Journal articles: 'Companion cropping'

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Pickett, John A., Mary L. Hamilton, Antony M. Hooper, Zeyaur R. Khan, and Charles A. O. Midega. "Companion Cropping to Manage Parasitic Plants." Annual Review of Phytopathology 48, no. 1 (July 2010): 161–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-073009-114433.

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Sarkar, Shovon Chandra, Endong Wang, Shengyong Wu, and Zhongren Lei. "Application of Trap Cropping as Companion Plants for the Management of Agricultural Pests: A Review." Insects 9, no. 4 (September 25, 2018): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects9040128.

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Companion planting is a well-known strategy to manage insect pests and support a natural enemy population through vegetative diversification. Trap cropping is one such type of special companion planting strategy that is traditionally used for insect pest management through vegetative diversification used to attract insect pests away from the main crops during a critical time period by providing them an alternative preferred choice. Trap crops not only attract the insects for feeding and oviposition, but also act as a sink for any pathogen that may be a vector. Considerable research has been conducted on different trap crops as companion plant species to develop improved pest management strategies. Despite this, little consensus exists regarding optimal trap cropping systems for diverse pest management situations. An advantage of trap cropping over an artificially released natural enemy-based biological control could be an attractive remedy for natural enemies in cropping systems. Besides, many trap crop species can conserve natural enemies. This secondary effect of attracting natural enemies may be an advantage compared to the conventional means of pest control. However, this additional consideration requires a more knowledge-intensive background to designing an effective trap cropping system. We have provided information based on different trap crops as companion plant, their functions and an updated list of trap cropping applications to attract insect pests and natural enemies that should be proven as helpful in future trap cropping endeavors.

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Verma, R. S., and R. L. Yadav. "Growth and yield of sugarcane and potato in companion cropping system." Journal of Agricultural Science 107, no. 1 (August 1986): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600066879.

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SUMMARYTwo potato genotypes, Kufri Sindhuri (KS) and Kufri Chandramukhi (KC), were grown in association with sugarcane (cv. Co 1148) at 1:1 (SP) and 1:2 (SPP) sugarcane (S): potato (P)row arrangements. Growth behaviour and yield of both crops in companionship were compared with those of their sole cropping. Initially, KC accumulated more dry matter in tubers than KS. At harvest, the contribution of tubers to total dry matter was the same in both genotypes. However, KS produced significantly higher absolute tuber yields than KC. Potato row arrangements in sugarcane did not significantly affect the proportion of dry matter in different plant components. However, SPP gave significantly higher tuber yields than SP and was the same as with sole potatoes. Drymatter accumulation, canopy development and yield of sugarcane were not affected significantly by potato row arrangements in the companion cropping system. Sugarcane was unaffected by KC in companion cropping but KS exerted an adverse effect on all the growth characters and yield of sugarcane. Similarly, in sequential cropping, sugarcane yielded significantly less when planted after KS than after KC.

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Li, Chun-Xia, Xue-Peng Fu, Xin-Gang Zhou, Shou-Wei Liu, Ye Xia, Nai-Hui Li, Xiao-Xiao Zhang, and Feng-Zhi Wu. "Treatment With Wheat Root Exudates and Soil Microorganisms From Wheat/Watermelon Companion Cropping Can Induce Watermelon Disease Resistance Against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum." Plant Disease 103, no. 7 (July 2019): 1693–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-08-18-1387-re.

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Companion cropping with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) can enhance watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai] wilt disease resistance against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum. However, the mechanism of resistance induction remains unknown. In this study, the effects of microbial community dynamics and the interactions between wheat and watermelon plants, particularly the effect of wheat root exudates on watermelon resistance against F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum, were examined using a plant-soil feedback trial and plant tissue culture approach. The plant-soil feedback trial showed that treating watermelon with soil from wheat/watermelon companion cropping decreased watermelon wilt disease incidence and severity, increased lignin biosynthesis- and defense-related gene expression, and increased β-1,3-glucanase activity in watermelon roots. Furthermore, soil microbes can contribute to increasing disease resistance in watermelon plants. Tissue culture experiments showed that both exogenous addition of wheat root exudates and companion cropping with wheat increased host defense gene expression, lignin and total phenols, and increased β-1,3-glucanase activity in watermelon roots. In conclusion, both root exudates from wheat and the related soil microorganisms in a wheat/watermelon companion cropping system played critical roles in enhancing resistance to watermelon wilt disease induced by F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum.

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Harris, R. H., M. C. Crawford, W. D. Bellotti, M. B. Peoples, and S. Norng. "Companion crop performance in relation to annual biomass production, resource supply, and subsoil drying." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, no. 1 (2008): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar07135.

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A field experiment located in NE Victoria compared the productivity of cereals sown into mature lucerne (companion crop) with cereals and lucerne grown as monocultures. Additional nitrogen (N) and water was applied to investigate if increased resource supply could alleviate competition and improve cereal performance in the presence of lucerne. Cereal plant populations, lucerne and cereal biomass, and cereal grain yields and protein were measured throughout the experiment. Soil water content was also monitored over time to determine whether companion cropping compromised the ability of lucerne to extract deep soil water. While companion cropping depressed both lucerne and cereal production, the combined annual biomass production was greater than cereal and lucerne when grown alone. Averaged over the three seasons, companion cropping resulted in a 31% increase (P < 0.05) in total annual biomass compared with the lucerne monoculture, and an 18% increase compared with the cereal monoculture in the 2004–05 and 2005–06 seasons. Cereals growing with lucerne produced fewer tillers, spikes and consequently cereal biomass compared with cereals growing as a monoculture. Therefore, companion crops yielded 25% less (P < 0.05) grain compared with the cereal monoculture over the 3-year study. Competition for N and light in the pre-cereal stem elongation period, were likely causes. Increasing the supply of N and water did not result in a main treatment (monoculture v. companion crop) by additional resource interaction, indicating that cereal responses were the same irrespective of lucerne’s presence. The application of N, water and these combined inputs, resulted in a 13–40%, 35% and 49% increase (P < 0.05) in cereal grain yields, respectively. While companion cropping compromised lucerne’s capacity to extract water from deep soil layers to a degree, this practice was still able to maintain drier subsoil in comparison to the cereal monoculture.

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Midega, Charles A. O., Toby J. A. Bruce, John A. Pickett, Jimmy O. Pittchar, Alice Murage, and Zeyaur R. Khan. "Climate-adapted companion cropping increases agricultural productivity in East Africa." Field Crops Research 180 (August 2015): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2015.05.022.

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Singh, D. P., Rajiv, V. B. Jaiswal, H. G. Prakash, and S. Solomon. "Companion Cropping of Vegetables with Ratoon Sugarcane: A Case Study." Sugar Tech 22, no. 1 (June 10, 2019): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12355-019-00740-x.

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Verma, R. S., and R. L. Yadav. "Minimizing Yield Losses of Sugarcane When Grown with a Wheat Companion Crop by Fertilizer and Water Management." Experimental Agriculture 24, no. 1 (January 1988): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700015751.

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SUMMARYIn sub-tropical India where 70% of the country's sugarcane is grown, companion cropping of wheat in autumn-planted sugarcane is beneficial. However, because the yield of sugarcane is reduced, farmers there are reluctant to adopt this cropping system in spite of the greater monetary gains compared with wheat-sugarcane sequential cropping. Application of 200 kg nitrogen ha−1 to sugarcane in two doses, two-thirds immediately after the wheat harvest and the remainder a month later, combined with irrigation at 75% available soil moisture during the summer months (April–June), produced cane yields similar to those from sole autumn-planted sugarcane, with an additional 4.8 t ha−1 of wheat.

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Singh, R. A. "Companion Cropping of Chickpea with Indian Mustard on Reclaimed Ravinous Land." Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Biosciences 8, no. 6 (December 30, 2020): 277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-2845.8362.

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Sequeira, R. V., J. L. McDonald, A. D. Moore, G. A. Wright, and L. C. Wright. "Host plant selection by Helicoverpa spp. in chickpea-companion cropping systems." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 101, no. 1 (October 2001): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1570-7458.2001.00884.x.

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Montoya, John E., Michael A. Arnold, Juliana Rangel, Larry R. Stein, and Marco A. Palma. "Pollinator-attracting Companion Plantings Increase Crop Yield of Cucumbers and Habanero Peppers." HortScience 55, no. 2 (February 2020): 164–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci14468-19.

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Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) growers have observed increased crop yield by placing bees in close proximity to these vegetable crops. However, adding managed bees typically may not be feasible for small-scale farmers or homeowners. Limited studies have demonstrated the potential of pollinator-attracting plants to be used as a lure to enhance the visitation of pollinators to adjacent food crops. This study evaluated the potential of adding pollinator-attracting plants in close proximity to cucumber and habanero plants to improve yields by either establishing permanent perennial companion plantings adjacent to the crops or interplanting annual companion plants within the row anew with each crop. The perennial treatment group consisted of Phyla nodiflora (L.) Greene, Borrichia frutescens (L.) DC., Salvia farinacea Benth. ‘Henry Duelberg’, and Eysenhardtia texana Scheele. The annual treatment group consisted of Cosmos bipinnatus Cav., Zinnia ×marylandica D.M. Spooner, Stimart, & T. Boyle, Borago officinalis L., and Ocimum basilicum L. Multiple cropping cycles were initiated using both spring and fall seasons, and yield was assessed for three successive cropping cycles. Fruit quality was unaffected by pollinator-attracting companion plantings; however total and marketable yields were impacted. Cucumber yields were significantly (P < 0.05) greater during fall harvests with annual companion plantings and with the second fall harvest in perennial companion plant plots. Perennial companion plots initially yielded less than control plots or annual companion plots due to the space allocated to the companion plantings and the fewer pollinators initially attracted to the plots compared with the annual companion plantings. When the perennial plots became more established, they resulted in similar yields as the annual companion planting plots. Although habanero yields were increased by annual companion plantings in spring and fall, cucumbers were unaffected by companion plantings in spring. This suggests a potential seasonality for the efficacy of some pollinator-attracting companion plantings for a given crop that could offer an opportunity to tailor companion plantings to attract specific pollinators at different times of the year.

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Paudel, Mina Nath. "Multiple Cropping for Raising Productivity and Farm Income of Small Farmers." Journal of Nepal Agricultural Research Council 2 (December 30, 2016): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnarc.v2i0.16120.

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Multiple cropping is an agriculture system long adopted by marginalized small holder farmers especially in hills and mountains. This practice was a meant to enhance farm productivity when farming area is limited. Here, in this paper, a brief review on the benefits of multiple cropping is presented focusing on the practices adopted by marginalized farmers, in general. In multiple cropping, it is generally argued that the practice favors an efficient utilization of resources like air, water, light, space, and nutrients by companion crops in both temporal and spatial dimensions due to their differential growth habits and seasonality. Multiple cropping could be one of the viable alternatives to cope uncertainties and changes, where food and nutritional uncertainty looming large. The ultimate outcome of multiple cropping could be visualized in adverse or harsh environment for increase agriculture production, livelihood and income. Various food products are obtained through multiple cropping. Land equivalent ratio (LER), relative yield total (RYT) and income equivalent ratio (IER) can be increased with mixed/intercropping systems. Multiple cropping helps in getting more than one crop simultaneously, so even if the selling price of one commodity is less, the other might compensate. In the tropics, smallholder farms, which produce over 60% of the food resources of developing nations from intercropping of cereals with many crops mostly legumes, had been the field of much investigation because of synergistic effects of diversifying food production and household cash incomes in these systems. This clearly implies the importance of multiple cropping for small farmers who constitute majority in the developing countries.

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Medeiros, Maria A., Edison R. Sujii, and Helena C. Morais. "Effect of plant diversification on abundance of South American tomato pinworm and predators in two cropping systems." Horticultura Brasileira 27, no. 3 (September 2009): 300–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-05362009000300007.

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Several studies have demonstrated that the diversification of the agroecosystem may reduce insect pest infestation using the strategy of companion planting. We studied the effect of the presence of coriander and Gallant soldier as companion plants in the tomato crop under organic and conventional management on abundance of the tomato pests and predators. The experiment was carried out under field conditions, at Distrito Federal, Brazil, from July to October, 2004. The experimental design was of randomized blocks with three replicates in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement [Three crop diversification levels: tomato in monoculture, tomato intercropped with coriander, and tomato intercropped with coriander and Gallant soldier; and two cropping systems: organic and conventional]. Each plot had 80 plants of the tomato and the pest-insects and predaceous arthropods were collected every week in five tomato plants/plot. Tuta absoluta (Meyr.) was the commonest pest species in both cropping systems. The tomato intercropped with coriander and Gallant soldier in organic cropping system had lower abundance and higher diversity of pests, and higher abundance and diversity of predaceous arthropods, mainly at 80 days after the tomato transplanting, coinciding with the population peak of T. absoluta (eggs and adults). The more abundant predators were spiders, lady beetles and ants. The spiders were abundant and uniformly distributed in both systems. The lady beetles appeared lately in the organic system, at the flowering season of the coriander. The ants were more abundant in the conventional systems.

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Hassanali, Ahmed, Hans Herren, Zeyaur R. Khan, John A. Pickett, and Christine M. Woodcock. "Integrated pest management: the push–pull approach for controlling insect pests and weeds of cereals, and its potential for other agricultural systems including animal husbandry." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 363, no. 1491 (July 25, 2007): 611–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.2173.

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This paper describes the ‘push–pull’ or ‘stimulo-deterrent diversionary’ strategy in relation to current and potential examples from our own experiences. The push–pull effect is established by exploiting semiochemicals to repel insect pests from the crop (‘push’) and to attract them into trap crops (‘pull’). The systems exemplified here have been developed for subsistence farming in Africa and delivery of the semiochemicals is entirely by companion cropping, i.e. intercropping for the push and trap cropping for the pull. The main target was a series of lepidopterous pests attacking maize and other cereals. Although the area given to the cereal crop itself is reduced under the push–pull system, higher yields are produced per unit area. An important spin-off from the project is that the companion crops are valuable forage for farm animals. Leguminous intercrops also provide advantages with regard to plant nutrition and some of the trap crops help with water retention and in reducing land erosion. A major benefit is that certain intercrop plants provide dramatic control of the African witchweed (striga). Animal husbandry forms an essential part of intensive subsistence agriculture in Africa and developments using analogous push–pull control strategies for insect pests of cattle are exemplified.

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Yu, Hongjie, Shaocan Chen, Xingang Zhou, and Fengzhi Wu. "Root interactions and tomato growth in tomato/potato onion companion-cropping system under different phosphorus levels." Journal of Plant Interactions 12, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 438–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17429145.2017.1392624.

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Pariz, Cristiano M., Ciniro Costa, Carlos A. C. Crusciol, Paulo R. L. Meirelles, André M. Castilhos, Marcelo Andreotti, Nídia R. Costa, et al. "Production, nutrient cycling and soil compaction to grazing of grass companion cropping with corn and soybean." Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 108, no. 1 (January 5, 2017): 35–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10705-016-9821-y.

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Fan, Yao, Bo Li, Xuhuan Dai, Lingxiao Ma, Xiaoli Tai, Xu Bi, Zihan Yang, and Xinshi Zhang. "Optimizing Cropping Systems of Cultivated Pastures in the Mountain–Basin Systems in Northwest China." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19 (October 4, 2020): 6949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196949.

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Cultivated pastures are effective supporting systems of natural grassland preservation and sustainable agriculture in arid regions of northwest China. The adaptive combination of forage species enhances the yields and ecological functions of cultivated pastures. Legume–grass intercropping is a valuable sowing regime because of the niche differentiation and resource acquisition. Understanding the effects of species interactions in legume–grass intercropping systems can provide scientific and practical guidance on cultivated pasture management. In this study, we conducted a field experiment to determine the advantages and effects of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) annual grass intercropping on cultivated pastures. We analyzed the data on population traits, community characteristics and dry matter in the growing period to evaluate the effects of variety and sowing patterns with the following treatments: three alfalfa varieties (Algonquin, Leafy king, WL354HQ) sown in monocultures and mixed with oat (Avena sativa L.) or sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense (Piper) Stapf.) with two seeding ratios. Our results suggest that in mixtures, the plant traits of alfalfa were determined by their own characters at the earlier stage but were affected more by companion grass at the later stage. The annual forage grass companion impaired the growth of alfalfa during the growth period. In mixtures, sudangrass displayed a stronger inhibiting effect on alfalfa than oat. Alfalfa–grass intercropping was proved to be a feasible cropping practice in terms of yield, production stability and weed control, due to their complementary use of resources in comparison with alfalfa monocropping. Alfalfa–annual grass intercropping is a beneficial alternative strategy to obtain effective cultivated pastures in arid regions.

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Flint, Mary Louise, and Philip A. Roberts. "Using crop diversity to manage pest problems: Some California examples." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 3, no. 4 (1988): 163–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300002447.

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AbstractModerate to large scale California growers (as well as small scale ones) manipulate cropping patterns in a number of ways to reduce pest problems. Crop rotation, which can be defined as diversifying crops over time, is used to manage selected pests, primarily weeds, pathogens, and nematodes. As a substitute for pesticides, crop rotation has been most rewarding in the control of nematodes; sugarbeet cyst and root knot nematode examples are detailed. Some pests that invade fields from nearby areas can be managed by modifying adjacent cropping patterns or practices; Pierce's disease of grapes, sugarbeet yellows and border harvesting of alfalfa are given as examples. Finally, multiple crops can be grown within a single field or orchard. Although this approach is not widely practiced by many California growers, two examples of systems where intercropping has been shown to limit pest numbers without the use of pesticides are described: intercropping of cotton with alfalfa and companion planting oats when seeding alfalfa. These examples show that using crop diversification to manage pests is feasible, but growers must be strongly motivated to make the necessary changes in cropping patterns. Most of the systems that have been widely adopted are those for which few other economically feasible methods were available.

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Jiang, Cheng-Ai, Qi-Tang Wu, Romain Goudon, Guillaume Echevarria, and Jean-Louis Morel. "Biomass and metal yield of co-cropped Alyssum murale and Lupinus albus." Australian Journal of Botany 63, no. 2 (2015): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt14261.

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Combining crops is a potential option to gain more value from ultramafic soils. This work was designed to investigate the co-cropping of a legume, Lupinus albus, and a Ni-hyperaccumulator, Alyssum murale Waldst. & Kit, and determine whether growth and metal uptake would be altered by a companion plant. A pot experiment was conducted in a growth chamber in two serpentine topsoils that were low in P but differed in Ni and Mn concentrations. The soils were a Magnesic Eutric Cambisol (S1) and a Hypermagnesic Hypereutric Cambisol (S2). Pots were split into two compartments along the diagonal by a double-layer nylon mesh, and the space between the meshes was filled with same soil. Each plant was either mono-cropped (sown on both compartments) or co-cropped (one species per compartment). For all combinations, two treatments were prepared: one with no P fertilisation and the other with P addition. L. albus and A. murale plants were grown for 45 and 57 days respectively. Results showed that both plants responded positively to P fertilisation. In co-cropping systems on non-P treatments, L. albus accounted for the majority of the total biomass (higher than 90%), whereas with P addition the contribution of A. murale reached almost 40%. P fertilisation provoked an increase in Ni concentration in A. murale (S1), or no change (S2). Co-cropping significantly reduced Ni concentration in shoots of A. murale and total Ni exportation was slightly lower than when plants were grown individually. L. albus accumulated high concentrations of Mn and co-cropping and P deficiency increased Mn uptake. In this co-cropping system L. albus and A. murale interacted positively, and this association is a feasible means to increase the productivity of phytomining on serpentine soils provided appropriate fertilisation is supplied.

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Jacobs, J. L., and G. N. Ward. "Companion cropping chicory with winter forage cereals for grazing and forage conservation. Dry matter yields, nutritive characteristics and mineral content." Animal Production Science 51, no. 12 (2011): 1079. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an11129.

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Limitations to the current perennial ryegrass-based pasture system on dryland dairy farms in southern Australia has led to research into alternatives that can produce either additional DM, out of season feed or can improve nutritive characteristics. The use of winter annual crops followed by a summer crop have the potential to achieve these goals but often result in considerable periods where new crops are establishing and feed is not available for consumption. Companion cropping offers an option to overcome these limitations. The experiment reported in this paper examines the DM yields, nutritive characteristics and mineral content of companion cropping wheat or triticale at different sowing rates into an existing chicory monoculture over a 2-year period. We hypothesised that oversowing cereal crops in autumn into an existing stand of chicory would result in improvements in nutritive characteristics at ensiling, without adversely affecting DM yield or subsequent chicory DM yields following harvesting, thus negating the need to sow a new summer forage crop each year. Total DM yields for the chicory and cereal monocultures were similar over the experimental period, while DM yields for all triticale mixtures were higher than the chicory only treatment. Chicory produced lower DM yields for silage but higher DM yields at most grazing events. The crude protein and estimated metabolisable energy content of the chicory only treatment was higher than the cereal monocultures and all triticale/chicory mixtures at both silage harvests with wheat/chicory mixes being intermediate. The proportion of chicory in the mixed swards declined over the course of the experiment. The use of chicory with cereals resulted in no adverse effects on total DM yields, some improvements in nutritive characteristics and mineral content and a more continuous supply of DM compared with double cropping with annual species in winter and summer. This experiment has highlighted the potential of oversowing cereal forages into an existing chicory sward to contribute to DM production on dairy farms in southern Australia. Such forage mixes can provide flexibility into forage systems through the provision of forage for grazing in early winter, the production of high DM yield silage harvests and then subsequent feed supply over summer and early autumn.

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Maxwell, J. Owuor, A. O. Midega Charles, Obonyo Meshack, and R. Khan Zeyaur. "Impact of companion cropping on incidence and severity of maize ear rots and mycotoxins in Western Kenya." African Journal of Agricultural Research 13, no. 41 (October 11, 2018): 2224–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/ajar2018.13396.

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Lee, Sang-Gyu, Dong-Cheol Seo, Se-Won Kang, Young-Jin Seo, Ik-Won Choi, Won-Tai Jeon, Ui-Gum Kang, Hang-Won Kang, Jong-Soo Heo, and Ju-Sik Cho. "Effects of Application of Liquid Pig Manure on Yield of Green manure in Single and Companion Cropping." Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer 45, no. 5 (October 30, 2012): 805–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.7745/kjssf.2012.45.5.805.

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Mutiga, Samuel K., Linnet S. Gohole, and Elmada O. Auma. "Effects of integrating companion cropping and nitrogen application on the performance and infestation of collards byBrevicoryne brassicae." Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 134, no. 3 (March 2010): 234–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1570-7458.2009.00952.x.

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Thirumurugan, A., and K. Koodalingam. "Management of borer complex in sugarcane through companion cropping under drought condition of palar river basin area." Sugar Tech 7, no. 4 (December 2005): 163–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02950605.

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Cheruiyot, Duncan, Frank Chidawanyika, Charles A. O. Midega, Jimmy O. Pittchar, John A. Pickett, and Zeyaur R. Khan. "Field evaluation of a new third generation push-pull technology for control of striga weed, stemborers, and fall armyworm in western Kenya." Experimental Agriculture 57, no. 5-6 (December 2021): 301–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479721000260.

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SummaryProduction of cereal crops in sub-Saharan Africa is threatened by parasitic striga weeds and attack by stemborers and the invasive fall armyworm (FAW), compounded by increasing hot and dry conditions. A climate-smart push-pull technology (PPT) significantly reduces effects of these biotic challenges. To improve further resilience of the system to climate change, more adapted and suitable companion plants were identified and integrated in a new version of PPT, termed ‘third generation PPT’. Our study evaluates field performance and farmer opinions of this new version in comparison with the earlier version, climate-smart PPT, and farmers’ own practices of growing maize in controlling stemborers, FAW, and striga weeds. Trials were conducted across five locations in western Kenya for two cropping seasons in the year 2019 following a one-farm one-replicate completely randomized design. We assessed infestation on striga, stemborers, and FAW, and yield performance of the three cropping systems. We also sought the opinions of the hosting farmers through semi-structured questionnaires that were administered through individual interviews. Both PPT plots recorded significantly (P < 0.05) lower striga count, FAW, and stemborer damage, and higher grain yield than in plots that followed farmers’ own practices. There was no statistically significant difference between the two PPT plots except for stemborer damage for which the third generation PPT recorded higher damage than the climate-smart PPT. However, farmers preferred the third generation PPT for important traits possessed by its companion plants which their counterparts in climate-smart PPT are deficient. The cultivar Xaraes was rated as ‘very good’ for resistance to spider mites, biomass yield, and drought tolerance while Desmodium incanum was rated ‘very good’ for seed production and drought tolerance. The third generation PPT is based on companion crops that are more resilient to hot and dry conditions which are increasing rapidly in prevalence with climate change. This version therefore presents a better option to upscale the technology and meet different needs of farmers especially in arid and semi-arid conditions.

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Haramoto, Erin R., and Eric R. Gallandt. "Brassica cover cropping: I. Effects on weed and crop establishment." Weed Science 53, no. 5 (October 2005): 695–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-04-162r.1.

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The Brassicaceae contain glucosinolates, which hydrolyze to form compounds toxic to plants, fungi, nematodes, and certain insects. Lower weed density and biomass in crops grown following incorporation of brassica cover crops suggest that they may contribute to weed management in agricultural systems. Field experiments were conducted to determine whether incorporated brassica cover crops, including canola, rapeseed, and yellow mustard, reduce subsequent weed and crop establishment; a companion paper describes separate but related field experiments that examined the influence of brassica cover crops on plant growth. Emergence rate and total emergence of sixteen weed and crop bioassay species were measured following brassica cover crops, fallow, or incorporated residues of other short-season cover crops including oat, crimson clover, and buckwheat. The bioassay species, representing a range of seed sizes, were chosen to determine whether larger seed size confers protection from residue-mediated effects on emergence. Averaged over bioassay species, brassica cover crops reduced emergence by 23 to 34% compared with fallow; emergence following brassicas was delayed by approximately 2 d. The effects of the incorporated brassica residues were similar to those of the other short-season cover crops, which reduced emergence of the bioassay species by 19 to 39% and delayed emergence by 2 d. Seed size was a poor predictor of a species' establishment. These results suggest that brassica residues are capable of delaying seedling emergence and reducing establishment, although the magnitude of their effects were comparable to other widely available cover crops.

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Xu, Weihui, Dan Liu, Fengzhi Wu, and Shouwei Liu. "Root exudates of wheat are involved in suppression of Fusarium wilt in watermelon in watermelon-wheat companion cropping." European Journal of Plant Pathology 141, no. 1 (September 17, 2014): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10658-014-0528-0.

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Pickett, John A., Gudbjorg I. Aradottír, Michael A. Birkett, Toby J. A. Bruce, Antony M. Hooper, Charles A. O. Midega, Huw D. Jones, et al. "Delivering sustainable crop protection systems via the seed: exploiting natural constitutive and inducible defence pathways." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, no. 1639 (April 5, 2014): 20120281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2012.0281.

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To reduce the need for seasonal inputs, crop protection will have to be delivered via the seed and other planting material. Plant secondary metabolism can be harnessed for this purpose by new breeding technologies, genetic modification and companion cropping, the latter already on-farm in sub-Saharan Africa. Secondary metabolites offer the prospect of pest management as robust as that provided by current pesticides, for which many lead compounds were, or are currently deployed as, natural products. Evidence of success and promise is given for pest management in industrial and developing agriculture. Additionally, opportunities for solving wider problems of sustainable crop protection, and also production, are discussed.

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George, David, Gordon Port, and Rosemary Collier. "Living on the Edge: Using and Improving Trap Crops for Flea Beetle Management in Small-Scale Cropping Systems." Insects 10, no. 9 (September 5, 2019): 286. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects10090286.

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The use of trap crops to manage pest insects offers an attractive alternative to synthetic pesticides. Trap crops may work particularly well at smaller production scales, being highly amenable where crop diversification and reduction of synthetic inputs are prioritised over yield alone. This paper describes a series of experiments. The first was to demonstrate the potential of turnip rape (Brassica rapa L., var. Pasja) as a trap crop to arrest flea beetles (Phyllotreta spp.) to protect a main crop of cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L., var. Lateman). The subsequent experiments explored two possible approaches to improve the function of the trap crop—either by separating trap and main crop plants spatially, or by introducing companion plants of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cv Amateur) into the main crop. In caged field experiments, feeding damage by flea beetles to crop border plantings of turnip rape far exceeded damage to cauliflower plants placed in the same position, indicating a “trap crop effect”. Neither turnip rape plants nor cauliflower as a border significantly reduced flea beetle damage to main crop cauliflower plants, although the numbers of feeding holes in these plants were lowest where a turnip rape border was used. In similar cages, leaving gaps of 3–6 m of bare soil between turnip rape and cauliflower plants significantly reduced feeding damage to the latter, as compared to when plants were adjacent. The results of a small-scale open field trial showed that a turnip rape trap crop alone reduced flea beetle damage to cauliflower, significantly so later in the season at higher pest pressures, but that addition of tomato companion plants did not improve pest control potential.

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McGiffen, Milton E., Frank Forcella, Michael J. Lindstrom, and Donald C. Reicosky. "Covariance of cropping systems and foxtail density as predictors of weed interference." Weed Science 45, no. 3 (June 1997): 388–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0043174500093036.

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Regression models of the effect of weed density on crop yield can form the basis of weed management programs by helping growers decide whether weed control is economically justified. However, few studies have examined whether one regression model can be used across a wide range of tillage systems and crop rotations. We used a nonlinear analysis of covariance to examine experiments conducted in 1990 and 1991 on the interaction of weed interference with conventional, fall chisel, and no-till systems, and rotations of corn, soybean, and wheat on a clay loam soil. Corn and soybean suffered heavy losses due to interference by green foxtail (a mixed population of robust purple and robust white varieties). Both tillage system and crop rotation altered the relationship between weed density and yield for corn in 1990 and 1991, but tillage was not a factor for soybean in 1991. Companion experiments on a sandy loam soil found no relationship between weed density and dryland corn yield in the drought year 1990, but weed density greatly decreased yield in irrigated corn. In 1991, the same model fit both dryland and irrigated corn grown in sandy loam soil. Foxtail density did not affect average weight per foxtail plant in any of our experiments, which indicates a lack of intraspecific competition. Competitiveness of corn better explained variation in dry weight per foxtail than did weather. Economic thresholds for foxtail interference are not constant but vary with weather, cropping system, and soil type.

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Pecetti, Luciano, and Lamberto Borrelli. "Wheat yield as a measure of the residual fertility after 20 years of forage cropping systems with different manure management in Northern Italy." Italian Journal of Agronomy 14, no. 3 (July 22, 2019): 142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4081/ija.2019.1359.

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After 20 years of application of different manure types, cropping systems and additional nitrogen (N) levels, their residual fertility effects were compared by measuring the yield of a following unfertilised wheat crop (Experiment 1), which was sown on exactly the same plots of the previous long-term trial. All previously applied factors caused significant differences in wheat yield. Wheat yielded more on plots that had received farmyard manure (FMY) compared to those where semi-liquid manure (SLM) was previously applied. Long-term application of a semi-intensive rotation, with three years of annual double cropping of autumnsown Italian ryegrass and spring-sown silage maize followed by three years of mown lucerne (R6), resulted in higher wheat yield than application of just the annual double cropping of Italian ryegrass and silage maize (R1). Application of further mineral N fertilisation to previous cropping systems caused higher yield of the subsequent wheat crop. The difference in wheat yield between the R6 and R1 systems was greater with SLM (+28%) than FYM application (+11%) resulting in a significant manure × system interaction. A companion experiment (Experiment 2) was carried out to compute the nitrogen agronomic efficiency (NAE) from the yield of wheat plots that were sown after ploughing a nearby 20- year unfertilised grassland and received four levels of mineral N fertilisation. NAE was further used to empirically estimate the productive advantage (PA) conferred by previous manure-systemmineral nitrogen combinations in the long-term trial. PA was measured as equivalent kg of mineral N to be applied to wheat to achieve the yield level recorded after any previous combination. The estimated PA values were much higher when wheat followed FYM compared to SLM application, and when it followed R6 compared to R1 system. The SLM-R1 combination had negative PA values, indicating a productive disadvantage on wheat of this preceding combination. The enhancement of residual soil fertility by long-term application of FYM compared to SLM could be attributed to greater nutrient provision during the years by FYM than by SLM. However, further fertility advantages of FYM are discussed. Despite lower nutrient supply by organic fertilisers in R6 than in R1 system, the former had higher residual fertility. The presence of lucerne in the R6 rotation likely enriched the soil in nitrogen and increased its availability for following cropping. Possible benefits of the legume on the soil suppressiveness might have been a further asset of the R6 system.

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Harris, R. H., J. R. Hirth, M. C. Crawford, W. D. Bellotti, M. B. Peoples, and S. Norng. "Companion crop performance in the absence and presence of agronomic manipulation." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 58, no. 7 (2007): 690. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar06148.

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A field experiment located in southern New South Wales compared the component yields of cereal–lucerne companion crops (cereals sown into established lucerne) with the yields of cereal and lucerne monocultures. In-crop lucerne herbicide suppression, cereal crop types (wheat and barley), and top-dressed nitrogen (N) were evaluated for the potential to improve cereal production in the presence of lucerne. Plant populations and biomass, cereal grain yields, and grain quality (protein, screenings, and contamination) were measured. Over the 3-year study, cereals sown into established lucerne (4 years of age at the commencement of the experiment) yielded 17% less (P < 0.05) grain than the cereal monoculture. Companion cropping also resulted in a 71% reduction (P < 0.05) in lucerne biomass over the growing season compared with the lucerne monoculture, but a 3-fold (P < 0.05) increase in total (cereal and lucerne) biomass production. There were no differences between wheat and barley crops in the presence of lucerne, although extensive lodging in the 2003-barley monoculture did result in a significant main treatment (+/0 lucerne and +/0 in-crop lucerne suppression) × crop type (wheat and barley) interaction in grain yield, but not cereal biomass. N top-dressed after tillering onto cereal–lucerne companion crops did not increase grain yield, although it did increase cereal biomass in 2003. Whilst in-crop lucerne suppression did not increase cereal grain yields, it did increase (P < 0.05) cereal biomass and reduced lucerne biomass at cereal maturity and contamination (lucerne pods and flowers) of the cereal grain. However, this practice reduced (P < 0.05) lucerne populations, and therefore potentially threatens the longer term viability of lucerne stands so more research is recommended to develop less detrimental strategies for achieving effective in-crop lucerne suppression. This study combined with results from others, suggests that rainfall was a major factor determining cereal responses in the presence of lucerne, and although there were responses in cereal biomass to additional N and herbicide suppression, these strategies appear to only have potential under favourable growing-season conditions.

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Mutisya, Stella, Mwanarusi Saidi, Arnold Opiyo, Mathieu Ngouajio, and Thibaud Martin. "Synergistic Effects of Agronet Covers and Companion Cropping on Reducing Whitefly Infestation and Improving Yield of Open Field-Grown Tomatoes." Agronomy 6, no. 3 (September 19, 2016): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy6030042.

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34

Wang, Lina, Sabine Gruber, and Wilhelm Claupein. "Optimizing lentil-based mixed cropping with different companion crops and plant densities in terms of crop yield and weed control." Organic Agriculture 2, no. 2 (June 2012): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13165-012-0028-5.

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35

Xu, Weihui, Zhigang Wang, and Fengzhi Wu. "Companion cropping with wheat increases resistance to Fusarium wilt in watermelon and the roles of root exudates in watermelon root growth." Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology 90 (April 2015): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmpp.2015.02.003.

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36

COLBACH, N., S. GRANGER, and D. MÉZIÈRE. "Using a sensitivity analysis of a weed dynamics model to develop sustainable cropping systems. II. Long-term effect of past crops and management techniques on weed infestation." Journal of Agricultural Science 151, no. 2 (March 20, 2012): 247–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859612000160.

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SUMMARYBoth scientists and farmers are confronted by a similar question: which current and past cropping system components will influence the present weed flora, and how? This information is necessary to optimize both cropping systems for weed control, and quality and cost in surveys and monitoring schemes. The present study addressed these questions with a sensitivity analysis to input variables of a cropping system model,AlomySys, that predicts weed dynamics in interaction with pedo-climatic conditions. The study ranked cropping system components according to their impact on weed infestation in winter wheat, showing for instance that though crop succession was crucial, current and past tillage strategies influenced grass weed densities even more. Crops were not only ranked as a function of the resulting weed risk but the latter was also linked to crop species traits, i.e. crop type, usual sowing period and emergence speed. A previous winterv.spring crop thus increased weed density by 72% in the following winter wheat; a late-sownv.early sown winter crop by 26%, a slowv.fast-emerging winter crop by 17%, and a lower competitive ability by 9%. Similarly, the characteristics of each crop management technique (tillage, catch crop, secondary crop, mowing, mechanical weeding, herbicides, nitrogen fertilizer, manure and harvest) were quantified. For instance, the timing of the first tillage operation was crucial prior to the analysed winter wheat crop while the choice of the tool used even 5 years previously still influenced weed infestation in the current year; a catch crop prior to previous spring sown crops reduced the current infestation regardless of catch crop sowing dates and densities, but the reductive effect could be lost if the field was tilled several times to destroy the catch crop. The advice synthesized here and in a companion paper (Colbach & Mézière 2012). will be valuable to design innovative, integrated cropping systems, indicating (1) which cropping system components to modify to produce the largest effect, (2) for how long past practices must be considered when choosing current options and (3) the optimal options for the different management techniques. Points (1) and (2) are also valuable to identify data to record in surveys, though still resulting in a total of 232 variables. In a second step, these detailed variables were therefore simplified and aggregated to determine a smaller set of 22 synthetic variables easily recorded in surveys, such as the proportion of winter and spring crops during the last 10 years (instead of the actual crop sequence), the proportion of crops sown in summer, early autumn, late autumn, early spring and late spring during the last 5 years (instead of exact sowing dates), the ploughing frequency (instead of ploughing dates and characteristics), the mean number of herbicide sprayings per year (instead of dates), etc. This reduced survey list will reduce the cost of surveys as well as increase the number and quality of surveys as more farmers will be ready to participate and there will be fewer uncertainties in the answers.

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Mashungwa, G. N. "Grain legume production and their potential for sustainable agriculture in Botswana between 2008 and 2015: a review." Botswana Journal of Agriculture and Applied Sciences 13, no. 1 (March 12, 2019): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37106/bojaas.2019.11.

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Pulse crops are an integral component of arable agriculture in Botswana, particularly in subsistence farming. The benefits of these crops include provision of nutrition for both human beings and livestock, as well as environmental sustainability needs. Although they have a far reaching socio-economic impact, these benefits have not been adequately characterized for inclusion in endeavors of conservation agriculture in the country. Furthermore, data on pulses are often lumped together without identifying important pulse crops grown in Botswana. The objective of this paper was to review production of pulses and their potential as components in cropping systems and conservation agriculture in Botswana. The data used in this study were obtained from reports of Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security (MOA), Statistics Botswana, FAOSTAT and other literature sources. With the ongoing changes in climate and predicted increase in incidences of drought, pulses are among crops most relevant to sustainable agriculture. They are among the most versatile because of their variability in cropping duration from early to late maturity. Their consumption ranges from fresh forms to physiologically mature grain. Pulses play an important role in climate change mitigation through their ability to fix nitrogen, thus reducing dependency on organic and synthetic fertilizers. They use less water from relatively shallow soil and allow for stratified soil water use for companion crops in intercropping or conserve soil water for subsequent crops in rotations. Thus pulses improve both water and nutrient use efficiencies when included in cropping systems. Their production also has a low footprint in both carbon and water. Currently, pulses are among the few highly priced crops in Botswana markets and together with the possibility of replacement of imported grain, investments in their production can generate income and improve livelihood of both farmers and consumers in Botswana. Crop production management technology involves judicious use of integrated nutrient, pest and disease management; appropriate integrated management packages that include pulses can be promoted to ensure sustainable crop production under the adverse impacts of climate change.

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Temple, Steven R., Diana B. Friedman, Oscar Somasco, Howard Ferris, Kate Scow, and Karen Klonsky. "An interdisciplinary, experiment station-based participatory comparison of alternative crop management systems for California's Sacramento Valley." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 9, no. 1-2 (June 1994): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300005609.

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AbstractIn 1989, a group of researchers, farmers and farm advisors initiated an interdisciplinary study of the transition from conventional to low-input and organic management of a 4-year, five-crop rotation. Crop yields initially varied among systems, but now appear to be approaching each other after a transition period that included the development of practices and equipment most appropriate for each system. Farming practices and crop production costs are carefully documented to compare the various systems' economic performance and biological risks. Supplying adequate N and managing weeds were challenges for the low-input and organic systems during the first rotation cycle, and experiments are being conducted on an 8-acre companion block to find solutions to these and other problems. Leading conventional and organic growers provide a much-needed farmer perspective on cropping practices and economic interpretations, because we try to provide “best farmer” management of each system. Research groups within the project are focusing on soil microbiology, economics, pest management, agronomy and cover crop management.

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Edwards, Linnell M., and John M. Sadler. "Relationships between cover performance and date of fall-seeding where winter rye was broadcast into a standing potato crop." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 72, no. 1 (January 1, 1992): 269–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps92-032.

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Winter rye was broadcast into a potato crop just after topkilling with the object of avoiding post-harvest delays in establishing a winter ground cover. Rye treatments were interseeded (i) at intervals of 1 d for up to 10 d before potato digging, without post-harvest tillage and (ii) just after digging and preparatory seedbed tillage as a comparative standard. Generally, cover performance of rye, measured as plant count, tiller count or dry mass of plants showed significant (P < 0.05) increase with decreasing days to potato digging up to 3 or 4 d before digging. There was no sacrifice of rye cover using this inter-seeding approach compared with traditional post-(potato) harvest seeding in a prepared seedbed. Seeding 3–4 d before potato harvest is recommended on the basis of superior fall plant count, spring tiller count and shoot dry mass, and winter survival indices on either of these days.Key words: Cover crops, winter rye, winter survival, companion cropping

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Kumar, Sushil, J. R. Bahl, R. P. Bansal, A. K. Gupta, V. Singh, and S. Sharma. "High economic returns from companion and relay cropping of bread wheat and menthol mint in the winter–summer season in north Indian plains." Industrial Crops and Products 15, no. 2 (March 2002): 103–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-6690(01)00100-5.

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Saidi, Mwanarusi, Francis M. Itulya, Joseph N. Aguyoh, and Mathieu Ngouajio. "Effects of Cowpea Leaf Harvesting Initiation Time and Frequency on Tissue Nitrogen Content and Productivity of a Dual-purpose Cowpea–maize Intercrop." HortScience 45, no. 3 (March 2010): 369–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.45.3.369.

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Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.] is an important component of most traditional cropping systems in the semiarid tropics. It provides both leaf vegetable and/or grain. Dual-purpose production of cowpea is most common in subsistence farming systems. Little is, however, known about the effects of cowpea leaf harvesting on tissue nitrogen composition and productivity of most cowpea-based cropping systems. A four-season study was carried out at the National Dry Land Research Center, Katumani, Kenya, to establish the effects of cowpea leaf harvesting initiation time and frequency on 1) tissue nitrogen content of cowpea and maize in a dual-purpose cowpea–maize intercropping systems; and 2) cowpea and maize yield and the overall productivity of a cowpea–maize intercrop measured by land equivalent ratio (LER). Cowpea leaf harvesting was initiated at 2, 3, or 4 weeks after emergence (WAE) and continued at 7- or 14-day intervals until onset of flowering. Cowpea tissue nitrogen content was highest in the control treatment and lowest in cowpea subjected to leaf harvesting from 2 WAE or at 7-day intervals, whereas maize tissue nitrogen content showed the reverse trend. Harvesting cowpea leaves from 3 WAE or at 7-day intervals gave the highest leaf vegetable yield, whereas grain yields were highest when no leaf harvesting was done. Maize yields were significantly improved by harvesting of leaves of the companion cowpea. Harvesting cowpea leaves for use as leaf vegetable increased productivity per unit area of land as measured by LER with the highest productivity achieved when leaf harvesting was initiated at 4 WAE or done at a 14-day interval.

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Garand, M. J., R. R. Simard, A. F. MacKenzie, and C. Hamel. "Underseeded clover as a nitrogen source for spring wheat on a Gleysol." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 81, no. 1 (February 1, 2001): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s99-060.

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Although there is a potential to substantially reduce N fertiliser inputs by cropping spring cereals with an interseeded legume, the agronomic value and the nitrate catch-crop effect associated with this practice are not documented under the conditions of eastern Canada. This 3-yr study estimated N credits and non-N nutritional effects for interseeded clover (Trifolium pratense L. 'Arlington') in spring wheat production (Triticum aestivum L. 'Algot') and assessed fall and spring nitrate (NO3−) in soil. The soil is a St. Urbain clay (Orthic Gleysol) located in the St. Lawrence lowlands. Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) was applied at 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg N ha-1 with or without red clover as a companion crop. Clover was incorporated as a green manure crop in mid-November. Clover significantly (P = 0.05) influenced wheat yield response to N fertilisation for 2 of the 3 yr. Clover did not reduce wheat grain yield through competition between the two plant species. Higher wheat yields with clover were attributed to N supplied by clover through mineralisation of residues incorporated in the soil the previous fall. Nitrogen fertiliser replacement value of clover was approximately 80 kg N ha-1 for 1994 and 1995. Clover occasionally increased NO3−-N measured in the soil profile in late fall and in spring. Interseeded red clover may provide most of the N needs of a companion spring wheat crop in fine-textured gleysolic soils, but is an inefficient N catch-crop. Key words: N credits, non-N nutritional effect, N catch-crop

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YADAV, R. S., and O. P. YADAV. "THE PERFORMANCE OF CULTIVARS OF PEARL MILLET AND CLUSTERBEAN UNDER SOLE CROPPING AND INTERCROPPING SYSTEMS IN ARID ZONE CONDITIONS IN INDIA." Experimental Agriculture 37, no. 2 (April 2001): 231–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479701002046.

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Intercropping of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) with clusterbean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) is a common practice in the arid zone of northwestern India. Field experiments were conducted for two years to examine the performance of two contrasting genotypes of each of these crops grown both as sole crops and as intercrops using all possible genotypic combinations of the pearl millet with the clusterbean. The seed yields of both crops were always lower in intercropping than in sole cropping, though the degree of reduction in the seed yield of each intercrop component was influenced greatly by the genotype of its companion crop. The seed yield of both clusterbean genotypes was reduced more when intercropped with the tall and late-maturing pearl millet, MH 179, than with the medium-statured and early-maturing HHB 67. On the other hand, the two clusterbean cultivars had similar effects on intercropped pearl millet. As a result, the highest land equivalent ratios (LERs) were obtained with intercrops containing pearl millet HHB 67 rather than MH 179, while the genotype of clusterbean had little overall effect on LER. The results obtained are discussed in the context of developing cultivars for intercropping.

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NAZARIAN, Ramin, Hamid-Reza FALLAHI, Mohammad-Yousof JAMI, and Hossein SAHABI. "Comparing the effect of organic and chemical nutritional management and intercropping with clover on the quantity and quality of different wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 14, no. 4 (November 28, 2022): 11354. http://dx.doi.org/10.55779/nsb14411354.

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Optimal availability of nutrients, particularly nitrogen (N), from authorized resources is one of the most important issues in organic agriculture. Intercropping forage legumes with cereal crops may be a way of providing ecological services such as providing N for companion or following crops by biological N fixation. To determine the effect of biological, chemical, and organic fertilization on the quality and quantity of ten different wheat cultivars, an experiment was conducted during two successive growing seasons. The three experimental factors (F1, F2, F3) were: mix cropping with Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.) (F1: biological N fixation, as control); chemical nitrogen fertilizer (F2: 100 kg ha-1, urea), and organic cow manure (F3: 40 t ha-1). The vegetative growth parameters improved by F1 and F2 treatments. The F2 had the highest values of spikelet and seed number per spike, 1000-grain weight, and seed yield, followed by F1. The cv. ‘Kabul-13’ was the best among all tested cultivars in terms of almost all reproductive parameters. The highest seed yield was obtained by F2 ‘Kabul-13’ (8.02 t ha-1), and F1 ‘Kabul-13’ (7.26 t ha-1). By considering seed yield, ‘Chont-1’ and ‘Kabul-13’ were more suitable to be intercropped with clover. The effect of experimental factors was not significant on seed potassium and phosphorus contents, while percentage of seed protein improved by F3 (13%), and ‘Mugawim’ (13.59%). The highest protein yield was gained by F2 and F1 (820 and 650 kg ha-1) and also by ‘Kabul-13’ (850 kg ha-1). Overall, mixed cropping of wheat and clover can be suggested as a possible alternative for nutrients providing in wheat production in low input agro-ecosystems.

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Beckie, H. J., D. Schlechte, A. P. Moulin, S. C. Gleddie, and D. A. Pulkinen. "Response of alfalfa to inoculation with Penicillium bilaii (Provide)." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78, no. 1 (January 1, 1998): 91–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p97-043.

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Yield and phosphorus (P) uptake response of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) to inoculation with Penicillium bilaii (Provide) at varying rates of P fertilizer, was determined in small- and large-plot experiments located in the Dark Brown, Black or Gray soil climatic zones of Saskatchewan and Alberta from 1994 to 1996. Soil at the sites contained low to medium levels of available P. In the establishment year of the small-plot experiments, inoculation of alfalfa with P. bilaii increased yields and P uptake by 3 to 18%, when averaged across P fertilizer rates. The largest response to inoculation occurred early in the growing season. In the year following establishment, yield and P uptake of inoculated alfalfa averaged 3% greater than uninoculated plants. In the establishment year of the large-plot experiment in 1994 and 1995, yields and P uptake of inoculated alfalfa at 10% bloom were 7 and 26% greater than uninoculated plants, when grown without and with a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) companion crop, respectively. Unlike the small-plot experiment, alfalfa in the year following establishment did not respond to inoculation performed the previous year. The P credit (P fertilizer replacement value) of P. bilaii inoculation, based on yield response in the establishment year and in the year following establishment, averaged 4.6 kg P ha−1 in the small-plot experiments and 5.3 kg P ha−1 in the large-plot experiments. Tillage cropping practices that conserve water near the soil surface, and inclusion of a companion crop, may increase the probability of alfalfa response to P. bilaii inoculation as well as the efficacy of that response. Key words: Medicago sativa, Penicillium bilaii, Rhizobium meliloti, Triticum aestivum, phosphorus

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Haramoto, Erin R., and Eric R. Gallandt. "Brassica cover cropping: II. Effects on growth and interference of green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)." Weed Science 53, no. 5 (October 2005): 702–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-04-163r.1.

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Field studies have shown that weed density and biomass were lower in crops following incorporation of brassica cover crops compared with fallow but have not determined whether weed-suppressive effects are solely a consequence of reduced establishment, as evidenced in our companion paper, reduced growth of established plants, or both. In 2002 and 2003, canola and yellow mustard were seeded in early May, mowed in early July, and the residues incorporated. Green bean and redroot pigweed were then planted at fixed densities. Plant height and biomass were measured weekly; leaf area and biomass of component plant parts were measured at three harvests. Based on analysis of variance (ANOVA) at discreet sampling points, growth of redroot pigweed and green bean in monoculture or mixture were similar following fallow and incorporated brassica cover crops. However, based on aboveground biomass fitted to a Richards function, redroot pigweed growth in monoculture was reduced by the yellow mustard cover crop compared with fallow in both years (P = 0.007), but the magnitude of this effect was small; the canola cover crop did not affect growth (P = 0.179). Brassica cover crops did not reduce redroot pigweed growth when it was grown in mixture with green bean (P ≥ 0.382). Redroot pigweed competition reduced green bean yield, but incorporated brassica cover crops did not affect green bean growth and yield, nor did they confer a competitive advantage to the crop. Thus, brassica cover crops may suppress the growth of established weed and crop plants, but the magnitude of suppression was less than previously documented for effects on weed establishment.

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Odion, Ehiabhi Cyril, Idris Salihu Ahmadu, Ahmed Rufai Aminu, Grace Lamba Luka, Shero Abdulazeaz Isah, and Uthman Lucky Arunah. "Determination of Production Efficiency of Crop Mixtures: the Relevance of the Agronomic Efficiency Method." Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 48, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2015): 59–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ats-2015-0009.

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Abstract The paper looks at estimation of the agronomic efficiency (AE) for various crop mixtures at varying levels of fertility management. To evaluate the concept, three trials using different cropping patterns and fertility rates were reviewed by calculating and comparing the relative yield and agronomic efficiency of the main crop. AE was higher in the mixtures compared to the sole crop in all the trials, and in the mixtures while efficiency between the control and the fertility levels employed were high, those between the fertility levels were not as high and increased at a reducing rate, sometimes tending to be constant. These responses gave rise to situations similar to a quadratic response and could therefore permit for optimum fertility levels for crop mixtures to be predicted. This therefore means that sustainable intensification is possible under small scale production systems as increase in efficiency was higher at lower fertilizer rates compared to the higher rates. Assessment of AE for crop mixture could also result in staggered recommended production practices, thus discouraging the excessive use of fertilizers – chemical or organic – and cut cost of production, reduce the pollution of the environment with its attendant consequences while production costs could be within reach of the small scale farmers. Small scale family farmers seeking alternative methods of soil fertility management could be encouraged to undertake the clipping/thinning management of companion leguminous crops as such measures could enhance their productivity as the estimation of AE has shown in these investigations. The practice of either clipping or thinning of the leguminous companion crop is similar or close to current production practices employed by these farmers and therefore should not be difficult to adapt and adopt.

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D. Alejandrino, Darwin, and Lolita L. Beato. "PRODUCTION AND MARKETING PRACTICES OF BUNCHING ONION (ALLIUM FISTULOSUM L.) FARMERS IN PANGIL, LAGUNA." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 10 (October 31, 2021): 01–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13511.

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Bunching onion cultivation is becoming a popular enterprise in the 4th District of Laguna. A survey was conducted to evaluate the production and marketing practices of bunching onion farmers in Pangil, Laguna. A total of 200 managers and caretakers of bunching onion farms in the study area were identified through purposive sampling. Questionnaire with a combination of close and open-ended questions was used in the interview. Chi- Square was used for testing the correlation and association.Results show that majority of the respondents, who have an average age of 51 years, indicate that bunching onion production is their primary source of income and they have been in farming for no less than 15 years. Less than 50% of the respondents have an average farm size of .5 hectare and majority of them are tenants. Most of the producers were not able to go beyond secondary education and majority, and has no affiliation to any farmers organization. Also, majority of the respondents have not attended any seminar on bunching onion production.Apart from the demographic profile, the respondents production and operation management of their bunching onion farms were documented. Marketing management, which includes pricing and selling, was recorded. Results reveal that both growers and viajeros are the ones who decide on the price of bunching onions.Based on the data, an average income of Php 436,450.00 can be earned from .5 hectare in one cropping. Return on Sales (ROS) of 90.93% shows that every peso earned from the sale of the product there is a corresponding Php 0.91 centavos net return. Return on Investment (ROI) of 10.02% shows that for every Php 1.00 invested there is a corresponding Php 0.10 centavos net return.The study revealed that the level of yield and profit per hectare per cycle isinfluenced by the educational attainment, household size, and farm size, but are not influenced by age of the respondents. The major problems of the bunching onion farmers are the high price of seeds, insufficient capital, insect pests and diseases. Data revealed that growing bunching onions is profitable and a considerable income can be obtained in 2 to 3 months. Conduct of similar studies on bunching onion production in other towns is recommended to compare the profitability and the practices. Encouraging the farmers to practice companion cropping or any cropping system with higher biodiversity on order to enhance productivity per unit area is likewise recommended. Further, the bunching onion farmers must be organized and be extended with applicable trainings and assistance by concerned agencies and entities in order to improve their status and productivity.

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Reif, Theresa M., Sabine Zikeli, Ann-Marleen Rieps, Carina P. Lang, Jens Hartung, and Sabine Gruber. "Reviving a Neglected Crop: A Case Study on Lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus subsp. culinaris) Cultivation in Germany." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010133.

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Cultivation of lentils had ended by mid-20th century in Germany, but a revival was initiated in the first decade of this millennium in Southwest Germany. However, knowledge of lentil cultivation was almost lost, and today’s yields are still low. To gain an overview of current farm practices and of factors that can help lentil cultivation thrive, 25 lentil farmers (21 organic, 4 conventional) from SW Germany answered questionnaires for agronomic data on lentil cultivation in the years 2015, 2016, and 2017. Eleven farmers took part in additional semi-structured interviews about their motivation and the most important factors (economic, ecological, and social) that encouraged them to grow lentils. Neither the lentil variety (Anicia, Späth’s Alblinse I and II), nor the companion crop for the usual mixed cropping (spring barley, oat, and camelina), significantly influenced lentil yield. If lentil cultivation is to further expand, data from more farmers could be evaluated and factors that contribute to crop thriving analyzed more clearly. The cultivation techniques currently practiced are diverse, and lentils integrate well into existing structures. Farmers appear motivated to grow lentils by good examples of colleagues, by availability of marketing channels, and by the desire to promote lentils’ ecological and social benefits.

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Odion, Ehiabhi Cyril, and Idris Salihu Ahmadu. "Response of Maize/Soyabean Mixture to Number of Plants/Stand, Nitrogen Fertility Levels and Green Manure from the Soyabean Companion Crop." Agricultura Tropica et Subtropica 48, no. 3-4 (December 1, 2015): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ats-2015-0010.

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Abstract Soil mining is a major problem of low technology farming and replenishing such loses is one of the problems farmers face. Trials conducted in 2004 and 2005 at Samaru, (11011’N, 07038’E and 686m a.s.l) in the northern Guinea savanna ecology of Nigeria, estimated the response of maize (Zea mays L.) and soyabean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) intercrops to green manure from the soyabean companion crop at various nitrogen fertility levels. Treatments were a factorial combination of four maize/soyabean mixtures in replacement and additive mixtures as well as their sole crops and four nitrogen rates arranged in randomized complete block (RCBD) in three replicates. Treatments improved the soil’s physical and chemical (soil C: 2 – 10 %; total N: over 100%; CEC: 20-80%) properties in 2005. Maize in replacement mixture had heavier cobs and 100-seed weight than in additive mixtures; while two plants excelled three plants per stand in these yield components and grain yield per hectare. Soyabean in additive mixture had heavier pods and 100-seed weight and seed yield per hectare than in replacement mixture. Crops in three row plots had significantly heavier pods, 100-seed weight, and seed yield than those in two row plots. Yield and yield parameters of maize increased significantly with increase in the rate of N applied while for soyabeans the 60 and 90 kg N ha−1 were similar in yield and yield parameters. Mixtures gave higher than expected LER values of mixed crops. Maize LER values at 60 and 90 kg N ha−1 were higher than 1.00, making soyabean a bonus crop. Total LER for the crops showed that crops in mixtures performed better than combined sole crops at 90 kg N ha−1. Agronomic efficiency was highest at 12:2(A) cropping pattern and 30 kg N ha−1, while replacement mixtures had higher efficiency values at low N application and the 12:2(A) had higher efficiency value at higher N rates.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Companion cropping'

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