Relevant bibliographies by topics / Comparative and general Pronoun

Academic literature on the topic 'Comparative and general Pronoun'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Comparative and general Pronoun"

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Pokhrel, Surendra. "A Comparative Study on the Use of First-Person Pronouns in Ten International Diplomatic Speeches." REiLA : Journal of Research and Innovation in Language 4, no. 3 (December 19, 2022): 290–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.31849/reila.v4i3.11100.

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This paper explores how world leaders use first-person pronouns in diplomatic speeches as a case study on how stance is communicated in high-stakes situations. The dataset comprises ten speeches to security and the economy given by heads of state/governments to their counterparts at international conferences/summits. The data were analysed from a quantitative/corpus-linguistic perspective using AntConc (Anthony, 2021) to summarise general patterns of personal pronoun use and then from a qualitative/discourse-analytical perspective, identifying specifically related examples for more detailed interpretation in context. The contextual features considered for the critical discourse analysis were gender, ideology, and the political systems of the speaker’s country. The results showed that most lead favoured the plural first-person pronoun “we” over the singular “I”. This was especially marked for the Middle Eastern leaders in the sample. The plural form was used for two main functions: (i) audience-inclusivity, referring to the audience of delegates/attendees, and (ii) audience-exclusivity, referring to the nation represented by the speaker. The distribution of these functions in the individual speeches varied greatly, ranging from extreme inclusive use (85%; Temer [Brazil]) to extreme exclusive use (65%; Putin [Russia]); this was largely predictable based on the speaker’s role at the event (e.g., facilitator vs dissenter from a consensus view) and the level of perceived national power. “I” was found to be used mostly at the beginning of the speeches to extend gratitude to the organisers. However, it was often deployed to increase the speaker’s self-dedication throughout an address. Similarly, whereas deployed throughout the speeches to establish a sense of communal rapport between the audience and the speaker. The evidence does not suggest any major differences in the usage of first-person pronouns based on gender, as shown by similarities in the speeches of German Chancellor Merkel and Bangladeshi Prime Minister Hasina.
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Mahamu, Suhila, and Agus Nero Sofyan. "Prinsip Pengenalan Morfem dalam Bahasa Inggris: Kajian Morfologi." SUAR BETANG 16, no. 2 (December 8, 2021): 199–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/surbet.v16i2.216.

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This research aims to classify and identify morphemes recognition in English. The method used in this study is qualitative descriptive method. In providing data, the researcher uses listening and note-taking technique. The data used in this study were retrieved from the book Top Grammar: A Guide to Write English. While the theory used is the theory of the principle of morpheme recognition. The results of this discussion can be classified into six principles of morpheme recognition namely (1) the form of indefinite pronouns, comparative and superlative degree and reflexive pronouns; (2) singular and plural forms; (3) the form of the past participle in regular {-d}/{-ed} and irregular {–n} forms; (4) singular and plural nouns, present and past verbs; (5) the form of homonyms and in principle; and (6), the form of free morpheme and bound morpheme. From the results of the classification, morpheme units can be identified based on word form, word class and also the meaning that appears.AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengklasifikasi dan mengidentifikasi pengenalan morfem dalam bahasa Inggris. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif. Dalam tahapan penyediaan data, penulis menggunakan teknik simak dan catat. Data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini bersumber dari buku Top Grammar: A Guide to Write English. Teori yang digunakan adalah teori prinsip pengenalan morfem. Hasil dari pembahasan menunjukan bahwa terdapat enam prinsip pengenalan morfem, yaitu (1) terdapat pada bentuk indefinite pronoun, comparative dan superlative degree, serta reflexive pronoun; (2) terdapat pada bentuk tunggal dan jamak; (3) terdapat data pada bentuk past participle bentuk regular {-d}/ {-ed} dan irregular {–n}; (4) terdapat padakata benda tunggal dan jamak dan kata kerja present serta past; (5) terdapat pada bentuk homonim; (6) terdapat pada bentuk morfem bebas dan terikat. Dari hasil klasifikasi tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa satuan morfem dapat diidentifikasi berdasarkan bentuk kata, kelas kata, dan makna yang muncul.
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Voronova, A. "Modern vision of Roman Jakobson’s classical theory of indexical symbols." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 4 (December 28, 2019): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2019-4-67-74.

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Despite active implementing of Roman Jakobson’s classical term «indexical symbol» relating to pronouns, the analysis of Charles Pierce’s theory, which is the pillar of Jakobson’s ideas, puts this term in doubt. As Pierce’s works have defined approaches to any language research so far, their study is relevant due to the growing role of communication.The Theoretical Background of this article is Pierce’s theory of signs, the statements of which are conferred with Jakobson’s ideas using analytical-comparative method.The Study Procedure includes exposition and analysis of Jakobson’s theory five statements.The Study Results are the substantiation of their nonderivability from Pierce’s theory considering modern scientific knowledge logic.1,4. Pronouns are linked to the object denoted conventionally and existentially, so they are indexical symbols.The objects of pronouns and nouns (symbols) are different. Unlike a noun a pronoun doesn’t denote a class of things.Index existential relation doesn’t combine with conventional and ontological symbol relations, creating instead of relations between a sign and an object a vector of attention focusing on a real object having concrete coordinates as incentive to revise a symbol ontological aspect.2. «I» means «person uttering «I».It’s true from the viewpoint of the other person denoting an uttering person as «he/she». If we consider «I» to be a symbol, a person denoting himself/herself like «I», opposes to himself/herself himself/herself as a person whom he/she can denote like «he/she», which is logically inacceptable. And the evident «neighborhood» of Index and Symbol and the latent presence of Symbol in the evident Index are impossible in Pierce’s system.3. Any shifter has its own general meaning.According to Pierce, Indexes have a general meaning, but Symbols have a general meaning and a general concept.5. Indexical symbols overlap code and message.In Jakobson’s theory a code is a sign system, so a pronoun can be any sign. Summarizing, by contrast with Jakobson’s theory of «indexical symbol», Pierce’s ideas allow distinguishing symbol and index considering their objects and character of their relation with objects and define peculiarities of symbol and index interaction in language and speech, so they seem promising for studying a sign nature of pronouns.
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Mateiu, Iuliana-Anca. "Le pronom français On dans la poésie de Iulia Haşdeu. Complexité référentielle et traduction." Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 67, no. 4 (December 20, 2022): 453–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2022.4.23.

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"The French Pronoun ON in Iulia Haşdeu's Poetry. Referential Complexity and Translation. In our paper, we intend to explain the frequency of the French pronoun ON in the poetry of Iulia Haşdeu and the variety in translating its constructions into Romanian through a comparative stylistic analysis and an enunciative analysis of its occurrences and translations. Due to its indetermination, ON can be used in a lot of contexts, or it can be suppressed in those contexts where predication is more important than reference. Keywords: On, referential complexity, poetry, translation, enunciative analysis "
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Warren, Jane. "Address pronouns in French." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 29, no. 2 (January 1, 2006): 16.1–16.17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2104/aral0616.

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This article examines speakers’ perceptions of and attitudes towards address pronoun usage in Paris and Toulouse. The data on which this article is based come from a comparative project based at the University of Melbourne, Address in some western European languages, and were generated in focus groups in both Paris and Toulouse, as well as interviews in Paris. It is generally accepted that in France the informal pronominal address form tu is used within the family, with close friends and with youngsters, and that the formal address form vous is used by adults when addressing strangers. The findings presented here indicate that, outside these general tendencies, individual preferences and negotiation can inform the choice of address pronoun in different ways both within and outside the workplace, with individual variation more common outside the work domain.
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Warren, Jane. "Address pronouns in French." Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 29, no. 2 (2006): 16.1–16.17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aral.29.2.01war.

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This article examines speakers’ perceptions of and attitudes towards address pronoun usage in Paris and Toulouse. The data on which this article is based come from a comparative project based at the University of Melbourne,Address in some western European languages, and were generated in focus groups in both Paris and Toulouse, as well as interviews in Paris. It is generally accepted that in France the informal pronominal address formtuis used within the family, with close friends and with youngsters, and that the formal address formvousis used by adults when addressing strangers. The findings presented here indicate that, outside these general tendencies, individual preferences and negotiation can inform the choice of address pronoun in different ways both within and outside the workplace, with individual variation more common outside the work domain.
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Rojas-Berscia, Luis Miguel, and Sean Roberts. "Exploring the history of pronouns in South America with computer-assisted methods." Journal of Language Evolution 5, no. 1 (October 11, 2019): 54–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jole/lzz006.

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Abstract Pronouns as a diagnostic feature of language relatedness have been widely explored in historical and comparative linguistics. In this article, we focus on South American pronouns, as a potential example of items with their own history passing between the boundaries of language families, what has been dubbed in the literature as ‘historical markers’. Historical markers are not a direct diagnostic of genealogical relatedness among languages, but account for phenomena beyond the grasp of the historical comparative method. Relatedness between pronoun systems can thus serve as suggestions for closer studies of genealogical relationships. How can we use computational methods to help us with this process? We collected pronouns for 121 South American languages, grouped them into classes and aligned the phonemes within each class (assisted by automatic methods). We then used Bayesian phylogenetic tree inference to model the birth and death of individual phonemes within cognate sets, rather than the typical practice of modelling whole cognate sets. The reliability of the splits found in our analysis was low above the level of language family, and validation on alternative data suggested that the analysis cannot be used to infer general genealogical relatedness among languages. However, many results aligned with existing theories, and the analysis as a whole provided a useful starting point for future analyses of historical relationships between the languages of South America. We show that using automated methods with evolutionary principles can support progress in historical linguistics research.
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M.M., Soliuk. "HERTA MULLER “BREATHING SWING”: TRANSLATION OF THE CATEGORY OF DEFINITENESS / INDEFINITENESS." South archive (philological sciences), no. 87 (September 29, 2021): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.32999/ksu2663-2691/2021-87-13.

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This scientific research deals with a topical linguistic and translation problem – the category of definiteness / indefinitenessand ways of its reproduction in the German- Ukrainian translations of modern fiction. The purposeof this articleis to determine the ways one can employ to convey different meanings of German articles and other determinants into Ukrainian, as they are used to express the category of definiteness / indefiniteness in the German language. To achieve this goal, there has been employed comparative and descriptive methodsof linguistic research as they allow to consider different ways of expression of the category of definiteness / indefiniteness in the Ukrainian translation. The objectof this research is the translation of the category of definiteness / indefiniteness which leads to a strictly defined subject. The subjectof the study are explicit means of expression of the category of definiteness / indefiniteness in German (in the novel “Breathing Swing” by H. Muller) and implicit means of its expression in Ukrainian (in the Ukrainian translation of the respective novel).Results.The comparative analysis of the original and translated texts makes it possible to determine the main linguistic means of reprodution the category of definiteness / indefiniteness in the Ukrainian translation. The analyzed material contains examples where the category of definiteness / indefiniteness in the original text is expressed by a definite article which is translated by a pronominalized numeral “some of”, an indefinite-personal pronoun “someone”, or an indefinite pronoun; an indefinite article which is translated by pronouns; zero article is reproduced by a more detailed translation; pronouns are reproduced by their equivalents, as well as other pronouns; other cases of translation include a periphrasis, a descriptive, inaccurate or non-literal translation. Conclusions:Definite, indefinite, zero articles and pronouns serve as the main, most consistent, and regular means of realization of the category of definiteness / indefiniteness in the German language. While there are no certain morphological means of expression of this category in the Ukrainian language, the translator uses lexical and syntactic means for reproduction of the category definiteness / indefiniteness. The context also plays an essential role.Key words: category of determination, the definitness / indefinitness, article, pronoun, translation. У дослідженні порушується актуальна перекладознавча проблема – особливості відтворення категорії означеності / неозначеності на матеріалі німецько-українських перекладів творів сучасної художньої літератури. Метоюданої статті є визначення способів передачі українською мовою значень німецьких артиклів та інших детермінативів, за допомогою яких вира-жається категорія означеності / неозначеності в німецькій мові. Для досягнення поставленої мети застосовуються зіставний та описовий методи лінгвістичного дослідження, що дозволяють розглянути різні способи передачі засобів вираження катего-рії означеності / неозначеності в українському перекладі. Об’єктом дослідження постає категорія означеності / неозначеності, що виступає засобом позначення певного предмета. Предметом вивчення є експліцитні засоби вираження вищевказаної кате-горії в німецькій мові (в романі Г. Мюллер «Гойдалка дихання») та імпліцитні в українському перекладі зазначеного твору. За допомогою результатів, досягнутих внаслідок зіставного аналізу текстів оригіналу та перекладу, вдалося встановити основні мовні засоби відтворення категорії означеності / неозначеності в українському перекладі.Зокрема, зафіксовано такі випадки вираження категорії означеності / неозначеності в мові-оригіналі, а також засоби та способи їх відтвореня в мові перекла-ду: неозначений артикль перекладений прономіналізованим числівником «один із/з», неозначено-особовоим займенником «якийсь», вказівним займенником; означений артикль – за допомогою займенників; нульовий артикль відтворено деталізованим перекладом; детермінативи – їх відповідниками, а також іншими детермінативами; в деяких випадках перекладач вдається до перифрази, описового, неточного чи недослівного перекладу. Висновки:в німецькій мові означеність / неозначеність виражається за допомогою артиклів (означеного, неозначеного або нульового), а також інших детермінативів, якими часто виступають займенники. В той час як в українській мові певних морфологічних засобів вираження цієї категорії нема, перекладач вдається до використання лексичних та синтаксичних засобів, важлива роль при цьому відводиться контексту. Ключові слова: категорія детермінації, означеність / неозначеність, артикль, займенник, переклад.
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Suwarna, Suwarna. "ASPEK GRAMATIKAL DALAM WACANA POLITIK." Kajian Linguistik dan Sastra 17, no. 2 (July 19, 2017): 134–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/kls.v17i2.4501.

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The study is about grammatical aspects of the political discourse. Using technique of formal discourse analysis, especially focussing on cohesion, the grammatical aspects of political discourse show particular characteristics. Although in general they show reference, ellipsis, and conjunction, the discussion of the grammatical aspects is only limited on reference. The findings show that the use of reference in the political discourse can be classified into seven types: (1) reference showing cohesion which tends to be formal and standard; (2) reference having types of endophoric and exophoric, anaphoric, cataphoric, anaphoric and cataphoric, pronoun, demonstrative, and comparative pronoun reference consisting o0f temporal, locational, situational, equivalent, naming, historical; and reference having forms of lexical, phrasal, sentencial, paragraph, and discourse; (3) endophoric reference which is more productive than exophoric one; (4) anaphoric reference which is more productive than cataphoric one; (5) phrasal reference which is more productive than lexical, sentencial, paragraph, and discoursal ones; (6) cataphoric reference which tends to be phrasal and paragraph; and (7) discourse reference which is typically exophoric.Key words: grammatical aspect, cohesion, reference, political discourse, and korpus data
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Overstreet, Maryann. "The English general extender." English Today 36, no. 4 (August 8, 2019): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078419000312.

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In the Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English (Biber et al., 1999), a new category is identified in the grammar of the English phrase. In conversational data, the most frequent forms cited as examples of this category are or something, and everything, and things and and stuff, which are described as ‘coordination tags’ by Biber et al. (1999: 115–16). This label has not been widely adopted, but the linguistic category it describes has clearly become established as part of modern English. The term ‘general extender’ (Overstreet, 1999) is now commonly used to refer to this category: ‘“general” because they are nonspecific and “extender” because they extend otherwise complete utterances’ (1999: 3). There are two subcategories: adjunctive general extenders, beginning with and, and disjunctive general extenders, beginning with or. In casual conversation, general extenders are typically phrase- or clause-final, consisting of and/or plus a vague noun (stuff/things) or a pronoun (something/everything), with an optional comparative phrase (like that/this). In everyday spoken British English, the phrase and (all) that is also extremely common. In written and formal spoken English, forms with quite different structures, such as et cetera, and so on, and so forth, and or so are more typically used to fulfill related functions. All of these forms are grammatically optional and fall within the more general category of pragmatic markers, along with you know, I mean, like and sort of, ‘expressions which may have little obvious propositional meaning but which oil the wheels of conversational social interaction’ (Beeching, 2016: 1).
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Comparative and general Pronoun"

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Huang, Jianqiao Caroline, and 黃劍橋. "Is the overt pronoun constraint learnable?" Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/212621.

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Studies on implicit learning have provided evidence for L2 acquisition of syntactic features, yet limited effort has been made to gauge the applicability of the implicit learning paradigm on syntactic structures that are posited by nativists as innate and need not to be learned. This thesis investigates the implicit learning of the Overt Pronoun Constraint(OPC), a claimed UG-derived constraint (White, 2003a,b; Hawkins, 2008)that prevents overt pronouns from taking quantified NPs as antecedents in null-argument languages(Montalbetti, 1983), and seeks alternative explanations to such knowledge from the usage-based perspective in SLA. In Experiment 1, participants’L1 prior knowledge of the binding constraint of the overt pronoun he in Mandarin Chinese and English was investigated respectively. Results show that Chinese participants accepted the bound variable interpretation of the pronoun他 (he) when the matrix subject (the subject of the main clause) was 有人someone, suggesting that the OPC may not be fully applicable in Chinese, and that the OPC may not be a universal phenomenon in all null-argument languages as claimed by nativists (e.g. Kanno, 1997). In terms of English participants, they rejected bound variable interpretations more often when the matrix subject of the sentence was a quantified NP than when it was a referring NP, indicating some biases of the interpretation towards the reference of the overt pronoun. Potential explanations for these cross-linguistic differences include the popularized use of singular they in English (Bhat, 2004) to refer to gender-ambiguous antecedents, and the degree of consistency in definiteness between the matrix subject and the pronoun as the sub-clause subject. In Experiment 2, Chinese L1 speakers were exposed to a semi-artificial language system that combined the binding constraint of the Japanese pronoun “kare” with Chinese to see whether they could acquire the OPC implicitly. The learning was measured by a timed Grammatical Judgment Test (GJT), and awareness was assessed by confidence ratings, source attributions and verbal reports. Results show that learning effect (both implicit and explicit) was observed in the Chinese group. In Experiment 3, Chinese participants were exposed to a semi-artificial language system that combined the overt pronoun binding constraint with their L2 English, and no learning effect was observed in this group, indicating that implicit learning could be affected by participants’L2 proficiency. In Experiment 4, the implicit learning of the pronoun constraint by English native speakers was investigated and L1 transfer effect was found in this experiment. To sum up, results show that the interpretation bias of the overt pronoun might be learned implicitly, although the learning process could be affected by participants’ prior linguistic knowledge. It also suggests that this bias might be learned without the assumption of UG existence, which show support for the usage-based approach in SLA.
published_or_final_version
English
Master
Master of Philosophy
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Zhang, Min. "A contrastive study of demonstratives in English and Chinese." Virtual Press, 1991. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/774752.

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This dissertation is a contrastive study of the semantics, pragmatics, and discourse functions of demonstratives in English and Chinese.It is shown that there is a metaphorical relationship between the basic semantic properties of demonstratives and their various uses in the two languages. The proximal demonstrative tends to be used for spatial, temporal, or emotional closeness, or for a foregrounded referent, whereas the distal demonstrative is usually used for spatial, temporal, or emotional remoteness, or for a backgrounded referent. However, details of the metaphorical extensions in the two languages may vary. Functional differences between demonstrative pronouns and neuter pronouns in English and Chinese are also discussed. It is shown that demonstrative pronouns tend to code a higher degree of topic discontinuity or topic change, and neuter pronouns a greater degree of topic continuity in the two languages.In addition to contributing to an understanding of the basic factors governing the uses of demonstratives in English and Chinese, which could be used as a basis for further cross linguistic study, this research should also have some pedagogical value for teaching both English and Chinese as foreign languages.
Department of English
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Boily, Manon. "L'emploi des pronoms dans des textes d'élèves de deuxième secondaire /." Thèse, Chicoutimi : Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 2001. http://theses.uqac.ca.

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Håkansson, Jessica. "The Use of Personal Pronouns in Political Speeches : A comparative study of the pronominal choices of two American presidents." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk och litteratur, SOL, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-19502.

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Kevari, Mary Kathleen. "The role of universal grammar in second language acquisition: An experimental study of Spanish ESL students' interpretation of lexical pronouns." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2000. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1710.

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Antonelli, Valentina. "Genere e identità: analisi comparativa tra l'inglese e l'italiano." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/12696/.

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Questo elaborato prende in esame, l’apparizione nella lingua inglese e in quella italiana di nuovi strumenti morfologici utilizzati da coloro che rivendicano un’identità di genere che non sia quella maschile o femminile. Il dibattito intorno alla creazione dal basso di tali strumenti è molto acceso nel mondo anglofono, soprattutto su piattaforme di microblogging quali Tumblr. È proprio su quest’ultimo sito che è possibile rendersi conto di quanto le persone appartenenti alle comunità transgender, genderqueer e non-binary anglofone, o che gestiscono i loro blog in inglese, ricorrano in modo massiccio all’uso di strumenti grammaticali inediti per riferirsi a se stesse. Oltre a fornire un inquadramento teorico che si propone di spiegare alcuni concetti chiave legati alla transessualità e al binarismo di genere, si è voluto chiedere direttamente a utenti trans, genderqueer e non-binary di madrelingua inglese e italiana quali soluzioni linguistiche abbiano trovato per far fronte alle difficoltà nell’esprimere la propria identità. Le dieci persone anglofone e le sei italofone sono state contattate sul sito Tumblr e sono state poste loro le stesse domande. Le rispettive risposte sono poi state messe a confronto per evidenziare le differenze tra l’ inglese e l’italiano nel consentire o nell’ostacolare l’espressione di identità altre da quella maschile o femminile. Dai risultati si evince che il campione anglofono ricorre all’uso di pronomi personali di terza persona quali they/them e nuovi pronomi, mentre il campione italiano, non avendo questa possibilità, è costretto a modificare i suffissi di genere tramite asterischi e altri segni grafici. Si vedrà infatti come le due lingue differiscono nella morfologia, essendo l’inglese una lingua isolante e l’italiano una lingua flessiva. La varietà di risposte fornite sia dai campioni intervistati è estremamente interessante in quanto indica tutte le complessità, linguistiche e socio-culturali, che implica il rivendicare un’identità non riconosciuta a livello sociale e istituzionale.
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Kat, Michael P. "Comparative studies of microseismic source location techniques." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61709.

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Cheung, Yam-Leung. "The negative wh-construction." Diss., Restricted to subscribing institutions, 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1779690041&sid=25&Fmt=2&clientId=48051&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Walker, Katharine Aynge. "Seventeenth century northern noble widows : a comparative study." Thesis, University of Huddersfield, 2004. http://eprints.hud.ac.uk/id/eprint/7766/.

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This thesis is presented in part fulfilment of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Huddersfield. This thesis aims to explore the lives of seventeenth century noble widows in the north of England. The issues investigated include the demographics of widowhood, economics of widowhood, charitable activities, noble widows and the law, social networks surrounding widows and widows' political interests. Each of these subjects forms a chapter, where widows' contribution to each sphere through the seventeenth century is explored and assessed. The work also covers wider issues which affected women prior to and during marriage as they were also relevant to widowhood. Therefore it has been necessary to widen the scope of research from analyzing women's lives after the deaths of their husbands. Similarly, the geographical scope of the research, whilst basically entrenched in the north of England, extends in response to the variety of widows' experiences. The research has required examination of primary source material generated by widows such as letters, diaries, estate records and account books from institutions such as the British Library and private libraries such as that at Chatsworth. The second aim of this thesis is to examine more recent attitudes towards seventeenth century noble widows, encompassing the writings of nineteenth century historians and contemporary authors. The subject of this study is an under researched area and the thesis highlights the importance of the only part of a noblewoman's life that was lived as an independent individual. By scrutinising the secondary source material, challenging and criticizing general arguments proposed by other writers, debate upon the subject should be increased and new ideas expressed. Despite the social, legal, economic and political changes which took place throughout the seventeenth century, noble widows remained influential figures within the contexts of family, household and society as they exploited legal loopholes or accepted conventions in order to further their individual aims. This study advances the understanding of women's history by focussing on a neglected aspect of the subject, provides a new viewpoint for regional history and stimulates ideas for further academic debate.
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Shi, Yili. "Referring expressions in Chinese and English discourse." Virtual Press, 1998. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1117097.

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Noun phrases (NPs) with the same reference may take a number of different forms. For example, in English a particular conference can be referred to as a conference, the conference, that conference, this conference, that, this, or it. This dissertation attempts to account for the use of such referring expressions in Chinese, based on Gundel, Hedberg and Zacharski's (1993) Givenness Hierarchy, and compares the discourse use of Chinese referring expressions with those of English.The Givenness Hierarchy is given below:THE GIVENNESS HIERARCHY:inuniquelytypefocus > activated > familiar > identifiable >referential> identifiable that{it}this{that N}{the N}{indefinite this N}{a N}this NThe Givenness Hierarchy correlates the form of referring expressions with their cognitive statuses, with each status being necessary and sufficient for the appropriate use of a different form or set of forms.The dissertation tests the Givenness Hierarchy to see if it adequately explains the use of referring expressions in Chinese. The data for this study are drawn from spoken and written texts from several different text types (cf. Biber 1986, 1988). The spoken data represent three different speech situations, i.e., face-to-face casual conversations, news broadcasts, and public speeches. The written texts represent different types, including short stories, novels, academic prose, magazine and journal articles, published letters and personal letters. The spoken and written data cover a range of formality and degree of planning.The results of the study show that the Givenness Hierarchy cannot account for the choice of form when two forms meet the sufficient cognitive requirements for appropriate use. More specifically, the Givenness Hierarchy fails to account for choices in Chinese between yi `one' NP and a bare NP when type identifiable is a necessary and sufficient condition for the appropriate use of both, or between nei `that' NP and a bare NP when uniquely identifiable is a necessary and sufficient condition for the appropriate use of both.It is proposed that within the individual categories of the Givenness Hierarchy, further distinction of the degree of discourse salience must be made in order to account for the distribution of Chinese NP forms in discourse. For example, the study shows that nei `that' encodes a uniquely identifiable referent and is used to increase referential salience, while a bare NP encodes a referent of neutral referential salience. Following Givon's (1984) line of research, the use of the numeral yi `one' is to code pragmatically important referents in discourse vs. the use of a bare NP to indicate referentially unimportant referents.To interpret the distribution of referring expressions in Chinese discourse, a number of properties of different expressions have been identified and characterized. The distal demonstrative determiner nei `that' has an associative anaphoric use, encoding an entity whose referent is uniquely identifiable based on what Hawkins (1978, 1991) calls P-sets, association sets. This function of nei as an associative anaphor demonstrates that its deictic function has become weak. In this regard, nei is beginning to function like the English definite article the.The distal demonstrative determiner nei has a recognitional use in talk-ininteraction, to use Schegloff's (1996) terms, negotiating shared knowledge and personal experiences.The demonstrative determiners zhe/na 'this/that' are studied in terms of word order variation. When in postverbal position, they function as definite markers, precluding indefinite interpretation of the postverbal NP. In preverbal position, they tend to increase referential salience of the subject/topic NP.The demonstrative pronouns are compared with the neuter pronoun to `it' and zero when referring to inanimates. The neuter to and zero tend to continue a topic, while demonstrative pronouns are likely to signal topic shift. This distinctive feature is shared by both English and Chinese.In sum, this dissertation contributes to our understanding of the use of referring expressions in both Chinese and English, which should be of interest both to linguists and to language teachers.
Department of English
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Books on the topic "Comparative and general Pronoun"

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Pronouns. Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press, 2004.

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Indefinite pronouns. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997.

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Null pronouns. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 2011.

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Resumptive pronouns at the interfaces. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Pub. Co., 2011.

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Zamora, Ricardo Escavy. El pronombre: Categorías y funciones pronominales en la teoría gramatical. [Murcia]: Facultad de Letras, Universidad de Murcia, 1987.

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Michael, Newman. Epicene pronouns: The linguistics of a prescriptive problem. New York: Garland, 1997.

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Milka, Ivić, ed. O funkciji i prirodi zamenica. Beograd: In-t za srpskohrvatski jezik, 1985.

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Gardelle, Laure, and Sandrine Sorlin. The pragmatics of personal pronouns. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2015.

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N, Shankara Bhat D. Pronouns. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007.

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Cēkaran̲, Cāttūr. Pronoun: Pre Tamil and world languages : an etymological study on more than 120 languages. Madras: International Linguistic Centre, 1990.

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Book chapters on the topic "Comparative and general Pronoun"

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Kehoe, Timothy J. "Comparative Statics." In General Equilibrium, 76–83. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-19802-3_7.

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Anderson, O. Roger. "General Perspectives on Protozoan Ecology." In Comparative Protozoology, 131–49. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-11340-0_8.

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Anderson, O. Roger. "General Principles of Cell Fine Structure." In Comparative Protozoology, 177–88. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-11340-0_10.

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Bardakci, Mehmet, Annette Freyberg-Inan, Christoph Giesel, and Olaf Leisse. "General and Comparative Analysis." In Religious Minorities in Turkey, 193–230. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-27026-9_7.

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Metzger, Axel, and Stefan Hennigs. "General Report." In Ius Comparatum - Global Studies in Comparative Law, 3–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21560-0_1.

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Remak, Henry H. H. "General Preface." In Comparative History of Literatures in European Languages, 5. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/chlel.viii.01rem.

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Cornis-Pope, Marcel, and John Neubauer. "General introduction." In Comparative History of Literatures in European Languages, 1–18. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/chlel.xix.05cor.

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Neubauer, John, Inna Peleva, and Mihály Szegedy-Maszák. "GENERAL INTRODUCTION." In Comparative History of Literatures in European Languages, 1–38. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/chlel.xxii.03neu.

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Klaić, Dragan. "General Introduction." In Comparative History of Literatures in European Languages, 143. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/chlel.xxii.23kla.

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Neubauer, John, and Marcel Cornis-Pope. "General Introduction." In Comparative History of Literatures in European Languages, 1–9. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/chlel.xxv.02neu.

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Conference papers on the topic "Comparative and general Pronoun"

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Fedorkiv, L. A. "Semantics and functions of the indefinite pronoun muta in the Khanty language." In General question of world science. L-Journal, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/gq-30-11-2020-13.

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Indefinite pronouns, like all pronouns, receive specific meanings in a coherent speech environment and serve as a means of actualizing communication. The functional-semantic features of the indefinite pronouns of the Khanty language were not the subject of special research. A single indefinite pronoun has its own functional-semantic potential. For the first time, the article discusses in detail the features of the functioning of the indefinite pronoun of mŏλti in the Kazym dialect of the Khanty language.
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Zhang, Hongming, Xinran Zhao, and Yangqiu Song. "A Brief Survey and Comparative Study of Recent Development of Pronoun Coreference Resolution in English." In Proceedings of the Fourth Workshop on Computational Models of Reference, Anaphora and Coreference. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.crac-1.1.

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Anjum, S., and A. I. Maswood. "Delta modulation with PI controller a comparative study." In Energy Society General Meeting. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pes.2008.4596305.

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Chang, G. W., and C. I. Chen. "A comparative study of voltage flicker envelope estimation methods." In Energy Society General Meeting. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pes.2008.4596228.

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Friedman, Carol. "A general computational treatment of the comparative." In the 27th annual meeting. Morristown, NJ, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/981623.981643.

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Doody, P., and S. Santoso. "A comparative metric to quantify the variability of wind power." In Energy Society General Meeting (PES). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pes.2009.5275581.

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Ravi, Ambareesh, Xiaozhuo Yu, Iara Santelices, Fakhri Karray, and Baris Fidan. "General Frameworks for Anomaly Detection Explainability: Comparative Study." In 2021 IEEE International Conference on Autonomous Systems (ICAS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icas49788.2021.9551129.

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Nguyen, M. H., T. K. Saha, and M. Eghbal. "A comparative study of voltage stability for long distance HVAC and HVDC interconnections." In Energy Society General Meeting. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pes.2010.5589456.

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Meah, Kala, and Sadrul Ula. "Comparative Evaluation of HVDC and HVAC Transmission Systems." In 2007 IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pes.2007.385993.

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Khodr, H. M., Zita Vale, Carlos Ramos, and P. Faria. "Optimization techniques for power distribution planning with uncertainties: A comparative study." In Energy Society General Meeting (PES). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pes.2009.5275569.

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Reports on the topic "Comparative and general Pronoun"

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Pikilnyak, Andrey V., Nadia M. Stetsenko, Volodymyr P. Stetsenko, Tetiana V. Bondarenko, and Halyna V. Tkachuk. Comparative analysis of online dictionaries in the context of the digital transformation of education. [б. в.], June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/4431.

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The article is devoted to a comparative analysis of popular online dictionaries and an overview of the main tools of these resources to study a language. The use of dictionaries in learning a foreign language is an important step to understanding the language. The effectiveness of this process increases with the use of online dictionaries, which have a lot of tools for improving the educational process. Based on the Alexa Internet resource it was found the most popular online dictionaries: Cambridge Dictionary, Wordreference, Merriam–Webster, Wiktionary, TheFreeDictionary, Dictionary.com, Glosbe, Collins Dictionary, Longman Dictionary, Oxford Dictionary. As a result of the deep analysis of these online dictionaries, we found out they have the next standard functions like the word explanations, transcription, audio pronounce, semantic connections, and examples of use. In propose dictionaries, we also found out the additional tools of learning foreign languages (mostly English) that can be effective. In general, we described sixteen functions of the online platforms for learning that can be useful in learning a foreign language. We have compiled a comparison table based on the next functions: machine translation, multilingualism, a video of pronunciation, an image of a word, discussion, collaborative edit, the rank of words, hints, learning tools, thesaurus, paid services, sharing content, hyperlinks in a definition, registration, lists of words, mobile version, etc. Based on the additional tools of online dictionaries we created a diagram that shows the functionality of analyzed platforms.
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Keller, Margo. A comparative study of the reponses by varying socioeconomic groups on general knowledge and categorization tasks. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.2241.

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Zhao, Binghao, Yu Wang, and Wenbin Ma. Comparative Efficacy and Safety of Therapeutics for Elderly Glioblastoma: a Bayesian Network Analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, March 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.3.0094.

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Review question / Objective: At this time, a comprehensive systematic review and network meta-analysis (NMA) was conducted to: (1) fill the research gap by giving rankings on treatment efficacy; (2) provide statistical evidence of not head-to-head comparisons; (3) seek out the best and up-to-date therapeutic strategy reported in latest RCTs; (4) address potential adverse events (AEs) of available treatments. Condition being studied: The incidence of glioblastoma (GBM) increases with age, until now, there has been less evidence on the optimal treatments for elderly GBM since only general GBM populations were included in clinical trials. Given the poor survival of elderly GBM, we collected randomized controlled trials about newly diagnosed GBM (ndGBM) and recurrent GBM, and conducted a Bayesian network meta-analysis on ndGBM regarding overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS). We revealed TTF + TMZ and TMZ + HFRT were likely to be best treatments for OS; BEV + HFRT and TMZ + HFRT were likely to be best options for PFS. Current study is the most comprehensive and powered network analysis on elderly GBM until now, it also provides more insights for elderly GBM management.
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Chen, Ziying, Zefei Jiang, Ziyun Guo, Mengchao Wang, Zhen Wang, and Liwei Chen. Comparative efficacy of different types of acupuncture for cancer-related fatigue: a protocol for systematic review and network meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.7.0012.

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Review question / Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of all current acupuncture therapies for the treatment of CRF through network meta-analysis. Condition being studied: Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) has been defined as a distressing, persistent, subjective sense of physical, emotional, and/or cognitive tiredness or exhaustion related to cancer and/or cancer treatment that is not proportional to recent activity and interferes with usual functioning, as one of the most common symptoms in cancer and related therapies, presents a huge challenge to the quality of life for cancer patients. Unlike general fatigue that can be relieved with rest, CRF is more debilitating, more persistent, and manifests itself in various ways, both physically and mentally. The estimated prevalence of CRF varies widely by various fatigue evaluation indicators, types of cancer, and cancer treatments, ranging from 14.03% to 100%, however, the latest systematic review show that it can have a pooled prevalence of up to 52%, this deserves our attention. But there has been no gold standard treatment for CRF.
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Urfels, Marie. From state support to market and financialization measures in crisis times: A comparative literature review of the Swedish and German housing systems. Malmö University, Faculty of Culture and Society (KS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24834/isbn.9789178772605.

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This paper present the findings of an extensive literature review on the housing systems in Germany and Sweden. The literature review majorly focuses on the rental housing sector but also touches upon other segments of the housing market, especially the cooperative housing sector. The report thus provides a general overview and situates the rental sector in the wider context of the overall housing market in the two countries. The paper adds valuable knowledge about the large differences in the post-war responses to the housing shortage in Germany and Sweden. While Sweden responded with a universal off-market approach to housing, (West) Germany implemented a dualist housing system within a social market economy. Despite differences in past solutions, the contemporary problems seem to be similar. The report concludes that, in the search of a response to the current housing crisis, Germany sees a re-emergence of the state, while Sweden’s next moves are uncertain.
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Bourrier, Mathilde, Michael Deml, and Farnaz Mahdavian. Comparative report of the COVID-19 Pandemic Responses in Norway, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. University of Stavanger, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.254.

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The purpose of this report is to compare the risk communication strategies and public health mitigation measures implemented by Germany, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom (UK) in 2020 in response to the COVID-19 pandemic based on publicly available documents. The report compares the country responses both in relation to one another and to the recommendations and guidance of the World Health Organization where available. The comparative report is an output of Work Package 1 from the research project PAN-FIGHT (Fighting pandemics with enhanced risk communication: Messages, compliance and vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak), which is financially supported by the Norwegian Research Council's extraordinary programme for corona research. PAN-FIGHT adopts a comparative approach which follows a “most different systems” variation as a logic of comparison guiding the research (Przeworski & Teune, 1970). The countries in this study include two EU member States (Sweden, Germany), one which was engaged in an exit process from the EU membership (the UK), and two non-European Union states, but both members of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA): Norway and Switzerland. Furthermore, Germany and Switzerland govern by the Continental European Federal administrative model, with a relatively weak central bureaucracy and strong subnational, decentralised institutions. Norway and Sweden adhere to the Scandinavian model—a unitary but fairly decentralised system with power bestowed to the local authorities. The United Kingdom applies the Anglo-Saxon model, characterized by New Public Management (NPM) and decentralised managerial practices (Einhorn & Logue, 2003; Kuhlmann & Wollmann, 2014; Petridou et al., 2019). In total, PAN-FIGHT is comprised of 5 Work Packages (WPs), which are research-, recommendation-, and practice-oriented. The WPs seek to respond to the following research questions and accomplish the following: WP1: What are the characteristics of governmental and public health authorities’ risk communication strategies in five European countries, both in comparison to each other and in relation to the official strategies proposed by WHO? WP2: To what extent and how does the general public’s understanding, induced by national risk communication, vary across five countries, in relation to factors such as social capital, age, gender, socio-economic status and household composition? WP3: Based on data generated in WP1 and WP2, what is the significance of being male or female in terms of individual susceptibility to risk communication and subsequent vulnerability during the COVID-19 outbreak? WP4: Based on insight and knowledge generated in WPs 1 and 2, what recommendations can we offer national and local governments and health institutions on enhancing their risk communication strategies to curb pandemic outbreaks? WP5: Enhance health risk communication strategies across five European countries based upon the knowledge and recommendations generated by WPs 1-4. Pre-pandemic preparedness characteristics All five countries had pandemic plans developed prior to 2020, which generally were specific to influenza pandemics but not to coronaviruses. All plans had been updated following the H1N1 pandemic (2009-2010). During the SARS (2003) and MERS (2012) outbreaks, both of which are coronaviruses, all five countries experienced few cases, with notably smaller impacts than the H1N1 epidemic (2009-2010). The UK had conducted several exercises (Exercise Cygnet in 2016, Exercise Cygnus in 2016, and Exercise Iris in 2018) to check their preparedness plans; the reports from these exercises concluded that there were gaps in preparedness for epidemic outbreaks. Germany also simulated an influenza pandemic exercise in 2007 called LÜKEX 07, to train cross-state and cross-department crisis management (Bundesanstalt Technisches Hilfswerk, 2007). In 2017 within the context of the G20, Germany ran a health emergency simulation exercise with WHO and World Bank representatives to prepare for potential future pandemics (Federal Ministry of Health et al., 2017). Prior to COVID-19, only the UK had expert groups, notably the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE), that was tasked with providing advice during emergencies. It had been used in previous emergency events (not exclusively limited to health). In contrast, none of the other countries had a similar expert advisory group in place prior to the pandemic. COVID-19 waves in 2020 All five countries experienced two waves of infection in 2020. The first wave occurred during the first half of the year and peaked after March 2020. The second wave arrived during the final quarter. Norway consistently had the lowest number of SARS-CoV-2 infections per million. Germany’s counts were neither the lowest nor the highest. Sweden, Switzerland and the UK alternated in having the highest numbers per million throughout 2020. Implementation of measures to control the spread of infection In Germany, Switzerland and the UK, health policy is the responsibility of regional states, (Länders, cantons and nations, respectively). However, there was a strong initial centralized response in all five countries to mitigate the spread of infection. Later on, country responses varied in the degree to which they were centralized or decentralized. Risk communication In all countries, a large variety of communication channels were used (press briefings, websites, social media, interviews). Digital communication channels were used extensively. Artificial intelligence was used, for example chatbots and decision support systems. Dashboards were used to provide access to and communicate data.
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Buraschi, Daniel, and Dirk Godenau. How does Tenerife society perceive immigration? Observatorio de la Inmigración de Tenerife. Departamento de Geografía e Historia. Universidad de La Laguna. Tenerife, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25145/r.obitfact.2019.15.

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The social perceptions of immigration and the attitudes that Tenerife society has towards immigrants are essential aspects of the dynamics of intercultural coexistence. The Tenerife Immigration Observatory has conducted research that has shows that in general terms the society in Tenerife has a positive perception of immigration, although there is a generalized perception of comparative grievance, based on the idea that migrants are treated more favourably by public institutions
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von Sigsfeld, Julia. Ancestral Knowledges and the Ecuadorian Knowledge Society. Maria Sibylla Merian International Centre for Advanced Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences Conviviality-Inequality in Latin America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46877/sigsfeld.2020.24.

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The government of Rafael Correa (2007-2017) embarked on an ambitious project of diversifying the national economy to transition from a primary resource exporting economy to a competitive Knowledge Society and a Knowledge-Based Bio-Economy as biodiversity was conceptualized as the country’s most significant comparative advantage. This paper traces how peoples’ and nationalities’ knowledges, so-called ancestral knowledges, were elicited in unprecedented ways in this context of bringing about a change of the productive matrix. While knowledge in general was reframed as an infinite resource, ancestral knowledges were made productive for a state-led project of capitalist modernization.
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Toney, Autumn, and Melissa Flagg. Comparing the United States' and China's Leading Roles in the Landscape of Science. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20210020.

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Using CSET’s new Map of Science to examine clusters of research publications, this data brief presents a comparative analysis of U.S. and Chinese research publication outputs. The authors find that global competition outcomes differ depending on the level of granularity when comparing research publication data. In a granular view of global scientific research, the United States and China together dominate almost two-thirds of the research publication output, with the rest of the world leading in more than one-third of publication output. In a general view of global scientific research, only China and the United States appear as leaders in research output.
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Domínguez, Roberto. Perceptions of the European Union in Latin America. Fundación Carolina, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.33960/issn-e.1885-9119.dt76en.

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This working paper examines the puzzle of the gaps between the images that the EU projects, voluntarily and involuntarily, and the perceptions of the EU in Latin America. After reviewing some of the debates related to the role of perceptions in public policy and EU Public Diplomacy (EUPD), the paper analyzes some critical developments in global perceptions of the EU based on the study Update of the 2015 Analysis of the Perception of the EU and EU Policies Abroad (2021 Update Study), which assessed the attitudes of the EU in 13 countries. The third section examines some studies on the attitudes of the EU in Latin America, including some contributions from Latinobarometer. The fourth section offers comparative cases of EU perception in Brazil, Mexico, and Colombia based on the findings of the 2021 Update Study. The analysis of each country relies on the interpretation of surveys with some references to the press analysis and interview methods provided in the 2021 Update Study. Each case discusses specific trends in the following areas: visibility, primary descriptors, global economics, and international leadership. Also, it identifies some patterns in perceptions of the EU in social development, climate change, research/technology, development assistance, culture, the case of the critical juncture in the survey (pandemic), and the EU as a normative setter. The final section offers some general trends in the perceptions of the EU in Latin America.
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