Journal articles on the topic 'Commuting – Environmental aspects – Australia'
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Soltani, Ali, Andrew Allan, Ha Anh Nguyen, and Stephen Berry. "Students’ commuting pattern from the viewpoint of environmentalism: comparing Australia with China." International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education 20, no. 1 (January 7, 2019): 91–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijshe-08-2018-0146.
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Purpose This paper aims to clarify the differences between students’ travel behaviours in Australia and China and the association between students’ environmental attitudes and their travel behaviours in both countries. Design/methodology/approach The paper extensively reviewed most of existing literature work on commuting patterns of higher education students with referring to different studies around the world and then used it to build a theoretical framework and conceptual model to relate the travel patterns of students to built environment, personal demographics and environmental knowledge/consideration. An online survey was used with 230 students at Mawson Lakes campus of University of South Australia and Beiyangyuan campus of Tianjin University (China). Statistical tests (i.e. mean test, one-way analysis of variance, factor analysis) were used to analyse the data. Findings The study reveals that a high dependence on private vehicles amongst students at the Mawson Lakes campus, whilst a more environmentally sustainable modal choice dominated at the Beiyangyuan campus. Those who studied at Mawson Lakes campus tended to have stronger involvement in environmental activities than their counterparts at Beiyangyuan campus, which presented a clear association between environmental awareness and the travel behaviours of the sampled students. Research limitations/implications The study focussed on two respective campuses of both universities in Australia and China. Future work could be expanded with students at all campuses of two universities. Practical implications The study affirmed the value of nurturing environmental awareness for students in both universities to encourage more environmentally sustainable travel behaviours amongst students. The paper provides policy recommendations such as establishing infrastructure, and facilities for new stream of mobility included sharing bike schemes, which would be very practical due to flexibility and cost effectiveness within University campuses. The paper attempted to transfer lessons from Chinese bike friendly society to Adelaide’s car dominated campus. Originality/value This study brings remarkable contributions as comparing university students’ travel behaviours in two different nations. It is the first one in Australia, which links the environmental concerns among university students with their travel behaviours. The paper was successful in getting the gap between theory and practice filled to some extent. The paper has a capability to be used as an evidence-base work in the area of sustainability education.
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Pang, Bo, Sharyn Robyn Rundle-Thiele, and Krzysztof Kubacki. "An empirical examination of the ecological and cognitive active commuting framework." Health Education 117, no. 6 (October 2, 2017): 581–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/he-12-2016-0066.
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Purpose Evidence indicates that active school travel (AST) including walking can effectively lower levels of obesity among school-age children. Yet Queensland has been identified as one of the most inactive states in Australia where only 5 per cent of Years 1 and 5 children engaged in AST on a daily basis. The purpose of this paper is to explain walking to school behaviour among Queensland children by investigating the explanatory potential of the ecological and cognitive active commuting (ECAC) model. Design/methodology/approach An online survey of 537 carers in Queensland, Australia was conducted to collect data about demographics and the variables in the ECAC model. Structural equation modelling was used to analyse the ECAC model and the pathways between variables. Findings The results indicate that the ECAC model explained 53.4 per cent of the variance in walking to school. Social norms are the dominating factor in the model. Distance to school affects how the ECAC model works by moderating the associations among walking to school behaviours, perceived risks, and social norms. Practical implications Changing carers’ social norms and lowering the perceived risks they associate with walking to school should increase the incidence of walking to school in Queensland. Originality/value Although the ECAC model was proposed as a comprehensive framework to explain walking to school behaviour, to date, it has not been tested empirically. Informed by a modified ECAC framework this study aims to empirically explore the factors that may be preventing or facilitating Queensland children from walking to school.
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Kusmawan, David, Shofi Andari, and Indri H. Susilowati. "Assessing the Quality of Life Among Commuting Workers and Uncomfortable Travel." Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat 16, no. 3 (March 17, 2021): 315–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/kemas.v16i3.25467.
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Many studies conclude commuting that has an impact on the quality of life of the commuter both in the physical, psychological, health, and environmental aspects of the commuter. Increased risk of musculoskeletal disorder (MSD), obesity, increased blood pressure, and low physical health conditions are found in prolonged commuting activities as the existing problem in public health. This study using cross sectional design with WHO QOL BREF questionnaire. The total sample 155 respondents of commuting working using KRL Commuter Line Bogor to Jakarta in 2018. The initial model for assessing the relationship directly and indirectly between quality of life among commuting workers and travel uncomfortable, health complaint, psychological condition, bad experience, and income was constructed on the basis of severe hypotheses Based on the results of the path analysis it was found that income has a direct effect on quality of life. Psychological conditions have a direct effect on quality of life. Psychological condition is intervening variable for travel uncomfortable and health complaints as indirect effect. These results may help to identify the direct factor to improve the quality of life among commuting workers and as a basis for developing policies to improve the quality of public transportation services for commuting workers, and as a basis for formulating policies related to housing development locations that are integrated with public transportation facilities.
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Suh, Jeong-Yul. "Hydrogeochemical aspects in reclaimed area, Sydney, Australia." Geosciences Journal 8, no. 1 (March 2004): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02910279.
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Phan, Duc C., Long T. Truong, Hien D. Nguyen, and Richard Tay. "Modelling the Relationships between Train Commuters’ Access Modes and Traffic Safety." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2022 (February 26, 2022): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/3473397.
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Walking, cycling, and feeder bus/tram for first- and last-mile (FLM) train access are often considered to have better health benefits, lower cost, and less environmental impacts than driving. However, little is known about the road safety impacts of these FLM access modes, particularly at a network level. This paper aims to investigate the impacts of train commuters’ access modes on road safety in Victoria, Australia. Macroscopic analyses of crash outcomes in each zone (i.e., Statistical Area Level 1) were performed using negative binomial (NB) and spatially lagged X negative binomial (SLXNB), accounting for potential indirect effects of mode shares in adjacent zones. This macroscopic analysis approach enabled the consideration of the safety effects across the network. The results showed that the SLXNB models outperformed the NB models. Commuting by train, either with walking or car as FLM access mode, was negatively associated with both total and severe crashes. In addition, commuting by train with feeder bus/tram access mode was negatively associated with severe crashes. Interestingly, commuting by train with cycling access mode was negatively associated with total crashes, with a larger effect when compared to walking and car access modes. Overall, the results suggested promoting active transport as FLM train access mode would lead to an improvement in road safety.
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Mctainsh, GH, and NC Duhaylungsod. "Aspects of soil particle size analysis in Australia." Soil Research 27, no. 4 (1989): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9890629.
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Analysis of the particle-size characteristics of a soil can provide valuable information on the processes and products of soil formation. Studies of loess soils world-wide have used particle size as a major criterion, however, in Australia the particle-size characteristics of parna (a t y e of loess with a high clay content) have not been measured in detail. A modified method of particle-size analysis is proposed which gives more accurate results and which may contribute to a better understanding of soil formation in general, and loess formation in particular, in Australia.
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Merom, Dafna, Yvette D. Miller, Hidde P. van der Ploeg, and Adrian Bauman. "Predictors of initiating and maintaining active commuting to work using transport and public health perspectives in Australia." Preventive Medicine 47, no. 3 (September 2008): 342–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2008.03.014.
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Kataoka, Ryosuke, Akira Shichi, Hiroyuki Yamada, Yumiko Iwafune, and Kazuhiko Ogimoto. "Comparison of the Economic and Environmental Performance of V2H and Residential Stationary Battery: Development of a Multi-Objective Optimization Method for Homes of EV Owners." World Electric Vehicle Journal 10, no. 4 (November 15, 2019): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj10040078.
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The use of batteries of electric vehicles (EVs) for home electricity applications using a bidirectional charger, a process called vehicle-to-home (V2H), is attracting the attention of EV owners as a valuable additional benefit of EVs. To motivate owners to invest in V2H, a quantitative evaluation to compare the performance of EV batteries with that of residential stationary batteries (SBs) is required. In this study, we developed a multi-objective optimization method for the household of EV owners using energy costs including investment and CO2 emissions as indices and compared the performances of V2H and SB. As a case study, a typical detached house in Japan was assumed, and we evaluated the economic and environmental aspects of solar power self-consumption using V2H or SB. The results showed that non-commuting EV owners should invest in V2H if the investment cost of a bidirectional charger is one third of the current cost as compared with inexpensive SB, in 2030. In contrast, our results showed that there were no advantages for commuting EV owners. The results of this study contribute to the rational setting of investment costs to increase the use of V2H by EV owners.
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Banks, S. A., and B. B. Docker. "Delivering environmental flows in the Murray-Darling Basin (Australia)—legal and governance aspects." Hydrological Sciences Journal 59, no. 3-4 (March 28, 2014): 688–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2013.825723.
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Gertig, Dorota M., Ashley Fletcher, and John L. Hopper. "Public health aspects of genetic screening for hereditary haemochromatosis in Australia." Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health 26, no. 6 (December 2002): 518–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842x.2002.tb00360.x.
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Barclay, Kate. "The Social in Assessing for Sustainability. Fisheries in Australia." Cosmopolitan Civil Societies: An Interdisciplinary Journal 4, no. 3 (November 5, 2012): 38–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ccs.v4i3.2655.
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The notion that sustainability rests on three pillars – economic, environmental and social – has been widely accepted since the 1990s. In practice, however, the economic and environmental aspects have tended to dominate the sustainability agenda, and social aspects have been sidelined. Two reasons for this are: 1) there is a lack of data collected about which to build meaningful pictures of social aspects of sustainability for populations over time, and 2) there is a lack of recognition of the role of social factors in sustainability, and a related lack of understanding of how to analyse them in conjunction with economic and environmental factors. This paper surveys the literature about sustainability in fisheries, focussing on Australia, and focussing on the way social aspects have been treated. The paper finds that the problems that have been identified for assessing the social in sustainability in general are certainly manifest in fisheries. Management of Australian fisheries has arguably made great improvements to biological sustainability over the last decade, but much remains to be done to generate similar improvements in social sustainability for fishing communities. This is the case for government-run resource management as well as for initiatives from the private sector and conservation organizations as part of movements for corporate social responsibility and ethical consumerism. A significant challenge for improving sustainability in Australian fisheries, therefore, lies in improving data collection on social factors, and in bridging disciplinary divides to better integrate social with economic and biological assessments of sustainability.
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Clancy, K. G., and D. J. Carroll. "Key Issues in Planning Submarine Outfalls for Sydney, Australia." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 11 (November 1, 1986): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0151.
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This paper describes three large tunnelled submarine ocean outfalls, planned to safely discharge primary effluent from about two-thirds of the regional population of Sydney, Australia into deep ocean water. Environmental and investigation aspects are dealt with briefly. Interesting aspects of design and construction planning are described. The design includes the handling of special hydraulic problems such as dilution and salt water removal. The construction planning foreshadows the extensive use of tunnelling machines including roadheaders and a full face tunnel boring machine. The offshore engineering describes the design and testing of innovative G R P risers and diffusers, and their intended installation by a semi–submersible drill ship using standard oil field techniques. The cost estimate and program is included.
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Sadras, Víctor O., and David K. Roget. "Production and Environmental Aspects of Cropping Intensification in a Semiarid Environment of Southeastern Australia." Agronomy Journal 96, no. 1 (January 2004): 236–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj2004.2360.
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Bramston, Paul, Grace Pretty, and Charlie Zammit. "Assessing Environmental Stewardship Motivation." Environment and Behavior 43, no. 6 (September 11, 2010): 776–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013916510382875.
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Environmental stewardship networks flourish across Australia. Although the environment benefits, this article looks to identify what volunteers draw from their stewardship. The authors adapted 16 questions that purportedly tap environmental stewardship motivation and administered them to a convenience sample of 318 university students and then to 88 people living in rural Australia, who were either active members of environmental groups or voiced concern about local environmental issues. The results suggest that the measure consisting of these questions demonstrates acceptable internal consistency. Factor analyses support three relatively independent aspects of environmental stewardship motivation: (a) developing a sense of belonging, (b) caretaking the environment, and (c) expanding personal learning. Scores on the scale were not strongly correlated with well-being, suggesting that the scale measures more than general feelings of positive affect. Discussion focuses on the benefits of being able to reliably assess environmental stewardship motivation and areas for further development of the scale.
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Toms, Ken N., Ian P. Williamson, and Don M. Grant. "THE CADASTRE AND THE EMERGING LAND INFORMATION SYSTEM IN SOUTH AUSTRALIA: SOME ADMINISTRATIVE ASPECTS." Canadian Surveyor 41, no. 2 (June 1987): 125–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/tcs-1987-0011.
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A modern cadastre is defined and the relationship with the wider concept of land information system is established. A generalized approach to cadastral and land information systems in Australia is discussed. The experience of administration of cadastre and the emerging land information system in South Australia is examined and a conceptual model aimed at improvement is presented. The paper concludes with a recommendation for the creation of an Office of Land Information that would administer the operation of a complete LIS for South Australia.
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Johnson, T. C., and S. H. Williams. "From Canals to Lakes in South-East Queensland (Australia); Water Quality Aspects." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 261–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0061.
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Davidson, B. R. "Historical aspects of irrigation agriculture and river regulation in the Murraay-Darling Basin, Australia." Regulated Rivers: Research & Management 2, no. 2 (April 1988): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rrr.3450020207.
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Abdo, Linda, Sandy Griffin, and Annabeth Kemp. "Apples for Oranges: Disparities in Offset Legislation and Policy among Jurisdictions and its Implications for Environmental Protection and Sustainable Development in Australia." Environmental Management and Sustainable Development 8, no. 1 (February 11, 2019): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v8i1.14081.
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As a signatory to Agenda 21, the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (including the Sustainable Development Goals) and the Convention on Biological Diversity, Australia has an international obligation to ensure sustainable development. Biodiversity offsets are one tool used by Australian regulators to allow development to continue, whilst ensuring international obligations for sustainable development are met. In this study, legislation, policy and published guidelines for the Australian Commonwealth, states and territories were analysed to determine if the application of biodiversity offsets was consistent with the principles of sustainable development (environmentally, socially, economically) and if the allowance of biodiversity offsets in different jurisdictions created gaps in biodiversity and environmental protection across Australia. Regulation of biodiversity offsets was found to be inconsistent between the Commonwealth and the states and territories, with most jurisdictions having less than 50% similarity. This inconsistency in offset policy and legislation between jurisdictions could lead to loss of biodiversity. Additionally, jurisdictions did not adequately consider the social and economic aspects of sustainability in relation to biodiversity offsets, meaning that, through the allowance of biodiversity offsets, Australia may not be meeting their international obligations related to sustainable development. Further legislative development for biodiversity offsets is required in Australia to improve environmental protection and to adequately consider all aspects of sustainability. The Council of Australian Governments is a mechanism that could be used to ensure all jurisdictions consider the aspects of sustainability consistently in relation to biodiversity offsets.
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Beck, Matthew J., David A. Hensher, and Edward Wei. "Slowly coming out of COVID-19 restrictions in Australia: Implications for working from home and commuting trips by car and public transport." Journal of Transport Geography 88 (October 2020): 102846. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2020.102846.
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Zaman, Hamid, and Khandker M. Nurul Habib. "Commuting mode choice in the context of travel demand management (TDM) policies: an empirical investigation in Edmonton, Alberta." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 38, no. 4 (April 2011): 433–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l11-015.
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Travel demand management (TDM) for achieving sustainability is now considered one of the most important aspects of transportation planning and operation. It is now a well known fact that excessive use of private car results inefficient travel behaviour. So, from the TDM perspective, it is of great importance to analyze travel behaviour for improving our understanding on how to influence people to reduce car use and choose more sustainable modes such as carpool, public transit, park & ride, walk, bike etc. This study attempts an in-depth analysis of commuting mode choice behaviour using a week-long commuter survey data set collected in the City of Edmonton. Using error correlated nested logit model for panel data, this study investigates sensitivities of various factors including some specific TDM policies such as flexible office hours, compressed work week etc. Results of the investigation provide profound understanding and guidelines for designing effective TDM policies.
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Scott, B., P. G. Ranjtih, S. K. Choi, and Manoj Khandelwal. "Geological and geotechnical aspects of underground coal mining methods within Australia." Environmental Earth Sciences 60, no. 5 (August 5, 2009): 1007–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12665-009-0239-6.
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Bertuol, Cecília, Silas Nery de Oliveira, Alexandre Vinicius Bobato Tozetto, and Giovani Firpo Del Duca. "Leisure-time physical activities and their association with active behavior in other domains and sociodemographic aspects: a population-based study with adults residing in the Brazilian state capitals and the Federal District." Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 27, no. 6 (June 2022): 2187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232022276.16802021.
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Abstract This study aimed to identify the types of leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) most practiced and their association with active behavior in other domains and the sociodemographic aspects in Brazilian adults (≥ 18 years old). It was a cross-sectional study, using data from a population-based system (Vigitel, 2017). Binary logistic regression was used. In the 29,323 LTPA practitioners (51.3% men), the five types of activities most performed were: walking (36.6%), weight training (17.7%), soccer (11.7%), jogging (8.3%), and aerobics (6.7%). The LTPA that had the greatest associations with sociodemographic variables were soccer, walking, and aerobics, all with p-value ≤ 0.01. When considering the other domains of physical activity, participants who reported doing household physical activity were more likely to walk and less likely to practice weight training, soccer and aerobics. Those who did active commuting had more of a chance to walking and less of a chance to weight train, while individuals who practiced occupational physical activity were less likely to walk and more likely to play soccer. Important differences in sociodemographic aspects and active behavior in the other domains were found according to the LTPA type.
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Chan, D. J., and D. L. Bradford. "A sexual health strategy for Australia — time for action." Sexual Health 1, no. 4 (2004): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh04008.
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Australia still does not have a national sexual health strategy. Sexually transmissible infections such as chlamydia continue to plague the community, and the incidence of HIV is increasing. But a cohesive sexual health strategy cannot merely be disease-focussed, it must include the broader social and cultural aspects of sexual behaviour and sexuality. We propose a public health framework for the development of a national sexual health strategy that will bring Australia in line with the United Kingdom and New Zealand.
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PFUELLER, SHARRON L. "Role of bioregionalism in Bookmark Biosphere Reserve, Australia." Environmental Conservation 35, no. 2 (June 2008): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892908004839.
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SUMMARYBioregionalism claims that interaction between the biophysical and human components of a region generates place-based environmental and social understanding and concern, which lead to locally shared power and responsibility in cooperative land management and governance. The Man and the Biosphere Programme's Seville Strategy calls for local community participation in a multi-stakeholder ecosystem-based approach to conservation, but it is unclear if tenets of bioregionalism play a role in its implementation. Bookmark Biosphere Reserve (BBR) in Australia has substantially succeeded in scientific research and monitoring, conservation, environmental education and sustainable land-use initiatives. Aspects of bioregionalism (for example recognition of the region's unique identity, local community sense of responsibility, integration of local knowledge, presence of motivated local leaders and cooperative community-based management through a network of groups) have contributed to success. Other crucial factors were funding, technical and scientific information and support from government agencies, leadership from members of state and federal government and from private philanthropic foundations, community capacity-building for sustainable land management and availability of volunteers from outside the region. Nevertheless, conflict arose in relation to governance, originating from the recognized difficulties of reconciling a diversity of allegiances, motivations, management styles and personalities, and resulted in division of BBR into two, one section being managed largely through the private sector and community volunteers, the other (renamed Riverland Biosphere Reserve) coordinated by a committee with more diverse affiliations. Bioregionalism can play a role in biosphere reserves but motivations and resources of external public and private organizations are also vital. Avoiding weaknesses of bioregional approaches requires greater attention to social aspects of environmental management. Governance structures and processes need to be inclusive, flexible and equitable in decision making and access to funds. They should support both agency and community-initiated activities and include conflict resolution mechanisms.
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Winstanley, Margaret H., and Stephen D. Woodward. "Tobacco in Australia—An Overview." Journal of Drug Issues 22, no. 3 (July 1992): 733–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269202200318.
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Tobacco smoking is the largest preventable cause of death and disease in Australia, and the major cause of drug death. Under a third of adults smoke, male rates having declined significantly following the Second World War. The publication of international reports during the 1960s causally linking tobacco with death and disease stimulated action by Australian health professionals, although governments remained unresponsive. In the 1970s, advertising bans in the broadcast media were introduced, but quickly circumvented by the tobacco companies through sport sponsorships. However, the 1980s brought increased public awareness about health issues, and legislation concerning advertising restrictions and other aspects of tobacco control. Importantly, unequivocal evidence about the effects of passive smoking also become available in this decade, signalling a battle between public health interests and the tobacco industry, which the industry can now be said to have lost. Although consumption and disease rates are falling, priority areas for action still remain.
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Battilani, P., A. Gualla, C. Dall'Asta, C. Pellacani, G. Galaverna, P. Giorni, A. Caglieri, et al. "Phomopsins: an overview of phytopathological and chemical aspects, toxicity, analysis and occurrence." World Mycotoxin Journal 4, no. 4 (January 1, 2011): 345–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3920/wmj2011.1302.
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Phomopsis leptostromiformis, and its teleomorph Diaporthe toxica, is a lupin pathogen that causes stem blight in young lupins and, as a saprophyte, has been detected on dead lupine material. Under favourable conditions, the fungus produces phomopsins (PHOs), a family of macrocyclic hexapeptide mycotoxins capable of binding tubulin through the tripeptide side chain. The toxic effects appear largely confined to the liver. In particular, the ingestion of PHO contaminated lupin stubble has been linked to lupinosis, a debilitating disease of sheep (the most sensitive animal) characterised by disorientation, blindness, lethargy, and eventually death. The chemical structures of PHO A, B and D have been identified. Analytical methods to determine PHOs are mainly enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays or chromatographic separations, in combination with ultraviolet and mass spectrometric detection. The data about the PHOs occurrence are limited to Australia, restricted to lupin seed. Only one survey has been carried out on lupin seeds and flours from the Swiss market. Not many strategies have been developed to limit lupin seed contamination. Efforts devoted to control lupinosis in Australia focused on the development of cultivars resistant to Phomopsis infection. There are few examples in literature of decontamination or detoxification of PHOs; moreover, they have been shown to be resistant to extensive processing, including cooking. Australia and New Zealand are the only countries that included PHOs in their mycotoxin regulations, with a limit of 5 µg/kg in lupin seeds and derived products. Phomopsins are poorly studied mycotoxins and risk assessment on PHOs has not been done at the European level. The collection of all available scientific data was requested by EFSA in a specific project and partners involved considered it of general interest preparing this review to highlight the limited available information, which indicate that the assessment of potential risk related to PHOs is currently not feasible.
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Buława, Piotr, Bartłomiej Buława, and Maciej Borsa. "Environmental Personhood as a Landscape Planning Tool." Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 19, no. 3 (August 26, 2022): 161–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18760104-19030003.
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Abstract In the face of increasing human impact on the environment, it is necessary to look for new tools for sustainable landscape planning. One of them may be the institution of environmental personhood. The conducted studies based on an analysis of legal texts show that environmental personhood has evolved into a more complex institution. Increasing emphasis is placed on the intangible, cultural, and even spiritual aspects of granting legal personality to natural objects. The first implementations of environmental personhood in Ecuador, Bolivia, Australia, and India did not concern landscape, but the other cases in Colombia, New Zealand, and Canada did and have features typical of a landscape planning tool.
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Ramirez, Mariano. "Sustainability in the education of industrial designers: the case for Australia." International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education 7, no. 2 (April 1, 2006): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14676370610655959.
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PurposeThe paper intends to determine the extent to which environmental sustainability issues are integrated in the curricula of industrial design programs in Australian universities.Design/methodology/approachIndustrial design lecturers and program heads were invited to participate in a web‐based survey on their university's industrial design curricula. Online university handbooks were also examined to determine which courses cover sustainability aspects. Survey results were then tabulated and analysed using descriptive statistics.FindingsThe study shows that, while there is a concern that sustainable development issues are important and relevant to design courses, the permeation of environmental sensitivity through most industrial design curricula, and indeed among design academics, is only starting to gain ground. Comparative examination of the curricular structures in Australian universities offering degree programs in industrial and product design revealed that, on average, 12 out of every 100 credit points earned have sustainability content.Practical implicationsThe paper informs industrial design academics that much more work has to be done in order to educate the next generation of designers about their responsibilities to the planet and its people. It tells them where we currently are and the gaps that we have to bridge in order to achieve environmental sustainability.Originality/valueThe paper is original in the field of Australian industrial design education, and builds on work in other disciplines about incorporating sustainability aspects in tertiary education.
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Qian, Wei. "Legitimacy or good governance: What drives carbon performance in Australia." Corporate Ownership and Control 10, no. 3 (2013): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv10i3art4.
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Previous studies present diverse views on carbon performance. The legitimacy perspective posits that external forces from a wide range of stakeholders drives environmental performance change, while the governance perspective posits that strong internal governance structure leads to performance improvement. This study empirically examines the validity of these different perspectives. Using data released by top polluting companies included in the Australian National Greenhouse and Energy Reports (NGER), the study finds that better governance structures are significantly associated with higher carbon performance, but there is no significant relationship between external carbon disclosure and carbon performance. The results suggest that future policy needs to focus more on ensuring strong corporate governance system and encouraging the integration of environmental aspects into governance agenda.
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Ohr, Se Ok, Vicki Parker, Sarah Jeong, and Terry Joyce. "Migration of nurses in Australia: where and why?" Australian Journal of Primary Health 16, no. 1 (2010): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py09051.
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The Australian health care workforce has benefited from an increasing migration of nurses over the past decades. The nursing profession is the largest single health profession, making up over half of the Australian health care workforce. Migration of nurses into the Australian nursing workforce impacts significantly on the size of the workforce and the capacity to provide health care to the Australian multicultural community. Migration of nurses plays an important role in providing a solution to the ongoing challenges of workforce attraction and retention, hence an understanding of the factors contributing to nurse migration is important. This paper will critically analyse factors reported to impact on migration of nurses to Australia, in particular in relation to: (1) globalisation; (2) Australian society and nursing workforce; and (3) personal reasons. The current and potential implications of nurse migration are not limited to the Australian health care workforce, but also extend to political, socioeconomic and other aspects in Australia.
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Lattimore, MAE. "Pastures in temperate rice rotations of south-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 34, no. 7 (1994): 959. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9940959.
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Legume-based pastures have long been an integral part of rice growing in the southern New South Wales irrigation areas and still offer potential to improve the productivity, profitability, and sustainability of the temperate rice-cropping system.This paper reviews both historical and current aspects of pastures in temperate rice rotations in southern New South Wales and highlights the importance of pastures in sustaining this cropping system as environmental pressures increase. Topics discussed include pasture species and rotations, their role in improving soil fertility and sustainability, the value of pastures in weed control, and their management for maximum profitability.
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Ong, Tricia, Terri Trireksani, and Hadrian Geri Djajadikerta. "Hard and soft sustainability disclosures: Australia’s resources industry." Accounting Research Journal 29, no. 2 (July 4, 2016): 198–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/arj-03-2015-0030.
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Purpose Although studies in corporate sustainability have been vastly growing, there has been an increasing demand for more industry-specific sustainability reporting studies to develop a greater understanding of industry differences in sustainability reporting practice. This study aims to measure the quality of sustainability disclosures in the current leading environmentally sensitive industry in Australia – the resources industry. Design/methodology/approach A scoring index was developed to measure economic, social and environmental aspects of sustainability by integrating the fundamental principles of the hard and soft disclosure items from Clarkson et al.’s (2008) environmental index into the social and economic aspects of the Global Reporting Initiative framework. Subsequently, the index was used to assess sustainability disclosures in the annual and sustainability reports of resources companies in Australia. Findings The main findings show that companies report more of soft disclosure items than the hard ones. It is also found that companies report most sustainability information in the economic aspect rather than the social and the environmental aspects of sustainability. Most companies disclose sustainability information in their annual reports with few companies producing stand-alone sustainability reports. Originality/value This study addresses the need for more industry-specific sustainability studies by focusing on Australia’s resources industry. It also contributes to the lack of an existing tool to measure disclosures based on companies’ true contributions to sustainability by developing a new scoring index for hard and soft sustainability disclosures, which includes all three aspects of sustainability (i.e. economic, environmental and social).
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Howard, N. H. "Recreational Use Considerations of the Sugarloaf Reservoir (Melbourne, Australia)." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 251–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0059.
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Sugarloaf Reservoir, one of Melbourne's newer storages, draws an increasing proportion of its water from the unprotected and polluted lower Yarra requiring all supply to be comprehensively treated before being supplied to consumers. Because of this special situation, compared to harvesting from protected catchments, a recreational use study of the reservoir and its small natural catchment was initiated. The first phase of this study was undertaken by Dr J Forsyth of the Microbiological Diagnostic Unit, University of Melbourne which recommended that, from the public health point of view, the present nominal recreational use (passive) at Sugarloaf Reservoir could be extended to include shore based fishing, establishment of a catchment nature trail, sailing, rowing, youth club and model yacht sailing. A Phase 2 study reported on the financial, managerial aspects, etc, not addressed by Dr Forsyth, while the “implementation stage” is being currently considered in a third phase. A report on this last phase is to be submitted to the Board and Minister for Water Resources for consideration for the summer of 1988.
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Wright, W. J. "The low latitude influence on winter rainfall in Victoria, south-eastern Australia-I. Climatological aspects." Journal of Climatology 8, no. 5 (September 1988): 437–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.3370080502.
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Kwiatkowski, Michał Adam. "Urban Cycling as an Indicator of Socio-Economic Innovation and Sustainable Transport." Quaestiones Geographicae 37, no. 4 (December 31, 2018): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/quageo-2018-0039.
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Abstract Environmental pollution in cities is an increasingly popular issue tackled in research. One of the elements with a significant impact on the state of urban ecosystems is transport with its pressure on individual components of the environment. Sustainable urban transport is gaining prominence as a postulate expressed in cities’ strategic documents, constituting an element alleviating the negative effects of anthropopressure. In the light of the need to introduce innovative solutions for clean forms of transport, numerous papers indicate the bicycle as an answer to some of those problems. The article presents a review of literature referring to the socio-economic aspects of using the bicycle in cities as a means of transport for daily commuting. The analysis is based on publications on cyclist safety in road traffic, the perception of the bicycle as a means of transport in cities, and the introduction of innovative solutions, such as bicycle-sharing systems.
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Balbontin, Camila, David A. Hensher, Matthew J. Beck, Ricardo Giesen, Paul Basnak, Jose Agustin Vallejo-Borda, and Christoffel Venter. "Impact of COVID-19 on the number of days working from home and commuting travel: A cross-cultural comparison between Australia, South America and South Africa." Journal of Transport Geography 96 (October 2021): 103188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.103188.
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Nixon, Cynthia, Claire Konkes, Libby Lester, and Kathleen Williams. "Mediated Visibility and Public Environmental Litigation: The Interplay between Inside and Outside Court during Environmental Conflict in Australia." Laws 10, no. 2 (May 11, 2021): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/laws10020035.
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Conflicts over environmental sustainability are increasingly being fought in court, such as the use of Public Environmental Litigation (PEL) to challenge developments impacting the environment in Australia and elsewhere. News media coverage of PEL introduces legal actors to the dynamics of mediatized environmental conflict, which provides a platform for conflict actors to gain mediated visibility for their cause to influence public debate. When legal opportunities, such as PEL, are used as a campaign tactic, the dynamics of contest are exposed and, while courts have some power over legal actors, parties seek news media to favorably translate legal outcomes to the public. This article explores the nexus of PEL, news media, and communication strategies to find greater understanding of who gains from the mediated visibility that occurs when transnational environmental campaigns take their claims to court. Using content analysis and discourse analysis of news texts and semi-structured interviews relating to eight PEL cases instigated to stop the Adani Carmichael coal megamine in Australia, we seek better understanding of the mechanisms at play when PEL campaigns appear in news media, and find that the dominance of outside court sources in news coverage not only privilege the political aspects of PEL over the legal, but highlights how strategic litigation, such as PEL, can be used to influence public opinion and, therefore, a political response, regarding environmental conflict.
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Zawistowski, Jerzy, and Peter Jones. "Regulatory Aspects Related to Plant Sterol and Stanol Supplemented Foods." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 98, no. 3 (May 1, 2015): 750–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.sgezawistowski.
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Abstract This chapter reviews regulatory frameworks for plant sterol containing functional foods in various jurisdictions including Europe, North America, South America, Asia and, Australia/New Zealand. Included is a discussion on approval of plant sterols as novel food ingredients in some countries, as well as details on the type of health claims permitted in the marketing and sale of foods enriched with plant sterols within each jurisdiction. Based on the abundance of clinical trial data, many countries around the world have now approved the use of claims relating the cholesterol-lowering effect of plant sterols, further attesting to their value as functional food ingredients.
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Smith, Phil, Grahame Collier, and Hazel Storey. "As Aussie as Vegemite: Building the Capacity of Sustainability Educators in Australia." Australian Journal of Environmental Education 27, no. 1 (2011): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0814062600000161.
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AbstractVegemite, a thick, rich and salty product made from yeast extract, is a paste commonly spread on bread or toast in Australian households. This iconic product mirrors some of the unique aspects of this country. For example, Vegemite thinly spread is best. The population of this country is sparse across the wide lands, and the Australian environment with its thin soils, water shortages and intense climates, might also be described as spread thin. These aspects of context present challenges because Australia needs quality sustainability educators thick on the ground to deal with the many and diverse environmental issues.This paper describes the development of the Australian National Professional Development Initiative for Sustainability Educators (NPDISE) and how it was infuenced by the Australian context. Multiple challenges existed: the size of the country, its environmental conditions and rich biodiversity, distance and space between major centres, distribution of people and resources, understanding of and support for education, and three tiers of government – each with its own policies, programs and priorities. On top of this, the practice of sustainability education crosses multiple professional sectors and disciplines. All these challenges had to be taken into account.Research conducted by the Waste Management Association Australia in 2009 revealed that the needs of Australia's sustainability educators in overcoming many of these challenges were broadly consistent around Australia. This gave encouragement to the establishment of a national professional development approach for those working in the environmental education feld. This paper shows how four professional associations – Australian Association for Environmental Education, Waste Management Association Australia, Australian Water Association, and the Marine Education Society of Australasia – worked together for the frst time and approached these challenges whilst developing the NPDISE. A 1954 jingle said Vegemite would help children “grow stronger every single week”. The NPDISE represents a similar ethos with an emphasis on building the sector.
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Tran, Dai Binh, and Hanh Thi My Tran. "Women’s health: a benefit of education in Australia." Health Education 119, no. 4 (June 3, 2019): 259–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/he-11-2018-0053.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between education and health amongst Australian women. Design/methodology/approach This study uses the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia data set. Spouse’s education is employed as an instrument to solve the potential endogeneity of educational attainment. Findings The results indicate that an additional year of schooling can lead to an increase in self-reported health, physical health, mental health and a reduced likelihood of having long-term health conditions. Women who are not in the labour force are likely to enjoy higher benefits of education compared to their employed counterparts. The findings also suggest that the relationship between education and health can be explained by the extent of positive health behaviours and social capital as mediators. Research limitations/implications The conclusion from the results might be different in the case of men, reducing the generalisability of the results. Several objective health variables should be used to provide further aspects of health on which education has an impact. Practical implications As the positive effect of education on women’s health is empirically found, investment in women’s education should be seriously considered and reevaluated. Originality/value This paper focuses on Australian women which not only reduces the heterogeneity between genders but also adds to the rare number of studies on this topic in Australia. This paper also employs a formal mediation analysis to examine what are the mechanisms explaining the relationship between education and health.
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Giles-Corti, Billie, Sally Macintyre, Johanna P. Clarkson, Terro Pikora, and Robert J. Donovan. "Environmental and Lifestyle Factors Associated with Overweight and Obesity in Perth, Australia." American Journal of Health Promotion 18, no. 1 (September 2003): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.4278/0890-1171-18.1.93.
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Purpose. To examine associations between environmental and lifestyle factors and overweight or obesity. Design. A cross-sectional survey and an environmental scan of recreational facilities. Setting. Metropolitan Perth, Western Australia. Subjects. Healthy sedentary workers and homemakers aged 18 to 59 years (n = 1803) living in areas within the top and bottom quintiles of social disadvantage. Measures. Four lifestyle factors, one social environmental factor, and five physical environment factors (three objectively measured). Results. After adjustment for demographic factors and other variables in the model, overweight was associated with living on a highway (odds ratio [OR], 4.24; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.62–11.09) or streets with no sidewalks or sidewalks on one side only (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.03–1.78) and perceiving no paths within walking distance (OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.08–1.86). Poor access to four or more recreational facilities (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.11–2.55) and sidewalks (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, .98–2.68) and perceiving no shop within walking distance (OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.01–3.36) were associated with obesity. Conversely, access to a motor vehicle all the time was negatively associated with obesity (OR, .56; 95% CI, .32–.99). Watching 3 or more hours of television daily (ORs, 1.92 and 1.85, respectively) and rating oneself as less active than others (ORs, 1.66 and 4.05, respectively) were associated with both overweight and obesity. After adjustment for individual demographic factors and all other variables in the model, socioeconomic status of area of residence and leisure-time physical activity were not associated with overweight or obesity. Conclusion. Factors that influence overweight and obesity appear to differ, but aspects of the physical environment may be important. Objectively measured neighborhood environment factors warrant further investigation.
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Lewis, Jenny. "Policy and profession: Elite perspectives on redefining general practice in Australia and England." Journal of Health Services Research & Policy 7, no. 1_suppl (July 2002): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/135581902320176313.
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Objectives To understand how general (family) practice is being redefined and is redefining itself, from the perspective of policy elites, and to build an analytical framework. Methods Politicians, senior bureaucrats and executives of professional organisations were interviewed (1998-2000) about the impact of general practice reforms on the profession. The information gathered was thematically coded and used to advance an understanding of profession from an elite perspective. Results Four main aspects of profession were discussed by interviewees. These were cultural authority, profession&s authority, social authority and professional autonomy. The elites interviewed reported a potential challenge to the cultural authority of general practice in both countries through moves to redefine it as something broader. The profession&s authority was seen as having shifted, especially in Australia where new forms of representation for the profession have been established. Medicine was viewed variously as having its social authority challenged, maintained, or extended in the granting of expertise in health, and professional autonomy was regarded as having been restructured through policy change. Conclusions Policy elites perceive that the authority and autonomy of general practitioners has changed but reform has not resulted in generalised losses for the profession. The framework developedhere, which employed aspects of profession that arose as major themes, proved useful for examining the redefinition of profession and for generating policy insights in regard to possibilities for change and likely impacts.
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J. Mason, T., W. M. Lonsdale, and K. French. "Environmental weed control policy in Australia: current approaches, policy limitations and future directions." Pacific Conservation Biology 11, no. 4 (2005): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc050233.
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Plant invasions of natural systems threaten biodiversity and ecosystem processes across many biomes. Historically most plant invasions have been facilitated by human activities such as industry, transport and landscape modification. Consequently, both causes and management of weed invasion are dependent on human behaviour and management advice provided by ecologists needs to take account of this fact. This paper assesses current environmental weed control policy in Australia and asks: are government, land managers and the scientific community using available social levers to achieve optimal weed management? We do this by comparing aspects of weed policy with a generalized natural resource policy framework. Adequacy of issue characterization and policy framing are discussed with particular reference to public perceptions of the weed problem, policy scaling and defining policy principles and goals. The implementation of policy Instruments, including regulation, VOluntary incentives, education, Information, motivational instruments, property-right instruments and pricing mechanisms are reviewed. Limitations of current instruments and potential options to improve instrument effectiveness are discussed. Funding arrangements for environmental weed control are also reported: environmental weed invasion generally represents an external cost to economic markets which has resulted in relatively low funding levels for control operations. Finally, review and monitoring procedures in weed programmes and policy are addressed. Rigorous monitoring systems are important in effective, adaptive weed management where control techniques are continually refined to improve ecological outcomes. The utility of maintaining links between project outcomes and policy inputs along with methods of implementing appropriate monitoring are discussed.
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Kaira, Sneha, Oz Sahin, Anisur Rahman, and Sherif Mohamed. "An Integrated DPSIR-SD Framework for Sustainability Assessment of Roads in Australia." Sustainability 14, no. 12 (June 10, 2022): 7142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14127142.
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The Australian Sustainability Development Goals (SDGs) Summit in 2018 attracted much-needed national attention towards environmental goals and targets compared with other aspects of sustainability. Road infrastructure is the backbone of modern society and plays a crucial role in accomplishing a targeted balance between these aspects of sustainability and achieving the SDGs. This article presents an integrated sustainability performance assessment methodology that acts as a decision support tool. A series of two conceptual modelling techniques—drivers—pressure—state—impact—response (DPSIR) and system dynamics (SD)—is employed, with the cause-and-effect relationships of the sustainability indicators developed utilising the DPSIR framework, and a quantitative analysis carried out through a subsequent SD model. The end result is the generation of a Sustainability Performance Index (SPI) for road infrastructure created by analysing the SD model and DPSIR index layer relationship. The benefits and applicability of the proposed methodology are validated through case study analysis. The overall aim is to determine restricting factors and response strategies influencing road infrastructure and transport sustainability performance during the operation and maintenance phase. Thus, a significant contribution is made through the proposed methodology for assessing factors influencing the long-term achievement of the SDGs.
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Buck, Stuart, Joe Rolfe, Craig Lemin, and Bernie English. "Adoption, profitability and future of leucaena feeding systems in Australia." Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 7, no. 4 (September 3, 2019): 303–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(7)303-314.
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Keynote paper presented at the International Leucaena Conference, 1‒3 November 2018, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala ssp. glabrata) is a highly palatable and productive forage used mainly by beef producers on extensive properties in northern Australia. When sown into native or sown grass pastures, leucaena provides significant production, economic, environmental and social benefits. Adoption of leucaena was slow initially due to a range of technical, agronomic and landscape factors. These have now been largely overcome through extensive research, development, producer experience and other advances, resulting in around 130,000 ha of cultivated leucaena being utilized across northern Australia.A range of aspects will need to be addressed if the adoption of leucaena is to be accelerated into the future. These include environmental concerns, especially potential weediness, and a range of technological needs, including soil nutritional requirements, grazing and toxicity management, opportunities for companion fodder systems and conservation options. Advances in technology and the ongoing need for a high-quality, profitable and sustainable perennial forage will ensure the continued adoption of leucaena across northern Australia for the foreseeable future.
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Dearlove, Trish, Andrea Begley, Jane Anne Scott, and Gemma Devenish-Coleman. "Digital Marketing of Commercial Complementary Foods in Australia: An Analysis of Brand Messaging." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 15 (July 27, 2021): 7934. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18157934.
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The digital marketing of commercial complementary foods (CCF) is an emerging area of concern in Australia. Although research into traditional methods has identified a range of problems, the marketing and messaging strategies employed within digital spaces have gone largely unscrutinized. This study sought to examine the methods used by CCF manufacturers to promote Australian baby foods and brands in a digital space. A multiple step approach was used to assess the CCF brands available in major Australian retailers, the social media platforms they used, and to thematically analyze the text and visual messages contained in posts published over a three-month period. Of the 15 brands identified, 12 had a digital presence, and all of these used Facebook. Four themes emerged from an analysis of 216 Facebook posts; (1) general product attributes, (2) socially desirable attributes (which included messaging related to taste (41%), self-feeding (29%) and fun (19%)), (3) concern-based attributes (including organic status (40%), age targets (39%) and additive-/allergen-free status (18%)) and (4) health-focused attributes (which included messaging related to healthy/nutritious ingredients (45%), and child development/growth (15%). Messages contained in Facebook posts were mostly positive brand/product aspects (Themes 1 and 2) or parental concern-based aspects (Theme 3 and 4). These themes match previous analyses of marketing content in traditional media and should be closely monitored due to the personalized nature of consumer social media interactions.
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MILLS, Catherine, Elizabeth SUTTON, Julian KOPLIN, Ezra KNEEBONE, Karinne LUDLOW, and Ainsley NEWSON. "Mitochondrial Donation and Egg Donor Consent in Australia." Fertility & Reproduction 04, no. 03n04 (September 2022): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2661318222740620.
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Background: Legislation to permit mitochondrial donation (MD) in Australia was introduced into Federal Parliament in early 2021, and the techniques may be legalized and made available soon. MD enables women affected by disease-causing mutations in their mitochondrial DNA to have a genetically related child who is unlikely to inherit these mutations. MD relies on the donation of oocytes. Australia’s oocyte donation system does not meet current demand for oocytes and MD would add to this. Consequently, the implementation of MD would raise critical questions about the system of procuring donors and using their oocytes. The proposed model for implementing MD in Australia does not address these issues. We address two key inter-related concerns – oocyte availability and donor consent – in how best to meet current and future demand for donor oocytes. Aim: To consider ethical, social, and regulatory issues arising from the proposed implementation of MD in Australia, particularly oocyte availability and donor consent issues. Method: We discuss the current system of oocyte donation in Australia and consider likely impacts of MD on this. We review alternative systems that have been proposed to enhance the availability of oocytes, focusing on ethical aspects of these with reference to specific features of the Australian context, donor consent, and MD. Results: MD will increase demand for oocytes if introduced in Australia. Alternative procurement systems to address the shortage of oocytes may be required. Refining the system of consent used for oocyte donation may be an important feature of increasing oocyte availability for MD. Conclusion: As Australia presses ahead with the potential implementation of MD, consideration should be given as to whether the current system for oocyte donation is adequate. We conclude that it is necessary to consider alternative systems for enhancing oocyte availability in Australia, which, in some circumstances, may include changing consent procedures.
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Sujai, Mahpud. "Mendorong Sistem Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional Baru di Indonesia; Belajar dari Pengalaman Australia." Kajian Ekonomi dan Keuangan 17, no. 3 (November 9, 2015): 237–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31685/kek.v17i3.16.
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Significant change of Indonesian economy has lead to the need of people more than just basic need such as food and clothes. Others such as health and education have become a must for Indonesian. Anticipating this condition, government will implement new universal coverage health system in 2014 as mandated by law. This paper has objectives to explore several aspects which contribute or influence to the policy formulation and implementation, particularly in designing new health insurance system in Indonesia and learning from Australian experience and best practice. Methodology used in this paper is both primary research such as in depth interview with some health economist, expert form universities, government researcher as well as observation to the organization that manage health system in Australia and secondary research by doing literature review of health insurance system, benchmarking, compare and contrast the health insurance system in Indonesia and Australia and analyze the best and suitable ones for implemented in the future. There are several interesting findings that can be recommended such as Australian health reform and relationship between public and private health system.
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Heard, Sam. "Access to rural general practice and primary care: Time now for more equitable and sustainable solutions?" Australian Journal of Primary Health 10, no. 3 (2004): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py04062.
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Australia has the resources to provide reasonable primary medical and health care to all of its population. It is a particularly worthwhile expense, with positive social and biophysical outcomes (Jarman et al., 1999; Starfield, 1998). In many aspects of health care, primary care provides most of the benefit and almost all of the value. Why, then, don?t we provide this basic service to all Australians?
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Schlacher, Thomas A., and Luke Thompson. "Environmental control of community organisation on ocean-exposed sandy beaches." Marine and Freshwater Research 64, no. 2 (2013): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf12172.
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Models of faunal communities on open-coast beaches emphasise the primacy of environmental conditions in determining species richness and abundance. What remains unresolved under this ‘physical-control paradigm’ includes the following two aspects: (1) how habitat properties relate to structural traits of communities; and (2) how environmental conditions shape communities when habitat properties change over time. Here, we test these by modelling the relationship between a broad range of environmental drivers and assemblage structure. Our models draw on a sizeable dataset (15 600 cores collected over 4 years) of benthic invertebrates from beaches in eastern Australia; we also include a test of whether human disturbance (vehicles) alters the relationships between environmental predictors and faunal communities. A suite of physical factors, comprising habitat features (i.e. moisture level, grain size, beach slope) and wave parameters, explained variation in community structure. Novel aspects are the role of sea-surface temperature (SST) as a driver of biological structure on beaches, and that human impacts can override the sediment–animal relationships that are normally important. More generally, theoretical and empirical models of beach-community organisation should incorporate multiple environmental drivers, include broader structural aspect of assemblages, and recognise the role of human habitat alterations in shaping these fauna–environment links.