languages retained their Volga homelands remarkably stably while also extending far to the north in a recurrent Eurasian pattern.
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Weingarten, Rüdiger. "Comparative graphematics." Written Language and Literacy 14, no. 1 (February 17, 2011): 12–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/wll.14.1.02wei.
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This paper seeks to outline comparative graphematics as a linguistic approach within writing systems research and typology. In addition to providing a general outline of the approach and its benefits, it is exemplified through a discussion of the relation between the gemination of consonant letters and the graphemic representation of long consonants. Two different approaches within comparative graphematics are applied, one that asks about the meaning or function of the units of writing systems and one that starts with linguistic (e.g. phonological or morphological) units or structures and looks at whether they are represented (and, if so, how) in various writing systems. Consequently, two different typological matrices are presented. Moreover, through a combination of historical and comparative perspectives, the paper investigates the diachronic transitions in the functions of a graphemic construction, as observed within the history of a single writing system or in its adoption within several systems. It is shown that an inherited construction, such as the germination of consonant letters, can be reanalysed; if it loses its former representational function during the course of language change, it may subsequently be utilized for different purposes. A construction may also remain as an ‘evolutionary vestige’ within a writing system, at least for some time. Similar forms of reanalysis can be found if a construction is applied to a new language. Keywords: graphematics; orthography; writing system; script; comparative linguistics; cross-linguistic studies; typology; germination
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Iliadi, Alexander. "IRANO — SLAVICA: HISTORICAL-WORD-BUILDING PARALLELS." Naukovy Visnyk of South Ukrainian National Pedagogical University named after K. D. Ushynsky: Linguistic Sciences 18, no. 28 (July 2019): 95–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.24195/2616-5317-2019-28-9.
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The paper deals with the findings of the research dedicated to the study of word-building in the Iranian and Slavonic languages in the comparativehistorical aspect. The task of the article was comparative analysis of Iranian and Slavonic lexemes with common Indo-European roots in diachrony and synchrony. Particularly, their etymology and peculiarities of functioning have been reviewed. In the course of the research the hypothesis of the common Indo-European legacy for word-building of the two language groups (Iranian and Slavonic) has been proved. At the same time the evidence for the common innovations for the age of Slavonic and Iranian contacts has been found. The prototypes and derivatives have been analyzed in detail with the selection of typologically common and specific linguistic features of derivation. The methodology of this research involved the inductive and deductive methods, the method of contrastive analysis and ethnic methodological conversation analysis. The analyzed word-building parallels and the conclusions are of great relevance for both comparative and historic and general linguistics. Comparativistics also employs the typological reference point. It is not only the presence of morphologically identical and chronologically similar complexes (combinations of morphemes) in two typologically not distant languages that is important. There should also be typological similarity of the processes of the word structure modification in case one and the same element is used. This proves the potential possibility of the equal development of the group of non-distantly related units in different languages. The perspective is seen in reviewing this issue in the different groups of the Indo-European languages.
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Stolz, Thomas, Aina Urdze, and Hitomi Otsuka. "The Sounds of Europe." Lingua Posnaniensis 53, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 87–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10122-011-0007-4.
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The Sounds of EuropeThis article is meant to demonstrate not only that it is possible technically but that it also makes sense linguistically to study phonological phenomena in a pan-European perspective. To prove our point, we employ the current comparative methodology associated with the framework of typologically-inspired areal linguistics. The data are evaluated quantitatively. We focus on the classes of velar and post-velar fricatives with phoneme status. Our investigation is based empirically on data drawn from a sample of 157 contemporary varieties spoken in Europe. Our results are indicative of a non-random distribution of the above classes of phonemes. Genetic, typological and areal factors are discussed as potential explanations of the observed geo-linguistic distribution of velar and post-velar fricatives on European soil. The general conclusion we draw is that it is high time to develop a research program which is dedicated to the continent-wide in-depth study of the phonological make-up of Europe.
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Grant, Anthony P., and Diana Guillemin. "The complex of creole typological features." Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 27, no. 1 (February 28, 2012): 48–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.27.1.02gra.
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This paper presents morphosyntactic and sentential information on Mauritian Creole (MC), a French-lexifier creole which has been underrepresented in many studies of Creole morphosyntactic typology. Typological features from Holm & Patrick (2007), Bickerton (1981, 1984), Taylor (1971, 1977), Markey (1982), and Dryer (1992), most of which have previously been assembled as being diagnostic of a language’s creole status, are presented here with examples from contemporary MC. MC sentences from sets of comparative creolistic sentences in Hancock (1975, 1987) are presented in Appendix A. The material demonstrates abundantly that MC exhibits the vast majority of features which have been deemed typical of creole languages over the past four decades.
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Shields, Kenneth. "Typological Assessment of Reconstruction: Did Indo-European Have Inclusive and Exclusive First Person Plural Personal Pronouns?" Lingua Posnaniensis 51, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 57–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10122-009-0004-z.
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Typological Assessment of Reconstruction: Did Indo-European Have Inclusive and Exclusive First Person Plural Personal Pronouns?This brief article attempts to apply current typological theory about the structure of person-marking paradigms to reconstructions of early Indo-European personal pronoun declension and early Indo-European verbal conjugation in order to determine whether or not such application can shed light on the traditional debate about whether or not an inclusive/exclusive opposition can be ascribed to the protolanguage. Despite the demonstrated positive value of typology in assessing the plausibility of reconstructions, the conclusion reached here is that current typological theory is very limited in its ability to resolve this particular issue of historical/comparative Indo-European linguistics.
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Nussupbekova, Aizhan, Manatkul Mussatayeva, Dinara Dyussenova, Pernekul Yessenova, and Bakitgul Zhumagulova. "Linguistic analysis of phraseological units with a numerological component." XLinguae 15, no. 4 (October 2022): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.18355/xl.2022.15.04.08.
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This article is devoted to the identification of typologically common and different characteristics of the semantics of numbers in the phraseological units of languages, in terms of cultural and typological characteristics of the concept of number reflected in them. The study of numbers, from the point of view of thinking about the ethnocultural and mental characteristics of the concept of number, is carried out not only by linguists, but also by psychologists, ethnologists, culturologists, historians, mathematicians and researchers in the philosophy of mathematics. Numbers have additional symbolic meanings in the cultural system of symbols and are therefore polyfunctional semiotic signs. This work is dedicated to taking into account the numerological components specific to the phraseological units of the French language. The comparative analysis of French phraseological units with a numerological component from zero to nine, the results of which are presented in the article, makes it possible to judge similarities and differences in the cultural connotation of numbers. Phraseologisms, reflecting in their semantics the long process of development of the culture of people, fix and transmit cultural attitudes and stereotypes, norms and archetypes, from generation to generation. Therefore, the study of phraseological units with numbers turns out to be the most indicative in terms of identifying the cultural and typological characteristics of the concept of number reflected in them.
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Yigitaliyevna, Qo'chqorova Muhabbatxon. "POLYETHNIC LANGUAGES AND THEIR DISTINCTIVE FEATURES IN MODERN LINGUISTICS." International Journal Of Literature And Languages 02, no. 04 (April 1, 2022): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ijll/volume02issue04-02.
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The polyethnic aspects of modern English include important aspects of modern English linguistics. While English has the status of a global language spoken all over the world, it has its characteristics and aspects that are formed between different nations and peoples. The article examines the sociolinguistic, comparative-typological, structural-semantic, communicative-pragmatic aspects of the English language, which are widespread in the world and specific to certain peoples. In our study, the analysis of different approaches to the regional variants of literary English, and the analysis of differences and similarities between the variants allowed us to draw certain conclusions about the literary variant of English.
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Rsaliyeva, Zhulduz. "TYPOLOGICAL SIMILARITIES OF PAREMIOLOGICAL UNITS ABOUT "LABOUR" (ON THE BASIS OF ENGLISH, RUSSIAN AND KAZAKH LANGUAGES)." Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews 8, no. 3 (June 24, 2020): 1227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2020.83125.
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Purpose of the study: The main task of the article is to represent the English, Russian and Kazakh proverbs and sayings’ equivalents about the labour. The semantic characteristics of the paremiological units’ on the thematic group "labour" in English, Russian and Kazakh languages are examined comparatively for the first time.
Methodology: The semantic components of paremiological units about labour were analyzed, considering their general and specific characteristics by using the qualitative method. Until now three genetically not related paremiological units in English, Russian and Kazakh languages were not fully investigated in linguistics contrastively and comparatively. Component analysis, descriptive analysis, contextual and comparative analysis were used as a tool for investigation of the following work.
Main findings: Paremiological units of three different people and from various group languages can have universal lexemes in their components. The similar paremiological units of several languages are considered as a typological phenomenon, because of having similar life stages and historical correlation. Studying the paremiological units, we have the opportunity to get acquainted with the peoples’ culture, the range of interests, worldview, and psychology of the people.
Applications of this study: The results and conclusions of the work can be used in the preparation of language textbooks and seminars, teaching textbooks, and special courses in comparative typology and general linguistics in the future.As well as, the following work can be the beginning of the composing the trilingual dictionary in English, Russian and Kazakh languages.
The novelty of the study: The proverbs and sayings about "labour" of unrelated languages in terms of comparative and contrastive study have so far been little studied, especially in linguistics, and such study of this field will reveal universal and nationally specific features between English, Russian and Kazakh proverbs, which will have practical and theoretical significance.
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Sodikov, Qosimjon. "COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MANUSCRIPTS “MUHOKAMAT UL-LUG‘ATAYN” AND THE ISSUE OF WORK VARIANCE." ALISHER NAVOIY INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL 1, no. 1 (January 30, 2021): 92–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-1490-2021-1-10.
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Muhokamat ul-lug‘atayn is a great discovery of Alisher Navoi in linguistics. In this work, he began the field of typological study of languages in world linguistics by comparing languages belonging to different families. In the play, Navoi highlighted the lexical-stylistic, phono-stylistic, morpho-stylistic aspects of the old Uzbek language, the poetic possibilities in fiction, as well as its linguocultural, linguocognitive features.
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Amanaliyeva, Aygun. "The possibilities of expressing the linguistic description of the logical quantitative category in Multilanguage systems." Scientific Bulletin 2 (2020): 104–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.54414/ksnf7977.
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The article defines the concept of grammatical category, its place in linguistics, and explores the possibilities of expressing quantitative categories in languages with different systems. The aim of the study is to examine the relevance and functionality of logical quantitative category concepts in a comparative aspect, to define the linguistic meaning of the concept of quantitative category as one of the grammatical categories in linguistics, and to define the category of language in the system of grammatical and morphological categories. There are also a number of typological differences between the quantitative categories in Azerbaijani and English. These differences clearly manifest themselves both semantic and grammatical (morphological and syntactic). The article is also devoted to the study of quantitative units based on comparative materials in the Azerbaijani and English languages, identifying ways of expressing them, identifying their specific features and identifying common - similar and distinctive features.
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Xing, Janet Zhiqun. "A comparative study of semantic change in grammaticalization and lexicalization in Chinese and Germanic languages." Studies in Language 39, no. 3 (October 26, 2015): 593–633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.39.3.03xin.
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This study explores the typological regularity of semantic change in grammaticalization and lexicalization in Chinese and Germanic languages. Earlier studies, mostly done on Indo-European languages (e.g. Heine et al. 1991, Traugott & Dasher 2002), suggest that semantic change follows the cline A>A, B>B. Based on numerous case studies of semantic change in grammaticalization and lexicalization in Chinese, this paper provides evidence that semantic change in Chinese follows a somewhat different pattern: A>A, B>A,B,C. The key factors responsible for this, as it will be argued, are twofold: Chinese grammar is typologically structured without inflections and Chinese words have become increasingly disyllabic. Indo-European languages, which exhibit quite different grammatical and morphological structures and diachronic evolution, therefore show a different tendency.
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Shevchenko, Olha. "REPRESENTATION OF THE CONCEPT “SEA” IN ENGLISH PHRASEOLOGY IN THE CONTEXT OF NATIONAL AND CULTURAL IDENTITY." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 14(82) (August 29, 2022): 21–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2022-14(82)-21-25.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of lexical units, which constitute the linguistic and cultural field “Sea” in modern English. The study is conducted on the basis of the theory of linguistic culture and focuses on the interrelation between language and culture. The author emphasizes the significance of extra-linguistic factors in coining new phraseological units, which are viewed as translators of the national linguistic picture of the world. The article also examines lexical and stylistic features of phraseological units with a “Sea” component in English. The research reveals national and cultural traits reflected in phraseological units of this kind. The article is dedicated to the perspectives on the development of contemporary English phraseology, some phraseology studies implemented by modern linguists are analyzed. New tendencies, such as cognitive linguistics, and comparative and typological research of English phraseology, are described in the article. The trends mentioned above are quite up-to-date for contemporary linguistics and are aimed at solving language as well as human cognition problems.
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Boye, Kasper, Jessie Leigh Nielsen, and Peter Harder. "Hvordan valideres tværsproglige kategorier? Aspekt som eksempel." Ny forskning i grammatik, no. 26 (September 18, 2019): 22–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/nfg.v0i26.115990.
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The precise status of cross-linguistic categories remains a contested issue in contemporary linguistics. This paper proposes a solution based on a functional rethinking of classic concepts in Danish structural linguistics. It is argued that the level of content substance constitutes the necessary starting point for typological categories (such as tense and aspect), distinct from but presupposed by structural categories. This theory is compared to Haspelmath’s influential notion of “comparative concepts”. Comparative concepts arise as subjective stipulations (as claimed by Haspelmath), but we argue that they can be evaluated and potentially validated as cross-linguistically real substance descriptions. A validation procedure based on semantic mapping is proposed and illustrated in an analysis of Comrie’s (1976) category of aspect, which is argued – in contrast to what is generally assumed – not to constitute a cross-linguistically valid semantic domain. We conclude, however, that the category of aspect does constitute a different type of generalization: a generalization over cross-linguistically frequent distinctions.
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Desző, Lásló. "Synchrony, diachrony and Greenberg's state-process model: From the viewpoint of typological characterization." Juznoslovenski filolog, no. 64 (2008): 109–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jfi0864109d.
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After a brief survey of the history of diachronic typology, the author focuses his attention on the typological methods applied to historical comparative linguistics. Then some basic issues of Greenberg's state-process model are examined as a possible model for diachronic typology. Morphological and word-order typology are used for the illustration of the author's statements and comments.
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Franco, Ludovico. "A TYPOLOGICAL RARUM IN SOGDIAN: OVERT COMPLEMENTIZERS IN INDICATIVE ROOT CLAUSES." Lingua Posnaniensis 55, no. 1 (June 1, 2013): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/linpo-2013-0004.
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Abstract The purpose of this work is to illustrate an extremely rare linguistic feature, namely the overt present of a root complementizer in assertive/indicative (i.e. unmarked) matrix clauses, of the Sogdian language, an Eastern Middle Iranian Language once spoken in a region located in the valley of rivers Zaravshan and Kashkadarya (roughly corresponding to the territory of modern day Uzbekistan and Tajikistan). This linguistic fact is very interesting because it represents an overt evidence of the principle of endocentricity inferred in the Generative tradition since the early 80s. In comparative perspective, this uncommon feature of the Sogdian language may be associated to the mechanism of para-hypotaxis, previously studied in many different Romance languages (e.g. Old French, Old Italian, Old Catalan) and recently discovered in other genetically unrelated languages (e.g. Swahili, Zamucoan languages)
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Yakpo, Kofi. "Towards a model of language contact and change in the English-lexifier creoles of Africa and the Caribbean." English World-Wide 38, no. 1 (June 17, 2017): 50–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.38.1.04yak.
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Abstract The Afro-Caribbean English-lexifier Creoles (AECs) exhibit fascinating combinations of disparate typological characteristics. I present a model of post-formative (“post-creolization”) contact and change and provide a comprehensive inventory of contact constellations in Africa and the Caribbean. I conduct a comparative analysis of causative constructions in seven African and Caribbean AECs, argue for the notional separation of the traditional creolist terms “superstrate”, “lexifier”, “substrate” and “adstrate”, and account for the linguistic-structural relevance of these distinctions. The model can explain the typological diversity within and across the AECs, help elucidate their genealogical and areal differentiation, and contribute to our understanding of the processes and outcomes of language contact and change in multilingual ecologies.
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Ramer, Alexis Manaster, and Belinda J. Bicknell. "Logic and philology: incommensurability of descriptions of one-vowel systems." Journal of Linguistics 31, no. 1 (March 1995): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022226700000591.
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Our purpose is simple: to apply a rudimentary kind of logical analysis to the problem, which sometimes arises in linguistic typology and in comparative linguistics, of whether there are any languages with fewer than two vowels. The principal reason why this question has occupied the attention of linguists is probably the fact that Proto-Indo-European is sometimes said to have had only one vowel phoneme (see especially Hjelmslev (1936–7), Borgstrøm (1949, 1954) and Lehmann (1952), following Saussure (1879). Yet this was precisely one of the features of PIE reconstruction that Jakobson selected for attack on typological grounds, reasoning that ‘a conflict between the reconstructed state of a language and the general laws which typology discovers makes the reconstruction questionable’ (1958: 23).
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Wikander, Ola. "The Hebrew Consecutive Wāw as a North West Semitic “Augment”: A Typological Comparison with Indo-European." Vetus Testamentum 60, no. 2 (2010): 260–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/004249310x12597406253409.
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AbstractThe classical problem of the Hebrew consecutive tenses is here attacked from a different angle: that of comparative language typology. The article explores parallel typological developments between West Semitic and early Indo-European as pertains to the creation of verbal forms by means of adding an “augment” or temporalizing particle to otherwise Aktionsart- or aspect-based morphological constructs. A typological comparison between the consecutive Wāw and the Indo-European augment is used to highlight some of the factors which may have been involved in the genesis of the consecutive forms, as well as to illustrate some of the typological similarities in verbal syntax in the two phyla.
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Sharofiddinovich, Shodiev Shahobiddin. "LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF SEMANTIC INNOVATIONS IN ENGLISH RENAISSANCE AND MODERN TRAGIC WORKS." European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies 02, no. 08 (August 1, 2022): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-02-08-18.
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In this article, a linguistic-philosophical analysis of semantic innovations in the tragic works of the English Renaissance and modern times was carried out, as well as comments related to the comparative-typological study of Shakespeare's dramas and works of representatives of modern literature.
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Nikitin, Oleg V., and Natalia V. Patroeva. "Second Fortunatov Readings in Karelia." Vestnik NSU. Series: History, Philology 20, no. 9 (December 6, 2021): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2021-20-9-117-121.
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The report on the international conference “Second Fortunatov Readings in Karelia”, held at Petrozavodsk State University on June 3–4, 2021, is presented. It is noted that the name of F. F. Fortunatov is a significant phenomenon in the history of world linguistics for understanding the development of scientific theory and methodology in linguistics. The scientist laid the foundations of modern grammatical theory, assessed controversial processes in the field of the history and accentology of Slavic and Baltic languages, and contributed to the formation of new linguistic trends. The Fortunatov School at the end of the 19th century went beyond the geographical borders of Russia and became known abroad as one of the most advanced academic schools. A brief description of the program and the reports presented, covering the problems of historical and diachronic linguistics in the context of comparative and typological linguistics, language teaching methods, syntax, dialectology, communication theory, culture of language and poetics, is given. Special attention is paid to the relevance in modern linguistics of F. F. Fortunatov’s ideas. Parallels are drawn with related humanities disciplines.
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Iriarte Díez, Ana. "A Typological Analysis of Cognate Infinitives in Lebanese Arabic Based on Comparative Semitic Evidence." Languages 6, no. 4 (November 4, 2021): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/languages6040183.
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Despite the relatively scarce literature on the topic and the lack of terminological consensus among scholars, Cognate Infinitives (CI) have been identified to share formal and functional characteristics across Semitic. The present study provides a description of the formal features of Cognate Infinitives in Lebanese Arabic (LA) based on the analysis of linguistic data gathered through a participant observation method. The novelty of this description lies in its comparative approach, which has been developed in the light of the Semitic evidence available, gathered through a review of the main literature available on the topic. The results of this comparative analysis reveal that the grammatical features of Cognate Infinitives in Lebanese Arabic seem to be in line with general Semitic trends that do not, however, always find their parallel in prescriptive descriptions of Cognate Infinitives in Classical or Standard Arabic.
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Tresorukova, I. V. "Τemporal irreality in phraseology of the мodern greek language." Philology at MGIMO 7, no. 2 (July 6, 2021): 171–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2410-2423-2021-2-26-171-177.
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The paper deals with the semantic category of temporal irreality, based on the phraseological units (PUs) of the Modern Greek language. The phraseology as an anthropocentric linguistics sphere uses the phenomena of the surrounding world, including temporality, which are perceived through the prism of the national linguistic picture of the world. The linguistic model of perception and reproduction of unreality is expressed in grammatical and semantic categories. Structural PUs’ components form specific images of the linguistic picture of the world of the native speaker of the Modern Greek language, associated with extra-linguistic and linguistic factors. The author uses the continuous sampling method and analyzes various components related to different cultural codes. As a result the systematic nature of syntactic models of PUs reveals a certain typology of the methods of their formation. The article is intended for specialists in the field of studying and teaching the Greek language and can be used in comparative and typological studies of the Balkan studies.
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Salaberri, Iker. "Variable D-marking on proper naming expressions: A typological study." Folia Linguistica 54, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 551–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/flin-2020-2040.
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Abstract Recent studies have argued that proper naming expressions cross-linguistically display distinct morphosyntactic behavior, i.e., naming-specific marking for case, definiteness, number and gender, among other categories. This study aims to contribute to the discussion by analyzing the marking of definiteness and specificity (D-marking) on naming expressions and common nouns from a comparative perspective, drawing on a sample of 50 areally, genetically and typologically diverse languages. The results present little support for D-marking being part of a cross-linguistically special onymic grammar: rather, the data suggest that there are different ways in which splits between common nouns and proper naming or between naming classes can materialize. Moreover, it is argued that the variability in D-marking of naming expressions correlates not just with animacy but with other semantic features as well, only some of which are integrated into the Animacy Hierarchy, including agentivity, individuation, identifiability and augmentation.
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Dubrovskaya, Polina D., and Kristina V. Manerova. "LINGUOCULTUROLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE MECHANISMS OF HUMOR CREATING IN STAND UP (ON EXAMPLE OF RUSSIAN AND GERMAN)." Theoretical and Applied Linguistics, no. 4 (2019): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.22250/2410-7190_2019_5_4_62_74.
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The relatively new comedy genre stand-up comedy is just beginning to attract the attention of researchers from different areas of linguistics. A comparative linguistic and cultural analysis of selected sketches of the Russian and German stand-up comedians is aimed to establish universal and dissimilar typological features of the genre in two linguistic cultures, identify the reception of national culture of laughter in the genre, manifested in the subject of sketches, as well as compare the use of mechanisms for creating and perceiving verbal humor (incongruity theories, hostility theories and release theories) on the material of 20 selected sketches by P. Volya and M. Mittermeier. It was discovered that certain topics that both comics involved to laugh at were similar (new trends in technical sphere, automobiles, holidays and rest) while others varied (social tension, feminism, male and female relations, financial instability).
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Arkadiev, Peter. "Perfect grams in Lithuanian and Latvian: A comparative analysis based on a typological questionnaire." Voprosy Jazykoznanija, no. 4 (2021): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/0373-658x.2021.4.7-41.
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This article presents a first detailed comparative investigation of the semantics of the perfect verbal forms in standard Lithuanian and Latvian. A typological questionnaire filled by five Latvian and seven Lithuanian informants reveals the difference in the degree of grammaticalization of the present perfect between the two Baltic languages. The set of contexts available for the present perfect in Latvian is wider and more reminiscent of the perfects in English and Scandinavian languages in comparison to the Lithuanian counterpart. While in Lithuanian the present perfect is restricted to the experiential and the resultative contexts, where it is also often substituted by the simple past, Latvian also employs the present perfect to convey the meanings of ‘hot news’, current relevance and persistent situation. The past perfect, on the contrary, is more frequent in Lithuanian and appears to be a separate category rather than a past tense version of the present perfect. The article also discusses the use of the future perfect and of a special variety of the perfect with the auxiliary in the evidential form, as well as the use of ‘bare’ participles formally coinciding with the second component of the analytical perfect form but used without the auxiliary.
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Bobuafor, Mercy. "Comparative constructions in Tafi." Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 42, no. 2 (October 1, 2021): 163–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jall-2022-2025.
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Abstract This paper describes the constructions and strategies available in Tafi, a KA-Ghana-Togo-Mountain language, for indicating relations of similarity, equality or superiority among two or more entities or events with respect to a property. Drawing on typological studies of comparison, I demonstrate that Tafi’s dedicated comparative constructions, that is, equivalents of English sentences like The pig is more dirty than the duck involve serial verb construction (SVC) subtypes. For superiority, the parameter (or property, ‘dirty’) of the comparison is expressed by the V1 in the SVC while V2 is the ‘exceed’ verb. For equality, the parameter is the V1 and the V2 is the ‘be.equal’ verb. The V2s in these SVCs co-lexicalise both the mark (e.g. ‘than’) and index (e.g. ‘more’) of the comparison. The paper discusses the contact-driven influences from areal grammar and from Ewe, the dominant lingua franca for Tafi speakers, on the linguistic expression of comparison. The ‘exceed’ comparative structure found in African languages has been attributed to areal grammaticalisation. I further argue that the operator verb sɔ/sɔ̃ ‘be.equal’ in the Tafi equality SVC is borrowed from Ewe. Similarity constructions involve the semblative nâsí. Similarity is also signalled through the verb yi ‘resemble’. I also explore the ordinal verb bhusó ‘do.first’ as a lexical comparative. Furthermore, I argue that Tafi, like many other Kwa languages, does not formally code a superlative. Superlative readings are inferred from the context and from non-dedicated linguistic indicators such as intensifiers.
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Paliga, Sorin. "Romanian definite article revisited." Linguistica 39, no. 1 (December 1, 1999): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/linguistica.39.1.71-82.
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I shall attempt to resume a long, almost endless discussion: the origin of the Romanian definite article. Any grammar of Romanian or any comparative grammar the Romance languages (e. g. Tagliavini 1977) always observes that Romanian, an iso lated case in the Romance family, has an agglutinated definite article. The typology is not indeed rare: Bulgarian, Albanian, Armenian, Basque and Swedish witness the same mechanism. We cannot approach the topic by analysing all these languages, yet a comparative analysis would be finally useful. In our case, it is obvious that Romanian cannot be isolated from Albanian and Bulgarian. A potential solution must explain the situation in ALL these three "Balkanic" languages, even if Romanian is not Balkanic stricto sensu1. The paper shall focus on the deep roots of the Romanian and Albanian definite arti cle, its typological relations with other linguistic areas, and shall attempt to explain this isolated situation in the field of Romance linguistics. For sure, the Romanian definite article mainly reflects the Latin heritage. Nevertheless, by saying only this, the tableau is not complete: some forms are not Latin but Pre-Latin, Thracian. This paper will try to substantiate this assertion.
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Pushina, N. I., and E. A. Shirokikh. "ECOTEXT IN TEXT LINGUISTICS." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 32, no. 4 (August 26, 2022): 742–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2022-32-4-742-751.
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The article is devoted to ecotext as one of the text types in text linguistics. Modern text linguistics studying structure, semantics and text functioning is multisided and multidimensional in its interaction with the problems of discourse, semiotics, narratology, psycholinguistics which is explained by the extension and modification of the notion «the text» because of its heterogeneity and multimodality. Extension of the typological range of texts includes the problem of their typology into the agenda again. Ecotext as a comparatively new type of the text may fill one of the lacunas of text typology and contribute to the solution of the question on the creation of general, global and universal typology which could embrace all text diversity.
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Asatiani, Rusudan, Marine Ivanishvili, and Ether Soselia. "Relationship between the Kartvelian Roots *γwn- ‘wine’ and *γun - ‘creep, curve, twist’ Rusudan Asatiani, Marine Ivanishvili & Ether Soselia." Athens Journal of Philology 9, no. 4 (November 11, 2022): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajp.9-4-2.
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Thomas Gamkrelidze &Viacheslav Ivanov’s fundamental work, based on lexical borrowings and structural-typological similarities of the Indo-European, Kartvelian, and Semitic Proto-Languages, confirms that the Georgians (Kartvelian tribes) together with the representatives of ancient civilizations (Indo-Europeans and Semites) historically belong to the same chronological stage. In this respect, the lexical units denoting ‘wine’ in the above-mentioned languages, being the subject of much research, seem very notable. The views on the Kartvelian origin of the respective stems are as old as that of considering the Kartvelian form as an Indo-European borrowing. Various viewpoints exist because the reasonable etymology of the stem has not been established based on Kartvelian data. The paper examines the Common-Kartvelian stem *γvin- ‘wine’, reconstructed by the comparison of Georgian, Megrelian, Laz, and Svan (resp. Kartvelian languages) linguistic data. Taking into account that the root represents a regular form defined by the rules of Kartvelian ablaut alternations, it is possible to regard this form as a Kartvelian stem derived from the verb *γun- denoting ‘creep, curve, twist’, and not as an Indo-European borrowing, as it used to be accepted. Thus, another linguistic-typological parallel between Kartvelian and Indo-European languages has been revealed at the lexical level. Keywords: Kartvelian languages, Indo-European languages, Semitic languages, Comparative-Historical linguistics, Kartvelian ablaut patterns, the lexeme wine
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Parmonov, Alisher Abdupattayevich. "THE USE OF IRONY IN THE ARTISTIC DISCOURSE." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES 03, no. 01 (January 1, 2020): 79–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/philological-crjps-03-01-13.
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This article describes the philosophical-logical, linguistic-pragmatic, semantic-stylistic, comparative-typological aspects of irony in discourse, and discusses many types of research in the linguistic literature and the means of their application in practice. It has been studied what groups they can be divided into in the field of science.
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Danylenko, Andrii. "Do the parallels meet?" Belgian Journal of Linguistics 33 (December 31, 2019): 150–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/bjl.00026.dan.
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Abstract The paper is concerned with the origin and the development of the Accusative with Infinitive (AcI) construction in Slavic. Looking into the areal-typological, diachronic, and socio-typological parameters of the AcI construction, the author introduces new Slavic dialectal and comparative material and reconstructs the developmental cline of this construction along two parallel pathways of grammaticalization of the second accusative complement in Proto-Indo-European. The grammaticalization of infinitival complementation, typical primarily of those Slavic varieties which acquired secondary analytical features, is distinguished from the grammaticalization of participial complementation which is commonly attested in the history of low-contact Slavic languages and dialects like Southwest Ukrainian and some Polish dialects. Special emphasis is placed on the interaction between infinitival and participial grammaticalization in the history of Slavic standard and non-standard varieties, which allows the author to substantiate an initial switching between the two pathways as attested in Old Church Slavonic and early standard varieties of (West) Slavic.
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Handel, Zev. "Rethinking the Medials of Old Chinese: Where are the r's?" Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale 31, no. 1 (2002): 3–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19606028-90000097.
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This paper re-examines the traditional reconstruction of Old Chinese medial *-r- from the viewpoint of Tibeto-Burman comparison. It concludes that it is more natural from a typological perspective and more compelling from a comparative perspective to reconstruct *r- as a prefix rather than a medial before acute consonants, and perhaps in some cases before grave consonants as well. Such a revision has important implications for our understanding of Old Chinese syllable structure and derivational morphology.
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Savvinova, Gulnara E. "О поэтике олонхо «Нюргун Боотур Стремительный» П. А. Ойунского и тувинских героических эпосов." Oriental Studies 13, no. 4 (December 25, 2020): 1155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2619-0990-2020-50-4-1155-1166.
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Introduction. The article provides a comparative analysis of artistic expressiveness means inherent to the Yakut Olonkho and Tuvan epics. The point is that poetics of the epic work Nurgun Bootur the Swift by P. A. Oyunsky recreated on the basis of folk tales has actually remained understudied, and this paper fills the gap. Goals. The work — as part of Yakut folklore studies — makes the first attempt to consider poetics and the system of artistic techniques of the Olonkho Nurgun Bootur the Swift in comparison to Tuvan heroic epics. Methods. The study employs a comprehensive approach that includes comparative historical and typological research methods. Results. The comparative analysis concludes that P. Oyunsky’s Nurgun Bootur the Swift is based on the principles of traditional folk epic, and reveals parallels to Tuvan heroic narratives. Special attention is paid to the means of artistic expression — hyperbole and comparison. There are functional semantic dependence and structural unity indicating a typological similarity of the epic works examined. The vivid language of Tuvan epic narratives and that of P. Oyunsky’s Olonkho are explicitly characterized by elements observed in heroic epic proper, and the poetic analysis shows the Yakut text is distinguished by artistic completeness. So, P. Oyunsky revived the Yakut heroic epic, enriched its conceptual/thematic essentials — to strengthen the unique poetic form.
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PAVLOVA, GULNARA SH, EKATERINA V. VARLAMOVA, and ALYONA O. BEGININA. "THE SENSE OF CONCEPT IN MODERN LINGUISTICS." HUMANITARIAN RESEARCHES 76, no. 4 (2020): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21672/1818-4936-2020-76-4-120-126.
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The analysis of existing approaches to the concept description in modern linguistics is carried out. The research is based on the scientific works of modern linguists dealing with cognitive linguistics, semantics and pragmatics: A. A. Zalevskaya (2001), V. I. Karasik (2002, 2007, 2019), Z. D. Arutyunov (1999), V. A. Maslov (2007), Y. S. Stepanov (2007). The versatility of the concept noted by the linguists requires a more detailed consideration of approaches to its description. The article discusses two positions in the study of the concept - cognitive and lingua-cultural. Terminological differences of term ‘concept’ are given from the point of view of several representatives of the observed linguistic schools. The research methodology is based on the dialectical method of cognition. The concept as a mental category embodies the linguistic and cultural connection of a person's ideas about the world around them - "a clot of culture in the mind". Representatives of cognitive linguistics consider the concept as the result of conscious activity of the speaker, behind which the meanings of native speakers of a particular language are hidden. Psycholinguists interpret the concept as a basic perceptual-cognitive-affective education, which serves as an indicator of a person's mental life. Representatives of the lingua-cultural direction distinguish several features in the concept. First, the value characteristics are expressed in the meaning - "cultural saturation of the concept". Secondly, conceptual properties are represented in the meaning of "mental education". Thirdly, the figurative components of the concept serve its operation in various activities. The multilayered nature of the concept is a subject to abstract modeling, which is used in applied research in linguistics, synchronous comparative studies, confrontational and comparative- typological linguistics. The concept as a unit of meaning is represented as an abstract category that is implemented in language tools and images. Cultural linguistics examines the structure of the concept from the standpoint of three components - conceptual, figurative and axiological (evaluative). The content of the concept can be furtherly investigated in accordance with the field principle - the core (information content), the near periphery (metaphorical interpretation and value features) and the far periphery (infrequent functioning of features).
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Man, Lu, Jeroen van de Weijer, and Zhengguang Liu. "Nominalization and relativization in Tujia." Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 42, no. 1 (June 14, 2019): 82–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.16021.man.
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Abstract This paper presents a preliminary investigation of nominalization and relativization in Tujia from a typological perspective. We show that there are several nominalizers in Tujia, only two of which are multifunctional: ɕi and ɲie. ɕi can function as a nominalizer, a relativizer, a complementizer, a converbal clause marker or a stance marker. ɲie can function as a genitive marker, a nominalizer, a relative clause marker, a non-relative attributive marker or a stance marker. Relative clauses in Tujia can be head internal and pre-nominal. The head internal relative clauses are marked by ɕi, while the pre-nominal relative clauses are marked by ɲie.1 We point out that ɲie manifests typical genitive-relative-nominalization syncretism, whereas ɕi manifests extended nominalization functions, both of which are widely attested in other Tibeto-Burman languages. We argue that ɕi originates from a general noun, of unknown etymology. The nominalizer ɲie originates from a genitive marker. These findings should prove useful to future typological or comparative research with respect to nominalization in Tibeto-Burman languages.
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Liang, Yan, and Zhonggang Sang. "Syntactic and typological properties of translational language: A comparative description of dependency treebank of academic abstracts." Lingua 273 (July 2022): 103345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2022.103345.
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Stausland Johnsen, Sverre. "A diachronic account of phonological unnaturalness." Phonology 29, no. 3 (December 2012): 505–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675712000243.
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Norwegian retroflexion exhibits some phonetic properties that do not seem to ‘make sense’. In Standard East Norwegian, an alveolar /ɾ/ causes a following alveolar coronal to become postalveolar, and in the Frogner and Arendal dialects of Norwegian, the same postalveolarisation process is triggered by a uvular /ʁ/. Comparative analyses of Norwegian dialects reveal that these properties are the results of historical changes and phonological diffusion across dialects. Theories attempting to analyse Norwegian retroflexion as phonetically ‘natural’ can neither fully account for these properties of Norwegian retroflexion nor capture the typological generalisations found across Norwegian dialects.
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Sarkisov, Ivan. "Comparative Description of Meters in Thai and Burmese Poetries." Studia Metrica et Poetica 9, no. 1 (September 1, 2022): 20–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/smp.2022.9.1.02.
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The article analyzes and classifies the meters used in Thai and Burmese poetry. Though both poetic traditions have a rich literary heritage and an advanced repertoire of poetic meters, their structural properties have not received significant scholarly attention. Along with summarizing preexisting scholarly research on the subject, the article provides description of meters used in traditional Thai poetry and their typological classification. The analysis of meters in Burmese poetry is based on the 18th century long drama “Maniket” by Padethayaza as well as on a collection of short Burmese classical poems. The article describes and classifies the five meters of Thai classical poetry (klon, chan, khlong, kap and rai). Burmese traditional poetry used one or two syllabic meters as well as other meters, which have not yet been classified in the scholarly literature. The article concludes with a comparative analysis of rhyme in Thai and Burmese poetry.
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Daugavet, Anna, and Peter Arkadiev. "The perfects in Latvian and Lithuanian: A comparative study based on questionnaire and corpus data." Baltic Linguistics 12, no. 12 (January 3, 2022): 73–165. http://dx.doi.org/10.32798/bl.922.
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This paper presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of the functions of the present, past and future perfect forms in standard Latvian and Lithuanian based on two complementary types of data: the typological questionnaire devised for the study of the perfect for the EUROTYP project and the Lithuanian-Latvian parallel corpus. We analyse the data qualitatively as well as quantitatively and demonstrate that the two Baltic languages show both similarities and important differences in their perfect grams. While the Present Perfect in Latvian clearly shows a higher degree of grammaticalisation than in Lithuanian, manifested in the frequency of use, obligatoriness and functional extent, the differences betweenthe two languages in the uses of the other tenses of the perfect are more intricate and largely pertain to the expression of modal and discourse-oriented functions.
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Schneider, Edgar W. "Feature diffusion vs. contact effects in the evolution of new Englishes." English World-Wide 21, no. 2 (December 31, 2000): 201–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/eww.21.2.03sch.
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This paper proposes an investigation of New Englishes in a diachronic and typological-comparative perspective. It is suggested that the structural and functional constituents of these varieties can be accounted for by either of two processes, labelled diffusion (the largely unmodified transmission of earlier forms of English (dialectal and standard) through space and time), and selection (the choice of a new, typically indigenous item in a process of feature competition under language contact conditions); some tentative properties of these processes are discussed. Subsequently, the framework is applied to a documentation and interpretation of negation patterns as found in many New Englishes around the world.
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Kačiuškienė, Genovaitė. "Prosodical System of the Northern Aukštaitian dialect of Panevėžys of the Lithuanian Language." Dialectologia et Geolinguistica 26, no. 1 (November 27, 2018): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/dialect-2018-0007.
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Abstract The Northern Aukštaitian dialect of Panevėžys of the Lithuanian Language is interesting in synchronic, diachronic, typological, and ethnogenetic aspects; its idioms bear some witness to contacts of Lithuanian and Semigalian languages (Kačiuškienė 2009). The secondary types of pitch accents of the Northern Aukštaitian dialect of Panevėžys were discussed in Dialectologia et Geolinguistica 24 (Kačiuškienė 2016). The auditory and instrumental research proved that two secondary types of pitch accents contrast in the pure and mixed diphthongs of the forms of some dialectal verbs and denominative words in the Northern Aukštaitian dialect of Panevėžys of the Lithuanian Language. This is a distinctive opposition. It is possible that the opposition relates to Proto-Baltic accentuation paradigms. The secondary types of pitch accents have different acoustic properties. The most distinct are the quantitative characteristics of diphthongs and characteristics of the fundamental pitch. The detailed analysis of the prosodic system of the Northern Panevėžys dialect in the present article is based on the data of the author’s native dialect and the instrumental and auditory research (see (Kačiuškienė 2006)). The results of the research of the Northern Aukštaitian dialect of Panevėžys are important to the comparative and historical dialectology of the Baltic languages; they can be used in typological research and in the classroom as teaching materials.
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Singerman, Adam Roth. "The clausal organization of Tuparí, an indigenous Brazilian language." Acta Linguistica Academica 67, no. 4 (January 12, 2021): 429–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2062.2020.00025.
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AbstractThis paper provides a detailed description and analysis of the clausal organization of Tuparí, a Tupían language that is spoken by approximately 350 people in the Brazilian state of Rondônia. The paper focuses on several interrelated issues that have broader comparative and typological importance, including (a) the distribution of head-initial and head-final phrase structure, (b) the diverse surface realizations of the Tense Phrase, and (c) the distinction between true pronouns and pronoun-like agreement enclitics. Data are drawn from an in-progress corpus of native language texts, everyday conversations and elicited utterances. Differences between Tuparí and the other languages belonging to the Tupían family's Tuparían branch are highlighted at various points for comparative purposes.
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Poltavets, Yuliya. "Formal and semantic features of abstracts to modern Ukrainian linguistics books." Synopsis: Text Context Media 27, no. 2 (2021): 96–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2311-259x.2021.2.8.
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The aim of the research is to find out the formal and semantic features of abstracts to modern books on linguistics. The following tasks were performed to achieve this aim: to characterize the compositional and information structure, as well as linguistic and stylistic means of abstracts; to find out factors influencing the choice of form and content of the secondary document. Descriptive, comparative, bibliographic, bibliographic-functional methods, partly structural-typological, as well as social-communication-informational and documentary approaches were used. The scientific novelty of the research is that for the first time the texts of abstracts to scientific and popular science books on linguistics were analyzed comprehensively, in the unity of form and content. The material of the research in a specific academic field made it possible to consider the abstracts objectively, not in general, and to illustrate their features through examples. As the results of the study, it was found that abstracts to scientific publications can be marked, unmarked and mixed according to the structural and compositional features. The markers ensure coherence of the text, they organize and structure it. Unmarked abstracts inform about the publication in any form, highlighting the same information elements of the book’s content (novelty of the material, aspects of the study, its source base, results, etc.). A typical abstract to monographs on linguistics is an indicative two-paragraph text, which is organized with the help of markers and provides information about the thematic and semantic features of the specialist work of writing. The choice of the form and content of the abstract depends on the type of the primary document and on the type of the abstract by functional purpose. Abstracts to scientific publications are objective and moderate, while abstracts to popular science books are characterized by expressiveness, imagery, richness of linguistic and stylistic means.
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Duisekova, Kulyash, Saule Issabekova, Aliya Zagidullina, Gulshat Beysembayeva, Aitkali Bakitov, and Peter Ziak. "Structural and functional types of lexical units, their expressiveness." XLinguae 14, no. 4 (October 2021): 254–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18355/xl.2021.14.04.17.
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At the present stage of development of linguistic science and in context of global trends towards constant cooperation in various fields and spheres of activity, there is a need for comparative typological studies aimed at a comprehensive and large-scale study of various linguistic categories. First of all, this is explained by the fact that it is in these categories, as in a mirror, that the peculiarities of the mentality, history and secular culture of the speakers of a particular language are reflected. The object of language sciences consists of two series of phenomena: on the one hand, it is made up of everything that is inherent in human language, that is to say language as such in its relation to thought and to reality; on the other hand, we are talking about the specifics and the variety of properties and categories of each language compared to another. Researchers' attention has largely shifted from the question of how the language of speakers of a particular language works. Research plays an important role in the study of the specificities of the nominative means of the language. Contrastive linguistics has the great advantage that the practical areas of its application are clearly visible. These are mainly the methodology and methodology of foreign language teaching, bilingual lexicography, theory and practice of translation.
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Lavrova, Nataliya A., and Alexandr O. Kozmin. "Structural and semantic congruence of Bulgarian, Russian and English set expressions: Contrastive-typological research." Russian Journal of Linguistics 26, no. 1 (March 30, 2022): 95–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2687-0088-26443.
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The main aim of the research is to analyze the degree of isomorphism and allomorphy (congruence) of set expressions in three languages - Bulgarian, Russian and English, and to highlight the main factors that have a bearing on the typological affinity of set expressions in these languages. The procedure of the research was two-fold. At the first stage, 4000 idioms were selected from Russian, Bulgarian and English idiomatic dictionaries through the method of random sampling (1334 idioms were selected from each language). For the sake of convenience and comparison, the selected idioms were divided into 5 thematic groups. At the second stage, 850 idioms were further selected for each group through stratified and quota sampling with the aim of subsequent quantification of recurrent keywords in each group. In order to quantify the number of the most frequent keywords in each group and to measure the prevalence of assonance and alliteration, the SPSS software was utilized. The results of the research revealed that the main factors that determine isomorphism and allomorphy among idioms from Bulgarian, Russian and English are (1) typological affinity between Bulgarian and English, (2) genetic kinship, (3) borrowings from English into Russian and Bulgarian and (4) from Russian into Bulgarian, (5) shared idiomatic stock and (6) such extralinguistic factors as the universal makeup of objects and entities, for instance, the same number of functional parts. The research results are relevant for comparative phraseology, areal and contrastive typology as well and for contactology.