Journal articles: 'Community psychiatry Australia'

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Kaplan, Robert M. "Psychiatry in Australia." South African Journal of Psychiatry 10, no. 2 (October 1, 2004): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v10i2.143.

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Psychiatry has been practised in Australia in one form or another since the peopling of the continent, originally with the practices of the Aboriginal shamans, and later with the psychiatric treatment necessitated by convict transportation.Over most of the last half-century psychiatry has been administered by the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists.There are over 2 000 psychiatrists in Australia, and num- bers are expected to increase in future.As in many other countries, there is ongoing pressure between the private and public sectors, with endemic under- funding of public and community services.Despite its small number of practitioners and relative isola- tion from major centres, Australian psychiatry has a distin- guished record in the field of research. The most famous dis- covery, by John Cade, was the use of lithium for treatment of mania.Recently governments at state and federal level have acknowledged the effect of psychiatric illness on patients and their families. This has led to the development of pro- grammes to improve public information and eliminate preju- dice.It is anticipated that the practice of psychiatry will flourish in Australia and that the country will remain a leading centre of excellence in psychiatric research and training.

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Reilly, Stephen P. "Australian Sojourn." Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists 9, no. 8 (August 1985): 155–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.9.8.155.

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Community psychiatry means different things to different people. Since the 1970s the American model of community psychiatry based on mental health clinics has attracted heavy criticism, whilst the UK concept of rooting community psychiatric services firmly within primary health care has gained increasing support. The need for community-orientated psychiatric services is generally agreed upon but definition of community and the mode of delivery are not. In Australia both free and private health care are available; community health centres and community mental health clinics exist (sometimes literally) side by side.

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Couper, Jeremy. "Chronic Fatigue Syndrome and Australian Psychiatry: Lessons from the UK Experience." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 34, no. 5 (October 2000): 762–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2000.00810.x.

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Objective: The aim of this paper is to outline the opportunities and dangers the chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) issue presents to Australian psychiatry. Method: The scientific literature of the last 50 years on CFS in adults was reviewed and samples of recent media portrayals of CFS in the UK and Australia were collected. The author has worked in both the UK and Australia managing adult CFS patients in specialist outpatient consultation–liaison (C–L) psychiatry settings. Results: Chronic fatigue syndrome has been at the heart of an acrimonious debate in the UK, both within the medical profession and in the wider community. UK psychiatry has been drawn into the debate, at times being the target of strong and potentially damaging criticism, yet UK psychiatry, especially the C–L subspecialty, has played a crucial role in clarifying appropriate research questions and in devising management strategies. The issue has served to enhance and broaden psychiatry's perceived research and clinical role at the important medicine–psychiatry interface in that country. Conclusions: Handled properly, the CFS issue offers Australian psychiatry, especially C–L psychiatry, an opportunity to make a useful contribution to patient care in a clinically difficult and contentious area, while at the same time serving to help broaden psychiatry's scope in the Australian medical landscape.

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Boyce, Philip, and Nicola Crossland. "The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists." International Psychiatry 2, no. 10 (October 2005): 19–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600007529.

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The vision of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists (RANZCP) is of ‘a fellowship of psychiatrists working with and for the general community to achieve the best attainable quality of psychiatric care and mental health’. It is the principal organisation representing the specialty of psychiatry in Australia and New Zealand; it currently has around 2600 Fellows, who account for approximately 85% of psychiatrists in Australia and 50% of psychiatrists in New Zealand. The RANZCP sets the curriculum, accredits training and training programmes, and assesses trainee psychiatrists. In addition, it administers a continuing professional development programme for practising psychiatrists, has a role in policy development, publishes two scientific journals – the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry and Australasian Psychiatry – and holds an annual scientific congress.

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Dedman, Paul. "Community Treatment Orders in Victoria, Australia." Psychiatric Bulletin 14, no. 8 (August 1990): 462–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.14.8.462.

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It is one of the failures of contemporary psychiatry that many patients who respond well to neuroleptic medication given to them when they are in-patients relapse after discharge due to not taking any further medication. Those working closely with the acute psychiatric patient in the community are often forced to stand by powerlessly as a patient deteriorates, causing damage to himself and his social milieu until such a point is reached when he is again ill enough to warrant compulsory admission and treatment. This process is, of course, devastating for a patient's family and also disheartening for professionals involved, and is perhaps partly responsible for the high turnover of staff involved in front line services. Even if assertive outreach methods are employed such as those involved in a number of comprehensive community-based programmes (Stein & Test, 1980; Borland et al, 1989) so that contact with the patient is not lost, it is not possible without the necessary legislation to enforce treatment in the community.

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Dax, E. Cunningham. "The Evolution of Community Psychiatry." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 26, no. 2 (June 1992): 295–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679209072042.

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Community Psychiatry is sometimes regarded as a separate and even as a recent study. The history of its evolution in Australia shows it to have resulted from a logical progression since the earliest days of the psychiatric services. The demand for care completely outstripped the accommodation available so two separate but parallel methods of dealing with this problem were evolved. The first explored how the numbers in the overcrowded hospitals could be reduced, and the second, the ways in which admission could be avoided. Both methods resulted in the expansion of community services. Present day activities must be viewed in this light and community services recognised to be an indivisible portion of a professionally organised total mental health organisation.

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Lien, On. "Attitudes of the Vietnamese Community towards Mental Illness." Australasian Psychiatry 1, no. 3 (August 1993): 110–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10398569309081340.

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There are approximately 155,000 Vietnamese born people in Australia, with 46,000 in Victoria. The majority came to Australia as refugees. Many were subjected to the reality or threat of war, persecution, imprisonment, discrimination, economic deprivation, violence, the loss of family or other major stressors. These stressors have included the hazards of the escape, lengthy stays in refugee camps and, on arrival in Australia, lack of familiarity with English and with the culture. The Vietnamese Community in Australia was expected to have a high prevalence of mental illness, especially when newly arrived from refugee camps. In a study published in 1986 as “The Price of Freedom” [1] 32% of the young Vietnamese adult group was found to suffer from psychiatric disorder. At follow-up two years later, the prevalence of psychiatric disorder, without any major intervention, had dropped to 5–6%, a prevalence lower than that in the Australian-born community. In addition, the Vietnamese community's use of mental health services (inpatient and community-based) is lower than that of any other ethnic group.

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Peters, A. "Owning the brand of psychiatry." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S740. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.1362.

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In Australia and New Zealand, conversations around mental health are playing out in the public space with increasing frequency. Mental health promotion campaigns and organizations are embraced by mainstream and other forms of media, and supported by government. Whilst public knowledge of mental illness is increasing, the profile of psychiatrists as leaders and medical experts in mental illness is a more difficult brand to sell. With a somewhat tarnished history behind us, the modern evidence-based practice of psychiatry is not always at the forefront of public impression. Furthermore, in Australia, more than half of the population (56%) is unaware that psychiatrists have undertaken medical training as a doctor. This presentation will outline Royal Australian and New Zealand college of psychiatrists (RANZCP) action to improve community information about psychiatry, psychiatrists and treatment experiences.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.

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Cammell, Paul. "Emergency psychiatry: a product of circumstance or a growing sub-speciality field?" Australasian Psychiatry 25, no. 1 (September 26, 2016): 53–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856216665286.

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Objectives: This article reviews recent trends in the provision of psychiatric services to the emergency departments of tertiary hospitals in Australia, involving the establishment of specialised in-reach or liaison services as well as various forms of short stay unit attached to emergency departments. The Emergency Psychiatry Service at Flinders Medical Centre, South Australia, is described as a case example. Its specialised models of assessment and clinical care are described, highlighting how these are differentiated from more traditional models in inpatient, community and general hospital consultation–liaison psychiatry. Conclusions: Emergency psychiatry, and in particular the application of specialised psychiatric models of in-reach service and short stay units, is an increasingly important and growing field of psychiatry that warrants further exploration in research. The Emergency Psychiatry Service at Flinders Medical Centre has developed a distinct group of assessment and treatment approaches that exemplifies this growing field.

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Kamieniecki, Gregory W. "Prevalence of Psychological Distress and Psychiatric Disorders Among Homeless Youth in Australia: A Comparative Review." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 35, no. 3 (June 2001): 352–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2001.00910.x.

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Objective: To review the prevalence literature on psychological distress and psychiatric disorders among homeless youth in Australia, and to compare these rates with Australian youth as a whole. Method: Computerized databases were utilized to access all published Australian studies on psychological distress (as measured by standardized symptom scales and suicidal behaviour) and psychiatric disorders among homeless youth; in addition, unpublished Australian studies were utilized whenever accessible. A total of 14 separate studies were located, only three of which have included non-homeless control groups. In the current review, prevalence data from uncontrolled youth homelessness studies are compared with data from Australian community and student surveys. Results: Homeless youth have usually scored significantly higher on standardized measures of psychological distress than all domiciled control groups. Youth homelessness studies have also reported very high rates of suicidal behaviour, but methodological limitations in these studies make comparisons with community surveys difficult. Furthermore, rates of various psychiatric disorders are usually at least twice as high among homeless youth than among youth from community surveys. Conclusions: Homeless youth in Australia have extremely high rates of psychological distress and psychiatric disorders. As homeless youth are at risk of developing psychiatric disorders and possibly self-injurious behaviour the longer they are homeless, early intervention in relevant health facilities is required.

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Creammer, Mark, and Bruce Singh. "An Integrated Approach to Veteran and Military Mental Health: An Overview of the Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health." Australasian Psychiatry 11, no. 2 (June 2003): 225–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1039-8562.2003.00514.x.

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Objective: To provide an overview of the development of mental health services for veterans and currently serving military personnel in Australia, with reference to the role of the Australian Centre for Posttraumatic Mental Health (ACPMH). Conclusions: Recent years have seen significant changes in attitudes to the mental health sequelae of military service. The ACPMH, working in collaboration with the Department of Veterans’ Affairs (DVA) and the Australian Defence Force (ADF), as well as with clinicians, researchers, and consumers around Australia, acts as a focus for an integrated approach to veteran and military mental health. The active involvement of both the ADF and DVA in the challenge of mental health provides new opportunities to address psychiatric morbidity at every stage, from recruitment, through deployments and discharge, to veteran status. The ACPMH is in a unique position to facilitate an integrated approach to prevention, intervention, policy development, training, research, and evaluation in order to ensure that Australia remains at the forefront of world's best practice in veteran and military psychiatry. The Centre is also uniquely placed to offer those same services in the field of traumatic stress to the broader community.

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Hardman, Anthony E. "Community Treatment Order in Australia." British Journal of Psychiatry 162, no. 5 (May 1993): 710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.162.5.710a.

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Smith, Graeme C. "The Future of Consultation–Liaison Psychiatry." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 37, no. 2 (April 2003): 150–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2003.01136.x.

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Objective: To review the status of consultation–liaison psychiatry and the factors shaping it, and suggest strategies for its future development. Method: In addition to searches of the main computerized psychiatric databases and review of relevant Commonwealth of Australia publications, the author drew on discussions with national and international colleagues in his role as convenor of the International Organization for Consultation–Liaison Psychiatry. Results: Physical/psychiatric comorbidity and somatization, the conditions in which consultation–liaison psychiatry specializes, are the commonest forms of psychiatric presentation in the community. They are as disabling as psychotic disorders, and comorbid depression in particular is a predictor of increased morbidity and mortality. Acknowledging this, the Second Australian National Mental Health Plan called for consultation–liaison psychiatry to be allowed to participate fully in the mental health care system. It stated that failure to define the term ‘severe mental health problems and mental disorders’ in the First Plan had led to some public mental health systems erroneously equating severity with diagnosis rather than level of need and disability. The call has been largely unheeded. The implication for patient care is both direct and indirect; the context created for psychiatry training by such a restricted focus is helping to perpetuate the neglect of such patients. This is a worldwide problem. Conclusions: Proactive involvement with consumers is required if the problem is to be redressed. At a service level, development of a seamless web of pre-admission/admission/post-discharge functions is required if patients with physical/psychiatric comorbidity and somatoform disorders are to receive effective care, and consultation–liaison psychiatry services are to be able to demonstrate efficacy. Focus on comorbidity in the Australian Third National Mental Health Plan may force resolution of the current problems.

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O'connor, Daniel, and Pamela Melding. "A Survey of Publicly Funded aged Psychiatry Services in Australia and New Zealand." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 40, no. 4 (April 2006): 368–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2006.01804.x.

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Objective: To map the size and distribution of publicly funded aged psychiatry (psychogeriatric) services in Australia and New Zealand in 2003. Method: Services were tracked exhaustively through personal, professional and academic contacts, electronic searches and word-of-mouth. Directors or managers of services were asked to complete a brief questionnaire concerning their locality, services, staff profile and patient contacts. Results: Services varied widely with respect to their numbers, size and community outreach. Victoria was the only Australian state to provide specialist, multidisciplinary aged psychiatry teams with community, acute inpatient and residential arms in all its major cities. New South Wales, the state with the largest aged population, performed relatively poorly on most indicators. New Zealand performed relatively well despite its small size and widely dispersed population. Conclusions: Publicly funded aged mental health services are effective and reach frail, multiply disabled old people who cannot access private psychiatrists and are often overlooked by services for younger adults. At the time of our survey, such services were distributed in Australia in a highly inequitable fashion.

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Yeatman, Richard. "A Survey of Alcohol and Drug Services to General Hospitals in Australia." Australasian Psychiatry 13, no. 2 (June 2005): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1665.2005.02174.x.

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Objective: To determine the structure and function of alcohol and drug services to general hospitals in Australia, and to examine the role psychiatry plays in those services. Method: A survey of 15 large metropolitan hospitals was conducted. Results: Services differed considerably between hospitals, and psychiatric involvement was not prominent in most. Conclusions: One of the challenges is to structure the administration of services so that they have a profile within the general hospital as well as close connectionwith community services. Psychiatrists must become more proactive in the area to reinforce what they have to offer these patients and to provide mentorship and training to psychiatric trainees in the field.

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Singh, Bruce S., and David J. Castle. "Why are community psychiatry services in Australia doing it so hard?" Medical Journal of Australia 187, no. 7 (October 2007): 410–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2007.tb01314.x.

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Looi, Jeffrey CL, Michelle Atchison, and William Pring. "Private psychiatry in Australia: reflections on career opportunities, benefits, and challenges." Australasian Psychiatry 29, no. 4 (January 12, 2021): 442–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856220978856.

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Objective: To provide reflection on career opportunities, benefits and challenges, with regard to commencing private practice psychiatry in Australia. Conclusions: There are varied opportunities for a career in private practice psychiatry. Private practice has benefits and challenges, distinct from public sector psychiatry; with moderately greater professional autonomy, facilitating the provision of expert mental healthcare for the community.

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Bhugra, Dinesh. "Mental Health in Australia: Collaborative Community Practice." International Review of Psychiatry 15, no. 3 (January 2003): 291–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0954026031000136929.

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Whiteford, Harvey, Bronwyn Macleod, and Elizabeth Leitch. "The National Mental Health Policy: Implications for Public Psychiatric Services in Australia." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 27, no. 2 (June 1993): 186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048679309075767.

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The Health Ministers of all Australian States, Territories and the Commonwealth endorsed National Mental Health Policy in April 1992 [1]. This Policy is intended to set clear direction for the future development of mental health services within Australia. The Policy recognises the high prevalence of mental health problems and mental disorders in the Australian community and the impact of these on consumers, carers, families and society as whole. It also clearly accepts the need to address the problems confronting the promotion of mental health and the provision of mental health services.

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Davidson, Fiona, Bobbie Clugston, Michelle Perrin, Megan Williams, Edward Heffernan, and Stuart A. Kinner. "Mapping the prison mental health service workforce in Australia." Australasian Psychiatry 28, no. 4 (December 23, 2019): 442–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856219891525.

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Objective: The rapidly growing number of people in prison in Australia, combined with the high prevalence of mental disorder in this population, results in high demand for mental health services in prison settings. Despite their critical role as part of a national mental health response, prison mental health services (PMHS) in Australia have been poorly characterised. In this paper, we describe findings of the first national survey of PMHS in Australia. Methods: We distributed a survey to key representatives of PMHS in all Australian states and territories in 2016. Results: Our method constitutes a replicable process for quantifying and comparing PMHS in Australia. We describe the structure, governance and staffing models in seven jurisdictions. When compared against international recommendations, only one Australian jurisdiction (the ACT) is funded to provide services at a level equivalent to mental health services provided in the community. Conclusion: Prison mental health services in Australia are delivered by a complex mix of government, private sector and non-government services. Services appear to be severely under-resourced when compared with the available benchmarks.

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Dudley, Michael, and Fran Gale. "Psychiatrists as a Moral Community? Psychiatry Under the Nazis and its Contemporary Relevance." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 36, no. 5 (October 2002): 585–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.01072.x.

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Objective: In Nazi-occupied Europe, substantial numbers of psychiatrists murdered their patients while many other psychiatrists were complicit with their actions. This paper addresses their motivations and actions, and with particular reference to Australia, explores issues of contemporary relevance. Methods: The events are reviewed in their historical context using mainly secondary sources. Results: The assumption that the term ‘Nazi’ denotes a closed and unrepeatable chapter is questioned. As with the Holocaust that followed, medical killing of psychiatric patients was an open secret with gradations of collective knowing. Perpetrators were impelled by pressure from peers and superiors, unquestioning obedience, racist ideology and careerism. Perpetrators and bystanders' denial was facilitated by use of deceptive language, bureaucratic and technical proficiency, and notions such as ‘a greater cause’ or ‘sacred mission’. Dissociation and numbing were common. Psychiatrists were the main medical speciality involved because Nazi race and eugenic ideology (accepted by many psychiatrists) targeted mentally ill people for sterilization and euthanasia, and because psychiatrists were state-controlled and tended to objectify patients. Few psychiatrists resisted. Implications: Nazi psychiatry raises questions about medical ethics, stigma and mental illness, scientific ‘fashions’, psychiatry's relations with government, and psychiatrists' perceived core business. Psychiatric resistance to future similar threats should be based on commemoration, broad-based education and reflection on cultural values, strong partnerships between psychiatrists and patients, and willingness to question publicly policies and attitudes that disadvantage and stigmatize groups. The principle fundamental to all these practices is an orientation to people as subjects rather than objects.

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Ellis, Andrew. "Forensic psychiatry and mental health in Australia: an overview." CNS Spectrums 25, no. 2 (October 7, 2019): 119–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852919001299.

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This article reviews the development of forensic psychiatry and mental health services in Australia for the international reader. It covers the legacy of a series of colonial systems that have contributed to a modern health service that interacts with justice systems. The development of relevant legislation, hospitals, prison services, community, and courts services is reviewed. The training and academic development of professionals is covered. Gaps in service delivery and future directions are considered.

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Northam, Jaimie Chloe, and Lynne Elizabeth Magor-Blatch. "Adolescent therapeutic community treatment – an Australian perspective." Therapeutic Communities: The International Journal of Therapeutic Communities 37, no. 4 (December 12, 2016): 204–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tc-01-2016-0002.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the adolescent therapeutic community (ATC) literature – drawing on studies primarily from the USA with consideration made to the Australian context. Design/methodology/approach A review of the efficacy research for ATCs is considered, and the characteristics of Australians accessing ATC treatment are discussed in the context of developmental needs. Findings Similarities are found in what precipitates and perpetuates adolescent substance use in the USA and Australia, and therefore, what appears to facilitate effective treatment utilising the therapeutic community model. Originality/value The paper provides a valuable perspective for Australian services, and explores the application of the ATC model within the Australian treatment context.

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Meadows, G. N. "The achievements of community psychiatry – a commentary and some reflections from Australia." Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 23, no. 4 (October 22, 2014): 349–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2045796014000626.

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Patel, Vikram. "A view from the road: experiences in four continents." Psychiatric Bulletin 18, no. 8 (August 1994): 500–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.18.8.500.

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Since graduating from medical school eight years ago, I have had the chance of experiencing clinical psychiatry in four countries on four continents; Bombay and Goa, India, my home, where I trained in medicine and began my psychiatric training; Oxford and London, United Kingdom, where I acquired a taste for academic psychiatry and completed my clinical training; Sydney, Australia, where I worked in a liaison unit in a large general hospital and a community mental health centre; and now, Harare, Zimbabwe, where I am conducting a two year study on traditional concepts of mental illness and the role of traditional healers and other care providers in primary mental health care.

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Hambridge, John, and Nicola Watt. "Involuntary community treatment in New South Wales, Australia." Psychiatric Bulletin 19, no. 1 (January 1995): 45–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.19.1.45.

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The New South Wales Mental Health Act (1990) heralded a number of important changes to mental health legislation in the state. One of these was the option to give compulsory treatment to mentally ill clients living in the community. This article briefly explains community treatment under the Act, and the perceived benefits and the limitations of such legislation. A case example is used to illustrate some of these points. Involuntary community treatment is seen as a less restrictive alternative to hospitalisation for a number of mentally ill clients, but the use of such provisions demands significant resources from the supervising agency.

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Walter, Ruth, and Brenda Gameau. "Australia." Social Work in Health Care 18, no. 3-4 (October 5, 1993): 47–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j010v18n03_05.

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Goldney, Robert D., Maxine Donald, Michael G. Sawyer, Robert J. Kosky, and Susan Priest. "Emotional Health of Indonesian Adoptees Living in Australian Families." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 30, no. 4 (August 1996): 534–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679609065029.

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Objective: To compare the prevalence of emotional and behavioural problems in adolescent adoptees from Indonesia living in South Australian families with that of adolescents living in the community and those referred to mental health clinics in South Australia. Method: Thirty-four Indonesian adoptees completed the Youth Self-Report and their adoptive mothers completed the Child Behaviour Checklist. The results on these instruments were compared with the scores of a community sample and a mental health clinic population. Results: There was a striking similarity between scores on the Youth Self-Report and the Child Behaviour Checklist instruments for the adoption and community groups. Both these groups had significantly fewer problems than adolescents referred to mental health clinics. Conclusions: These results indicate that the outcome in terms of emotional and behavioural health for intercountry adoptions between Indonesia and Australia is favourable.

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Castle, David J. "Letter from Australia: mental healthcare in Victoria." Advances in Psychiatric Treatment 17, no. 1 (January 2011): 2–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/apt.bp.110.008375.

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SummaryMental health services in the state of Victoria, Australia, have undergone enormous change over the past 15 years, with the closure of all stand-alone psychiatric hospitals and a shift of resources and services into the community. Although successful overall, various areas cause concern, including pressure on acute beds, a paucity of alternative residential options, and suboptimal integration of government and non-government agencies concerned with the care of people with mental illnesses. Certain groups, notably those with complex symptom sets such as substance use and mental illness, intellectual disability and forensic problems, remain poorly catered for by the system. Finally, community stigma and lack of work inclusion for mentally ill individuals are ongoing challenges.

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Ryan, Brigid, Manrenga Viane, Fran Timmins, Alex Smith, and Claire Anstey. "Bridging the ocean: Kiribati Australia alliance in mental health." Australasian Psychiatry 25, no. 5 (June 29, 2017): 474–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1039856217706822.

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Objective: The objective of this study was to demonstrate the benefits of collaboration between Australia and Kiribati, a Pacific island nation, to enhance Kiribati’s mental health system. Method: The collaboration involved a training program for a Kiribati senior mental health leader in Melbourne, Australia, and service planning including prioritisation of key areas for development. Results: As well as receiving general training in community-based mental health, the Kiribati mental health leader gained skills in modification of the inpatient environment, with plans for implementation in Kiribati within the current limited resources. Future planning will focus on shifting from an emphasis on acute psychiatric treatment and custodial care to a recovery-oriented approach. Conclusion: The international exchange was a positive experience for both the Kiribati participants and their Australian colleagues. Knowledge transfer was achieved in a short time, and service development appropriate and realistic for the Kiribati environment was planned.

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Ames, David. "Australia (Melbourne)." Psychiatric Bulletin 16, no. 9 (September 1992): 552–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.16.9.552.

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Australia is a unique, geologically ancient island continent. Its flora and fauna are unlike those found anywhere else and the same may be said of its people, politics and health services. The population of 17.3 millions represents a multicultural mix, with an anglo-celtic core conflated by sustained post-war immigration from southern Europe, Turkey, southeast Asia and south America. One in five current Australians was born elsewhere, one in ten comes from a non-English speaking background, and a quarter of those born here have a parent who was born overseas. Aboriginals and Torres Strait Islanders form 1.4% of the total population. They have third world mortality figures but die of first world diseases, their life expectancy being 20 years less than that of other Australians. Two hundred and four years after what they see as the British invasion, their standard of living lags far behind all other socio-cultural groups in the country. Most members of the Aboriginal community do not live long enough to develop Alzheimer's disease, but it and other age-related diseases are emerging as the major determinants of health costs as Australia moves towards the 21st century.

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Cord-Udy, Nigel. "The Medical Specialist Outreach Assistance Programme in South Australia." Australasian Psychiatry 11, no. 2 (June 2003): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1039-8562.2003.00532.x.

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Objective: The present paper aims to provide an overview of the Medical Specialist Outreach Assistance Programme (MSOAP) and its implementation in South Australia with particular reference to the expansion of visiting psychiatric services to rural and remote areas. Included is a discussion of a number of the practical issues and challenges experienced by the author in the development of a visiting psychiatric service to the remote community of Coober Pedy in northern South Australia. Conclusions: There has been much success to date with the expansion of visiting psychiatric services to rural and remote areas within South Australia under MSOAP. MSOAP appears to have considerable merit, particularly for psychiatrists working in private practice. There are several practical issues to be considered in taking on this type of work. The professional rewards are substantial.

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Tobin, Margaret, and Margaret Tobin. "Book Review: Mental Health in Australia: Collaborative Community Practice." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 37, no. 1 (February 2003): 123–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2003.01119.x.

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KISELY, STEPHEN, MARK SMITH, NEIL J. PRESTON, and JIANGUO XIAO. "A comparison of health service use in two jurisdictions with and without compulsory community treatment." Psychological Medicine 35, no. 9 (September 2005): 1357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291705004824.

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Background. This study examines whether community treatment orders (CTOs) reduce psychiatric admission rates or bed-days for patients from Western Australia compared to control patients from a jurisdiction without this legislation (Nova Scotia).Method. A population-based record linkage analysis of an inception cohort using a two-stage design of matching and multivariate analyses to control for sociodemographics, clinical features and psychiatric history. All discharges from in-patient psychiatric services in Western Australia and Nova Scotia were included covering a population of 2·6 million people. Patients on CTOs in the first year of implementation in Western Australia were compared with controls from Nova Scotia matched on date of discharge from in-patient care, demographics, diagnosis and past in-patient psychiatric history. We analysed time to admission using Cox regression analyses and number of bed-days using logistic regression.Results. We matched 196 CTO cases with an equal number of controls. On survival analyses, CTO cases had a significantly greater readmission rate. Co-morbid personality disorder and previous psychiatric history were also associated with readmission. However, on logistic regression, patients on CTOs spent less time in hospital in the following year, with reduced in-patient stays of over 100 days.Conclusions. Although compulsory community treatment does not reduce hospital admission rates, increased surveillance of patients on CTOs may lead to earlier intervention such as admission, so reducing length of hospital stay. However, we do not know if it is the intensity of treatment, or its compulsory nature, that effects outcome.

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Hickie, Ian B., Ian B. Hickie, Helen Christensen, Tracey A. Davenport, and Georgina M. Luscombe. "Can We Track the Impact of Australian Mental Health Research?" Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 39, no. 7 (July 2005): 591–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01631.x.

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Objective: Arguments are being made to increase research and development funding for mental health research in Australia. Consequently, the methods used to measure the results of increased investment require review. This study aimed to describe the status of Australian mental health research and to propose potential methods for tracking changes in research output. Specifically, we describe the research output of nations, Australian states, Australian and New Zealand institutions and Australian and New Zealand researchers using citation rates. Method: Information on research output was sourced from two international databases (Institute for scientific information [ISI] Essential Science Indicators and ISI Web of Science) and the ISI list of Highly Cited Researchers. Results: In an international setting, Australia does not perform as well as other comparable countries such as New Zealand or Canada in terms of research output. Within Australia, the scientific performance of institutions apparently relates to the strength of some individual researchers or consolidated research groups. Highly cited papers are evident in the fields of syndrome definition, epidemiology and epidemiological methods, cognitive science and prognostic or longitudinal studies. Conclusions: Australian researchers need to consider the success of New Zealand and Canadian researchers, particularly given the relatively low investment in health and medical research in New Zealand. Although citation analyses are fraught with difficulties, they can be effectively complemented by other measures of responsiveness to clinical or population needs and community expectations and should be conducted regularly and independently to monitor the status of Australian mental health research.

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Meadows, Graham, Bruce Singh, Philip Burgess, and Irene Bobevski. "Psychiatry and the Need for Mental Health Care in Australia: Findings from the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 36, no. 2 (April 2002): 210–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1440-1614.2002.00990.x.

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Objective: This paper describes the pattern of consultations reported with psychiatrists and primary mental health care providers in the Australian adult population. It explores whether inequalities found in utilization of psychiatric services according to area are different in degree from inequalities in utilization of medical and surgical specialists, and describes the meeting of perceived needs for mental health care within those seen by psychiatrists. Method: The National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing (NSMHW) was a community survey employing clustered probability sampling, with a computerized field questionnaire which included sections of the composite international diagnostic interview (CIDI), as well as self-reported service utilization and perceived needs for care. Results: By survey estimates, 1.8% of the Australian population consulted a psychiatrist in the last year. Among people with an ICD 10-diagnosed mental disorder, 7.3% consulted a psychiatrist. Only about one in five people seen by a psychiatrist report the psychiatrist as the only mental health care provider. Disadvantaged areas of the cities and remote areas, when compared with the least deprived areas of the cities, showed lower rates of utilization. This effect is stronger in psychiatry than in other specialities. Patients seeing psychiatrists seem to be a more satisfied group than those seeing only other providers; nonetheless, some needs are not well met, and the role of the psychiatrist cannot be isolated as the cause of this satisfaction. Conclusions: Most care delivered by psychiatrists is de facto shared care. Psychiatrists as clinical professionals need to be continually mindful of the need to communicate with others providing care. Psychiatric services in Australia are not delivered in an equitable manner, and the inequalities are greater for psychiatric services than for other medical specialities.

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Sparrow, W. A., and Kathryn L. Sharp. "Activity patterns of Community Residential Unit residents in Victoria, Australia." Australia and New Zealand Journal of Developmental Disabilities 17, no. 2 (January 1991): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07263869100034461.

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Buchan, Terry. "Some problems in the management of residents in psychiatric hostels in Western Australia." Psychiatric Bulletin 15, no. 9 (September 1991): 557–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.15.9.557.

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In the wake of legislation overseas, Western Australia promulgated a new Mental Health Act in 1966, paving the way for the establishment of private psychiatric hostels in the community and the discharge from mental hospitals of many chronically ill, long-stay patients.

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Ng, Chee Hong, Hong Ma, Xin Yu, Helen Chiu, Julia Fraser, Sandra Chan, Edmond Chiu, and Fu Jun Jia. "China-Australia-Hong Kong tripartite community mental health training program." Asia-Pacific Psychiatry 1, no. 2 (October 2009): 90–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-5872.2009.00021.x.

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Light, Edwina. "Rates of use of community treatment orders in Australia." International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 64 (May 2019): 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2019.02.006.

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Lenton, Simon, and Claudia Ovenden. "Community Attitudes to Cannabis Use in Western Australia." Journal of Drug Issues 26, no. 4 (October 1996): 783–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269602600405.

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This paper presents results of a telephone survey of 400 Western Australians regarding attitudes to laws relating to possession of cannabis for personal use. Over a third of respondents believed cannabis should be made as legal as alcohol. Support for decriminalization increased from 64.0% to 71.5% when possible penalties associated with decriminalization were described. When penalties were described, more women than men favored decriminalization but age, political affiliation, and city or country residency no longer predicted attitudes to decriminalization. Almost two-thirds of respondents believed that many people used cannabis without experiencing serious problems and that the court system was overburdened by minor cannabis offenses. Half the sample believed it would not be a bad thing for the community if people were legally able to grow cannabis for their personal use. Results suggest there is considerable community support for removing criminal penalties for simple cannabis offenses.

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Luke, Joanne N., Ian P. Anderson, Graham J. Gee, Reg Thorpe, Kevin G. Rowley, Rachel E. Reilly, Alister Thorpe, and Paul J. Stewart. "Suicide Ideation and Attempt in a Community Cohort of Urban Aboriginal Youth: A Cross-Sectional Study." Crisis 34, no. 4 (July 1, 2013): 251–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/0227-5910/a000187.

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Background: There has been increasing attention over the last decade on the issue of indigenous youth suicide. A number of studies have documented the high prevalence of suicide behavior and mortality in Australia and internationally. However, no studies have focused on documenting the correlates of suicide behavior for indigenous youth in Australia. Aims: To examine the prevalence of suicide ideation and attempt and the associated factors for a community 1 The term ”community” refers specifically to Koori people affiliated with the Victorian Aboriginal Health Service. cohort of Koori 2 The term ”Koori” refers to indigenous people from the south-eastern region of Australia, including Melbourne. The term ”Aboriginal” has been used when referring to indigenous people from Australia. The term ”indigenous” has been used throughout this article when referring to the first people of a nation within an international context. (Aboriginal) youth. Method: Data were obtained from the Victorian Aboriginal Health Service (VAHS) Young People’s Project (YPP), a community initiated cross-sectional data set. In 1997/1998, self-reported data were collected for 172 Koori youth aged 12–26 years living in Melbourne, Australia. The data were analyzed to assess the prevalence of current suicide ideation and lifetime suicide attempt. Principal components analysis (PCA) was used to identify closely associated social, emotional, behavioral, and cultural variables at baseline and Cox regression modeling was then used to identify associations between PCA components and suicide ideation and attempt. Results: Ideation and attempt were reported at 23.3% and 24.4%, respectively. PCA yielded five components: (1) emotional distress, (2) social distress A, (3) social distress B, (4) cultural connection, (5) behavioral. All were positively and independently associated with suicide ideation and attempt, while cultural connection showed a negative association. Conclusions: Suicide ideation and attempt were common in this cross-section of indigenous youth with an unfavorable profile for the emotional, social, cultural, and behavioral factors.

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Kisely, Stephen, and Leslie Anne Campbell. "Does compulsory or supervised community treatment reduce ‘revolving door’ care?" British Journal of Psychiatry 191, no. 5 (November 2007): 373–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.107.035956.

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SummarySupervised community treatment to address ‘revolving door’ care is part of the new Mental Health Act in England and Wales. Two recent epidemiological studies in Australia (n > 118 000), as well as a systematic review of all previous literature using appropriately matched or randomised controls (n = 1108), suggest that it is unlikely to help.

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McDonald, Robert, Carmen Vechi, Jenny Bowman, and Robert Sanson-Fisher. "Mental Health Status of a Latin American Community in New South Wales." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 30, no. 4 (August 1996): 457–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679609065017.

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Objective: To determine the levels and predictors of psychological distress within a Latin American community in the Hunter region of New South Wales, Australia. Method: Participants (n=184) were interviewed in their homes by a bilingual interviewer using a specially prepared questionnaire and the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12). Results: Of the 13 independent variables examined, two demographic and two immigrant-related variables were significantly associated with an above-threshold score: marital status, employment status, perceived discrimination, and dissatisfaction with life in Australia. Conclusions: Compared to results from other community surveys, the levels of psychological distress within this Latin American community appear to be relatively high.

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Daddow, Angela, and Moira Stanley. "Heidi’s legacy: community palliative care at work in regional Australia." Social Work in Health Care 60, no. 6-7 (July 26, 2021): 529–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00981389.2021.1958128.

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Cape, Gavin. "Community treatment teams in New Zealand – are they suitable for Britain?" Psychiatric Bulletin 15, no. 5 (May 1991): 265–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.15.5.265.

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The run-down of the psychiatric institutions has led to innovative and novel methods of treatment of the mentally ill in the community. In New Zealand, as in other countries, deinstitutionalisation of the more traditional psychiatric services is proceeding rapidly and the statutory and non-statutory community services are straining under the burden. Amid the turmoil of change and the crying out for alternative provisions, a pilot scheme was proposed to serve the mentally ill in the population of West Auckland. In early 1988 the Extended Hours Team (EHT) was born. It is based on the model used in North Sydney, Australia (Hoult, 1986) and Madison, Wisconsin (Stein & Test, 1980). At the time of conception of the EHT, cost cutting was the rule which led to a difficult gestation but a surprisingly easy delivery and subsequent development over the first year.

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Febbo, Salvatore, and Peter W. Burvill. "Validation of an Italian Translation of the 30-Item General Health Questionnaire for Use in Australia." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 29, no. 2 (June 1995): 266–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00048679509075919.

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A validity study of an Italian translation of the GHQ-30 was conducted on a sample of 96 Italian-born subjects in the community in Perth, Western Australia, using the shortened version of the Present State Examination as the gold standard for a “case” of non-psychotic psychiatric morbidity. The 96 subjects were a subsample of a study of 1109 subjects seen in a community survey, in which 45.8% had a score above 4 on the GHQ-30. It was found that 5/6 was the most appropriate cut-off point. At this level the sensitivity was 81.2% the specificity 79.7% the positive predictive value 66.7% the negative predictive value 89.5% and the overall misclassification rate 19.8%. Adjusting the results to truly reflect the lower case-prevalence rate in the community, using a method suggested by Goldberg, the corresponding values were 57.7% 92.6% 66.7% 89.5% and 14.6%. It was concluded that this version of the GHQ-30 is suitable for use in the Italian-born, in the community and in general practice in Australia, using a cut-off point of 5/6.

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Pisarski, Konrad. "A Narrative Review of the Recent ‘Ice’ Epidemic: An Australian Perspective." Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 15 (January 2021): 117822182110105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11782218211010502.

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Background: The use of methamphetamine or amphetamine stimulant drugs has been identified by authoritative public health bodies as a global health issue, with a worrying trend towards production and consumption of a higher purity crystalline form methamphetamine (ice) over the past decade. This trend has been well documented within Australia, resulting in a public perception of there being an ‘ice’ epidemic in regional/rural areas. Considering the illicit nature of ice, monitoring it is challenging and as such little information is available regarding the actual extent of methamphetamine use, harms and patterns in regional/remote Australia. Aim: To collate the available literature regarding methamphetamine use in regional/rural Australia and identify gaps in the literature. Methods: A literature search was conducted by searching 6 databases (PUBMED, Medline, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO and SCOPUS) following which exclusion/inclusion criteria were applied. Included papers were appraised with the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical appraisal tools and synthesised in light of the sociocultural, ethnic and geographic differences in methamphetamine use in Australia. Results: Regarding rural/regional Australia there is a significant lack of research into methamphetamine use, patterns and epidemiology since the rise of crystalline methamphetamine in 2013. The existing literature available suggests great variability in methamphetamine harms in rural communities. This can be a double-edged sword however, as the introduction of ice into a remote/rural community may result in greater harms if it becomes ingrained in local customs. Similarly, there is a lack of research into the specific factors within Indigenous communities leading to an increased rate of methamphetamine use amongst members. Recommendation: Future research should address the causes of variance in methamphetamine harms in rural/remote regions. Although the scope of this paper was the Australian context, a wider international approach may yield useful information.

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Abeysundera, Hesitha, and Sohni Singh. "Is Kamini becoming an endemic within the migrant Indian community in Australia?" Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 53, no. 12 (July 24, 2019): 1225–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867419864430.

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Rowland, B., H. Jonkman, J. Williams, P. Kremer, and J. W. Toumbourou. "Community variation in adolescent cannabis use in Australia and the Netherlands." Addictive Behaviors 90 (March 2019): 204–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.10.027.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Community psychiatry Australia'

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