Journal articles on the topic 'Comparative and general Pronoun'
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Pokhrel, Surendra. "A Comparative Study on the Use of First-Person Pronouns in Ten International Diplomatic Speeches." REiLA : Journal of Research and Innovation in Language 4, no. 3 (December 19, 2022): 290–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/reila.v4i3.11100.
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This paper explores how world leaders use first-person pronouns in diplomatic speeches as a case study on how stance is communicated in high-stakes situations. The dataset comprises ten speeches to security and the economy given by heads of state/governments to their counterparts at international conferences/summits. The data were analysed from a quantitative/corpus-linguistic perspective using AntConc (Anthony, 2021) to summarise general patterns of personal pronoun use and then from a qualitative/discourse-analytical perspective, identifying specifically related examples for more detailed interpretation in context. The contextual features considered for the critical discourse analysis were gender, ideology, and the political systems of the speaker’s country. The results showed that most lead favoured the plural first-person pronoun “we” over the singular “I”. This was especially marked for the Middle Eastern leaders in the sample. The plural form was used for two main functions: (i) audience-inclusivity, referring to the audience of delegates/attendees, and (ii) audience-exclusivity, referring to the nation represented by the speaker. The distribution of these functions in the individual speeches varied greatly, ranging from extreme inclusive use (85%; Temer [Brazil]) to extreme exclusive use (65%; Putin [Russia]); this was largely predictable based on the speaker’s role at the event (e.g., facilitator vs dissenter from a consensus view) and the level of perceived national power. “I” was found to be used mostly at the beginning of the speeches to extend gratitude to the organisers. However, it was often deployed to increase the speaker’s self-dedication throughout an address. Similarly, whereas deployed throughout the speeches to establish a sense of communal rapport between the audience and the speaker. The evidence does not suggest any major differences in the usage of first-person pronouns based on gender, as shown by similarities in the speeches of German Chancellor Merkel and Bangladeshi Prime Minister Hasina.
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Mahamu, Suhila, and Agus Nero Sofyan. "Prinsip Pengenalan Morfem dalam Bahasa Inggris: Kajian Morfologi." SUAR BETANG 16, no. 2 (December 8, 2021): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/surbet.v16i2.216.
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This research aims to classify and identify morphemes recognition in English. The method used in this study is qualitative descriptive method. In providing data, the researcher uses listening and note-taking technique. The data used in this study were retrieved from the book Top Grammar: A Guide to Write English. While the theory used is the theory of the principle of morpheme recognition. The results of this discussion can be classified into six principles of morpheme recognition namely (1) the form of indefinite pronouns, comparative and superlative degree and reflexive pronouns; (2) singular and plural forms; (3) the form of the past participle in regular {-d}/{-ed} and irregular {–n} forms; (4) singular and plural nouns, present and past verbs; (5) the form of homonyms and in principle; and (6), the form of free morpheme and bound morpheme. From the results of the classification, morpheme units can be identified based on word form, word class and also the meaning that appears.AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengklasifikasi dan mengidentifikasi pengenalan morfem dalam bahasa Inggris. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Dalam tahapan penyediaan data, penulis menggunakan teknik simak dan catat. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini bersumber dari buku Top Grammar: A Guide to Write English. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori prinsip pengenalan morfem. Hasil dari pembahasan menunjukan bahwa terdapat enam prinsip pengenalan morfem, yaitu (1) terdapat pada bentuk indefinite pronoun, comparative dan superlative degree, serta reflexive pronoun; (2) terdapat pada bentuk tunggal dan jamak; (3) terdapat data pada bentuk past participle bentuk regular {-d}/ {-ed} dan irregular {–n}; (4) terdapat padakata benda tunggal dan jamak dan kata kerja present serta past; (5) terdapat pada bentuk homonim; (6) terdapat pada bentuk morfem bebas dan terikat. Dari hasil klasifikasi tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa satuan morfem dapat diidentifikasi berdasarkan bentuk kata, kelas kata, dan makna yang muncul.
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Voronova, A. "Modern vision of Roman Jakobson’s classical theory of indexical symbols." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 4 (December 28, 2019): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2019-4-67-74.
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Despite active implementing of Roman Jakobson’s classical term «indexical symbol» relating to pronouns, the analysis of Charles Pierce’s theory, which is the pillar of Jakobson’s ideas, puts this term in doubt. As Pierce’s works have defined approaches to any language research so far, their study is relevant due to the growing role of communication.The Theoretical Background of this article is Pierce’s theory of signs, the statements of which are conferred with Jakobson’s ideas using analytical-comparative method.The Study Procedure includes exposition and analysis of Jakobson’s theory five statements.The Study Results are the substantiation of their nonderivability from Pierce’s theory considering modern scientific knowledge logic.1,4. Pronouns are linked to the object denoted conventionally and existentially, so they are indexical symbols.The objects of pronouns and nouns (symbols) are different. Unlike a noun a pronoun doesn’t denote a class of things.Index existential relation doesn’t combine with conventional and ontological symbol relations, creating instead of relations between a sign and an object a vector of attention focusing on a real object having concrete coordinates as incentive to revise a symbol ontological aspect.2. «I» means «person uttering «I».It’s true from the viewpoint of the other person denoting an uttering person as «he/she». If we consider «I» to be a symbol, a person denoting himself/herself like «I», opposes to himself/herself himself/herself as a person whom he/she can denote like «he/she», which is logically inacceptable. And the evident «neighborhood» of Index and Symbol and the latent presence of Symbol in the evident Index are impossible in Pierce’s system.3. Any shifter has its own general meaning.According to Pierce, Indexes have a general meaning, but Symbols have a general meaning and a general concept.5. Indexical symbols overlap code and message.In Jakobson’s theory a code is a sign system, so a pronoun can be any sign. Summarizing, by contrast with Jakobson’s theory of «indexical symbol», Pierce’s ideas allow distinguishing symbol and index considering their objects and character of their relation with objects and define peculiarities of symbol and index interaction in language and speech, so they seem promising for studying a sign nature of pronouns.
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Mateiu, Iuliana-Anca. "Le pronom français On dans la poésie de Iulia Haşdeu. Complexité référentielle et traduction." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 67, no. 4 (December 20, 2022): 453–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2022.4.23.
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"The French Pronoun ON in Iulia Haşdeu's Poetry. Referential Complexity and Translation. In our paper, we intend to explain the frequency of the French pronoun ON in the poetry of Iulia Haşdeu and the variety in translating its constructions into Romanian through a comparative stylistic analysis and an enunciative analysis of its occurrences and translations. Due to its indetermination, ON can be used in a lot of contexts, or it can be suppressed in those contexts where predication is more important than reference. Keywords: On, referential complexity, poetry, translation, enunciative analysis "
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Warren, Jane. "Address pronouns in French." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 29, no. 2 (January 1, 2006): 16.1–16.17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2104/aral0616.
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This article examines speakers’ perceptions of and attitudes towards address pronoun usage in Paris and Toulouse. The data on which this article is based come from a comparative project based at the University of Melbourne, Address in some western European languages, and were generated in focus groups in both Paris and Toulouse, as well as interviews in Paris. It is generally accepted that in France the informal pronominal address form tu is used within the family, with close friends and with youngsters, and that the formal address form vous is used by adults when addressing strangers. The findings presented here indicate that, outside these general tendencies, individual preferences and negotiation can inform the choice of address pronoun in different ways both within and outside the workplace, with individual variation more common outside the work domain.
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Warren, Jane. "Address pronouns in French." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 29, no. 2 (2006): 16.1–16.17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.29.2.01war.
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This article examines speakers’ perceptions of and attitudes towards address pronoun usage in Paris and Toulouse. The data on which this article is based come from a comparative project based at the University of Melbourne,Address in some western European languages, and were generated in focus groups in both Paris and Toulouse, as well as interviews in Paris. It is generally accepted that in France the informal pronominal address formtuis used within the family, with close friends and with youngsters, and that the formal address formvousis used by adults when addressing strangers. The findings presented here indicate that, outside these general tendencies, individual preferences and negotiation can inform the choice of address pronoun in different ways both within and outside the workplace, with individual variation more common outside the work domain.
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Rojas-Berscia, Luis Miguel, and Sean Roberts. "Exploring the history of pronouns in South America with computer-assisted methods." Journal of Language Evolution 5, no. 1 (October 11, 2019): 54–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jole/lzz006.
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Abstract Pronouns as a diagnostic feature of language relatedness have been widely explored in historical and comparative linguistics. In this article, we focus on South American pronouns, as a potential example of items with their own history passing between the boundaries of language families, what has been dubbed in the literature as ‘historical markers’. Historical markers are not a direct diagnostic of genealogical relatedness among languages, but account for phenomena beyond the grasp of the historical comparative method. Relatedness between pronoun systems can thus serve as suggestions for closer studies of genealogical relationships. How can we use computational methods to help us with this process? We collected pronouns for 121 South American languages, grouped them into classes and aligned the phonemes within each class (assisted by automatic methods). We then used Bayesian phylogenetic tree inference to model the birth and death of individual phonemes within cognate sets, rather than the typical practice of modelling whole cognate sets. The reliability of the splits found in our analysis was low above the level of language family, and validation on alternative data suggested that the analysis cannot be used to infer general genealogical relatedness among languages. However, many results aligned with existing theories, and the analysis as a whole provided a useful starting point for future analyses of historical relationships between the languages of South America. We show that using automated methods with evolutionary principles can support progress in historical linguistics research.
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M.M., Soliuk. "HERTA MULLER “BREATHING SWING”: TRANSLATION OF THE CATEGORY OF DEFINITENESS / INDEFINITENESS." South archive (philological sciences), no. 87 (September 29, 2021): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-2691/2021-87-13.
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This scientific research deals with a topical linguistic and translation problem – the category of definiteness / indefinitenessand ways of its reproduction in the German- Ukrainian translations of modern fiction. The purposeof this articleis to determine the ways one can employ to convey different meanings of German articles and other determinants into Ukrainian, as they are used to express the category of definiteness / indefiniteness in the German language. To achieve this goal, there has been employed comparative and descriptive methodsof linguistic research as they allow to consider different ways of expression of the category of definiteness / indefiniteness in the Ukrainian translation. The objectof this research is the translation of the category of definiteness / indefiniteness which leads to a strictly defined subject. The subjectof the study are explicit means of expression of the category of definiteness / indefiniteness in German (in the novel “Breathing Swing” by H. Muller) and implicit means of its expression in Ukrainian (in the Ukrainian translation of the respective novel).Results.The comparative analysis of the original and translated texts makes it possible to determine the main linguistic means of reprodution the category of definiteness / indefiniteness in the Ukrainian translation. The analyzed material contains examples where the category of definiteness / indefiniteness in the original text is expressed by a definite article which is translated by a pronominalized numeral “some of”, an indefinite-personal pronoun “someone”, or an indefinite pronoun; an indefinite article which is translated by pronouns; zero article is reproduced by a more detailed translation; pronouns are reproduced by their equivalents, as well as other pronouns; other cases of translation include a periphrasis, a descriptive, inaccurate or non-literal translation. Conclusions:Definite, indefinite, zero articles and pronouns serve as the main, most consistent, and regular means of realization of the category of definiteness / indefiniteness in the German language. While there are no certain morphological means of expression of this category in the Ukrainian language, the translator uses lexical and syntactic means for reproduction of the category definiteness / indefiniteness. The context also plays an essential role.Key words: category of determination, the definitness / indefinitness, article, pronoun, translation. У дослідженні порушується актуальна перекладознавча проблема – особливості відтворення категорії означеності / неозначеності на матеріалі німецько-українських перекладів творів сучасної художньої літератури. Метоюданої статті є визначення способів передачі українською мовою значень німецьких артиклів та інших детермінативів, за допомогою яких вира-жається категорія означеності / неозначеності в німецькій мові. Для досягнення поставленої мети застосовуються зіставний та описовий методи лінгвістичного дослідження, що дозволяють розглянути різні способи передачі засобів вираження катего-рії означеності / неозначеності в українському перекладі. Об’єктом дослідження постає категорія означеності / неозначеності, що виступає засобом позначення певного предмета. Предметом вивчення є експліцитні засоби вираження вищевказаної кате-горії в німецькій мові (в романі Г. Мюллер «Гойдалка дихання») та імпліцитні в українському перекладі зазначеного твору. За допомогою результатів, досягнутих внаслідок зіставного аналізу текстів оригіналу та перекладу, вдалося встановити основні мовні засоби відтворення категорії означеності / неозначеності в українському перекладі.Зокрема, зафіксовано такі випадки вираження категорії означеності / неозначеності в мові-оригіналі, а також засоби та способи їх відтвореня в мові перекла-ду: неозначений артикль перекладений прономіналізованим числівником «один із/з», неозначено-особовоим займенником «якийсь», вказівним займенником; означений артикль – за допомогою займенників; нульовий артикль відтворено деталізованим перекладом; детермінативи – їх відповідниками, а також іншими детермінативами; в деяких випадках перекладач вдається до перифрази, описового, неточного чи недослівного перекладу. Висновки:в німецькій мові означеність / неозначеність виражається за допомогою артиклів (означеного, неозначеного або нульового), а також інших детермінативів, якими часто виступають займенники. В той час як в українській мові певних морфологічних засобів вираження цієї категорії нема, перекладач вдається до використання лексичних та синтаксичних засобів, важлива роль при цьому відводиться контексту. Ключові слова: категорія детермінації, означеність / неозначеність, артикль, займенник, переклад.
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Suwarna, Suwarna. "ASPEK GRAMATIKAL DALAM WACANA POLITIK." Kajian Linguistik dan Sastra 17, no. 2 (July 19, 2017): 134–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/kls.v17i2.4501.
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The study is about grammatical aspects of the political discourse. Using technique of formal discourse analysis, especially focussing on cohesion, the grammatical aspects of political discourse show particular characteristics. Although in general they show reference, ellipsis, and conjunction, the discussion of the grammatical aspects is only limited on reference. The findings show that the use of reference in the political discourse can be classified into seven types: (1) reference showing cohesion which tends to be formal and standard; (2) reference having types of endophoric and exophoric, anaphoric, cataphoric, anaphoric and cataphoric, pronoun, demonstrative, and comparative pronoun reference consisting o0f temporal, locational, situational, equivalent, naming, historical; and reference having forms of lexical, phrasal, sentencial, paragraph, and discourse; (3) endophoric reference which is more productive than exophoric one; (4) anaphoric reference which is more productive than cataphoric one; (5) phrasal reference which is more productive than lexical, sentencial, paragraph, and discoursal ones; (6) cataphoric reference which tends to be phrasal and paragraph; and (7) discourse reference which is typically exophoric.Key words: grammatical aspect, cohesion, reference, political discourse, and korpus data
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Overstreet, Maryann. "The English general extender." English Today 36, no. 4 (August 8, 2019): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078419000312.
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In the Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English (Biber et al., 1999), a new category is identified in the grammar of the English phrase. In conversational data, the most frequent forms cited as examples of this category are or something, and everything, and things and and stuff, which are described as ‘coordination tags’ by Biber et al. (1999: 115–16). This label has not been widely adopted, but the linguistic category it describes has clearly become established as part of modern English. The term ‘general extender’ (Overstreet, 1999) is now commonly used to refer to this category: ‘“general” because they are nonspecific and “extender” because they extend otherwise complete utterances’ (1999: 3). There are two subcategories: adjunctive general extenders, beginning with and, and disjunctive general extenders, beginning with or. In casual conversation, general extenders are typically phrase- or clause-final, consisting of and/or plus a vague noun (stuff/things) or a pronoun (something/everything), with an optional comparative phrase (like that/this). In everyday spoken British English, the phrase and (all) that is also extremely common. In written and formal spoken English, forms with quite different structures, such as et cetera, and so on, and so forth, and or so are more typically used to fulfill related functions. All of these forms are grammatically optional and fall within the more general category of pragmatic markers, along with you know, I mean, like and sort of, ‘expressions which may have little obvious propositional meaning but which oil the wheels of conversational social interaction’ (Beeching, 2016: 1).
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van der Auwera, Johan. "Nominal and pronominal negative concord, through the lens of Belizean and Jamaican Creole." Linguistics 60, no. 2 (January 17, 2022): 505–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ling-2020-0137.
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Abstract The article aims to advance the general understanding of negative concord through a comparative analysis of nominal and pronominal negative concord in Jamaican and Belizean Creole, based on the translations of the New Testament. It supplies a general characterization of Jamaican and Belizean negative concord and then focuses on negative concord with a negator like what corresponds to English not and either a pronoun or a nominal like what corresponds to English nobody or no man, respectively. The paper makes a strong plea for studying nominal negative concord in its own right. It shows how it differs from pronominal negative concord and for both it lays bare a variety of non-concordant patterns. It explains the variation in terms of a number of principles, one of which is what is standardly called the ‘Negative First’ principle, but it is defined in a new way. The article shows that there can be concord with definite negative nominals.
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Savula, Andriy. "ABSOLUTE COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE IN THE POETRY OF HORACE, VІRGIL AND OVID: SEMANTICS, STRUCTURE, FUNCTIONALITY." Inozenma Philologia, no. 135 (December 15, 2022): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/fpl.2022.135.3811.
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The semantic, structural and functional features of the absolute comparative and superlative in the poetry of Horace, Virgil and Ovid are investigated and described in the article. The cases of using the absolute comparative and superlative in the Latin text are considered. The subject of research was the morphological means of transmission for comparative and superlative. The study used a descriptive method for inventory, classifi cation and interpretation of means for absolute intensifi cation and contextual analysis to determine the functional features of comparative and superlative in a particular microtext. Together with component analysis, this method allows analyzing words by semantic nature. The analysis of the text allowed us to reveal that comparativus absolutus, superlativus absolutus belong to the morphological means of expressing the intensity of the attributive feature and are irrelevant (non-relative) to comparison, because their denotation is the feature of the object and its measure. They express only the increased excess of the degree of sign of object in relation to the norm and represent only the elative (large) degree of intensity of the sign. Absolute comparative and superlative are considered in a simple construction (phrase), in combination with the denoted word: noun-subject or noun-object (rarely pronoun). They can stand in the preposition or the postposition in relation to the denoted word. In addition to simple two-membered constructions, poets use more complex three-membered or four-membered ones. Complex types of constructions enrich the content of the context with additional attributive qualities, and as well as two-membered ones help to strengthen the image of the poem. Comparativus absolutus in works of the authors was found less than superlativus absolutus. Virgil did not use it at all. Combined with the denoted words, both degrees belong to six lexical-semantic groups (LSG). Among them there are two major groups: 1) LSG with the expression of the intensity of physical quantity, quantity, weight, physical and spatial volume; 2) partial-evaluation and evaluation adjectives. Key words: absolute comparative, absolute superlative, intensity, degrees of comparison of adjectives, elative.
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Ardianto, Ardik. "TRANSLATING THAT: AN IDEATIONAL CORRESPONDENCE ANALYSIS OF MACHINE TRANSLATION." Jurnal Ilmu Sosial dan Humaniora 10, no. 1 (April 10, 2021): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.23887/jish-undiksha.v10i1.23140.
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This paper aims to contrast the translation of two machine translation systems, Google Translate and Bing Translator, in translating the lexeme in news articles. The approach used in scrutinizing the lexeme's translation correspondence in this study is systemic functional linguistics, especially in both experiential and logical structures. This study was carried out through descriptive comparative analysis. This study's data were 40 constituents that were taken from six BBC World news articles randomly selected. A thorough analysis demonstrates that the two machine translation systems can recognize the three functions of that, i.e., Head, post-modifier, and conjunction. The highest emerging function is post-modifier by 19 times (47.5%), followed by the conjunction function by 17 times (42.5%) on the first machine translation system and 18 times (45%) on the second one. The lowest emerging function is Head by four times (10%) on the first machine translation system and three times (7.5%) on the second one. Furthermore, due to the elliptical variation of that as a relative pronoun and the translation variation of that as a post-determiner, it concludes that the translation outputs of Google Translate are more accurate, semantically acceptable, creative, and contextual than those of Bing Translator.
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Indrawati, NFN. "ANALISIS PENGGUNAAN KOHESI REFERENSI PADA NASKAH DRAMA SISWA SMAN 2 KANDANGAN." UNDAS: Jurnal Hasil Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra 12, no. 2 (December 22, 2016): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/und.v12i2.557.
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Abstrak: Penelitian Analisis Penggunaan Kohesi Referensi pada Naskah Drama Siswa SMAN 2 Kandangan merupakan penelitian deskriptif. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendeskripsikan penggunaan kohesi referensi pada naskah drama siswa SMAN 2 Kandangan. Jenis penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Populasi data dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa SMAN 2 Kandangan. Objek siswa SMAN 2 Kandangan yang dipilih adalah siswa jurusan IPA dan IPS kelas XI. Teknik penentuan subjek didasarkan pada pengambilan sampel yang dilakukan secara random sampling. Adapun objek penelitian ini adalah penggunaan peranti kohesi referensi dalam naskah drama siswa SMAN 2 Kandangan. Data diperoleh dengan metode membaca dan teknik mencatat. Metode analisisnya menggunakan metode analisi deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini dapat dideskripsikan penggunaan peranti kohesi referensi pada naskah drama siswa SMAN 2 Kandangan, yaitu (1) kohesi referensi pronomina persona adalah pronomina yang dipakai untuk mengacu pada orang. Pronomina persona terdiri atas persona orang pertama tunggal dan jamak, pronomina orang kedu tunggal dan jamak, dan pronomina orang ketiga tunggal dan jamak; (2) kohesi pronomina demonstratif adalah pronomina penunjuk umum, pronomina penunjuk tempat, dan pronomina penunjuk hal ikhwal; (3) kohesi referensi komparatif adalah kohesi referensi yang menyatakan perbandingan unsur yang satu dibandingkan dengan unsur yang lain. Kohesi referensi komparatif terdiri atas kohesi referensi komparatif yang menyatakan kurang, kohesi referensi komparatif yang menyatakan sama, dan kohesi referensi komparatif yang menyatakan lebih.Kata kunci: Kohesi, referensi, naskah drama Abstract: This study Analisis Penggunaan Kohesi Referensi pada Naskah Drama Siswa SMAN 2 Kandangan is descriptive study. The aim of this study is to describe the using of reference cohesion in drama script by SMAN 2 Kandangan student. This is descriptive qualitative study. The data population is the student of SMAN 2 Kandangan. The object of this study is SMAN 2 Kandangan from Science and Social class of second grade. Subject determination technique is based on random sampling.The data are gained through reading and writing. This study used descriptive qualitative method. The object of this study is the using of reference cohesion instrument in drama script of SMAN 2 Kandangan’ students. The result shows that the using of reference cohesion instrument in drama script by the student of SMAN 2 Kandangan are (1) pronomen reference cohesion is pronomen refers to a person. Person pronomen consist of singular and plural of first person. Pronomen singular and plural of second person, and pronomen singular and plural of third person; (2) demonstrative pronomen cohesion is general instruction pronomen, place instruction pronomen, cause instruction pronomen, occurances instruction pronomen; (3) comparative reference cohesion is reference cohesion that stating comparation of one component to the other one. Comparative reference cohesion consists of comparative reference cohesion that stating inefficient, comparative reference cohesion that stating equality, and comparative reference cohesion that stating more.Key words: cohesion, reference, drama script
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Tuan, Vu Van. "Communicative Competence of the Fourth Year Students: Basis for Proposed English Language Program." English Language Teaching 10, no. 7 (June 5, 2017): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v10n7p104.
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This study on level of communicative competence covering linguistic/grammatical and discourse has aimed at constructing a proposed English language program for 5 key universities in Vietnam. The descriptive method utilized was scientifically employed with comparative techniques and correlational analysis. The researcher treated the surveyed data through frequency counts, means and percentage computations, and analysis of variance/t-test to compare two main area variables. The respondents was 221 students from 5 universities randomly chosen. The major findings of the study generally reveal that the students’ level of communicative competence is a factor of their parents’ academic influence. Their linguistic/grammatical and discourse competence is helped by their chance for formal and intensive learning, conversing with a native speaker of the English language, rich exposure to social media networks, and reading materials written in English. Moreover, the students’ greatest strength along linguistic competence is on the use and function of noun, pronoun and preposition, while their weaknesses are on the use and function of conjunction, adverb, interjection, and verb. It is a general finding that the 4th year students who are linguistically competent on the whole system and structure of a language or of languages in general (consisting of syntax, morphology, inflections, phonology and semantics) have the tendency to speak or write authoritatively about a topic or to engage in conversation. Basing on the findings from this study, an enhancement program was proposed with the certainty that this proposed English language program would bring the best efficiency in the second language acquisition.
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Yosintha, Rolisda, Sukma Shinta Yunianti, and Boris Ramadhika. "Structure and Written Expressions of the TOEFL: Linguistic and Non-Linguistic Constraints." NOBEL: Journal of Literature and Language Teaching 12, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 70–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/nobel.2021.12.1.70-90.
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This study aimed at investigating the students’ linguistic and non-linguistic constraints in doing the Structure and Written Expression section of the TOEFL. This was a qualitative study in the form of a case study and was carried out in two universities in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia. The data comprised document analysis on 42 students’ answer sheets on TOEFL and interviews with four students. The data were analyzed using the difficulty index (IF) formula proposed by Brown (2004) and the interactive model developed by Miles and Huberman (1994) for quantitative and qualitative data, respectively. The findings revealed that the students encountered three linguistic constraints in terms of grammatical items as caused by both intralingual and interlingual interference: active-passive verbs, double comparatives, and pronoun-noun agreement. Besides, non-linguistic factors such as unpleasant past learning experiences and limited exposure to the L2 worsened their performance on the test.
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Hariyatmi, Sri. "A COMPARATIVE KEYWORDS ANALYSIS IN PET CAFÉ AND REGULAR CAFÉ REVIEWS: A CORPUS STUDY." LLT Journal: A Journal on Language and Language Teaching 25, no. 1 (May 7, 2022): 93–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.24071/llt.v25i1.4107.
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This paper aims to investigate the most frequently used keywords in pet’s café and regular cafe to identify the linguistics discrepancies between the reviews in the two cafes. A self- created corpora of pet’s café and regular café’s reviews were collected from TripAdvisor and google map and used as the main data to compare the linguistic features in each corpus. The analysis was conducted by using AntConc 3.5.9 for Windows (64-bit) to compare the keywords and concordance lines of notable keywords. A comparison of the keyword analysis indicates that the big discrepancies between the two corpora is the use of second- and third-persons pronouns in pet café review and the use of the first-person pronouns in regular café review. This pronouns choice suggests that in pet café, the writers adopt customers and product- based review, whereas in regular café, the writer tend to focus their reviews on author-based review. Another notable finding is the absence of Wi-fi in pet café review and the absence of adverb and preposition in regular café. Despite the difference, the reviews in both cafés are heavily dominated by the use of verbs, nouns, and only small number of adjectives found in each corpus.
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Liu, Xinyan. "The theory of the aspectuality of the Russian school in the focus of the Chinese linguistic school." Litera, no. 6 (June 2022): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2022.6.38040.
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The subject of the research is the theory of aspectuality in Russian and Chinese languages: this theory defines the main ways to prevent linguistic interference (the consequences of the influence of one language on another) among students. The object of the study is the theoretical study of the verb of the Russian and Chinese languages. The author examines in detail the functional characteristics of the category of aspectuality in Russian and Chinese languages. In addition, he explores the meaning of aspectual forms in the system of Russian and Chinese languages, etc. Particular attention is paid to identifying patterns in the Russian and Chinese grammar, defining verbal grammatical semantics, comparing the languages with further description and systematization of aspectual meanings and means of their transmission. The main conclusions of the study are related to the specificity of the theory of aspectuality of the Russian school in the focus of the Chinese linguistic school. The Russian verb is the central section of the grammatical system, acting as the core of the sentence and denoting the variability of reality. In Chinese language, the verb serves as an important component of the part-speech system, correlates with the subject, expressed pronoun or noun. The author's special contribution to the study of the topic is to identify the functional and semantic characteristics of the category of aspectuality in Russian and Chinese languages. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time, within the framework of the typological approach, a comparative analysis of the problems is made: the problems are connected with the category of aspectuality in Russian and Chinese languages, with the category of the aspect of the verb, with its internal form as a specific way of displaying and presenting knowledge about the world, a special «linguistic worldview».
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Hamdani, Beny. "A Comparative Study on English and French Simple Personal Pronoun." PIONEER: Journal of Language and Literature 12, no. 1 (June 30, 2020): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.36841/pioneer.v12i1.494.
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This paper critically aims to explain and describe the comparison between English and French simple personal pronoun. The comparison will be based on the form of simple personal pronoun related to the gender and show the similarities and dissimilarities between English and French simple personal pronoun. The method that is used in this study is descriptive method which covers descriptive and comparative techniques. The descriptive research is aimed to solve the problems in recent time. This study reveals some conclusion. (1) The inflection of French personal pronoun changes fully. (2) The declension of personal pronoun is complex according to gender beginning with the first person, second person and third person. Each declension of French have a specific form, depends on gender. The form of predicate is wide according to the gender. (3) The inflection of English personal pronoun is simpler than French because some terms of its declension have the same form (e.g. I, We, You, They). (4) The declension of French personal pronoun is complex and has a close relation with the predicate, because French verbs have three kinds of conjugation and its personal pronoun has its personal endings for the each term.
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Melgunova, A. V. "Derivational Potential of Pronouns in German and Russian languages." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 10 (October 29, 2021): 101–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-10-101-116.
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The question of the use of pronouns as an element in the process of word formation of lexical units of the German and Russian languages is considered. The material was texts related to different genres: journalistic, popular science, scientific, artistic. The novelty of the research is seen in the comparison of the word-formation potential of pronouns in two languages, the word-formation system of which has some differences. The result of a comparative analysis of vocabulary related to different parts of speech is presented. Particular attention is paid to the possibility of using personal pronouns that are involved in nominal word formation. It is shown that lexical units with components — personal pronouns in the Russian language are less typical, however, they are used in texts of a certain subject and in some cases are tracing copies from the corresponding foreign words. Attention is paid to the emergence of neologisms and occasionalisms, the use of borrowings. The question is raised about the role of context in the interpretation of words with pronominal components. It is concluded that the derivational potential of pronouns is higher in German, but the lexical units of the Russian language can also be formed using similar elements. An increase in the number of words of this type in the Russian language is noted due to the translated terminology from the Germanic languages.
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Ying, Yi. "Analysis Comparative of Chinese and Indonesia Pronouns." Humaniora 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2011): 682. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/humaniora.v2i1.3096.
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Personal pronouns in communication plays a significant role. Proper use of personal pronouns, communication can proceed smoothly. Misuse of personal pronouns, or failure of communication will be blocked, or even make the communication between two sides break up. Therefore, understanding the language of the two personal pronouns is very important. This study analyzes the Chinese and India and usage of the classification of personal pronouns. Conclusion of the study hope to promote cross-cultural language communication, in particular, help to learn Chinese or learn Bahasa Indonesia in different occasions to use the correct pronouns. The results: (1) Chinese and Bahasa first person pronoun "I" have in common is in the sentence can be a subject and attribute; (2) Bahasa first person pronoun "aku" can not be used in some situations such as: official occasions, and older than themselves, respect for people or strangers or people who speak; (3) Chinese third-person plural pronouns, written language, "they" said that men and women is not the same guy, same use of Bahasa Indonesia kami; (4) Bahasa Indonesia are changes in the form of personal pronouns, while the Chinese personal pronouns do not; (5) the third person pronoun to differentiate between Chinese men and women, and things, but Bahasa Indonesia is no difference between the third person pronoun gender and things; (6) Bahasa Indonesia the personal pronoun is not gender distinction.
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Matić, Dejan. "Reflexives, Reciprocals, and Intensifiers in Ewen: An Exercise in Tungusic Dialectology." International Journal of Eurasian Linguistics 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 244–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25898833-12340034.
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Abstract The dialects of Ewen vary widely with respect to the forms and uses of reflexive, reciprocal, and intensifier pronouns derived from the stems meːn and bej. This paper establishes nine isoglosses based on the features of these pronominal forms and plots them on the dialectal map of Ewen. In a second step, comparative evidence from other Tungusic and some contact languages of Ewen is adduced in order to shed light on the diachronic developments underlying the current dialectal distrubtion of the forms in question. As a result, a number of tentative historical scenarios for the developments of reflexives and intensifiers both in Ewen and in Tungusic in general are suggested.
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Amichba, Dimona, Tetiana Klymenko, and Olena Shkurko. "CLASSIFICING CATEGORY OF GENDER IN UKRAINIAN AND OTHER LANGUAGES OF DIFFERENT SYSTEMS: TO THE PROBLEM OF LANGUAGE TEACHING FOR FOREIGN STUDENTS." Naukovì zapiski Nacìonalʹnogo unìversitetu «Ostrozʹka akademìâ». Serìâ «Fìlologìâ» 1, no. 12(80) (December 23, 2021): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.25264/2519-2558-2021-12(80)-74-79.
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The article under review outlines the problems that a language teacher who works with a foreign language to foreign students may be faced. The grammar of each language is a system, but this system is, of course, specific. Different grammatical categories of language, non-identical are the general meanings by which grammatical forms are opposed to each other. It is known that with the same number of forms in different languages, their meanings can be correlated differently. In addition, homogeneous grammatical categories can be distributed unequally between different parts of speech. In some languages, affixes as morphemes, which express semantic and syntactic elements of meanings are not relationally connected to the word form and the whole system of its forms in inflectional languages – such as Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, etc., as well as derivational ones. Therefore, while analyzing certain languages, researchers do not describe the word change (in the broadest sense of the term), but they work with word formation, because it is the word-formation system that involve a nominal (noun, adjective, verb, numeral, pronoun) and verb paradigm, in which a "deep" morphological and syntactic system of the gender is formed and it outlines the structure, lexical and semantic components of animate and inanimate nature. Grammatical systems are different in not only grammatical meanings, but also in how these meanings are expressed. Taking into account all these features, it turns out that the grammatical system of each language is deeply unique. Despite all these features and characteristics of certain grammatical categories in the languages of different systems, we can outline that you can compare and contrast any of the existing languages, because the grammatical system of languages reveals common features that allow to develop principles for studying of universal categories. Such universals include the category of gender, which is qualified as a morphological-syntactic category of language, which realizes its potential in syntactic structures. The problem of classifying the category of gender in the languages of different grammatical systems is directly related to the research in terms of comparative and contrastive linguistics, and to the problems of studying interfering factors in language.
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Dhanawaty, Ni Made. "Kuatnya Jejak Ke-Austronesia-an pada Bahasa Bali Dialek Bali Aga." Jurnal Kajian Bali (Journal of Bali Studies) 11, no. 1 (April 2, 2021): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jkb.2021.v11.i01.p05.
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The Balinese language is spatially divided into the Balinese dialect of Bali Aga (DBA) and the dialect of Bali Dataran (DBD). As a sub-family of Austronesian languages, the Balinese language has many features of being Austronesian. This study at analyzes the trace of the Bali Aga dialect, through four linguistic variables: the realization of the phoneme /a/, the distribution of phonemes /h/, bimonosilabel words, and personal pronouns. Data sources of this research are Balinese in the DBA area, general Balinese language, and Balinese inscriptions and dictionaries which were collected using the scrutinize and interview methods and analyzed by using comparative and distributional approaches. The results showed that the Austronesian traces in the Bali Aga dialect are still strong, indicated by (1) the persistence of [a] as a realization of the phoneme /a/ in the ultima position; (2) the persistence of /h/ in the initial and medial positions; (3) the persistence of penultima syllable coda on bimonosilabis words; (4) the persistence of Proto Austronesian pronouns. These indicate that the archaic data are very important in tracking language change.
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Chervony, Aleksandr M., Julia M. Demonova, and Evguenia A. Murashova. "Lexico-grammatical peculiarities of expressing indefinite semantic subject in russian and english." Revista Amazonia Investiga 10, no. 45 (October 29, 2021): 302–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2021.45.09.30.
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The aim of the study is to investigate the means of representation of the indefinitely expressed subject in Russian and English for the purpose of structuring and classifying the linguistic means of its expression. As the basis for investigation we chose the fictional text of the novel by M. A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita” and its parallel translation to English. In the paper we used the method of semantic analysis, contextual component analysis, comparative analysis and the method of linguistic modelling. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the results of the comparative analysis which show that there exist symmetrical and asymmetrical forms of expressing formally indefinite semantic subject. Symmetrical means of implicit expressing semantic subject is mostly nominalization. Generalized subject can be expressed either symmetrically or asymmetrically by various syntactic constructions in Russian and English. Asymmetrical means of expressing semantic subject can be traced in the syntactic constructions of different kind which are represented by binary oppositions. As a result of the research it has been found that the preferred ways of expressing indefinite semantic subject in Russian are indefinite pronouns; in English – passive constructions.
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Tonietti, Maria Vittoria. "Problèmes de morphologie éblaïte dansune perspective comparative. SE à Ebla: pronom déterminatif-relatif ou préposition?" Faits de Langues 26, no. 1 (February 10, 2005): 181–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19589514-02601012.
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Afrianto, Afrianto. "English Equivalents for Indonesian Relative Pronoun ‘yang’: A Comparative Study." Kelasa 17, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/kelasa.v17i1.295.
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This research discusses Indonesian relative clauses compared to its translation of English in the short story Clara atawa Wanita yang Diperkosa. The aim of this research is to configure and describe the differences and similarities of relative clauses in Indonesian and English. In this research, the researchers applied the qualitative method since the researchers gave detailed descriptions and explanations of the lingual phenomena from existing documents exploratively. This research found that the patterns of relative clauses in Indonesian and English perform similarities and differences. A similar pattern found is RP-V-O/Adjunct, while the difference is caused by structural shiftings happening in translating process. Furthermore, there are three equivalents for the relative pronoun ‘yang’, they are who, which, and that. Moreover, ‘yang’ is not always translated when the translation is constructed in a deep structure construction. Furthermore, this research presents the alternative ways to choose the appropriate English relative pronoun to translate the Indonesian relative pronoun.
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Carlier, Anne, and Béatrice Lamiroy. "The emergence of the grammatical paradigm of nominal determiners in French and in Romance: Comparative and diachronic perspectives." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 63, no. 2 (January 25, 2018): 141–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2017.43.
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AbstractThis article is devoted to the emergence of a new paradigm in French and Romance: that of nominal determiners. Latin had no articles, and although possessives, demonstratives and indefinites could determine the noun, they could also be used as pronouns or adjectives, so that the morpho-syntactic category of nominal determiners did not exist as such. We first examine the diachronic evolution of French, where a far-reaching grammaticalization process took place. Syntagmatically, all determiners end up in the NP-initial position as the only available syntactic slot, contributing to the highly configurational NP pattern characteristic of Modern French. From a paradigmatic viewpoint, determiners no longer correspond to a syntactic function, but to a separate morpho-syntactic category. We also evaluate to what extent this evolution took place in two other Romance languages, Italian and Spanish. Through the analysis of this particular evolution, based on parallel corpora consisting of a Latin text and its translations in Old, Middle, and Modern French on the one hand, and in Spanish and Italian on the other, our study also provides evidence for more general mechanisms, analogy in particular, at work in the creation of new paradigms.
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Pikilnyak, Andrey V., Nadia M. Stetsenko, Volodymyr P. Stetsenko, Tetiana V. Bondarenko, and Halyna V. Tkachuk. "Comparative analysis of online dictionaries in the context of the digital transformation of education." CTE Workshop Proceedings 8 (March 19, 2021): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.55056/cte.204.
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The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of popular online dictionaries and an overview of the main tools of these resources to study a language. The use of dictionaries in learning a foreign language is an important step to understanding the language. The effectiveness of this process increases with the use of online dictionaries, which have a lot of tools for improving the educational process. Based on the Alexa Internet resource it was found the most popular online dictionaries: Cambridge Dictionary, Wordreference, Merriam–Webster, Wiktionary, TheFreeDictionary, Dictionary.com, Glosbe, Collins Dictionary, Longman Dictionary, Oxford Dictionary. As a result of the deep analysis of these online dictionaries, we found out they have the next standard functions like the word explanations, transcription, audio pronounce, semantic connections, and examples of use. In propose dictionaries, we also found out the additional tools of learning foreign languages (mostly English) that can be effective. In general, we described sixteen functions of the online platforms for learning that can be useful in learning a foreign language. We have compiled a comparison table based on the next functions: machine translation, multilingualism, a video of pronunciation, an image of a word, discussion, collaborative edit, the rank of words, hints, learning tools, thesaurus, paid services, sharing content, hyperlinks in a definition, registration, lists of words, mobile version, etc. Based on the additional tools of online dictionaries we created a diagram that shows the functionality of analyzed platforms.
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Nekrasova, Galina Aleksandrovna. "DOUBLE CASE MARKING IN THE PERMIAN LANGUAGES." Yearbook of Finno-Ugric Studies 16, no. 3 (September 29, 2022): 378–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2224-9443-2022-16-3-378-386.
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The article is devoted to the study of word forms containing two or more different case suffixes. The types of double case marking have been identified, the area of their distribution has been clarified. It is established that the majority of typologically distinguished types of double case marking are represented in the Permian languages and their dialects: 1) elliptical (Simple headless adnominal) is represented in all Permian languages, it is widely used in the Udmurt language; 2) derivational takes place in the Komi languages during the formation of separate case forms of personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person plural; 3) the addition of locative suffixes (Case stacking) was characteristic of the early stages of the Permian languages. A typical example is the indicators of approximative-locative cases of the Komi languages, formed as a result of merging of the approximative suffix and suffixes of other locative cases, cf. керка-лань ‘towards the house’, керка-ланьысь 'from the house’, керка-ланьын 'near the house', etc.; 4) duplication of the vertex case with a nominal dependent (Headed adnominal with a case-marked head) is observed only with inversion and parcellation; 5) pleonastic (a combination of two case suffixes duplicating the same meaning). The duplication of the morphological expression of the case is fixed (in the Komi-Zyryan language, the suffixes of the genitive and the dative of nouns are added to the forms of the genitive and the dative of personal and intensifying personal pronouns of the 1st and 2nd person singular) and the double expression of the semantic-syntactic function of the case (in the Komi-Zyryan language, the suffixes of the elative and the comparative can be used simultaneously when expressing the comparative meaning). The properties of case suffixes in various types of double case marking and the possibility of their further development are noted. The empirical basis for the study was the original texts in the Komi-Zyryan, Komi-Permian and Udmurt languages from printed sources and electronic corpora.
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Kuzieva, Nodira, and Bahodurjon Ashrapov. "Comparative Analysis of Morphological Peculiarities and Level of Usage of Coordinative Compound Adverbs in the Tajik Literary Language Appertaining to 18th-19th Centuries (on the example of historical writings referred to as “Tuhfat-ul-khoni” and “Zafar Name” by Khusravi)." Stephanos Peer reviewed multilanguage scientific journal 55, no. 5 (September 30, 2022): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24249/2309-9917-2022-55-5-27-34.
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The article under consideration dwells on the issue beset with comparative analysis of morphological peculiarities and the level of usage of coordinative compound adverbs (CCAs) on the example of the historical production entitled as “Tuhfat-ul-khani” by Muhammadwafoi Karminagi and “Zafar Name” by Khusravi. The author of the article makes an endeavor to divide CCAs into several sub-groups in terms of their structure and meanings. It is worth stating that one of the most common ways of formation of CCAs in the corpus of our study is reduplication of parts of speech. It is proven that reduplication of Arabic original nouns is more frequently used than Tajik ones in the language of historical writings of the compared periods, upon the whole. It is underscored that reduplication of adjectives and numerals is not used to compose CCAs and reduplication of pronouns and verbs is encountered rarely in the corpus of the study. Adducing the result of a comparative analysis beset with CCAs of “Tuhfat-ul-khani” by Muhammadwafoi Karminagi and “Zafar Name” by Khusravi one can come to the conclusion that in terms of structure and grammatical style they are similar to the correlative works and to MTLL ones.
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Danielson, Kathleen. "PRONOUN EQUALITY." American Journal of Nursing 101, no. 3 (March 2001): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000446-200103000-00007.
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Lawal, Nike S. "Yoruba relativization and the continuous segment principle." Studies in African Linguistics 18, no. 1 (April 1, 1987): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/sal.v18i1.107480.
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This paper examines the strategies for relativisation and the Noun Phrase accessibility hierarchy and constraints in Yoruba [Keenan and Comrie 197T]. The various positions relativisable are examined. It was found that contrary to what Keenan and Comrie thought, Yoruba relativises all positions except the Object of Comparative. Attention is also focussed on the status of the coreferential pronoun found in subject relativisation. From the presence of this pronoun it appears as if Yoruba violates the continuous segment principle. However, our analysis shows that the pronoun is a surface structure phenomenon which obscures the underlying strategy for relativisation. The Yoruba data therefore supports the Hierarchy Constraints.
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Alamillo, Asela Reig. "Cross-dialectal variation in propositional anaphora: Null objects and propositional lo in Mexican and Peninsular Spanish." Language Variation and Change 21, no. 3 (October 2009): 381–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394509990111.
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AbstractDespite the interest in null direct objects in Spanish, the case of direct objects with propositional antecedents, which complement cognition and communication verbs, remains mostly uninvestigated. This article investigates, from a comparative variationist perspective, null direct objects with propositional antecedents, variably coded by the clitic lo, in Mexican and Peninsular Spanish. Variable rule analysis of six Spanish corpora reveals a big difference between the two dialects in the frequency of overt vs. null neuter pronoun yet shows that some of the linguistic constraints conditioning the variation are shared by both dialects (presence of a dative pronoun, type of antecedent, sentence type), suggesting that the null pronoun has the same grammatical role in both dialects. Some divergences in the conditioning of the null pronoun also emerge from the analysis and the sociodemographic information available suggests the existence of a change in progress in Mexican Spanish.
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Markhamah, Abdul Ngalim, Muhammad Muinudinillah Basri, and Atiqa Sabardila. "Comparison of Personal Pronoun between Arabic and Its Indonesian Translation of Koran." International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature 6, no. 5 (July 6, 2017): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.6n.5p.238.
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The system of pronoun in Indonesian language and Arabic is diverse. This becomes the main consideration of the emergence of the current study. This comparative-descriptive-qualitative study aims at comparing the Indonesian translation of Quran with its Arabic version to differentiate pronouns of both languages in relation to gender (male, female, neutral), grammatical categories of number (singular, plural, dual), and tenses (past, present, and future). Al-Qur’an which is written in Arabic is then compared to the Indonesian translation of it. Moreover, the objects of the research are personal pronouns and the data are all linguistic units consisting of personal pronouns in the Indonesian translation of Quran compared to its Arabic version. The data were collected through content analysis. Then, the comparative and distributional methods were employed to analyze the data. The findings show that in terms of gender, personal pronoun has different translation in the two languages. Indonesian does not distinguish the personal pronoun that refers to male or female, while Arabic does. In terms of quantity, Indonesian first person pronoun kami ‘we’ is commonly used for plural. However in the translated verses, kami ‘we’ refers to both singular and plural. Furthermore, in terms of tenses, Indonesian and Arabic utilize different systems. Indonesian does not distinguish the pronoun in terms of past, present, or future act, while Arabic adjusts the grammatical conformity between the verb and the subject or between the adverb and the subject in relation to number, person, and gender to express an element of tense.
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Kılıçaslan, Yılmaz, Edip Serdar Güner, and Savaş Yıldırım. "Learning-based pronoun resolution for Turkish with a comparative evaluation." Computer Speech & Language 23, no. 3 (July 2009): 311–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.csl.2008.09.001.
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Bhattacharyya, Archita. "Pronominal in Assamese and Bengali Language: A Comparative Analysis." Space and Culture, India 8, no. 3 (November 29, 2020): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.20896/saci.vi0.936.
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Out of the several modern Indo-Aryan languages that evolved in the eastern part of India, Assamese and Bengali are the two most prominent ones. Though both these two languages reached their respective present existence after passing through different phases of development, yet their roots are the same. Therefore, between both languages, there are many similarities even though both have evolved in distinctly different geographical areas, and there exist distinct differences between them. The differences not only create the distinction between them but also express their individuality too. In both, languages, pronoun and pronominal have occupied an important role in the discussion of morphology. Along with pronoun, the use of various pronominal which have evolved from the same root has flourished in both the languages. In this regard, both similarities and differences could be noticed in these two languages. Therefore, to identify the co-relation as well as the linguistic characteristics of both the languages, the comparative analysis is the only way out. In this study, an attempt is made to focus on how the pronominal of both languages are used to identify the similarities and differences between the two languages.
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Kiklewicz, Aleksander, and Michail L. Kotin. "Das russische Demonstrativpronomen eto (‘dasʼ) in der Kopula-Stellung: Probleme des syntaktischen Status im Licht der funktionalen Grammatik." Zeitschrift für Slawistik 67, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 278–321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/slaw-2022-0012.
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Summary The demonstrative pronoun eto (‘this’) in copula position: problems of its syntactic status from the perspective of functional grammar.This article deals with the syntactic status of the Russian demonstrative pronoun ‘eto’ in the copula position. The authors present the concept dominant in the Russian grammatical tradition that the pronoun in such sentences is equivalent to an auxiliary verb and performs a copulative function. The main part of the article is devoted to a critical analysis of such treatment, taking into account several aspects: function, distribution, position, intonation, substitution, semantics and others. The authors provide evidence for the thesis that the demonstrative pronoun in sentences of this type is one of the two exponents of the duplicative construction N-Pron, which occupies the position of the actant-subject, depending on the zeroed verb predicate, and besides, it anaphorically refers to the noun in preposition (which in turn has the status of a parenthetical element). Characteristics of sentences of this type are discussed in a comparative way, with reference to other European languages.
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Wijayanti, Lely Tri, Nur Indah Sholikhati, and Exwan Andriyan Verrysaputro. "Authorial Pronoun We." J-Lalite: Journal of English Studies 3, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jes.2022.3.1.5934.
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This study aims to decipher the use of authorial pronoun we as a politeness strategy in the EFL academic writing. The data consist of 56 published research articles taken from the Corpus of State University of Malang Indonesian Learners’ English. The articles were written by Indonesian undergraduate students co-authored with their thesis supervisors. Attempting to categorize pronoun we into inclusive, exclusive, and ambiguous types in the co-authored texts, we identify seven functions of the authorial pronoun. The result unveils that the ambiguous authorial pronoun we appear to be the most frequently used politeness device to minimize face threatening acts (FTA).
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Järvikivi, Juhani, Roger P. G. van Gompel, Jukka Hyönä, and Raymond Bertram. "Ambiguous Pronoun Resolution." Psychological Science 16, no. 4 (April 2005): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01525.x.
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A visual-world eye-tracking experiment investigated the influence of order of mention and grammatical role on resolution of ambiguous pronouns in Finnish. According to the first-mention account, general cognitive structure-building processes make the first-mentioned noun phrase the preferred antecedent of an ambiguous pronoun. According to the subject-preference account, the preferred antecedent is the grammatical subject of the preceding clause or sentence. Participants listened to sentences in either subject-verb-object or object-verb-subject order; each was followed by a sentence containing an ambiguous pronoun that referred to either the subject or the object. Participants' eye movements were monitored while they looked at pictures representing the two possible antecedents of each pronoun. Analyses of the fixations on the pictures showed that listeners used both order-of-mention and grammatical-role information to resolve ambiguous pronouns.
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Rauch, Irmengard. "On Gothic in the computer age." NOWELE / North-Western European Language Evolution 67, no. 2 (July 21, 2014): 231–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/nowele.67.2.04rau.
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The Gothic language spoken some 1500 years ago in the area west and north of the Black Sea remains the darling of the older Germanic languages, as well as the preferred Germanic representative in Comparative Grammar. In the computer age researchers have readily accessible digitized Gothic texts, grammars, glossaries, bibliographies, as well as tagged corpora studies. In demonstrating the family resemblance of the inflectional morphology of the Gothic demonstrative pronoun, the strong adjective, and the third person pronoun, this paper makes use of the concept of inheritance networks, developed in computer linguistics, and of underspecification theory.
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Tucci, Emiliana. "pronoun in ortonese." HUMAN REVIEW. International Humanities Review / Revista Internacional de Humanidades 11, Monográfico (December 21, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37467/revhuman.v11.4201.
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In this article we will study the pronominal system in Ortonese, which belongs to the central-southern Italo-Romance languages. The analysis we propose is contrastive: we will compare the data with the Italian to highlight their differences in terms of some morphosyntactic aspects. We will examine, the stressed and unstressed personal pronouns, emphasizing the placement of the combined pronouns with the compound tenses. Then, we will focus on the rest of the pronouns, such as demonstratives, possessives, quantifiers and indefinites, also pointing out the uses of the clitics “ci” and “ne” and the presence of the pronoun “nome”, which does not exist in Italian.
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И.Н., ЦАЛЛАГОВА,. "FUNCTIONAL TRANSPOSITION OF PARTS OF SPEECH IN THE OSSETIAN LANGUAGE: ADJECTIVIZATION AND ADVERBIALIZATION." Kavkaz-forum, no. 12(19) (December 14, 2022): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.46698/vnc.2022.19.12.003.
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В современной лингвистике большое внимание уделяется проблемам, связанным с переходностью в области частей речи. Исследования в этом направлении, как в зарубежной, так и в отечественной лингвистике, начали активно развиваться в XX в. Переход слов из одной части речи в другую в общей теории лингвистики называют по-разному: функциональная транспозиция, частеречная деривация, конверсия, морфолого-синтаксический способ словообразования. Следует отметь, что переход одной части речи в другую является одним из значимых и активных способов словообразования в современных языках. В данной статье рассматриваются такие частные случаи функциональной транспозиции, как адъективация и адвербиализация в осетинском языке. При этом в качестве иллюстративного материала использована лексика иронского и дигорского диалектов. В данном исследовании мы придерживаемся мнения, что адъективация – это вид функциональной транспозиции, при котором происходит переход различных частей речи в класс прилагательных, а адвербиализация – процесс перехода разных частей речи в класс наречий. В статье проанализированы теоретические вопросы, связанные с данной проблемой; рассмотрены конкретные проявления частеречной переходности. В ходе исследования сделаны следующие выводы: адъективация и адвербиализация, будучи частными способами функциональной транспозиции, проявляют себя в осетинском языке, как в иронском, так и в дигорском диалекте, очень активно; в осетинском языке адъективации могут подвергаться имена существительные и причастия; при транспонировании адъективы приобретают категорию сравнительной степени, свойственной прилагательному; в процессе адвербиализации наибольшую активность проявляют качественные прилагательные; в некоторых случаях, адвербиализация свойственна существительному и местоимению в форме косвенных падежей. In modern linguistics, much attention is paid to the problems associated with transitivity in the field of parts of speech. Research in this direction, both in foreign and domestic linguistics, began to develop actively in the XXth century. The transition of words from one part of speech to another in the general theory of linguistics is called differently: functional transposition, partial derivation, conversion, morphological-syntactic way of word formation. It should be noted that the transition from one part of speech to another is one of the most significant and active ways of word formation in modern languages. This article discusses such special cases of functional transposition as adjectivization and adverbialization in the Ossetian language. At the same time, the vocabulary of both dialects, both Iron and Digor, was used as an illustrative material. In this study, we are of the opinion that adjectivation is a type of functional transposition, in which the transition of various parts of speech into the class of adjectives occurs, and adverbialization is the process of transition of different parts of speech into the class of adverbs. The article analyzes the theoretical issues related to this problem; specific manifestations of part-of-speech transitivity are considered. In the course of the study, the following conclusions were made: adjectivation and adverbialization, being particular methods of functional transposition, manifest themselves very actively in the Ossetian language, both in the Iron and Digor dialects; in the Ossetian language, nouns and participles can be subject to adjectivation; when transposed, adjectived units acquire the category of a comparative degree characteristic of an adjective; in the process of adverbialization, qualitative adjectives show the greatest activity; in some cases, adverbialization is characteristic of the noun and pronoun in the form of indirect cases.
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Bittner, Dagmar, Claudia Frankenberg, and Johannes Schröder. "Changes in Pronoun Use a Decade before Clinical Diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Dementia—Linguistic Contexts Suggest Problems in Perspective-Taking." Brain Sciences 12, no. 1 (January 17, 2022): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12010121.
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The use of pronouns has been shown to change pathologically in the early phases of Alzheimer’s Dementia (AD). So far, the findings have been of a quantitative nature. Little is known, however, about the developmental path of the change, its onset, the domains in which it initially occurs, and if and how it spreads to other linguistic domains. The present study investigates pronoun use in six speakers of German a decade before they were clinically diagnosed with AD (LAD) and six biographically matched healthy controls (CTR). The data originate from monologic spoken language elicited by semi-spontaneous biographical interviews. Investigation of nine pronoun types revealed group differences in the use of three pronoun types: D-pronouns—a specific pronoun type of German for reference to persons and objects; the impersonal pronoun man ‘one’, and the propositional pronoun das ‘this/that’. Investigation of the linguistic contexts in which these three pronoun types were used revealed a correlation with declines in elaborative and evaluative information; that is, information the hearer would benefit from in creating an informed model of the discourse. We, therefore, hypothesize that the early changes in language use due to AD point to problems in perspective-taking, specifically in taking the hearer’s perspective.
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Yin, Qingyu, Weinan Zhang, Yu Zhang, and Ting Liu. "Chinese Zero Pronoun Resolution." ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 19, no. 1 (January 9, 2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3325884.
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Kong, Fang, Min Zhang, and Guodong Zhou. "Chinese Zero Pronoun Resolution." ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 19, no. 1 (January 9, 2020): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3321129.
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Zhuikova, Marharyta. "WE vs. I and YOU: group and individual identity in Lesya Ukrainka’s dramas." Language: classic - modern - postmodern, no. 8 (December 24, 2022): 171–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/lcmp2522-9281.2022.8.171-186.
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Background. The pronoun WE, in contrast to I, requires a certain effort from the participant of communication in order to recognize who exactly, apart from the speaker, is included in a specific WE-group. From the standpoint of reference theory, the pronoun WE is equivalent to the constructions I and YOU, I and HE, etc., however, the author of the work may prefer one of these ways.Сontribution to there search field. The research results, that are published in the article, enable us to display a wider view of the semantic and referential potential of the personal pronoun WE that functions as a marker of group or character identification.The purpose of the article is to identify the reference of the pronoun WE and similar pronoun groups in the speech of Lesya Ukrainka’s characters, as well as to clarify the factors that influenced the choice of a particular pronominal construction.The applied research method is a contextual-referential analysis of the pronoun WE and other pronoun groups.The main results of the study. Lesya Ukrainka uses the pronoun WE with an inclusive meaning (the speaker and his listener) and with an exclusive meaning (the speaker and a third person, except the listener) in the replicas of the characters. Both types of WE-groups can be decoded by involving information about both language and extralinguistic reality. In order to clearly indicate a certain group of characters, Lesya Ukrainka uses disjointed pronoun constructions such as I and YOU, I and HE, sometimes adding a noun after WE (we and my brother, we and Maecenas). Each case of segmented usage is associated with the need to precisely outline the content of the WE-group.Discussion. Lesya Ukrainka uses disjointed pronoun constructions in cases where she wants to avoid the group identity of her characters, to show that the characters have individual traits, aspirations, and worldview guidelines. The author masterfully uses the referential potential of first-person pronouns, adapting them to express the most complex artistic intentions.
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Torres, Ilana, Kathryn Slusarczyk, Malihe Alikhani, and Matthew Stone. "Intention and Attention in Image-Text Presentations: A Coherence Approach." Experiments in Linguistic Meaning 1 (July 30, 2021): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/elm.1.4873.
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In image-text presentations from online discourse, pronouns can refer to entities depicted in images, even if these entities are not otherwise referred to in a text caption. While visual salience may be enough to allow a writer to use a pronoun to refer to a prominent entity in the image, coherence theory suggests that pronoun use is more restricted. Specifically, language users may need an appropriate coherence relation between text and imagery to license and resolve pronouns. To explore this hypothesis and better understand the relationship between image context and text interpretation, we annotated an image-text data set with coherence relations and pronoun information. We find that pronoun use reflects a complex interaction between the content of the pronoun, the grammar of the text, and the relation of text and image.
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Supwatanapaisan, Gazidate, and Theeraporn Ratitamkul. "Locality Bias Effect and Interpretation of Thai Reflexive Anaphors." MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities 25, no. 1 (December 26, 2022): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-25010022.
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Abstract The two forms of Thai reflexive anaphors, tuaɁeeŋ ‘self’ and tua+pronoun+Ɂeeŋ ‘pronoun-self’, have been claimed to exhibit different referential patterns. While tuaɁeeŋ only co-refers with a local antecedent np within the same clause, tua+pronoun+Ɂeeŋ can refer to both local and distant antecedent np s. In this study, a self-paced reading experiment was used to examine whether and how Locality Bias guided the comprehenders’ online interpretation of tuaɁeeŋ and tua+pronoun+Ɂeeŋ. Our results showed that the reading time was significantly faster when a reflexive anaphor referred to a local np than when it did to a a distant np, regardless of the forms. This suggests that a local antecedent was preferred for both types of reflexives manifesting locality bias effect. Post hoc tests revealed that tua+pronoun+Ɂeeŋ appeared to be more sensitive to the locality bias than tuaɁeeŋ. This may result from the presence of the personal feature in tua+pronoun+Ɂeeŋ, which could restrict reference to local antecedents.
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Zhao, Mengyuan, Zhangyifan Ji, Jing Zhang, Yiwen Zhu, Chunhua Ye, Guangying Wang, and Zhong Yin. "Assessing Distinct Cognitive Workload Levels Associated with Unambiguous and Ambiguous Pronoun Resolutions in Human–Machine Interactions." Brain Sciences 12, no. 3 (March 11, 2022): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12030369.
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Pronoun resolution plays an important role in language comprehension. However, little is known about its recruited cognitive mechanisms. Our investigation aims to explore the cognitive mechanisms underlying various types of pronoun resolution in Chinese using an electroencephalograph (EEG). We used three convolutional neural networks (CNNs)—LeNeT-5, GoogleNet, and EffifcientNet—to discover high-level feature abstractions of the EEG spatial topologies. The output of the three models was then fused using different scales by principal component analysis (PCA) to achieve cognitive workload classification. Overall, the workload classification rate by fusing three deep networks can be achieved at 55–63% in a participant-specific manner. We provide evidence that both the behavioral indicator of reaction time and the neural indicator of cognitive workload collected during pronoun resolution vary depending on the type of the pronoun. We observed an increase in reaction time accompanied by a decrease of the theta power while participants were processing ambiguous pronoun resolution compared to unambiguous controls. We propose that ambiguous pronoun resolution involves a more time-consuming yet more flexible cognitive mechanism, consistent with the predictions of the decision-making framework from an influential pragmatic tradition. Our results extend previous research that the cognitive states of resolving ambiguous and unambiguous pronouns are differentiated, indicating that cognitive workload evaluated using the method of machine learning for analysis of EEG signals acts as a complementary indicator for studying pronoun resolution and serves as an important inspiration for human–machine interaction.