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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 29 January 2023

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1

Y, Hwang Michael, and Bermanzohn Paul C, eds. Schizophrenia and comorbid conditions: Diagnosis and treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 2001.

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2

Matson, Johnny L., and Michael L. Matson, eds. Comorbid Conditions in Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15437-4.

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3

Matson, Johnny L., ed. Comorbid Conditions Among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-19183-6.

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4

Walter, Menninger W., and American Psychiatric Association. (147th : 1994 : Philadelphia, Pa.), eds. Fear of humiliation: Integrated treatment of social phobia and comorbid conditions. Northvale, N.J: Jason Aronson, 1995.

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5

O'Hara, Michael W., and C. Steven Richards. Epilogue. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.037.

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The authors of the chapters in this volume have covered nearly every feature of depression comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders, chronic health conditions, and disturbed close relationships. Treatment implications are addressed both in chapters on individual disorders as well as comprehensively in separate chapters. This volume concludes with the “big picture” provided by Ronald Kessler and his colleagues. Several themes emerge. Depression comorbidity is pervasive. It touches to one degree or another almost every identifiable psychiatric condition, chronic health condition, and disturbed close relationship. There are numerous potential explanations for this pervasive comorbidity that depend in part on the comorbid disorder. Depression comorbidity is associated with greater disease burden, resistance to treatment, increased primary disease morbidity, and mortality relative to cases in which comorbid depression is not present. Although depression comorbidity is common across psychiatric disorders, it is especially common among the anxiety disorders, raising questions as whether these disorders are really distinct. The assessment and treatment of comorbid disorders is complicated and often requires interdisciplinary collaboration. Although great strides have been made in the study of depression comorbidity, there is much left to be learned, so that we will be able to provide the most effective possible care to our patients who suffer from comorbid depression.
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6

Haegerich, Tamara M., and Patrick H. Tolan. Delinquency and Comorbid Conditions. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195385106.013.0006.

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7

Matson, Michael L., and Johnny L. Matson. Comorbid Conditions in Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities. Springer, 2016.

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8

Matson, Michael L., and Johnny L. Matson. Comorbid Conditions in Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities. Springer, 2015.

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9

Matson, Michael L., and Johnny L. Matson. Comorbid Conditions in Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities. Springer, 2015.

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10

Matson, Michael L., and Johnny L. Matson. Comorbid Conditions in Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities. Springer, 2015.

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11

Matson, Michael L., and Johnny L. Matson. Comorbid Conditions in Individuals with Intellectual Disabilities. Springer, 2016.

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12

Hwang, Michael Y., and Paul C. Bermanzohn. Schizophrenia and Comorbid Conditions: Diagnosis and Treatment. American Psychiatric Association Publishing, 2008.

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13

Matson, Johnny L. Comorbid Conditions among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Springer London, Limited, 2015.

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14

Matson, Johnny L. Comorbid Conditions Among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Springer, 2016.

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15

Comorbid Conditions among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Springer, 2015.

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16

Matson, Johnny L. Comorbid Conditions among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Springer, 2016.

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17

Buttner, Melissa M., and Michael W. O'Hara. Women’s Health. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.034.

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Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a significant mental health problem with deleterious effects, including poor health related quality of life and long-term disability. Epidemiological studies suggest that women in particular are more vulnerable to an increased risk of depression, relative to men, beginning at the time of menarche through the menopausal transition. Depression comorbid with chronic medical conditions can often exacerbate the risk of depression, as well as complicate its recognition and treatment. Depression comorbidity can lead to negative outcomes, including progression of the chronic medical condition, poor treatment adherence, and mortality. In this chapter, we explore chronic medical conditions that are associated with a greater prevalence of depression in women relative to men, including type 2 diabetes, fibromyalgia, and rheumatoid arthritis. An overview of epidemiology is followed by a discussion of theories explaining depression comorbidity and approaches to recognizing and treating depression in the context of these chronic medical conditions. Finally, we discuss future research directions with the goal of informing clinical research and practice.
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18

Michael Y., M.D. Hwang (Editor) and Paul C., M.D. Bermanzohn (Editor), eds. Schizophrenia and Comorbid Conditions: Diagnosis & Treatment (Clinical Practice (Unnumbered).). American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., 2001.

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19

Catic, Angela Georgia. Dementia and Chronic Disease: Management of Comorbid Medical Conditions. Springer, 2020.

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20

Lerner, Matthew D., Tamara E. Rosen, Erin Kang, Cara M. Keifer, and Alan H. Gerber. Autism Spectrum Disorder. Edited by Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White, and Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.15.

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition consisting of deficits in social communication and presentation of restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests. An increasingly large proportion of youth are diagnosed with ASD. ASD evinces a complex clinical presentation, ranging from a severe early impact on functioning to manifestations that present similarly to other (often comorbid) internalizing and externalizing conditions. In recent years, the reliability and standardization of ASD assessment has improved considerably. Likewise, there is now a fairly wide range of treatment options and prognoses, with several psychosocial interventions attaining empirically supported status and a nontrivial percentage of youth with ASD showing significant symptom reduction over time. This chapter describes ASD and reviews key empirically supported assessment and intervention practices. A case example is presented of an adolescent with ASD. Finally, challenges and future directions are described, as are implications for clinical practice for youth with ASD.
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21

Kanner, Andres M. Depression in Neurological Disorders. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190603342.003.0007.

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Depression is a common psychiatric comorbidity in the major neurologic disorders (e.g, stroke, epilepsy, migraine, Alzheimer’s dementia, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson’s disease), with average prevalence rates of 25% to 40%. The relation between depression and several of these neurologic disorders is bidirectional, that is not only are patients with these neurologic conditions at greater risk of developing depression, but patients with depression are at greater risk of developing these neurologic disorders. Furthermore, the presence of comorbid depression has been associated with a worse course of the neurologic disorder and a higher risk of failure to respond to the neurologic therapies. This chapter reviews the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of depression in the major neurologic disorder and describes the impact it has on the course of the neurologic condition and response to treatment. Finally, it identifies those neurologic disorders in with a bidirectional relation has been identified and suggests potential pathogenic mechanisms that may be operant in their complex relation.
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22

Hechtman, Lily. Summary. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190213589.003.0010.

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Outcomes in adults with ADHD are not uniform. They vary and can be generally described as falling into three groups: (1) those who have fairly normal outcome that does not differ from matched normal controls (about 30%) (Weiss & Hechtman, 1993); (2) those who continue to have significant symptoms of the syndrome with impaired functioning in academic, occupational, social, and emotional domains (50% of the group); and finally, (3) a small subgroup, about 10% to 20%, who have significant negative outcome with poor educational attainment, poor work history, marked unemployment, significant alcohol/substance use disorder, and important psychiatric and antisocial symptoms. Given that ADHD is a chronic condition that continues into adulthood, treatment (both medication and psychosocial treatments) needs to address both ADHD and comorbid conditions and needs to be ongoing with varying intensity and careful follow-up. Only with such an approach can we hope to improve adult outcomes for patients with ADHD.
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23

Menninger, W. Walter. Fear of Humiliation: Integrated Treatment of Social Phobia and Comorbid Conditions. Jason Aronson, 1995.

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24

Ismail, Khalida, Andreas Barthel, Stefan R. Bornstein, and Julio Licinio, eds. Depression and Type 2 Diabetes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198789284.001.0001.

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Type 2 diabetes is predicted to affect between 10% and 25% of the world population in the next 20 years. Depression is a common comorbid condition in those affected with type 2 diabetes, and the combination of these conditions is associated with a poorer prognosis, including earlier mortality. Genetic and epigenetic predisposition and overlap of risk factors related to our modern lifestyle seem to drive the shared biology of diabetes and depression. This book aims to provide an understanding of the sequelae of events leading to the frequent comorbidity of diabetes and depression. This book project has been supported by the transCampus of Kings College London and Technical University of Dresden. Chapter by chapter, internationally recognized clinicians and scientists have summarized the state of the art and outstanding controversies of the epidemiology, mechanisms, and treatment of the depression–type 2 diabetes comorbidity. This book is relevant for all health professionals including the general practitioner and specialist clinicians in internal medicine, endocrinology, diabetes and metabolic diseases, neurology, psychiatry, and psychology as well as students interested in this topic.
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25

Incayawar, Mario, and Sioui Maldonado Bouchard, eds. Overlapping Pain and Psychiatric Syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190248253.001.0001.

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When a health practitioner is at the bedside of a patient suffering from chronic pain and a psychiatric comorbid condition, he is facing a true clinical conundrum. The comorbidity is frequent yet poorly understood, the diagnosis is difficult and the treatment that follows is less than appropriate. Pain conditions and psychiatric disorders have customarily been understood and treated as different and separate clinical entities, to the detriment of patients’ wellbeing. Fathoming the overlapping pain and psychiatric disorders is in the interest of everyone involved in healthcare, including doctors, nurses, pain specialists, psychiatrists, social workers, psychologists, hospital administrators, and health policymakers. There is a wide overlap of chronic pain conditions and psychiatric disorders. Pain and psychiatric comorbidity is frequent in the population, yet it is poorly understood. The societal burden of mental illness and pain is enormous; it could approach one trillion dollars annually in the USA. Compounding to the economic burden, are the liability related to stigma, shame, bias, discrimination, health disparities, inequities in care, and health injustice. Recent scientific and technological developments in digital medicine, artificial intelligence, pharmacogenetics, genetics, epigenetics, and neuroscience promise beneficial quality changes to medical care and education. The pain medicine and psychiatry of the future will consider patients as human beings embedded in their physical and social environments. This book provides a glimpse in that direction.
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26

Asadi-Pooya, Ali A., and Michael R. Sperling. Antiseizure Medications. 3rd ed. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197541210.001.0001.

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Abstract The prevalence of epilepsy ranges between 0.6% and 1%, and perhaps 70 million worldwide suffer from this condition. The mainstay of treatment is drug therapy. In the past decade, many new antiseizure medications (ASMs) have been introduced, so that there are now approximately 30 medications available to treat epilepsy. The healthcare provider therefore has many choices. However, having many alternatives also allows for the possibility of choosing an inappropriate or a suboptimal agent. For most seizures, there is little difference in efficacy between the different agents, and other factors chiefly influence drug selection. These include the potential adverse effects, comorbid conditions, concomitant medications, age, and gender, among others. The choice of medication should be guided by knowledge and familiarity with the ASMs. This book is designed as a practical tool for physicians and other healthcare providers. While the authors include a brief formal discussion of the basic pharmacology of each ASM, this text emphasizes how to select and use ASMs in a variety of clinical contexts. The authors discuss choosing drugs when faced with various medical comorbidities; how to correctly prescribe, titrate, and taper drugs; how to monitor drug efficacy and side effects; how to diagnose and manage toxicity; interactions with other drugs; and other relevant issues. The text is designed to fill an unmet need and should lead to improved patient care.
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27

Sonuga-Barke, Edmund J. S. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Edited by Philip David Zelazo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958474.013.0022.

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In this chapter I review the literature on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with the aim of providing a developmental synthesis. In the first section I ask: What is ADHD? I conclude that it is a relatively broad construct that, although having validity as a mental disorder dimension and utility as diagnostic category, is frequently comorbid with, but can be distinguished from, other disorders, and is highly heterogeneous. In the second section I ask: What causes ADHD? I conclude that ADHD has a complex set of causes implicating multiple genetic and environmental risks (and their interaction) reflected in alterations in diverse brain systems. The causal structure of ADHD is heterogeneous, with different children displaying different etiological and pathophysiological profiles. In the third section I reflect on developmental considerations. I conclude that ADHD-type problems present in different forms throughout the lifespan from the preschool period to adulthood and that existing data suggest patterns of continuity and discontinuity that support a lifespan perspective both at the level of clinical phenotype and underlying pathophysiology. In the light of this I argue for a developmental reconceptualization of the disorder, grounded in a biopsychosocial framework that would allow the complexity and heterogeneity of the condition to be understood in terms of risk, resilience, and protective factors, as well as mediating and moderating processes. I review the implications of the developmental perspective for nosological and diagnostic formulations of the condition. In the last section I set out priorities for future research in the genetics, imaging, neuropsychology, and treatment of the condition.
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28

Christensen, Alan J., Julia R. Van Liew, and Quinn D. Kellerman. Depression in Chronic Kidney Disease. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.013.

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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a prevalent medical condition posing a range of unique physical and self-management demands for patients and presenting a variety of patient management challenges for clinicians. Co-morbid depression and other psychiatric disorders represent a significant detriment to the quality of life and clinical outcomes of CKD patients. Evidence suggests that 12% to 40% of individuals in the later stages of CKD meet DSM (III, IV, or IV-TR) diagnostic criteria for a mood disorder. Moreover, the existence of comorbid depression has been associated with earlier patient mortality. Depression assessment is itself complicated by the physiologic and medical treatment status of the patient, and depression is believed to be both underdiagnosed and undertreated in this population. Rigorous empirical demonstrations of the safety and/or efficacy of both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments for depression are limited for this population. However, a number of important factors that should be considered in treating depression in kidney disease patients have been identified. This chapter summarizes these and other key clinical recommendations relevant to the evaluation and treatment of co-morbidity of depression in this population.
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29

Pinto, Anthony, and Jane L. Eisen. Personality Features of OCD and Spectrum Conditions. Edited by Gail Steketee. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376210.013.0038.

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This chapter reviews personality features (comorbid personality disorders, trait dimensions, and related constructs) in obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and hypothesized obsessive compulsive spectrum conditions (body dysmorphic disorder, compulsive hoarding, tic disorders, and impulse control disorders). For each disorder, there is a discussion of the impact of personality features on clinical course, including the development and maintenance of symptoms, and treatment outcome. The chapter also includes a review of the longstanding, yet often misunderstood, relationship between OCD and obsessive compulsive personality disorder (OCPD). Understanding the role of personality variables in the psychopathology of OCD and related conditions has important etiological, clinical, and theoretical implications for the study of these disorders.
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30

Marchante-Hoffman, Ashley N., and Annette M. La Greca. Children and Adolescents With Medical Conditions. Edited by Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White, and Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.38.

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Physical health concerns are common among youth and are linked to mental health. Attention to the interplay between physical and mental health is critical for healthcare providers. This chapter highlights crosscutting issues, assessments, and interventions relevant to child health populations. To understand the interaction between medical and psychological health in youth, chronic pediatric conditions (Type 1 diabetes and sickle cell disease) are described as prototypes for understanding psychosocial issues (e.g., adherence, pain management) that affect youth with medical conditions. Evidence suggests that these children with medical conditions, especially those poorly managed or controlled, are at greater risk for psychosocial issues (e.g., stress, comorbid psychological concerns, family conflict) compared to the general population. Careful risk assessment and individual or family interventions are critical for these youth and are a focus here. Well-established interventions for diverse youth with medical conditions are discussed, and recommendations for future work in this area are provided.
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31

Derefinko, Karen J., and William E. Pelham. ADHD and Substance Use. Edited by Kenneth J. Sher. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199381708.013.18.

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This chapter discusses the current understanding of relations between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and substance use. Children with ADHD are at risk for problems in substance use; evidence suggests that the relations between ADHD and substance use may differ across age groups, gender, and comorbid conditions. Important issues regarding appropriate assessment and developmental trajectories may play a role in how these differences are understood. In comorbid substance use and ADHD, significant overlap in genetic, neurobiological, and trait factors suggests that ADHD and substance use share a common etiology, although factors influencing the phenotypic expression of these factors continue to play an important role in how comorbidity is expressed. Finally, treatment of these comorbid conditions is discussed, both in terms of the issues surrounding medication for ADHD in the context of substance abuse and potential nonmedication treatments that address both substance use and ADHD symptoms through cognitive behavioral strategies.
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32

Roditi, Daniela, Lori B. Waxenberg, and Michael E. Robinson. Pain. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.022.

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Depression and pain are commonly comorbid and often disabling conditions. This chapter reviews current evidence regarding the extent of comorbidity of these two conditions across different settings. The authors briefly summarize popular theories regarding the frequently disputed causal nature of the pain-depression relationship and address the implications of comorbid pain and depression with regard to treatment outcomes and symptom presentation. Additionally, key shared neurobiological substrates consistent with the symptom presentation and the covariation of pain and depression are discussed. The chapter concludes with a summary of a variety of treatment approaches currently employed in the treatment of pain and depression as well as empirical evidence concerning the efficacy of these various approaches.
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33

Yarnell, Stephanie, and Ellen Edens. Prevalence and Severity of Psychiatric Comorbidities. Edited by Ish P. Bhalla, Rajesh R. Tampi, Vinod H. Srihari, and Michael E. Hochman. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190625085.003.0020.

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Chapter 20—The Prevalence and Severity of Psychiatric Comorbidities provides a summary of a landmark study in epidemiology, the The National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). This chapter study sought to answer some fundamental questions. How common are comorbid psychiatric conditions? What are the prevalence and severity rates for comorbid anxiety, mood, impulse control, and substance use disorders? Starting with these questions, this chapter describes the basics of the study, including funding, study location, who was studied, how many patients, study design, study intervention, follow-up, endpoints, results, and criticism and limitations. The chapter briefly reviews other relevant studies and information, discusses implications, and concludes with a relevant clinical case.
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34

Lam, Raymond W. Pharmacotherapy. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199692736.003.0007.

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• The newer antidepressants (SSRIs, SNRIs, other receptor agents) are first-line medications due to improved safety and tolerability over first-generation medications (TCAs, MAOIs).• Selection of an antidepressant must take into account efficacy, depression subtype, safety, side effect profile, simplicity of use, comorbid conditions, concurrent medications, and cost....
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35

Bateman, Anthony W., and Roy Krawitz. Structured clinical management: inpatient treatment and prescribing. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780199644209.003.0006.

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Chapter 5 discusses inpatient treatment for borderline personality disorder (BPD), and prescribing, including iatrogenesis, indicators for hospital admission, review of medication, and hospital admission. Prescribing in clinical practice is also outlined, including a summary of pharmacotherapy in BPD, clinical cautions, prescribing guidance, crisis, maintenance prescribing, time on medication, and comorbid conditions.
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36

Wilson, John W., and Lynn L. Estes. Clinical Approach to Patients With Infection. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199797783.003.0066.

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•Define the host: Identify factors that influence the type of infection, disease progression, and prognosis, which include:• Host factors such as patient age, immune status (eg, immunosuppression or the absence of a spleen), the presence of foreign bodies (eg, central venous catheter, permanent pacemaker, intracardiac defibrillator, prosthetic heart valves, prosthetic joints), or other comorbid conditions, ...
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37

Rodríguez-Iturbe, Bernardo, and Mark Haas. Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0077_update_001.

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Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis is a complication of Streptococcal infections that is responsible for classic acute nephritic syndrome, mostly seen in children. This is an acute nephritis associated with prominent fluid retention and oedema, hypertension and haematuria. Serum complement levels are diagnostically helpful as C3 levels are characteristically very low. However, many cases are much less severe and may pass unrecognized, only being identified by screening for dipstick haematuria. In children recovery is the rule but in adults, often with comorbid conditions, the prognosis is significantly worse. Management centres on loop diuretics plus treatment of the infection if still present, and additional hypotensive agents if required. Severe cases may require dialysis. High-dose corticosteroids have often been given in severe crescentic disease but there is no evidence that they are effective. In children, recovery of renal function is often excellent, though long-term studies now suggest that it may represent a risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease. When it occurs in developed societies it is often in older patients with comorbid conditions and atypical presentations. Resolution may be less complete than in children.
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38

Balog, Daniel J., Robert Koffman, and Joseph M. Helms. Acupuncture. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190205959.003.0006.

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People who acquire posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) after experiencing a traumatic event endure a constellation of debilitating symptoms, including intrusion, avoidance, negative mood alteration, and marked increases in reactivity. They have difficulty falling or staying asleep, and often have comorbid physical and pain-related diagnoses secondary to their trauma. Despite evolving definitions and measures, estimates of prevalence of lifetime PTSD in U.S. population have remained quite consistent since the advent of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM), third edition, revised (III-R). In civilian populations, lifetime DSM-III-R PTSD prevalence rates of 9.2%; DSM, fourth edition, PTSD prevalence rates of 6.8%; and DSM, fifth edition, PTSD estimate rates of 5.4% have been reported. In U.S. military populations, prevalence rates as high as 17% after combat deployments have been reported. Importantly, persons with PTSD experience higher prevalence of other psychiatric and physical comorbid conditions, including mood, substance use, and pain disorders.
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39

Drane, Daniel L., and Dona E. C. Locke. Mechanisms of Possible Neurocognitive Dysfunction. Edited by Barbara A. Dworetzky and Gaston C. Baslet. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265045.003.0005.

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This chapter covers what is known about the possible mechanisms of neurocognitive dysfunction in patients with psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES). It begins with a review of all research examining possible cognitive deficits in this population. Cognitive research in PNES is often obscured by noise created by a host of comorbid conditions (e.g., depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, chronic pain) and associated issues (e.g., effects of medications and psychological processes that can compromise attention or broader cognition). More recent studies employing performance validity tests raise the possibility that studies finding broad cognitive problems in PNES may be highlighting a more transient phenomenon secondary to these comorbid or secondary factors. Such dysfunction would likely improve with successful management of PNES symptomatology, yet the effects of even transient variability likely compromises daily function until these issues are resolved. Future research must combine the use of neuropsychological testing, performance validity measures, psychological theory, neuroimaging analysis, and a thorough understanding of brain–behavior relationships to address whether there is a focal neuropathological syndrome associated with PNES.
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40

Krashin, Daniel, Natalia Murinova, and Alan D. Kaye. Prevention of Adverse Effects in Perioperative Pain Management for General and Plastic Surgeons. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190457006.003.0018.

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Postoperative pain management is a key part of perioperative care. Inadequately controlled pain contributes to poor outcomes and patient satisfaction. Overmedication with opioids for postoperative pain also leads to complications and slows recovery. Perioperative pain care starts with thorough evaluation at the preoperative visit. Multimodal pain treatment reduces the reliance on opioids and tends to improve outcomes. Many complicating factors, including pregnancy, comorbid psychological and medical conditions, addiction, and chronic opioid therapy need to be identified and addressed in a personalized pain plan. Complications including delirium and opioid-induced respiratory suppression are also discussed.
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41

Feldman, Jamie, and Karin Larsen. Sexual Dysfunction. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.032.

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Sexual dysfunction covers a range of disturbances in sexual response affecting desire, arousal, and orgasm or involving pain with sexual activity. Depression and sexual dysfunction have long been known as comorbid conditions; however, some research suggests that depressed mood may not always be associated with specific sexual dysfunctions. Associations between sexual dysfunction and depression appears bidirectional, such that either one of these conditions may trigger or worsen the other, while improvement in one may also improve the other. This chapter examines the complex relationship between depression and male and female sexual dysfunctions. We explore the classification and prevalence of sexual dysfunction, the known interconnections involving neurobiology, and psychological issues. Finally, we summarize the core principles of evaluation and treatment of common sexual dysfunctions, particularly in the context of depressive illness.
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42

Wyatt, Karla E. K., and Olutoyin A. Olutoye. Exploratory Laparotomy for Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Edited by Erin S. Williams, Olutoyin A. Olutoye, Catherine P. Seipel, and Titilopemi A. O. Aina. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190678333.003.0046.

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Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a severe inflammatory bowel disease that commonly affects premature infants. The pathogenesis is multifactorial and poorly understood, although certain risk factors have been identified. This disease, more commonly detected in premature infants with accompanying cardiac and pulmonary comorbid conditions, is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Multiorgan system homeostasis becomes critical for the pediatric anesthesiologist when approaching medical and surgical interventions for affected patients. This chapter focuses on the population at risk for developing necrotizing enterocolitis, medical and surgical management, providing anesthesia care in the neonatal intensive care unit, as well as perioperative considerations and complications.
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43

Desai, Rani A. Impulse Control Disorders and Older Adults. Edited by Jon E. Grant and Marc N. Potenza. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195389715.013.0134.

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Impulse control disorders (ICDs) are not well studied in the elderly, as the development of ICDs tend to decrease with age. Although less prevalent than younger patients, older adults with ICDs—psychological gambling in particular—may have unique assessment and treatment challenges as a result of their age, elaborate social community, comorbid medical conditions, and attitudes about mental health treatment. This chapter discusses the phenomenology of excessive gambling and other ICDs in elders, unique risk factors for this older population, and some potential treatment options. The chapter concludes with some thoughts on the future directions for research in this field.
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44

Farrell, Lara J., Sharna L. Mathieu, and Cassie Lavell. Obsessive–Compulsive and Related Disorders. Edited by Thomas H. Ollendick, Susan W. White, and Bradley A. White. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190634841.013.21.

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Obsessive compulsive and related disorders (OCRDs) in children and adolescents represent a cluster of conditions that significantly interfere in the lives of sufferers and their families. These disorders involve repetitive behaviors and often a preoccupation with distressing, obsessional thoughts. OCRDs include obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), hoarding disorder, trichotillomania, and excoriation disorder. The severity, functional impairment, and associated health conditions of these disorders call for timely evidence-based assessment and treatment. Evidence-based assessments include structured and semistructured interviews. Interviews allow for the assessment of symptoms, comorbid conditions, and differential diagnoses. Evidence-based psychological treatment for OCD and BDD in youth involves cognitive behavioral therapy with exposure and response prevention; research is required to determine evidence-based assessment and treatments for less studied OCRDs; identify factors that predict poorer response to evidence-based treatment; develop approaches to augment evidence-based treatments for nonresponders; and further the reach of empirically supported treatment.
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45

Gosselink, Rik. Exercise and Early Rehabilitation in the Intensive Care Unit. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0045.

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Exercise and early rehabilitation have an important role in the management of patients with critical illness. The assessment and treatment of critically ill patients focuses on deconditioning (limb and respiratory muscle weakness, joint stiffness, impaired functional exercise capacity, physical inactivity) and weaning failure as targets for rehabilitation. A variety of modalities for exercise training and early mobility have been tested in clinical studies and can be implemented, depending on the stage of critical illness, comorbid conditions, and alertness and cooperation of the patient. Successful mobilization plans and exercise prescription for the patient is a team endeavour, involving physiotherapist, occupational therapist, intensivist, and nursing staff.
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46

Le, Huynh-Nhu, Rhonda C. Boyd, and Ma Asunción Lara. Treatment of Depressive Disorders and Comorbidity in Ethnic Minority Groups. Edited by C. Steven Richards and Michael W. O'Hara. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199797004.013.018.

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Depression is comorbid with anxiety, substance use, and medical conditions in majority and ethnic minority populations. Despite recognition of the growing diversity of racial and ethnic minority groups in the United States, there are significant mental health disparities among them. This chapter reviews literature on interventions of depressive disorders and other mental and medical health conditions in ethnic minority groups. It focuses on (1) the adult population, (1) treatment interventions, and (3) ethnic minority groups in the United States. This review illustrates that research on treatment of depression comorbidity is quite limited for ethnic minorities. Therefore this chapter also discusses how cultural adaptations of evidence-based interventions for major depression can further inform the extent to which interventions for depression comorbidity can be adapted for ethnic minority populations. Research gaps, recommendations, future directions, and treatment guidelines for practitioners related to depression comorbidity and ethnic minority groups are discussed.
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47

Kanner, Andres M., and Adriana Bermeo-Ovalle. EEG in Psychiatric Disorders. Edited by Donald L. Schomer and Fernando H. Lopes da Silva. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228484.003.0025.

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Psychiatric symptoms are not restricted to primary psychiatric disorders and are relatively frequent in medical and neurological disorders. They may represent the clinical manifestations of these disorders, of a comorbid psychiatric disorder, or of iatrogenic complications of pharmacological and/or surgical therapies. Clearly, proper diagnosis is of the essence to provide the correct treatment. Electroencephalographic (EEG) studies are used on a regular basis to identify a potential organic cause of psychiatric symptomatology. This chapter reviews the diagnostic yield of EEG recordings in psychiatric symptomatology associated with primary psychiatric disorders, with neurological and medical conditions, and in particular with epilepsy, and provides suggestions on the optimal use of the different types of EEG recordings in clinical practice.
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48

Alder, Catherine A., Mary Guerriero Austrom, Michael A. LaMantia, and Malaz A. Boustani. Aging Brain Care. Edited by Robert E. Feinstein, Joseph V. Connelly, and Marilyn S. Feinstein. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190276201.003.0008.

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While fragmented care is a problem across the entire health care delivery system, it is especially problematic for vulnerable older adults with dementia and late-life depression. Most older adults have multiple chronic conditions. Cognitive impairment and mood disorders complicate the management of these comorbid conditions by interfering with the patient’s ability to monitor and report symptoms and comply with the care plan. To reduce fragmentation and promote integrated care, each medical provider must adopt a more holistic view of health care, recognizing the importance of communication and collaboration among all providers and the potential impact of any one action on the patient’s overall health. The Aging Brain Care (ABC) model provides a structure for integrating evidence-based interventions for dementia and depression into the primary care environment. By extending the delivery of care beyond the clinic, ABC offers patient-centered services aimed at coordinating care across multiple providers, settings, and community resources.
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49

Howes, Oliver. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198828761.003.0001.

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Schizophrenia and related disorders are common, affecting about 1 in 100 people, and typically begin in late adolescence and early adulthood, when people are in the prime of their lives. They are also major causes of disease burden globally and are amongst the top causes of disability in working-age adults in the world. Carers are significantly affected by the burden of these disorders, which are a leading cause of healthcare costs. Schizophrenia and related disorders are also major causes of premature mortality due to suicide and elevated rates of comorbid conditions, particularly cardiometabolic disorders. It is clear that the stakes are high, and this book aims to help the clinician give their patients the best odds of getting better.
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Weiner, Mark A., and Herbert L. Malinoff. Revising the Treatment Plan and/or Ending Pain Treatment (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265366.003.0018.

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This chapter describes specifically the population with chronic non-malignant pain whose illness is described as “opioid treatment failures,” perhaps 75% of the total. It addresses one of the most difficult questions in the management of comorbid pain and addiction: termination of opioid therapy. It begins by defining the problem for each patient in terms of strata of risk, and then describes the opioid discontinuation process in both outpatient medical offices and hospital settings. Timelines for discontinuation, including of benzodiazepines, are discussed, as well as the place of buprenorphine during taper or withdrawal. Both the fear of abandonment and the requirement for long-term aftercare are addressed, consistent with psychosocial principles generally accepted for the management of all chronic conditions.
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