Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Comparative and transnational literature'
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Morse, Daniel Ryan. "Fiction on the Radio: Remediating Transnational Modernism." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2014. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/271607.
Full textPh.D.
The BBC was the laboratory for major experiments in modernism. Notions of aesthetics, audience, and form were tried out before the microphones of 200 Oxford St., London and heard around the world, often before they were in England. The format of the radio address and the instant encounter with listeners shaped both the production and politics of Anglophone modernism to an extent hitherto unacknowledged in literary studies. This dissertation focuses on how innovative programming by modernist writers, transmitted through instantaneous radio links, closed the perceived physical, cultural, and temporal distances between colony and metropole. Charting the phenomenon of writing for, about, and around broadcasting in the careers of E. M. Forster, Mulk Raj Anand, James Joyce, and C. L. R. James, the dissertation revises the traditional temporal and geographical boundaries of modernism. Contrary to the intentions of the BBC's directors, who hoped to export a monolithic English culture, empire broadcasting wreaked havoc on the imagined boundaries between center and periphery, revealing the extent to which the colonies paradoxically affected the cultural scene "at home." The Eastern Service (directed to India), where the abstract idea of a serious, cultural station was put into practice, was the laboratory for the Third Programme, England's post-war cultural channel. Yet the effects of Empire radio are hardly limited to its considerable impact on postwar British broadcasting. The intellectual demands of Indian listeners set the parameters of and bankrolled the literary work performed by modernist writers in England. Addressing authors and readers in India from a studio in London, Mulk Raj Anand embodied a crucial aspect of the Eastern Service, its treatment of English and Indian culture as mutually influential and coeval. Anand's broadcasts and 1945 novel The Big Heart (written during his BBC years) critique imperialism by positing the simultaneity of Indian and English temporality. In so doing, Anand's works offer a rejoinder to narratives of colonial belatedness pervasive both at the time and in the present. When tackling such transnational work, radio studies is uniquely positioned to provide an archive and a radical new model for modernist studies as it grapples with critiques of the western diffusionist model of culture. Literary production in and around the BBC registers radical cultural upheaval with a diagnostic power that reveals the attenuated ability of hypercanonical modernism alone to illuminate modernity's complex relays. Modernism on the BBC was not an exclusive canon of works, singular set of formal features, or even a unique posture. Instead, writers such as James, Forster, Anand, and Joyce offered complex responses to the pressures of modernity, including disruptions wrought by colonization, immigration, and war.
Temple University--Theses
Vossen, Julia. "Transnational 'rubble literature' : a comparative study of German and British post-war texts." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2018. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/transnational-rubble-literature(ee82a050-5a68-4fa2-ac92-7c67e8e82c75).html.
Full textKerby, Erik R. "Negotiating Identity in the Transnational Imaginary of Julia Alvarez's and Edwidge Danticat's Literature." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2008. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1402.
Full textAydogdu, Zeynep. "Modernity, Multiculturalism, and Racialization in Transnational America: Autobiography and Fiction by Immigrant Muslim Women Before and After 9/11." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1557191593344128.
Full textMeyers, Emily Taylor 1979. "Transnational romance: The politics of desire in Caribbean novels by women." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10232.
Full textWriters in the Caribbean, like writers throughout the postcolonial world, return to colonial texts to rewrite the myths that justified and maintained colonial control. Exemplary of a widespread, regional phenomenon that begins at mid-century, writers such as Aimé Césaire and George Lamming take up certain texts such as Shakespeare's The Tempest and recast them in their own image. Postcolonial literary theory reads this act of rewriting the canon as a political one that speaks back to power and often advocates for political and cultural independence. Towards the end of the twentieth century and at the beginning of the twenty-first century, Caribbean women writers begin a new wave of rewriting that continues in this tradition, but with certain differences, not least of which is a focused attention to gender and sexuality and to the literary legacies of romance. In the dissertation I consider a number of novels from throughout the region that rewrite the romance, including Jean Rhys's Wide Sargasso Sea (1966), Maryse Condé's La migration des coeurs (1995), Mayra Santos-Febres's Nuestra señora de la noche (2006), and Dionne Brand's In Another Place, Not Here (1996). Romance, perhaps more than any other literary form, exerts an allegorical force that exceeds the story of individual characters. The symbolic weight of romance imagines the possibilities of a social order--a social order dependent on the sexual behavior of its citizens. By rewriting the romance, Caribbean women reconsider the sexual politics that have linked women with metaphorical constructions of the nation while at the same time detailing the extent to which transnational forces, including colonization, impact the representation of love and desire in literary texts. Although ultimately these novels refuse the generic requirements of the traditional resolution for romance (the so-called happy ending), they nonetheless gesture towards a reordering of community and a revised notion of kinship that recognizes the weight of both gendered and sexual identities in the Caribbean.
Committee in charge: Karen McPherson, Chairperson, Romance Languages; David Vazquez, Member, English; Tania Triana, Member, Romance Languages; Judith Raiskin, Outside Member, Womens and Gender Studies
ワーレン, ケズナジャット グレゴリー, and Gregory Warren Khezrnejat. "谷崎潤一郎の〈メルティング・ポット〉 : 大正・昭和初期の作品における越境的美学." Thesis, https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13059529/?lang=0, 2017. https://doors.doshisha.ac.jp/opac/opac_link/bibid/BB13059529/?lang=0.
Full textShawki, Noha. "Understanding the political outcomes of transnational campaigns a comparative study of four transnational advocacy networks /." [Bloomington, Ind.] : Indiana University, 2007. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3283962.
Full textSource: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 68-10, Section: A, page: 4469. Adviser: Karen Rasler. Title from dissertation home page (viewed May 20, 2008).
Sorensen, Steven W. "Space and memory in Asian transnational writing." Thesis, Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38762018.
Full textRodriguez, Ivette. "Reimagining African Authenticity Through Adichie's Imitation Motif." FIU Digital Commons, 2017. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3351.
Full textConley, Anna. "Harmonizing jurisdiction in transnational cases: a deep comparative inquiry." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=104704.
Full textRÉSUMÉQuelle est la nature des règles de droit et comment savoir si elles doivent être harmonisées? La présente thèse tente de répondre à ces questions en présentant une analyse comparative des règles du droit civil et de la common law dans la jurisprudence internationale. Nous y présentons une méthodologie conçue pour la comparaison des règles de droit selon leur histoire, leur épistémologie et leur contexte culturel. Notre but est de découvrir les éléments constitutifs des traditions juridiques et leur lien avec les règles de compétence. Nous soulevons l'hypothèse que les règles liées à des éléments constitutifs incompatibles ne peuvent probablement pas être harmonisées. Lorsque cette méthodologie est employée dans le cadre des règles de compétence personnelle, deux éléments émergent. Le premier comprend d'une part, une approche divergente concernant la souplesse et le pouvoir judiciaire discrétionnaire; d'autre part, le formalisme et la prévisibilité. Les règles de compétence en matière de common law ont été créées dans un contexte où les tribunaux d'equity en Angleterre jouissaient d'une grande liberté pour créer des règles et recours substantiels. Il s'agit principalement de critères multifactoriels conçus par des juges, découlant du pouvoir judiciaire discrétionnaire inhérent visant à assurer des résultats équitables. Il pourrait par exemple s'agir de cas de forum non conveniens, anti-suit injunctions, ou du critère de lien minimal des tribunaux américains. À l'inverse, les règles de compétence en matière de droit civil sont clairement établies dans des dispositions du code en raison d'une méfiance historique à l'endroit du système judiciaire et d'une volonté de se fonder sur des règles prévisibles garantissant le respect des droits des parties. Le second élément constitutif repose sur le fait que la common law accepte un pouvoir judiciaire relativement plus agressif. Ce degré de pouvoir découle du lien historique entre la Couronne et les chanceliers anglais, ainsi que des compétences concurrentes dans les tribunaux nationaux anglais et américains avant la fusion des tribunaux d'equity et de common law. Ce pouvoir judiciaire associé à la royauté a permis l'essor de la compétence personnelle, des anti-suit injunctions et des suspensions conditionnelles en cas de forum non conveniens; autant d'éléments que le droit civil rejette explicitement. De fait, le droit civil privilégie une fonction juridictionnelle plus passive, également en raison d'une méfiance à l'endroit du système judiciaire, ce qui est incompatible avec l'approche de la common law. Plusieurs essais d'harmonisation des règles de compétence personnelle se sont soldés par des échecs au cours des dernières années. La décision de la Cour européenne de justice d'interdire aux tribunaux anglais l'emploi des doctrines sur la compétence discrétionnaire s'est soldée par une vive opposition de la communauté juridique anglaise. Qui plus est, les négociations ayant mené à la création de la Convention sur les accords d'élection de for dont le but original était d'harmoniser les règles en matière de compétence à l'échelle mondiale, se sont soldées par un désaccord entre les délégués des États-Unis et de l'Union européenne. Dans le chapitre final, notre thèse aborde les questions connexes à la possibilité d'harmonisation lorsqu'une clause d'élection de for existe et, le cas échéant, si notre méthodologie fondée sur les éléments constitutifs permet d'expliquer une telle harmonisation.
Holub, Maria-Theresia. "Beyond boundaries transnational and transcultural literature and practice /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.
Find full textBuckles, Christina Marie. "The transnational feminist literature of Helena Maria Viramontes." Thesis, University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3269.
Full textO'Sullivan, Emer. "Comparative children's literature /." London [u.a.] : Routledge, 2009. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=018910995&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
Full textJakubiak, Katarzyna Dykstra Kristin. "Performing translation the transnational call-and-response of African diaspora literature /." Normal, Ill. : Illinois State University, 2006. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=1276391711&SrchMode=1&sid=1&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1200674412&clientId=43838.
Full textTitle from title page screen, viewed on January 18, 2008. Dissertation Committee: Kristin Dykstra (chair), Christopher Breu, Christopher DeSantis. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 220-237) and abstract. Also available in print.
Graefenstein, Sulamith. "Museums, Memory and Human Rights: A Transnational and Comparative Case Study." Phd thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/154270.
Full textTaylor, Meyers Emily. "Transnational romance : the politics of desire in Caribbean novels by women /." Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank) Connect to title online (ProQuest), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10232.
Full textStarnes, Rebekah Ann. "Transnational Transports: Identity, Community, and Place in German-American Narratives from 1750s-1850s." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1333727595.
Full textFedosik, Marina. "Representations of transnational adoption in contemporary American literature and film." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file, 226 p, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1818417541&sid=5&Fmt=2&clientId=8331&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
Full textChan, Felicia. "In search of a comparative poetics : cultural translatability in transnational Chinese cinemas." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2007. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/10386/.
Full textMöldner, Mirka [Verfasser]. "Accountability of International Organizations and Transnational Corporations : A Comparative Analysis / Mirka Möldner." Baden-Baden : Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://d-nb.info/1192101103/34.
Full textSalem, Yasmin. "Transnational Islamism and political moderation| A comparative analysis of Egypt and Morocco." Thesis, Florida Atlantic University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10095901.
Full textThis dissertation examines how transnationalism can affect Islamists’ moderation in both Egypt and Morocco. In this dissertation, I do an in-depth comparative case study analysis to assess the prospects of moderation of two Islamists political entities, the Muslim Brotherhood as a transnational social movement and the Morocco Party of Justice and Development (JDP), which has no transnational ties. Both the Muslim Brotherhood and PJD came to power after the Arab uprising in 2011 and were key players in the democratic transitions in both countries; however, the entities are not related. Further, the dissertation will explore the moderation level of the Muslim Brotherhood and PJD. Current literature on Islamists and moderation theory focuses on political inclusion, political learning and repression as factors that would affect the moderation of an Islamist group. Looking at Islamists as a transnational social movement is a new aspect in the study of Islamism. Recently, scholars have addressed the transnational aspect of Islamist social movements; however, these studies focused on radical Islamist groups such as Al Qaeda. To date, there has been no study to assess how transnationalism can affect the moderation level of Islamist groups such as the Muslim Brotherhood. This dissertation attempts to fill that gap by assessing the moderation level of the transnational Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and the Justice and Development Party in Morocco. Furthermore, extant studies have ignored transnational identity in conceptualizing “Transnational ism”. My dissertation corrects this gap by bringing this new element into consideration. In addition, most of the research conducted on the Muslim Brotherhood stops at 2012. My dissertation gives in-depth examination of the development of events up until February, 2015.
Gardiner, Leslie J. (Leslie Jean) Carleton University Dissertation Management Studies. "The Organizational structure of transnational banks; a comparative analysis of global operations." Ottawa, 1988.
Find full textRivera-Salgado, Gaspar. "Migration and political activism : Mexican transnational indigenous communities in a comparative perspective /." Diss., Digital Dissertations Database. Restricted to UC campuses, 1999. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
Full textHolm, Jenny. "Transnational career agents : A comparative study on international engineering students in Sweden." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för pedagogik och didaktik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-181005.
Full textMirtaheri, Seyed Ahmad. "Transnational Capitalism and the Middle East: Understanding the Transnational Elites of the Gulf Cooperation Council." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2607.
Full textCook, Victoria Maria. "Transnational space and the discourse of multiculturalism : contemporary Canadian fiction." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2010. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/2962/.
Full textMiskin, Kristana. "A transnational study : young adult literature exchanged between the U.S. and Germany /." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2008. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd2651.pdf.
Full textMiskin, Kristana. "A Transnational Study: Young Adult Literature Exchanged Between the US and Germany." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2008. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/1612.
Full textKo, Yuni Jeongyun. "Catching up with "New Asia" and its diasporas transnational representations and imaginations /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2007.
Find full textSharma, Natasha. ""I AM FIRST AN ADOPTEE”: HAPPINESS, RACIAL MELANCHOLIA, AND TRANSNATIONALITY IN ASIAN TRANSNATIONAL ADOPTION." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1427304102.
Full textEbersole, Brenda Mellon. "The novels of Barbara Kingsolver : a case study in transnational American literature." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2014. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=215249.
Full textLi, Xiaochang S. M. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Dis/locating audience : transnational media flows and the online circulation of East Asian television drama." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/59732.
Full text"September 2009." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 121-126).
It is commonly accepted that media and communication technologies play pivotal roles in the complex processes of what is broadly termed "globalization." The increasing speed, volume, and scale of transnational circulation has been one of the most dramatic development in the media landscape, creating what Appadurai has dubbed global "mediascapes" that are reshaping the way we understand cultural formation. While the rise of massive global commercial media enterprises leads to renewed discussion of the dominance of the "West" upon the "Rest," the increasing portability, transmitability, and reproducibility of media has helped to generate a grassroots globalization of migrant populations who circulate and engage with media from the "homeland," creating deterritorialized social imaginaries that transcend national boundaries. In examining the flourishing online fandom around the circulation of East Asian television drama, however, the established models of transnational media audiences prove insufficient. With the emergence of internet technologies, these mediascapes have now become networked, increasing the visibility and complexity of transnational media flows and the audiences around them. No longer are we seeing transnational media flows through only commercial markets or diasporic audiences seeking to connect with a virtual "home." In the online circulation of East Asian television dramas, fans with a broad range of cultural, ethnic, and national backgrounds are consciously working to shape audience engagement with these transnational television texts through fansubbing, content aggregation and curation, and the production of vast reservoirs of information, discourse, and meta-data that is constantly being expanded. More importantly, they are doing so publicly, collaboratively, and outside the domain of commercial television markets. enabling individuals to participate in the selection, (re)production, and circulation of texts and images that shape the very social imaginaries they inhabit. This work draws on insights from work on globalization, diasporic media use, fan and audience studies, and new media and employs various ethnographic, textual, and theoretical strategies and stances in an effort to illuminate key dimensions of these collaborative grassroutes of transnational media. What manner of cultural encounters are taking place within the interplay between diasporic conditions and fan practices? How do the circulation and consumption practices afforded by new media technologies inform, and can in turn be informed by, the conditions of global media audienceship? From there we may begin to remap some of complex social, technological, and textual entanglements of cultural negotiation in an increasingly global media age.
by Xiaochang Li.
S.M.
Sheldon, Douglas H. "'Another Thing': Literature, Containment Metaphors, and the Second Language/Transnational Composition Classroom." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1373709955.
Full textGerhard, Timothy Michael. "New beginnings : transnational literature and the French nation at four historical moments /." For electronic version search Digital dissertations database. Restricted to UC campuses. Access is free to UC campus dissertations, 2002. http://uclibs.org/PID/11984.
Full textMurray, Joshua M. "No Definite Destination: Transnational Liminality in Harlem Renaissance Lives and Writings." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1461257721.
Full textRichards, Constance S. "Toward a transnational feminist writing and reading practice : Virginia Woolf, Alice Walker, and Zoë Wicomb /." The Ohio State University, 1996. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487940308432471.
Full textHuber, Kate. "Transnational Translation: Foreign Language in the Travel Writing of Cooper, Melville, and Twain." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2013. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/216589.
Full textPh.D.
This dissertation examines the representation of foreign language in nineteenth-century American travel writing, analyzing how authors conceptualize the act of translation as they address the multilingualism encountered abroad. The three major figures in this study--James Fenimore Cooper, Herman Melville, and Mark Twain--all use moments of cross-cultural contact and transference to theorize the permeability of the language barrier, seeking a mean between the oversimplification of the translator's task and a capitulation to the utter incomprehensibility of the Other. These moments of translation contribute to a complex interplay of not only linguistic but also cultural and economic exchange. Charting the changes in American travel to both the "civilized" world of Europe and the "savage" lands of the Southern and Eastern hemispheres, this project will examine the attitudes of cosmopolitanism and colonialism that distinguished Western from non-Western travel at the beginning of the century and then demonstrate how the once distinct representations of European and non-European languages converge by the century's end, with the result that all kinds of linguistic difference are viewed as either too easily translatable or utterly incomprehensible. Integrating the histories of cosmopolitanism and imperialism, my study of the representation of foreign language in travel writing demonstrates that both the compulsion to translate and a capitulation to incomprehensibility prove equally antagonistic to cultural difference. By mapping the changing conventions of translation through the representative narratives of three canonical figures, "Transnational Translation" traces a shift in American attitudes toward the foreign as the cosmopolitanism of Cooper and Melville transforms into Twain's attitude of both cultural and linguistic nationalism.
Temple University--Theses
Alvarez, Suarez Yisel. "Transnational Identities in Julia Alvarez’s How the Garcia Girls Lost Their Accents." Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Engelska, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-30484.
Full textDaigle, Amelie. "Transnational Communities and the Novel in the Age of Globalization:." Thesis, Boston College, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/bc-ir:108571.
Full textThe novel is generally read through a Western lens that privileges both individual subjectivity and the nation-state. My dissertation acts as an intervention into the critical tradition that sees the novel as a genre preoccupied with the individual, the nation-state, and the rights and responsibilities of citizenship through which the two relate to each other. This tradition includes seminal theorists Ian Watt, Fredric Jameson, and Benedict Anderson as well as contemporary critics such as Pascale Casanova and Joseph Slaughter. Transnational Communities challenges this accepted framework for understanding the novel genre through an examination of novels which decenter the categories of individual and nation-state and argues that in this moment of unprecedented globalization, the novel’s ability to imagine new forms of community is an increasingly relevant social function
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2019
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: English
Ue, Wai Hung Tom. "Victims of Circumstances: Victorian Realism and the Transnational Narratives of Dickens, Daudet, and Gissing." Thesis, McGill University, 2011. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=97261.
Full textPar l'entremise du cadre théorique d'horizon des attentes développé par Hans Robert Jauss, cette thèse examine le type de personnage que George Gissing caractérise dans le titre de son conte "A Victim of Circumstances" (1893), et ce, dans quatre oeuvres: Bleak House (1953) de Charles Dickens, Jack (1876) d'Alphonse Daudet et de Gissing, Workers in the Dawn (1880) et Veranilda (1903). La thèse met en évidence le discours de ces écrivains sur les choix de l'individu et les circonstances déterministes. L'argument avancé dans la thèse est que ces trois romanciers de l'époque victorienne résistent couramment à une lecture simpliste qui représenterait leurs personnages comme des victimes passives, et ainsi soulignent l'importance d'une mise en contexte social de la lecture afin de permettre la compréhension de circonstances difficiles. La thèse révèle que Gissing est à la fois un lecteur et un écrivain fortement influencé par ses contemporains. De plus, elle examine, dans un petit échantillon de textes, l'influence de Dickens sur la littérature française et celle de Daudet sur la littérature britannique de l'époque victorienne.
Ivanov, Sergej. "A Transnational Study of Criticality in the History Learning Environment." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för språkstudier, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-127656.
Full textBakgrund Att kunna vara kritisk är ett förväntat studieresultat i ämnet historia på gymnasienivå i Sverige, Ryssland och Australien. Genom att lära sig om sitt lands och världens historia i klassrummet skapar elever en nationell identitet. På historielektioner förväntas elever vara kritiska men vad det innebär kan skilja sig åt i olika utbildningskontexter. Denna avhandling syftar därför till att undersöka hur undervisning i att vara kritisk sker på historielektioner i tre gymnasieklasser: en klass i norra Sverige, en i nordvästra Ryssland och en i sydöstra Australien. Mina språkkunskaper och kontakter i länderna har möjliggjort insamling av data som annars sällan jämförs. Metoder Undersökningen är en småskalig primärstudie med fokus på enskilda aspekter inom utbildningssystemet (Ember & Ember, 2001). Den har genomförts inom de ramar för komparativa utbildningsvetenskapliga studier som föreslagits av Phillips (2006). Med utgångspunkt i den anpassade ontologiska modellen av lärmiljön (Bhaskar, 1978; Brown, 2008) och de läroplansteoretiska begreppen formuleringsarenan och realiseringsarenan (Lindensjö & Lundgren, 2014) har jag samlat in data från makro-, mikrooch mesonivå i varje land. På makronivå analyseras de nationella styrdokument som reglerar historieundervisningen på gymnasiet i Sverige, Ryssland och Australien – den avsedda läroplanen. Eftersom gymnasieutbildningen i Australien främst styrs av delstaterna analyseras även styrdokumenten för den aktuella delstaten Victoria. Dessutom tas hänsyn till en rad andra utbildningspolitiska dokument med relevans för studien, såsom kommentarer till läroplaner och kursplaner från de undersökta länderna. Analysen syftar till att identifiera skrivningar som explicit refererar till kritiska perspektiv och tolka statusen av dessa skrivningar i ett utbildningspolitiskt sammanhang. Vidare identifierar jag några ramfaktorer för historieundervisningen i allmänhet, och för undervisning i att vara kritisk i synnerhet. På mikronivå genomförde jag semi-strukturerade intervjuer med lärare och deras elever i varje utbildningskontext. Intervjuguiden testades i en pilotundersökning med lärare och en fokusgrupp med elever som läste ett högskoleförberedande program i norra Sverige. I huvudstudien intervjuade jag tre lärare, en från varje land, och 16 av deras elever. Fyra elevintervjuer genomfördes, där tre elevintervjuer skedde i fokusgrupp och en individuellt. Samtliga intervjuer spelades in och transkriberades, och utvalda delar översattes till engelska. Alla deltagande skolor har gott rykte och ligger i medelstora städer i respektive land. Lärarna i studien är behöriga i historia och har mer än 20 års undervisningserfarenhet. Eleverna var vid studiens genomförande i snitt 17 år gamla. De svenska eleverna gick ett yrkesprogram och läste den obligatoriska kursen Historia 1a1. Eleverna i Ryssland och i Australien gick de program som ger allmän behörighet till studier på högskolenivå. De ryska eleverna läste en obligatorisk historiekurs på basnivå, medan de australiensiska eleverna läste en valbar kurs i Australiens historia. Insamlad intervjudata analyserades innehållsligt. Analysen syftar till att urskilja lärares och elevers uppfattningar om vad det innebär att vara kritisk samt deras erfarenheter och upplevelser av undervisningen i att vara kritisk, något som kan sägas ingå i den erfarna och upplevda läroplanen. På mesonivå observerades 17 historielektioner. Under observationen använde jag två till fyra inspelningsapparater beroende på undervisningsmoment. Inspelningarna kompletterades med fältanteckningar enligt en observationsmall (se Appendix 20). Därefter transkriberades den största delen av inspelningarna och utvalda delar översattes till engelska. Analysen syftar till att undersöka hur undervisningen i att vara kritisk, den genomförda läroplanen, förhöll sig till den avsedda läroplanen samt den erfarna och upplevda läroplanen. Resultat Studiens resultat tyder på att det finns olika formuleringar av vad det innebär att vara kritisk beroende på vilken nivå i styrdokumenten som undersöks. På läroplansnivå uttrycks det som en generisk förmåga att kunna ifrågasätta samt att kunna föra ett resonemang genom att styrka sina påståenden och dra rimligaslutsatser. På kursplanenivå för ämnet historia uttrycks det som en ämnesspecifik förmåga att kunna kritiskt granska källor och att kunna skapa mening utifrån historiska källor. Styrdokumentanalysen identifierar följande potentiella ramfaktorer för undervisning i att vara kritisk i historieklassrummet: den kunskapsorienterade läroplanen i Ryssland, nationella prov i historia i Ryssland och Australien, kursens svårighetsgrad och avsatt lärarledd tid i Sverige och Ryssland. Intervjuanalysen visar på att lärarna och eleverna betonar vikten av att ha ett kritiskt förhållningssätt i skolan och i vardagslivet. Inom ämnet historia uttrycks det, i samtliga länder, som en förmåga att kunna ifrågasätta 167 historiska narrativ. Dessutom förknippas det kritiska förhållningssättet med medborglig bildning i Sverige och Ryssland. Analysen av klassrumsdata tyder på att lärarna undervisar i att vara kritisk på i huvudsak tre sätt. Den svenska läraren fokuserar på att fostra elever till medborgare som delar specifika värderingar, vilket syftar till att undvika upprepade tragedier som förintelsen och försäkra sig om att elever gör ”goda” val i framtiden. Den ryska läraren, som eftersträvar narrativ mångfald i historieklassrummet, ser till att det åtminstone förekommer intra-narrativ mångfald med hänsyn till ramfaktorerna. Den australiensiska läraren undervisar sina elever i att skapa mening utifrån multimodala källor och försöker bidra till narrativ mångfald. Dock kontrollerar läraren vilka alternativa narrativ som får utrymme i klassrummet. Rysk och australiensisk klassrumsdata visar prov på att motstridiga historiska narrativ kan existera i undervisningsdiskursen, medan svensk data visar på ett enda historiskt narrativ under datainsamlingsperioden. Slutsatser Studiens resultat tyder på att läroplanernas ambitiösa förväntade studieresultat för kritiskt förhållningssätt kan påverkas av formuleringar i kursplaner, av lärares och elevers uppfattningar om vad det innebär att vara kritisk samt av andra skolrelaterade omständigheter. För att bidra till elevers möjligheter att ifrågasätta historiska narrativ skulle man kunna fokusera på att förse elever med nödvändiga bakgrundskunskaper i lägre årskurser. Ett ytterligare utvecklingsområde skulle kunna vara att balansera historiekursers omfattning i förhållande till avsatt tid. Slutligen bör förväntade studieresultat för kritiskt förhållningssätt stämma överens med de instruktioner lärarna får om måluppfyllelse även i kursplaner för ”enklare” historiekurser. Detta skulle kunna leda till en mer likvärdig undervisning i att vara kritisk för alla elevgrupper, vi
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