Journal articles on the topic 'Community policing – Ontario – Toronto'
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Dear, Michael, and Glenda Laws. "Anatomy of a Decision: Recent Land Use Zoning Appeals and their Effect on Group Home Locations in Ontario." Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health 5, no. 1 (April 1, 1986): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.7870/cjcmh-1986-0001.
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In this paper we consider the role of land use planning in the location of group homes. Exclusionary zoning policies have been used to restrict the entry of group homes into certain residential neighbourhoods. This has resulted in an unequal distribution of these facilities throughout the community. We concentrate on events in Metropolitan Toronto where it has recently been announced that group homes are to be regarded as a permissible land use in all residential neighbourhoods.
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Singh, Rashmee D. "In Between the System and the Margins: Community Organizations, Mandatory Charging and Immigrant Victims of Abuse." Canadian Journal of Sociology 35, no. 1 (October 19, 2009): 31–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/cjs6786.
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The literature on mandatory charging and prosecution policies consistently finds that zero tolerance approaches to woman abuse often harm, rather than help, abused immigrant women. The unexpected removal of abusers triggers detrimental consequences if women are dependent on their partners for immigration status, financial assistance and linguistic support. The violence that immigrant women experience at the hands of the police and courts has led to repeated calls to shift the responsibility of women abuse from the criminal justice system to the community. However, accessing community supports may not be so straightforward either. For a variety of reasons, many abused immigrant women find silence less risky than disclosing abuse. These dilemmas highlight the importance of acquiring more insight into the mediating role that community organizations perform between the criminal justice system and immigrant communities. Accordingly, the following exploratory study offers a glimpse into the anti-violence work of immigrant community organizations in Toronto, Ontario.
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Speakman, Jane, Fernando González-Martin, and Tony Perez. "Quarantine in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and other Emerging Infectious Diseases." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 31, S4 (2003): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2003.tb00755.x.
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SARS and monkeypox have given the public health community a unique opportunity to examine the use of quarantine measures. Until recently, the word “quarantine”was not used in polite conversation, and evoked unsavory images. The recent SARS epidemic illustrated the important role of quarantine and isolation as a public health response to communicable disease.As public health officials in Toronto began to take control of the SARS epidemic, a second wave of the disease (SARS II) emerged. In the first SARS epidemic, approximately 8,200 individuals were isolated. There were approximately 82 probable cases, 66 suspect cases, and 24 deaths. On May 22, 2003, SARS II emerged. In total, approximately 13,000 people were quarantined. SARS II saw the onset of difficult questions being asked about the control and spread of SARS.The province of Ontario establishes the public health policies and legislative framework for the entire province.
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Zou, Ping, Jing Shao, Yan Luo, Aarabi Thayaparan, Hui Zhang, Arzoo Alam, Lichun Liu, and Souraya Sidani. "Facilitators and Barriers to Healthy Midlife Transition among South Asian Immigrant Women in Canada: A Qualitative Exploration." Healthcare 9, no. 2 (February 9, 2021): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9020182.
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Background: South Asian immigrant women make up the largest visible minority in Canada, where visible minorities include persons, other than Aboriginal peoples, who are non-Caucasian in race or non-white in colour, and approximately half of these women are above the age of 35. Few studies have investigated the factors that impact the midlife transition for these women. This study aims to identify the facilitators and barriers experienced by South Asian immigrant women during the midlife transition. Methods: Two focus groups and ten one-on-one interviews about the midlife transition were held with South Asian first-generation immigrant women in the Greater Toronto Area, Ontario, Canada; discussions were analyzed thematically. Findings: Personal facilitators to the midlife transition included being employed and possessing adequate life skills. Personal barriers consisted of financial strain, overwhelming demands, and limited life skills. Familial facilitators were stable financial status and support. Familial barriers included limited understanding and support and high expectations. Community facilitators included a close social circle and adequate healthcare. Community barriers were limited social support and cultural expectations. Fair and respectful societies were a facilitator, whereas inadequate policy support and acculturative stress were societal barriers. An environmental barrier was the colder Canadian climate. Discussion: Employment and education programs for South Asian immigrant women need to be prioritized to help them integrate into society. Family-centred assessment and education can improve familial support. Communities need to foster peer support groups and culturally sensitive healthcare. Social and employment policies should accommodate the midlife transition. Conclusions: South Asian immigrant women experience unique facilitators and barriers to their midlife transition that should be considered by healthcare providers, policymakers and society to support them.
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MURPHY, CHRISTOPHER. "Community Problems, Problem Communities, and Community Policing in Toronto." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 25, no. 4 (November 1988): 392–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427888025004005.
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Hicks, Alex, and Anne Hicks. "105 Actually, it is easy being green: Ten years of the Canadian PAediatric Society Annual General Meeting viewed through a sustainability lens." Paediatrics & Child Health 25, Supplement_2 (August 2020): e43-e44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pch/pxaa068.104.
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Abstract Introduction/Background The Canadian Paediatric Society (CPS) recently released the “Global climate change and health of Canadian Children” statement. As climate rapidly evolves from “change” to “crisis” there is an increasing pressure toward sustainable conferencing. Knowing the value of attending meetings, the growing body of literature evaluating travel-related carbon cost and convention sustainability can inform environmental harm minimization. Conferences can pressure venues to increase sustainability by choosing sites and venues wisely and communicating their requirements to rejected venues. They can also offer carbon offset purchase through credible companies (e.g. Gold Standard). Over the last 10 years the CPS has conducted its Annual General Meeting (AGM) at host cities that reflect Canada’s large geographic footprint. Venues included both hotel and standalone conference centers. There is no published evaluation of sustainable practices for CPS meetings. Objectives Evaluate the past 10 CPS Annual General Meetings (AGMs) for: Design/Methods Travel-related carbon cost was estimated with a round-trip calculator for economy seating the most direct available flights (https://co2.myclimate.org/en/offset_further_emissions). Cities of origin for attendee were the 11 CaRMS-matched pediatric residency training programs (https://www.carms.ca/match/psm/program-descriptions/). Venues were evaluated based on current publicly available self-reported information using conference sustainability criteria suggested through a literature review and public rating tools (Green Key, Quality Standards of the International Association of Convention Centres). Ground transportation from the airport was scored /3 by: public transport from airport (1), formal shared transport (1), fee deterrence for parking (1). Venue type was split by hotel-associated (H) and standalone convention centre (CC) meeting facilities. Sustainability of meeting facilities was divided into supports /2 (rentable supports, links to local vendors, catering and personnel) for exhibitors (1) and event planners (1), policies /3 by: sustainability, promotion of a green community (1), and waste management (1), and walkability from accommodation /1. Results The last 10 CPS AGMs were held in western (3; Vancouver 2010, Edmonton 2013, Vancouver 2017), eastern (1; Charlottetown 2016) and central (6; Quebec City 2011, London 2012, Montreal 2014, Toronto 2015, Quebec City 2018, Toronto 2019) provinces; in 2020 it is in Vancouver. Central Canada sites had the lowest air travel carbon cost per attendee. Average air travel-related carbon cost per attendee for different host cities ranged from 0.479 (London) to 0.919 (Vancouver) tonnes, with Ontario and Quebec sites averaging 0.518, Charlottetown 0.654 and Edmonton 0.756 tonnes. Ground transportation scores differed by city from Montreal (3/3 with public transit, formal transportation share and parking fees to dissuade driving) to London (0/3), with more favorable public transit options in larger cities. Venues differed when divided by hotel with meeting facilities (H) vs standalone conference center (CC), with CC outranking H for clearly posted sustainability plans (1.6 vs 1.2/2; 2=venue-specific, 1=company chain policy, 0=no plan), green and sustainable community building plans (1.6 vs 1.2/2; 2=greening local communities, 1=company chain policy, 0=no plan) and green waste management policies (1.2 vs 0/2; 2=venue-specific, 1=company chain policy, 0=no plan). Walkable accommodation was equal and present for all venues, with attached accommodation for all but one CC (Montreal), which had immediately adjacent hotels available. Conclusion As expected, the carbon cost of air transportation per attendee was lower in central provinces. Ground transportation from the airport was better in larger host cities. Standalone conference centres had more sustainable event support and locally focused policies regarding sustainability, environmentally friendly community building initiatives and waste management solutions, three major components of “greening” conferences. Based on the available resources across Canada, we recommend that the CPS considers these sustainability criteria in planning future events.
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Saberi, Parastou. "Toronto and the ‘Paris problem’: community policing in ‘immigrant neighbourhoods’." Race & Class 59, no. 2 (July 14, 2017): 49–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0306396817717892.
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Since 2005, references to the ‘Paris problem’ have become increasingly frequent among media pundits, urban policy-makers and police agencies to warn about the malaise of Toronto’s low-income, majority non-White neighbourhoods (referred to as ‘immigrant neighbourhoods’). A reference to the rebellion of the French banlieues against state power in France, the ‘Paris problem’ is code for the spectre of ‘race riots’ in Toronto. Here the author looks at the birth of the ‘Paris problem’ and examines the community policing strategies that were rolled out in its aftermath in Toronto. The article demonstrates how these were intertwined with urban policies of social development to which policing was integral. In this, policing needs to be understood holistically as not just coercive in function, but also as ‘productive’; that is, aimed at the manufacture of consent and ultimately of pacification of unruly populations. Underpinning these processes, and also engendered by them, is a racialised and territorialised security ideology crystallised around the figure of ‘the immigrant’ and the conception of ‘immigrant neighbourhoods’. At the heart of such policy-making is a corralling and containing of poor, working-class, ethnically defined communities – youth in particular – that serves to entrench division while maintaining heavy-handed state control.
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Gooden, Amoaba. "Community Organizing by African Caribbean People in Toronto, Ontario." Journal of Black Studies 38, no. 3 (November 9, 2007): 413–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934707309134.
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Hawkes, J. V. N. (Vince). "Mobilizing and engaging your community to reduce victimization and reinvest police resources." Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being 1, no. 2 (August 8, 2016): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.11.
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The Ontario government released its most recent Ontario Mobilization & Engagement Model for Community Policing (OMEM) in 2010, but many police services in the province are just now starting to move toward implementation. OMEM emphasizes having all community members and human services agencies working with the police to keep neighbourhoods safer, more secure, and healthier. The most appropriate service takes the lead in any community safety and wellbeing initiative. The new model requires considerable cultural change from all participants to be successful. This article outlines the Ontario Provincial Police efforts to implement OMEM and some of its early successes and ongoing challenges.
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Cooke-Scott, Lori A. "Community–based policing in Ontario: lessons from the Halton Regional Police Service." Canadian Public Administration/Administration publique du Canada 41, no. 1 (March 1998): 120–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1754-7121.1998.tb01530.x.
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Mehmi, Samnit, Robert Blauer, and Kathryn De Gannes. "Building trust in modern day policing: A neighbourhood community officer evaluation." Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being 6, no. 1 (March 19, 2021): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.186.
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Over the past several years the Toronto Police Service has engaged in forming partnerships with communities that have been plagued with high crime rates and have traditionally not trusted the police through the implementation of The Neighbourhood Community Officer Program. The program places Neighbourhood Community Officers in the community for three to five years with a strict mandate to build trust through professionalism, cooperation, and partnerships with community members. Prior research on the program displayed that it was achieving most of its mandate. To determine whether it was still enjoying success, a thematic analysis was conducted on interviews with social agencies that worked with Neighbourhood Community Officers and social agencies that did not.
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Schlegl, Lisa, and Sali A. Tagliamonte. "‘How do you get to Tim Hortons?’ Direction-giving in Ontario dialects." Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique 66, no. 1 (February 16, 2021): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cnj.2020.34.
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AbstractIn this study, we target the speech act of direction-giving using variationist sociolinguistic methods within a corpus of vernacular speech from six Ontario communities. Not only do we find social and geographical correlates to linguistic choices in direction-giving, but we also establish the influence of the physical layout of the community/place in question. Direction-giving in the urban center of Toronto (Southern Ontario) contrasts with five Northern Ontario communities. Northerners use more relative directions, while Torontonians use more cardinal directions, landmarks, and proper street names – for example, Go east on Bloor to the Manulife Centre. We also find that specific lexical choices (e.g., Take a right vs. Make a right) distinguish direction-givers in Northern Ontario from those in Toronto. These differences identify direction-giving as an ideal site for sociolinguistic and dialectological investigation and corroborate previous findings documenting regional variation in Canadian English.
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Sytsma, Victoria A., and Eric L. Piza. "Quality over Quantity: Assessing the Impact of Frequent Public Interaction Compared to Problem-Solving Activities on Police Officer Job Satisfaction." Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 14, no. 2 (June 13, 2018): 526–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/police/pay033.
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Abstract Research outside the field of policing has shown that job satisfaction predicts job performance. While policing research has demonstrated performing community-oriented policing (COP) activities generally improves police officer job satisfaction, the mechanism through which it occurs remains unclear. This study contributes to the community-policing literature through a survey of 178 police officers at the Toronto Police Service. The survey instrument measures the mechanism through which job satisfaction is impacted. Results indicate that primary response officers are more likely to be somewhat or very unsatisfied with their current job assignment compared with officers with a COP assignment—confirming what previous research has found. Further, those who interact with the public primarily for the purpose of engaging in problem-solving are more likely to be very satisfied with their current job assignment compared with those who do so primarily for the purpose of responding to calls for service. Engaging in problem-solving increases the odds of being very satisfied in one’s job assignment, and the combination of frequent contacts with the public and problem-solving is less important than problem-solving alone. The implications of the study findings for COP strategies are discussed.
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Wong, Bonnie H. Y., William Y. W. Leung, Maria Chu, and Kwong Y. Liu. "A Case Study on Implementing a Continuum of Care Based on Client Needs." International Journal of Public and Private Perspectives on Healthcare, Culture, and the Environment 2, no. 2 (July 2018): 25–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijppphce.2018070102.
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This article examines the continuum of care in use at the Yee Hong Centre for Geriatric Care in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The service continuum is a response to the needs of a diverse Chinese Canadian population, where services in the appropriate language and culture are limited. Within the funding context, service coordination for seniors within Ontario can be characterized as fragmented, with over-use of acute care hospitalization and long-term care institutionalization. Community agencies must find a way to adapt to changing systems as the Ontario government shifts back and forth between institutionalization and community care approaches. This article explores challenges that are faced by a socially-minded organization within a medically-minded funding system. It also addresses ways to cope with the constraints.
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Scheim, Ayden I., Ruby Sniderman, Ri Wang, Zachary Bouck, Elizabeth McLean, Kate Mason, Geoff Bardwell, et al. "The Ontario Integrated Supervised Injection Services Cohort Study of People Who Inject Drugs in Toronto, Canada (OiSIS-Toronto): Cohort Profile." Journal of Urban Health 98, no. 4 (June 28, 2021): 538–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11524-021-00547-w.
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AbstractThe Ontario Integrated Supervised Injection Services cohort in Toronto, Canada (OiSIS-Toronto) is an open prospective cohort of people who inject drugs (PWID). OiSIS-Toronto was established to evaluate the impacts of supervised consumption services (SCS) integrated within three community health agencies on health status and service use. The cohort includes PWID who do and do not use SCS, recruited via self-referral, snowball sampling, and community/street outreach. From 5 November 2018 to 19 March 2020, we enrolled 701 eligible PWID aged 18+ who lived in Toronto. Participants complete interviewer-administered questionnaires at baseline and semi-annually thereafter and are asked to consent to linkages with provincial healthcare administrative databases (90.2% consented; of whom 82.4% were successfully linked) and SCS client databases. At baseline, 86.5% of participants (64.0% cisgender men, median ([IQR] age= 39 [33–49]) had used SCS in the previous 6 months, of whom most (69.7%) used SCS for <75% of their injections. A majority (56.8%) injected daily, and approximately half (48.0%) reported fentanyl as their most frequently injected drug. As of 23 April 2021, 291 (41.5%) participants had returned for follow-up. Administrative and self-report data are being used to (1) evaluate the impact of integrated SCS on healthcare use, uptake of community health agency services, and health outcomes; (2) identify barriers and facilitators to SCS use; and (3) identify potential enhancements to SCS delivery. Nested sub-studies include evaluation of “safer opioid supply” programs and impacts of COVID-19.
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King, Malcolm. "Welcome to Toronto. Welcome to the CIHR." Canadian Respiratory Journal 7, no. 2 (2000): 129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2000/743736.
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May 6 to 10, 2000 is a great time for the Canadian respiratory community. It is the 100th anniversary of our Lung Association, and it is our chance to host the respiratory world at the American Lung Association, American Thoracic Society International Conference and the Canadian Thoracic Society Annual Meeting. The name Toronto comes from a Mohawk word meaning 'meeting place'. The rivers that run into Lake Ontario were traditional gathering places for the aboriginal peoples that lived in this area before the coming of the European settlers. My ancestors include both Mohawks and the Mississaugas of the Credit, the native tribe that occupied the Toronto area as its traditional territory until the late 18th century.
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Ta, Martha, and Ketan Shankardass. "Piloting the Use of Concept Mapping to Engage Geographic Communities for Stress and Resilience Planning in Toronto, Ontario, Canada." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 20 (October 19, 2021): 10977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010977.
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The physical and social characteristics of urban neighborhoods engender unique stressors and assets, contributing to community-level variation in health over the lifecourse. Actors such as city planners and community organizations can help strengthen resilience in places where chronic stress is endemic, by learning about perceived stressors and assets from neighborhood users themselves (residents, workers, business owners). This study piloted a methodology to identify Toronto neighborhoods experiencing chronic stress and to engage them to identify neighborhood stressors, assets, and solutions. Crescent Town was identified as one neighborhood of interest based on relatively high levels of emotional stress in Twitter Tweets produced over two one-year periods (2013–2014 and 2017–2018) and triangulation using other neighborhood-level data. Using concept mapping, community members (n = 23) created a ten-cluster concept map describing neighborhood stressors and assets, and identified two potential strategies, a Crescent Town Residents’ Association and a community fair to promote neighborhood resources and build social networks. We discuss how this knowledge has circulated through the City of Toronto and community-level organizations to date, and lessons for improving this methodology.
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MacDonald, Susan K., J. Edna Beange, and Peter C. H. Blackford. "Planning for Strategic Change? A Participative Planning Approach for Community Hospitals." Healthcare Management Forum 5, no. 3 (October 1992): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0840-4704(10)61213-6.
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Strategic planning is becoming to hospitals what business case analysis is to private corporations. In fact, this type of planning is becoming essential for the professional management of Ontario hospitals. The participative strategic planning process at Toronto East General Hospital (TEGH) is an example of how a professionally structured and implemented strategic planning process can be successfully developed and implemented in a community hospital. In this article, the environmental factors driving planning are reviewed and the critical success factors for the development and implementation of a strategic plan are examined in the context of TEGH's experience.
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Marger, Martin N., and Constance A. Hoffman. "Ethnic Enterprise in Ontario: Immigrant Participation in the Small Business Sector." International Migration Review 26, no. 3 (September 1992): 968–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839202600310.
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Participation in the small business sector by immigrants in Ontario is examined, using a theoretical model that views immigrant enterprise as a product of class and ethnic resources in combination with a favorable opportunity structure. Hong Kong Chinese predominate among recent immigrant entrepreneurs and are concentrated in the Toronto metropolitan area. These patterns are attributed to strong push factors in the sending society and the existence of an institutionally complete Chinese community in the receiving society, supporting a well-developed ethnic subeconomy that has taken on many of the features of an ethnic enclave.
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O’Connor, Ryan. "An Ecological Call to Arms." Ontario History 105, no. 1 (July 31, 2018): 19–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1050745ar.
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This article argues that the 22 October 1967 broadcast of The Air of Death was a central event in the emergence of environmental activism in Ontario. A production of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, The Air of Death examined air pollution’s adverse impact upon the environment. This documentary drew the ire of industrial interests as a result of its allegations of human fluorosis poisoning in Dunnville, Ontario. Subsequently, the film and the team behind it were subjected to two high-profile investigations, an Ontario ordered Royal Commission and a Canadian Radio-Television Commission hearing. This controversy resulted in the creation Ontario’s first two environmental activist organizations, most notably the highly influential Pollution Probe at the University of Toronto, which would play a key role in shaping the province’s nascent environmental community.
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Nicolson, Murray W. "The Irish Experience in Ontario: Rural or Urban?" Articles 14, no. 1 (August 13, 2013): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017880ar.
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The purpose of this paper is to respond to several new theories which, if accepted, could alter the historical perception of the role played by urban centres in the adjustment of Irish Catholics in nineteenth century Ontario. Donald Akenson, a rural historian, believes that the Canadian experience of Irish immigrants is not comparable to the American one. Akenson contends that the numerical dominance of Protestants within the national group and the rural basis of the Irish community, negated the formation of urban ghettos and allowed for a relative ease in social mobility. In comparison the American Irish were dominantly Catholic urban dwelling and ghettoized. In addition the new labour historians believe that the rise of the Knights of Labor caused the Orange and Catholic Irish in Toronto to resolve their generational hatred and set about to form a common working-class culture. This theory must presume that Irish Catholic culture was of little value to be rejected with such ease. The writer contends that neither theory is valid. In the ghettos of Toronto the fusion of an Irish peasant culture with traditional Catholism produced a new, urban, ethno-religious vehicle — Irish Tridentine Catholism. This culture, spread from the city to the hinterland and, by means of metropolitan linkage, throughout Ontario. Privatism created a closed Irish society, one they were born into and left when they died. Irish Catholics co-operated in labour organizations for the sake of their family's future, but never shared in the development of a new working-class culture with their old Orange enemies.
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Saito, Gregory, Jessica Thom, Yanliang Wei, Piraveina Gnanasuntharam, Pirasanya Gnanasuntharam, Nathan Kreiswirth, Barbara Willey, et al. "Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusColonization among Health Care Workers in a Downtown Emergency Department in Toronto, Ontario." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 24, no. 3 (2013): e57-e60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/349891.
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BACKGROUND: Methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) acquired in the community, otherwise known as community-acquired MRSA, has emerged rapidly in recent years. Colonization with MRSA has been associated with an increased risk of symptomatic and serious infections and, in some settings, health care workers (HCWs) exhibit a higher prevalence of MRSA colonization.OBJECTIVE: To determine MRSA colonization in emergency department (ED) HCWs in the setting of a moderate prevalence of MRSA in skin and soft tissue infections.METHODS: The present study was conducted at a downtown ED in Toronto, Ontario. ED HCWs completed a brief questionnaire and swabs were taken from one anterior nare, one axilla and any open wounds (if present). Swabs were processed using standard laboratory techniques.RESULTS: None of the 89 staff (registered nurses [n=55], physicians [n=15], other [n=19]) were MRSA positive and 25 (28.1%) were colonized with methicillin-susceptibleS aureus.CONCLUSIONS: Contrary to common belief among HCWs and previous studies documenting MRSA colonization of HCWs, MRSA colonization of this particular Canadian ED HCW cohort was very low and similar to that of the local population.
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Mbuagbaw, Lawrence, Wangari Tharao, Winston Husbands, Laron E. Nelson, Muna Aden, Keresa Arnold, Shamara Baidoobonso, et al. "A/C study protocol: a cross-sectional study of HIV epidemiology among African, Caribbean and Black people in Ontario." BMJ Open 10, no. 7 (July 2020): e036259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036259.
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IntroductionAfrican, Caribbean and Black (ACB) communities are disproportionately infected by HIV in Ontario, Canada. They constitute only 5% of the population of Ontario yet account for 25% of new diagnoses of HIV. The aim of this study is to understand underlying factors that augment the HIV risk in ACB communities and to inform policy and practice in Ontario.Methods and analysisWe will conduct a cross-sectional study of first-generation and second-generation ACB adults aged 15–64 in Toronto (n=1000) and Ottawa (n=500) and collect data on sociodemographic information, sexual behaviours, substance use, blood donation, access and use of health services and HIV-related care. We will use dried blood spot testing to determine the incidence and prevalence of HIV infection among ACB people, and link participant data to administrative databases to investigate health service access and use. Factors associated with key outcomes (HIV infection, testing behaviours, knowledge about HIV transmission and acquisition, HIV vulnerability, access and use of health services) will be evaluated using generalised linear mixed models, adjusted for relevant covariates.Ethics and disseminationThis study has been reviewed and approved by the following Research Ethics Boards: Toronto Public Health, Ottawa Public Health, Laurentian University; the University of Ottawa and the University of Toronto. Our findings will be disseminated as community reports, fact sheets, digital stories, oral and poster presentations, peer-reviewed manuscripts and social media.
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Borisko, Jeff P., Bruce W. Kilgour, Les W. Stanfield, and F. Chris Jones. "An Evaluation of Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Stream Benthic Invertebrates in Southern Ontario, Canada." Water Quality Research Journal 42, no. 3 (August 1, 2007): 184–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2007.022.
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Abstract In this study, we sampled stream benthos using rapid bioassessment methods (i.e., D-nets, coarse taxonomy) from sites in and around Toronto, Ontario that represented a range of stream characteristics (e.g., drainage areas). The protocols were developed by or adapted from: (1) Toronto and Region Conservation Authority, (2) Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, (3) Ontario Benthos Biomonitoring Network/Ministry of the Environment, and (4) Canadian Aquatic Biomonitoring Network/Environment Canada. Summary indices (Hilsenhoff's modified Biotic Index [HBI]; percent of fauna as Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera [% EPT]; number of taxa [S]; and Shannon's Diversity Index [H']) calculated from the resulting data were used to evaluate differences between protocols in a series of analyses including analysis of variance and variance components analysis. The study found that sampling method was an unimportant source of variation in summary index values relative to other factors such as the stream or year sampled. The largest percent variance amongst stream or year factors (main and interactions) was at least three times greater than the corresponding method related percent variances. The results of this study suggest that these four bioassessment methods are interchangeable within the context of large geographic scales or for the detection of major impacts. In cases where impacts to the benthic community are subtle, protocols should include one or more of discrete habitat sampling, replication, and lower taxonomic resolution. The data and findings here may help agencies integrate different sampling protocols into their biomonitoring and assessment programs.
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Hoyle, James A., Christine M. Boston, Cindy Chu, Michael J. Yuille, Rick Portiss, and Robert G. Randall. "Fish community indices of ecosystem health: How does Toronto Harbour compare to other Lake Ontario nearshore areas?" Aquatic Ecosystem Health & Management 21, no. 3 (July 3, 2018): 306–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14634988.2018.1502562.
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Evelyn, Encalada Grez. "Evelyn Encalada Grez in Conversation with Marlea Clarke." Migration, Mobility, & Displacement 2, no. 2 (October 3, 2016): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/mmd22201616156.
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Evelyn is a community organiser and a PhD candidate at OISE of the University of Toronto. Her dissertation focuses on migrant work across rural Ontario and Rural Mexico. Born in Chile, raised in Canada, Evelyn has worked in El Salvador, Nicaragua, Guatemala and Honduras with the Central American Network in Solidarity with Women Maquila Workers and with the Workers Support Centre in Puebla, Mexico. Evelyn is a founding member of Justice for Migrant Workers, a political collective that has fought for the rights of migrant farm workers in Canada since 2001
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Nichols, Naomi, and Jessica Braimoh. "Community Safety, Housing Precariousness and Processes of Exclusion: An Institutional Ethnography from the Standpoints of Youth in an ‘Unsafe’ Urban Neighbourhood." Critical Sociology 44, no. 1 (August 29, 2016): 157–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0896920516658941.
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Using the alternative sociological approach, institutional ethnography, this article reveals how experiences growing up in social housing (re)produce conditions of oppression that exacerbate housing precariousness and other forms of exclusion. Data were generated through participant observation, textual analysis and in-depth qualitative interviews with Young People of Colour living in vulnerable urban neighbourhoods, designated as Neighbourhood Improvement Areas in Toronto, Canada. Findings reveal how discourse, policy and practice related to community safety comprise an institutional nexus, connecting policing with social housing. These intersectional institutional relations create conditions of continuous housing precarity; youth street involvement and homelessness; increased involvement in the youth criminal justice system; and a belief among economically marginalized Young People of Colour that the state does not care about their safety and inclusion.
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McIsaac, Warren J., Arrani Senthinathan, Rahim Moineddin, Yoshiko Nakamachi, Linda Dresser, Mark McIntyre, Suzanne Singh, et al. "Development and evaluation of a primary care antimicrobial stewardship program (PC-ASP) in Toronto, Ontario, Canada." Official Journal of the Association of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Disease Canada 6, no. 1 (April 2021): 32–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jammi-2020-0021.
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Background: Effective community-based antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) are needed because 90% of antimicrobials are prescribed in the community. A primary care ASP (PC-ASP) was evaluated for its effectiveness in lowering antibiotic prescriptions for six common infections. Methods: A multi-faceted educational program was assessed using a before-and-after design in four primary care clinics from 2015 through 2017. The primary outcome was the difference between control and intervention clinics in total antibiotic prescriptions for six common infections before and after the intervention. Secondary outcomes included changes in condition-specific antibiotic use, delayed antibiotic prescriptions, prescriptions exceeding 7 days duration, use of recommended antibiotics, and emergency department visits or hospitalizations within 30 days. Multi-method models adjusting for demographics, case mix, and clustering by physician were used to estimate treatment effects. Results: Total antibiotic prescriptions in control and intervention clinics did not differ (difference in differences = 1.7%; 95% CI –12.5% to 15.9%), nor did use of delayed prescriptions (–5.2%; 95% CI –24.2% to 13.8%). Prescriptions for longer than 7 days were significantly reduced (–21.3%; 95% CI –42.5% to –0.1%). However, only 781 of 1,777 encounters (44.0%) involved providers who completed the ASP education. Where providers completed the education, delayed prescriptions increased 17.7% ( p = 0.06), and prescriptions exceeding 7 days duration declined (–27%; 95% CI –48.3% to –5.6%). Subsequent emergency department visits and hospitalizations did not increase. Conclusions: PC-ASP effectiveness on antibiotic use was variable. Shorter prescription durations and increased use of delayed prescriptions were adopted by engaged primary care providers.
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Ochocka, Joanna, Elin Moorlag, and Rich Janzen. "A framework for entry: PAR values and engagement strategies in community research." Gateways: International Journal of Community Research and Engagement 3 (November 25, 2010): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5130/ijcre.v3i0.1328.
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The purpose of this article is twofold: to explore the entry process in community-based research when researching sensitive topics; and to suggest a framework for entry that utilises the values of participatory action research (PAR). The article draws on a collaborative community-university research study that took place in the Waterloo and Toronto regions of Ontario, Canada, from 2005–2010. The article emphasises that community entry is not only about recruitment strategies for research participants or research access to community but it is also concerned with the ongoing engagement with communities during various stages of the research study. The indicator of success is a well established and trusted community-researcher relationship. This article first examines this broader understanding of entry, then looks at how community research entry can be shaped by an illustrative framework, or guide, that uses a combination of participatory action research (PAR) values and engagement strategies.
Key words: research entry, community engagement, participatory action research, mental health and cultural diversity
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Hosang, Stephanie, Natasha Kithulegoda, and Noah Ivers. "Documentation of Behavioral Health Risk Factors in a Large Academic Primary Care Clinic." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 13 (January 2022): 215013192210744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21501319221074466.
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Objective: To determine the prevalence of alcohol, smoking, and physical activity status documentation at a family health team in Toronto, Ontario, and to explore the patient characteristics that predict documentation of these lifestyle risk factor statuses. Design: Manual retrospective review of electronic medical records (EMRs). Setting: Large, urban, academic family health team in Toronto, Ontario. Participants: Patients over the age of 18 that had attended a routine clinical appointment in March, 2018. Main Outcome Measures: Prevalence and content of risk factor status in electronic medical records for alcohol, smoking, and physical activity. Results: The prevalence of alcohol, smoking, and physical activity documentation was 86.4%, 90.4%, and 66.1%, respectively. These lifestyle risk factor statuses were most often documented in the “risk factors” section of the EMR (83.7% for alcohol, 88.1% for smoking, and 47.9% for physical activity). Completion of a periodic health review within 1 year was most strongly associated with documentation (alcohol odds ratio [OR] 9.79, 95% Confidence Interval [CI] 2.12, 45.15; smoking OR 1.77 95% CI 0.51, 6.20; physical activity OR 3.52 95% CI 1.67, 7.40). Conclusion: Documentation of lifestyle risk factor statuses is strongly associated with having a recent periodic health review. If “annual physicals” continue to decline, primary care providers should final additional opportunities to address these key determinants of health.
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Myers, Randy. "Book Review: Maidment, M. R. (2006). Doing Time on the Outside: Deconstructing the Benevolent Community. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: University of Toronto Press. vii, 181 pp." International Criminal Justice Review 18, no. 4 (December 2008): 488–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1057567708324696.
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Bryan, Timothy. "Hate crime, policing, and the deployment of racial and cultural diversity." Oñati Socio-Legal Series 10, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 1193–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.35295/osls.iisl/0000-0000-0000-1129.
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This paper examines how diversity is mobilized and deployed as a form of hate crime response in the York Regional Police Service, and how commitments to racial and cultural diversity embedded in the framework of hate crime policy are interpreted by police officers engaged in the frontline policing of hate crimes. Hate crime policies and specialized training programs in Ontario were developed around two central foci: 1) traditional policing concerns involving proper investigative techniques, evidence collection, documentation, and officer roles and responsibilities; and 2) emerging concerns regarding victim care, community relations, and commitments to racial and cultural diversity. Drawing on interviews with officers stationed at all five of the Service’s divisional locations, this paper shows how commitments to diversity embedded in the Service’s approach to hate crime exist along-side, and in conflict with, officer perceptions that see diversity as a source of the problem of hate. Este artículo examina la forma en que se moviliza y despliega la diversidad como una forma de respuesta a los delitos de odio en el servicio de policía regional de York (Canadá), y la forma en que el compromiso con la diversidad racial y cultural, que forma parte del marco de la política sobre delitos de odio, es interpretado por los miembros de la policía que están en primera línea de la lucha contra los delitos de odio. Las políticas y entrenamientos especializados sobre delitos de odio en Ontario se desarrollaron alrededor de dos focos principales: 1) la preocupación tradicional de la policía por las técnicas apropiadas de investigación, la recolección de pruebas y documentación y los roles y responsabilidades de los y las policías; y 2) nuevas preocupaciones acerca del cuidado de las víctimas, las relaciones sociales, y el compromiso con la diversidad racial y cultural. Partiendo de entrevistas con miembros de la policía destinados en las cinco divisiones del Servicio, el artículo muestra cómo el compromiso con la diversidad inserto en el abordaje policial al delito de odio existe en paralelo y en conflicto con las percepciones de los y las policías de la diversidad como fuente del problema del odio.
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Simor, Andrew E., Anita Rachlis, Lisa Louie, Janet Goodfellow, and Marie Louie. "Emergence of Penicillin-ResistantStreptococcus Pneumoniaein Southern Ontario, 1993–94." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 6, no. 3 (1995): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1995/657246.
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Objective: To determine the prevalence of resistance ofStreptococcus pneumoniaeto penicillin and other antimicrobial agents in metropolitan Toronto.Design: Consecutive pneumococcal isolates from different patients were obtained from two private community-based laboratories and from patients assessed in the emergency department of a tertiary-care teaching hospital in Toronto, Ontario between June and December 1993, and between March and October 1994. In vitro susceptibility testing was done by broth microdilution in accordance with National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards guidelines.Results: Twenty (7.3±3.1%) of 274 pneumococcal isolates were resistant to penicillin; six (30%) isolates had high-level resistance (minimal inhibitory concentration [mic] 2.0 μg/mL or greater); and 14 isolates had intermediate resistance (mic0.1 to 1.0 μg/mL). Penicillin-resistant strains were also frequently resistant to tetracycline (55%), cotrimoxazole (50%), erythromycin (40%) and cefuroxime (35%). Resistant strains comprised several serotypes: 19F (six isolates), 9V (three), 23F (three), and one each of 6A, 6B, 14, and 19A; four isolates were nontypeable.Conclusions: There has been a recent emergence of penicillin-resistantS pneumoniaein southern Ontario. National and regional surveillance is warranted to determine the extent of the problem elsewhere in Canada.
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Abrahams, C., S. Verma, R. Glazier, L. Jaakkimainen, and S. Shultz. "16. Postgraduate training and its effect on practice location, career choice and practice profile: Tracking 10 years of output from the University of Toronto." Clinical & Investigative Medicine 30, no. 4 (August 1, 2007): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25011/cim.v30i4.2776.
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The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between location and specialty of training and practice characteristics such as type of practice (i.e. community versus academic), socio-demographic profile of patients and their complexity, hospital/health facility affiliations and workload/productivity.
The analysis required an extraction of registrant data from the University of Toronto Postgraduate Web Evaluation and Registration (POWER) system for a cohort of exiting residents and fellows from 1993 to 2003. The data extract was linked to several administrative databases held by ICES, including physician practice and billing information from the Ontario Health Insurance Plan (OHIP) and anonymized patient demographic data from the Registered Persons Database (RPDB).
Results of this study will inform workforce policy issues such as the overall contribution made by Toronto graduates to Ontario, other Canadian provinces and international practice pool of physicians, trends regarding medical career choice, similarities and differences between career choices of International Medical Graduates versus Canadian Medical Graduates, impact of location/program of training, impact of length of training and profile/geography of patients served by graduates of Toronto. The study will aim to create a methodology/template for analysis that can be applied to other medical schools and catchment areas in human health resource planning.
Chan B, Willett J. Factors Influencing Participation in Obstetrics by Obstetrician-Gynecologists. 2004; 103(3):493-498.
Noble J, Baerlocher MO. Future Practice Profiles of Canadian Medical Trainees. Clinical and Investigative Medicine 2006; 29(4):288-289.
Watson DE, Katz A, Reid RJ, Bogdanovic B, Roos N. Family Physician Workloads and Access to Care in Winnipeg: 1991 to 2001. Canadian Family Physician 2004; 171(4):339-342.
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Zink, Regan. "Review of Eat local, taste global: how ethnocultural food reaches our tables." Canadian Food Studies / La Revue canadienne des études sur l'alimentation 9, no. 2 (July 15, 2022): 299–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cfs-rcea.v9i2.590.
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Eat Local, Taste Global: How Ethnocultural Food Reaches our Tables, by Glen C. Filson and Bamidele Adekunle, addresses the demand, availability, and production of ethnocultural vegetables in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area (GTHA). The book is centered around the three largest ethnic groups in the GTHA (Chinese, South Asian, Afro-Caribbean) and considers histories of immigration, acculturation, and the availability of ethnocultural food. Taken as a whole, this book provides an overview and justification for the local production of ethnocultural vegetables. While this book is primarily based in the Southern Ontario context, there is some discussion of ethnocultural vegetable value chains in other parts of Canada and the USA. Further, Filson and Adekunle distinguish between the corporate food regime, characterized by longer value chains, and local and community level food sovereignty which are primarily discussed through farmers’ markets, community shared agriculture, and gardening. The authors cite numerous benefits of producing ethnocultural vegetables in Southern Ontario, including economic, health, social, and environmental benefits. Ethnocultural vegetables are not only fresher and more nutritious when produced locally, but there is also increased opportunity for producer-consumer contact and less food miles associated with local production.
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Daiski, Isolde, Nancy Viva Davis Halifax, Gail J. Mitchell, and Andre Lyn. "Homelessness in the Suburbs: Engulfment in the Grotto of Poverty." Studies in Social Justice 6, no. 1 (November 1, 2012): 103–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.26522/ssj.v6i1.1071.
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This paper describes findings of a research inquiry into the lived experience of homelessness in Peel, a suburban region located in the Greater Toronto Area in Ontario, Canada. It is based on the data from a collaborative project undertaken by members of the Faculties of Health and Education of York University with two local community organizations. The dominant theme of the narratives was that suburban homelessness is similar to being engulfed in a grotto of poverty, isolated from the rest of the community and invisible to it. Once entrapped in the grotto, it is almost impossible to escape from it. There were four sub-themes: (a) falling into the grotto, (b) living/struggling in the grotto, (c) envisioning escape routes from the grotto, and (d) beauty, community and hope in the grotto. Following a discussion of the findings, researchers describe strategies to address homelessness through promotion of social justice for all.
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REA, E., J. LAFLÈCHE, S. STALKER, B. K. GUARDA, H. SHAPIRO, I. JOHNSON, S. J. BONDY, R. UPSHUR, M. L. RUSSELL, and M. ELIASZIW. "Duration and distance of exposure are important predictors of transmission among community contacts of Ontario SARS cases." Epidemiology and Infection 135, no. 6 (January 12, 2007): 914–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268806007771.
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SUMMARYWe report attack rates and contact-related predictors among community contacts of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) cases from the 2003 Toronto-area outbreak. Community contact data was extracted from public health records for single, well-defined exposures to a SARS case. In total, 8662 community-acquired exposures resulted in 61 probable cases; a crude attack rate of 0·70% [95% confidence interval (CI) 0·54–0·90]. Persons aged 55–69 years were at higher risk of acquiring SARS (1·14%) than those either younger (0·60%) or older (0·70%). In multivariable analysis exposures for at least 30 min at a distance of ⩽1 m increased the likelihood of becoming a SARS case 20·4-fold (95% CI 11·8–35·1). Risk related to duration of illness in the source case at time of exposure was greatest for illness duration of 7–10 days (rate ratio 3·4, 95% CI 1·9–6·1). Longer and closer proximity exposures incurred the highest rate of disease. Separate measures of time and distance from source cases should be added to minimum datasets for the assessment of interventions for SARS and other emerging diseases.
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Asare, Afua Oteng, Daphne Maurer, Agnes M. F. Wong, Natasha Saunders, and Wendy J. Ungar. "Cost-effectiveness of Universal School- and Community-Based Vision Testing Strategies to Detect Amblyopia in Children in Ontario, Canada." JAMA Network Open 6, no. 1 (January 4, 2023): e2249384. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.49384.
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ImportanceScreening for amblyopia in primary care visits is recommended for young children, yet screening rates are poor. Although the prevalence of amblyopia is low (3%-5%) among young children, universal screening in schools and mandatory optometric examinations may improve vision care, but the cost-effectiveness of these vision testing strategies compared with the standard in primary care is unknown.ObjectiveTo evaluate the relative cost-effectiveness of universal school screening and mandated optometric examinations compared with standard care vision screening in primary care visits in Toronto, Canada, with the aim of detecting and facilitating treatment of amblyopia and amblyopia risk factors from the Ontario government’s perspective.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsAn economic evaluation was conducted from July 2019 to May 2021 using a Markov model to compare 15-year costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) between school screening and optometric examination compared with primary care screening in Toronto, Canada. Parameters were derived from published literature, the Ontario Schedule of Benefits and Fees, and the Kindergarten Vision Testing Program. A hypothetical cohort of 25 000 children aged 3 to 5 years was simulated. It was assumed that children in the cohort had irreversible vision impairment if not diagnosed by an optometrist. In addition, incremental costs and outcomes of 0 were adjusted to favor the reference strategy. Vision testing programs were designed to detect amblyopia and amblyopia risk factors.Main Outcomes and MeasuresFor each strategy, the mean costs per child included the costs of screening, optometric examinations, and treatment. The mean health benefits (QALYs) gained were informed by the presence of vision impairment and the benefits of treatment. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were calculated for each alternative strategy relative to the standard primary care screening strategy as the additional cost required to achieve an additional QALY at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $50 000 Canadian dollars (CAD) ($37 690) per QALY gained.ResultsSchool screening relative to primary care screening yielded cost savings of CAD $84.09 (95% CI, CAD $82.22-$85.95) (US $63.38 [95% CI, US $61.97-$64.78]) per child and an incremental gain of 0.0004 (95% CI, −0.0047 to 0.0055) QALYs per child. Optometric examinations relative to primary care screening yielded cost savings of CAD $74.47 (95% CI, CAD $72.90-$76.03) (US $56.13 [95% CI, $54.95-$57.30]) per child and an incremental gain of 0.0508 (95% CI, 0.0455-0.0561) QALYs per child. At a willingness-to-pay threshold of CAD $50 000 (US $37 690) per QALY gained, school screening and optometric examinations were cost-effective relative to primary care screening in only 20% and 29% of iterations, respectively.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this study, because amblyopia prevalence is low among young children and most children in the hypothetical cohort had healthy vision, universal school screening and optometric examinations were not cost-effective relative to primary care screening for detecting amblyopia in young children in Toronto, Canada. The mean added health benefits of school screening and optometric examinations compared with primary care screening did not warrant the resources used.
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Wang, Fei. "Social Justice Leadership—Theory and Practice: A Case of Ontario." Educational Administration Quarterly 54, no. 3 (February 21, 2018): 470–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0013161x18761341.
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Purpose: This study is to investigate how principals promote social justice to redress marginalization, inequity, and divisive action that are prevalent in schools. Research Method: This study employs a qualitative research design with semistructured interviews. Twenty-two elementary and secondary school principals were interviewed in the Greater Toronto Area, Ontario, Canada. Research Findings: Principals who are social justice advocates exercise their influence by focusing on people in an effort to build a socially just community. Their people-centered leadership practice focuses on: putting students at the center, positioning as a social justice leader, developing people for social justice, building school climate through social justice, and fostering positive relationships with families and communities. Social justice leadership is grounded in a very proactive way in bringing about the changes that such a paradigm demands. Implications: This study generates discussions among participants on the dynamics associated with social justice practice and helps practitioners navigate tactically entrenched power structures for the well-being of their students. It also deepens our understanding of social justice leadership by providing empirical evidence how social justice advocates take risks and innovative approaches to social change that embraces the value of democracy, inclusion, representation, and difference.
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Chan, Justine, Margaret DeMelo, Jacqui Gingras, and Enza Gucciardi. "Challenges of Diabetes Self-Management in Adults Affected by Food Insecurity in a Large Urban Centre of Ontario, Canada." International Journal of Endocrinology 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/903468.
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Objective.To explore how food insecurity affects individuals’ ability to manage their diabetes, as narrated by participants living in a large, culturally diverse urban centre.Design.Qualitative study comprising of in-depth interviews, using a semistructured interview guide.Setting.Participants were recruited from the local community, three community health centres, and a community-based diabetes education centre servicing a low-income population in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.Participants.Twenty-one English-speaking adults with a diagnosis of diabetes and having experienced food insecurity in the past year (based on three screening questions).Method.Using six phases of analysis, we used qualitative, deductive thematic analysis to transcribe, code, and analyze participant interviews.Main Findings.Three themes emerged from our analysis of participants’ experiences of living with food insecurity and diabetes: (1) barriers to accessing and preparing food, (2) social isolation, and (3) enhancing agency and resilience.Conclusion.Food insecurity appears to negatively impact diabetes self-management. Healthcare professionals need to be cognizant of resources, skills, and supports appropriate for people with diabetes affected by food insecurity. Study findings suggest foci for enhancing diabetes self-management support.
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Eizadirad, Ardavan, Sally Abudiab, and Brice Baartman. "The Community School Initiative in Toronto: Mitigating Opportunity Gaps in the Jane and Finch Community in the Wake of COVID-19." Radical Teacher 124 (December 2, 2022): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/rt.2022.1080.
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COVID-19 significantly impacted the delivery of education with widespread disruptions, particularly disadvantaging racialized and low-income families. Our research project explored how community-based programming can be adapted and mobilized to mitigate opportunity and achievement gaps for Black, Indigenous, people of colour (BIPOC), and those from lower socio-economic backgrounds. The project as a case study examined an afternoon and weekend supplementary academic program called the Community School Initiative (CSI), offered from September 2020 to May 2021 to members of the Jane and Finch community in Toronto, Canada at a subsidized cost. CSI is a partnership between the non-profit organization Youth Association for Academics, Athletics, and Character Education (YAAACE) and the for-profit enterprise Spirit of Math. It delivers a structured math curriculum to students in grades two to eight aged 8 to 14 years, old supported by a team of caring adults including parents, coaches, and Ontario certified teachers. The efficacy and outcomes of the CSI was assessed through surveys with parents (n=33), students (n=33), and teachers (n=4), and a focus group with seven teachers delivering the curriculum in the CSI. We also discuss the significance of how the research was conducted in the wake of COVID-19. Hence, this article is about the findings from the data, but just as much about the community-driven approach to how the research was conducted, by the community and for the community.
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Jacobs, P., LG Shane, K. Fassbender, EL Wang, R. Moineddin, and EL Ford-Jones. "Economic Analysis of Rotavirus-Associated Diarrhea in the Metropolitan Toronto and Peel Regions of Ontario." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases 13, no. 3 (2002): 167–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2002/926349.
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OBJECTIVE: To measure the economic cost of rotavirus- associated diarrhea for a selected group of families, in a nonexperimental setting, and to estimate the factors that influence these costs.DESIGN: Use and other socioeconomic data from a family survey (the Pediatric Rotavirus Epidemiology Study for Immunization) of children who tested positive for rotavirus were collected for the metropolitan Toronto and Peel regions of Ontario during the rotavirus season of 1997-1998. Service costs were estimated from provider data. A statistical regression analysis was used to explain the variances of provincial health care costs, prescription drug costs and indirect (work-loss) costs.SETTING: Data were collected in hospitals, emergency rooms, paediatric practices, primary care clinics and licensed daycare centres. Hospital coverage was wide, but community coverage was not.PATIENTS AND OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Children with diarrhea were tested for rotavirus. Those who tested positive and whose parents consented for their children to participate were included in the study.INTERVENTIONS: NoneMAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcomes were provincial health care costs, drug costs, nonmedical costs and thenumber of days of work missed by parents per child, as well as factors that determine these costs.RESULTS: Children in the most severe category incurred costs of $2,663/person, and those in the least severe categories incurred costs of approximately $350/person. The most important determinant to explain provincial health care costs was the number of health problems that the child had before having rotavirus. Costs due to work loss of parents were considerable for children in all severity groups and were influenced by family working conditions.CONCLUSIONS: When considering the economic implications of rotavirus, prior health status should be considered and indirect costs should be recognized for their importance.
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Vader, Kyle, Soo Chan Carusone, Rachel Aubry, Puja Ahluwalia, Carolann Murray, Larry Baxter, Gregory Robinson, et al. "Strengths and Challenges of Implementing Physiotherapy in an HIV Community-Based Care Setting: A Qualitative Study of Perspectives of People Living with HIV and Healthcare Providers." Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care (JIAPAC) 20 (January 1, 2021): 232595822110056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23259582211005628.
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The needs of people living with HIV (PLWH) who have access to antiretroviral therapy have shifted from hospital to community care; however, little is known about physiotherapy within HIV community-based care. Our aim was to understand strengths and challenges of implementing physiotherapy within an interprofessional HIV day health program in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. We conducted a qualitative descriptive study using semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using inductive content analysis. Fifteen PLWH and 5 healthcare providers participated. Strengths included improved access to physiotherapy and fulfilling an unmet need for rehabilitation; a tailored approach to physiotherapy; co-location improved communication, coordination, and engagement in care; and improved health outcomes for PLWH (i.e. function, psychosocial outcomes, and quality of life). Challenges related to managing expectations; variable attendance at visits; and managing complex and diverse needs of PLWH. Results may be transferable to other community-based care settings that provide care for PLWH and complex multi-morbidity.
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Haag, Julius. "“It Just Makes You Have More Problems”: An Examination of Anti-snitching Codes among Black Youths in Toronto." Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 64, no. 3 (July 1, 2022): 71–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cjccj.2021-0061.
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Subcultural codes against compliance with the police, or “snitching,” have factored prominently in public and law enforcement discourses related to urban violence and crime prevention. However, scholarship on these issues focuses almost entirely on the United States. This study investigates attitudes toward compliance with the police and perceptions of snitching among a sample of a Black youths who reside in socially and economically marginalized neighbourhoods in Toronto. Drawing on 32 in-depth interviews, I examine how perceptions of community safety and experiences with policing have impacted young people’s willingness to report crimes and comply with police investigations. Contrary to popular discourses, being seen speaking with police or providing information did not necessarily constitute snitching. Rather, consistent with prior research, a complex set of variables, including age, gender, and the perceived seriousness of the crime, all factored in determining what constituted snitching and when someone was considered a snitch. My findings challenge the essentializing nature of popular discourses on snitching while also highlighting how diminished perceptions of police legitimacy and efficacy have impacted young people’s willingness to report crimes and comply with police investigations. Finally, I discuss the implications of my findings for efforts to reform the police and improve police–community relations.
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Goza, Franklin. "Brazilian Immigration to North America." International Migration Review 28, no. 1 (March 1994): 136–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839402800107.
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This article is a comparative study of Brazilian immigration to Canada and the United States. Analysis of recently collected data in Toronto, Ontario and in a medium-size U.S. community facilitated the examination of the adaptation and adjustment experiences of a new group of immigrants to North America. This article begins with a discussion of the origins of this recent immigrant group and its rapid expansion. Next, it focuses on the labor force activities of Brazilian immigrants and compares and contrasts their experiences in the United States and Canada. A final section examines social adaptation in North America by exploring linguistic and cultural dimensions. This article closes with a section on the future aspirations of these immigrants.
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Boswell, Michael R. "Reviews : The Drama of Democracy: Contention and Dispute in Community Planning Jill Grant University of Toronto Press, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 1994. 252 pages. $40.00 (HB), $18.95 (PB." Journal of Planning Education and Research 15, no. 3 (April 1996): 247–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739456x9601500312.
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Harvey, Carol D. H. "Anne Martin Matthews. Widowhood in later life. Toronto: Butterworths, 1991, pp. 146." Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement 13, no. 3 (1994): 414–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0714980800006243.
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RÉSUMÉLe livre d'Anne Martin Matthews sur le veuvage au Canada est rédigé dans un style clair et fournit un compte rendu exhaustifde la documentation sur ce sujet. Elle utilise une approche d'interaction symbolique qui met l'accent sur les changements qu'apportent les personnes avec le temps. Elle mentionne que le veuvage est perçu comme une période stressante de la vie et met en lumière les caractéristiques propres à l'âge et au sexe des personnes qui traversent cette épreuve. Elle explore diverses questions telles le soutien social, la variabilité, le travail et la retraite, les orientations futures des recherches et les questions ayant trait aux politiques. Elle fait souvent référence à son travail en Ontario, mais le complète en faisant mention d'autres ouvrages canadiens, américains, britanniques et australiens. La lecture de ce livre, qui fait partie de la série de Butterworths sur le vieillissement de la personne et de la population, est recommandée aux chercheurs et aux praticiens.
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Mucaki, Eliseos J., Ben C. Shirley, and Peter K. Rogan. "Likely community transmission of COVID-19 infections between neighboring, persistent hotspots in Ontario, Canada." F1000Research 10 (July 21, 2022): 1312. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.75891.2.
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Introduction: This study aimed to produce community-level geo-spatial mapping of confirmed COVID-19 cases in Ontario Canada in near real-time to support decision-making. This was accomplished by area-to-area geostatistical analysis, space-time integration, and spatial interpolation of COVID-19 positive individuals. Methods: COVID-19 cases and locations were curated for geostatistical analyses from March 2020 through June 2021, corresponding to the first, second, and third waves of infections. Daily cases were aggregated according to designated forward sortation area (FSA), and postal codes (PC) in municipal regions Hamilton, Kitchener/Waterloo, London, Ottawa, Toronto, and Windsor/Essex county. Hotspots were identified with area-to-area tests including Getis-Ord Gi*, Global Moran’s I spatial autocorrelation, and Local Moran’s I asymmetric clustering and outlier analyses. Case counts were also interpolated across geographic regions by Empirical Bayesian Kriging, which localizes high concentrations of COVID-19 positive tests, independent of FSA or PC boundaries. The Geostatistical Disease Epidemiology Toolbox, which is freely-available software, automates the identification of these regions and produces digital maps for public health professionals to assist in pandemic management of contact tracing and distribution of other resources. Results: This study provided indicators in real-time of likely, community-level disease transmission through innovative geospatial analyses of COVID-19 incidence data. Municipal and provincial results were validated by comparisons with known outbreaks at long-term care and other high density residences and on farms. PC-level analyses revealed hotspots at higher geospatial resolution than public reports of FSAs, and often sooner. Results of different tests and kriging were compared to determine consistency among hotspot assignments. Concurrent or consecutive hotspots in close proximity suggested potential community transmission of COVID-19 from cluster and outlier analysis of neighboring PCs and by kriging. Results were also stratified by population based-categories (sex, age, and presence/absence of comorbidities). Conclusions: Earlier recognition of hotspots could reduce public health burdens of COVID-19 and expedite contact tracing.
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Mucaki, Eliseos J., Ben C. Shirley, and Peter K. Rogan. "Likely community transmission of COVID-19 infections between neighboring, persistent hotspots in Ontario, Canada." F1000Research 10 (December 23, 2021): 1312. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.75891.1.
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Introduction: This study aimed to produce community-level geo-spatial mapping of confirmed COVID-19 cases in Ontario Canada in near real-time to support decision-making. This was accomplished by area-to-area geostatistical analysis, space-time integration, and spatial interpolation of COVID-19 positive individuals. Methods: COVID-19 cases and locations were curated for geostatistical analyses from March 2020 through June 2021, corresponding to the first, second, and third waves of infections. Daily cases were aggregated according to designated forward sortation area (FSA), and postal codes (PC) in municipal regions Hamilton, Kitchener/Waterloo, London, Ottawa, Toronto, and Windsor/Essex county. Hotspots were identified with area-to-area tests including Getis-Ord Gi*, Global Moran’s I spatial autocorrelation, and Local Moran’s I asymmetric clustering and outlier analyses. Case counts were also interpolated across geographic regions by Empirical Bayesian Kriging, which localizes high concentrations of COVID-19 positive tests, independent of FSA or PC boundaries. The Geostatistical Disease Epidemiology Toolbox, which is freely-available software, automates the identification of these regions and produces digital maps for public health professionals to assist in pandemic management of contact tracing and distribution of other resources. Results: This study provided indicators in real-time of likely, community-level disease transmission through innovative geospatial analyses of COVID-19 incidence data. Municipal and provincial results were validated by comparisons with known outbreaks at long-term care and other high density residences and on farms. PC-level analyses revealed hotspots at higher geospatial resolution than public reports of FSAs, and often sooner. Results of different tests and kriging were compared to determine consistency among hotspot assignments. Concurrent or consecutive hotspots in close proximity suggested potential community transmission of COVID-19 from cluster and outlier analysis of neighboring PCs and by kriging. Results were also stratified by population based-categories (sex, age, and presence/absence of comorbidities). Conclusions: Earlier recognition of hotspots could reduce public health burdens of COVID-19 and expedite contact tracing.
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Zeuli, Kimberly, Austin Nijhuis, Ronald Macfarlane, and Taryn Ridsdale. "The Impact of Climate Change on the Food System in Toronto." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11 (October 24, 2018): 2344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112344.
Full textAbstract:
As part of its Climate Change and Health Strategy, in 2017, Toronto Public Health engaged stakeholders from across the food system to complete a high-level vulnerability assessment of the impact of climate change on the food system in Toronto. Using the Ontario Climate Change and Health Vulnerability and Adaptation Assessment Guidelines, the City of Toronto’s High-Level Risk Assessment Tool, and a strategic framework developed by the Initiative for a Competitive Inner City, Toronto Public Health identified the most significant extreme weather event risks to food processing, distribution and access in Toronto. Risks associated with three extreme weather events that are the most likely to occur in Toronto due to climate change were analyzed: significant rain and flooding, an extended heat wave, and a major winter ice storm. The analysis finds that while extreme weather events could potentially disrupt Toronto’s food supply, the current risk of an extended, widespread food supply disruption is relatively low. However, the findings highlight that a concerted effort across the food system, including electrical and fuel providers, is needed to address other key vulnerabilities that could impact food access, especially for vulnerable populations. Interruptions to electricity will have food access and food safety impacts, while interruptions to the transportation network and fuel will have food distribution and access impacts. Actions to mitigate these risks could include addressing food access vulnerabilities through ongoing city-wide strategies and integrating food access into the City’s emergency response planning. The next steps will include engaging with multiple partners across the city to understand and strengthen the “last mile” of food distribution and develop community food resilience action plans for vulnerable neighbourhoods.