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1

Moullin, Joanna C., Daniel Sabater-Hernández, Fernando Fernandez-Llimos, and Shalom I. Benrimoj. "Defining professional pharmacy services in community pharmacy." Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 9, no. 6 (November 2013): 989–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2013.02.005.

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Stewart, Kay, and S. I. Benrimoj. "Specialized Services from Community Pharmacy." Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management 2, no. 1 (January 1987): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/j058v02n01_11.

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Stewart, Kay. "Specialized Services from Community Pharmacy." Journal of Pharmaceutical Marketing & Management 2, no. 1 (October 27, 1987): 147–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j058v02n01_11.

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Costa, Suzete, Cristina Santos, and João Silveira. "Community Pharmacy Services in Portugal." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 40, no. 12 (December 2006): 2228–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1h129.

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GARDNER, D. M., A. L. MURPHY, A. K. WOODMAN, and S. CONNELLY. "Community pharmacy services for antidepressant users." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 9, no. 4 (December 2001): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7174.2001.tb01052.x.

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Cavaco, Afonso Miguel, and José Cabrita. "Comment: Community Pharmacy Services in Portugal." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 41, no. 5 (May 2007): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1h129a.

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Costa, Suzete, Cristina Santos, and João Silveira. "Comment: Community Pharmacy Services in Portugal." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 41, no. 5 (May 2007): 902–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1h129b.

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8

Adsley, Rosemary. "Medication review services in community pharmacy." Journal of Prescribing Practice 1, no. 3 (March 2, 2019): 146–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jprp.2019.1.3.146.

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Medication review services are an important part of the advanced services provided by community pharmacists. The aim of these services, medicines use reviews (MURs) and the new medicines service (NMS) are to identify issues patients may encounter with long term medications, support patients with adherence to new medications and to communicate issues to prescribers. By working together to improve awareness and access to these services, it is hoped that health professionals can improve adherence and reduce medication waste.
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Adsley, Rosemary. "Medication review services in community pharmacy." Practice Nursing 2019, no. 3 (February 25, 2019): 146–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/pnur.2019.30.3.146.

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Storimans, Michiel J., Olaf H. Klungel, Herre Talsma, Marcel L. Bouvy, and Cornelis J. de Blaey. "Collaborative Services Among Community Pharmacies for Patients with Diabetes." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 39, no. 10 (October 2005): 1647–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1g109.

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BACKGROUND: Patients performing self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) may benefit from community pharmacy services. However, wide-scale implementation of these services is limited. Many pharmacy characteristics (eg, physical layout of the pharmacy, knowledge and competence of the pharmacy team) are reported to be relevant when implementing these services. Still, the importance of local agreements on the division of roles with, for example, local general practitioners or diabetes nurses, is less clear. Objective: To study the association between local collaboration and the level of services provided by community pharmacies to patients performing SMBG. METHODS: In 2004, we performed a cross-sectional survey among all 1692 Dutch community pharmacies. Data were gathered on provision of services for SMBG, local agreements, and pharmacy characteristics. Data were analyzed using logistic regression. Associations were adjusted for pharmacy characteristics. RESULTS: About 44% (724) of the community pharmacies returned the questionnaire. Pharmacies that were not involved in local collaborative services on patient counseling reported to provide fewer services compared with those that were involved in such agreements (OR 0.26, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.53). Similar findings were observed for agreements on calibration of SMBG equipment (0.17, 0.04 to 0.71). The associations remained after adjusting for pharmacy characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Local collaboration on the division of roles in diabetes care between healthcare professionals is independently associated with the number of pharmacy services provided to patients performing SMBG.
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Lancaster, Karla, Lehana Thabane, Jean-Eric Tarride, Gina Agarwal, Jeff S. Healey, Roopinder Sandhu, and Lisa Dolovich. "Descriptive analysis of pharmacy services provided after community pharmacy screening." International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy 40, no. 6 (November 26, 2018): 1577–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11096-018-0742-5.

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Hindi, Ali Mawfek Khaled, Ellen Ingrid Schafheutle, and Sally Jacobs. "Applying a whole systems lens to the general practice crisis: cross-sectional survey looking at usage of community pharmacy services in England by patients with long-term respiratory conditions." BMJ Open 9, no. 11 (November 2019): e032310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032310.

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ObjectiveUK policy initiatives aiming to extend community pharmacy services to moderate patient demands and to reduce general practitioners’ (GPs) workload have had limited success. This study used marketing theory to identify factors that could influence patients to make better use of community pharmacies within the primary care pathway.DesignCross-sectional postal survey design applying the ‘7Ps marketing mix’ (‘product’, ‘price’, ‘place’, ‘promotion’, ‘people’, ‘process’ and ‘physical evidence’).SettingGreater Manchester, England.ParticipantsPatients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease registered at two GP practices.Primary outcomePatient preference for community pharmacy services.ResultsThe response rate was 29% (289/1003). Most respondents preferred to use GP practices for invasive/diagnostic services (product) while preferring using community pharmacy for medicines supply and minor ailments (place). Stronger preference for using GP practices over community pharmacy was significantly associated with gender (male>female), age group (≥65 years) and healthcare services previously accessed at the pharmacy. Respondents perceived they would be more likely to use community pharmacy services if pharmacists offered them enough time to discuss any concerns (73.3%) (price), if community pharmacies had private/clean consultation rooms (70%–73%) (physical evidence) and if pharmacy staff had strong interpersonal skills (68%–70%) (people). Respondents were divided on likelihood of using community pharmacy services if pharmacists could access their whole medical record but wanted pharmacists to add information about their visit (59.6%) (process). Respondents would be encouraged to use community pharmacy for healthcare services if they were offered services by pharmacy staff or recommended/referred to services by their GP (44%) (promotion).ConclusionsUsing the 7Ps marketing mix highlighted that community pharmacies having staff with strong interpersonal skills, good quality consultation rooms and integrated information systems could positively influence patients to use community pharmacies for management of long-term conditions. There are opportunities for community pharmacies to alleviate GP workload, but a whole system approach will be necessary.
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Al-Taani, Ghaith M., and Nehad M. Ayoub. "Assessment of satisfaction of attendees of healthcare centers in Jordan with community pharmacy services of pharmacies they usually use." PLOS ONE 19, no. 7 (July 22, 2024): e0305991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0305991.

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Before extending the range of services provided, maximizing the usefulness of current procedures within community pharmacy settings is needed, as the scope of pharmacy services is evolving in different dimensions. The present study aims to assess the degree of factors affecting the satisfaction of traditional community pharmacy services using population data collected from patients attending academic and public healthcare centers in Jordan. A validated, pretested, and adapted survey instrument has been utilized to assess the satisfaction of contemporary services delivered by community pharmacists in different dimensions. Linear regression analysis evaluated the predictors associated with higher total satisfaction scores with community pharmacy services. The present study included 642 patients attending healthcare centers. Different dimension scores, such as explanation and consideration, scored similarly, with values ranging from 64.5% - 69.7% of the maximum possible score. The mean total scale score was 67.2% of the total possible scores. Using the linear regression analysis, respondents who were satisfied with their treatment plans were likely to have higher satisfaction with community pharmacy services. The increased number of prescription medications and increased age were associated with lower satisfaction with community pharmacy services. Results indicated that healthcare policymakers might be confident in the services within the community pharmacy setting; however, there is always room for more robust quality control activities.
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Al Aloola, Noha, Raghad Alsaif, Hiba Alhabib, and Abdulaziz Alhossan. "Community needs and preferences for community pharmacy immunization services." Vaccine 38, no. 32 (July 2020): 5009–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.05.060.

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Lee, Joo Hyun, Hye-Lin Kim, Hye Sung Han, Il-Ho Park, and Hyun Soon Sohn. "Needs for a Family Pharmacy and Expected Family Pharmacy Services." Yakhak Hoeji 67, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.17480/psk.2023.67.1.58.

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We wanted to examine people’s demands for a family pharmacy and expected services. We conducted webbased survey and recruited subjects by convenience sampling method. This cross-sectional survey, a 24-item questionnaire, inquired about subjective health problems, pharmacy use, desire to designate one's own family pharmacy, and decision considerations. The Mann-Whitney test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and logistic regression were used to detect these components. 68.8% of the 449 respondents were willing to name their family pharmacy. 89.9, 82.7, 81.3, and 78.6% of respondents agreed that a proximity to home, proximity to the medical institution they usually attend, good setting for counseling, and storage of a wide variety of medications were important pharmacy characteristics when choosing a family pharmacy. 93.3, 93.1, and 88.9% of respondents, respectively, evaluated a conscience, professionalism in pharmaceutical care, and counseling ability as essential pharmacist qualities. Regarding expected service from a family pharmacy, 52.8, 38.8, and 39.4% of respondents highly agreed on a comprehensive medication review, overall health-related counseling, and resolving queries regarding medicines or dietary supplements, respectively. Koreans generally want a family pharmacy, especially women and middle-aged people. To provide services, customers expect answers to various queries concerning medications; therefore, it is vital to be a highly conscientious and professional pharmacist and to create an environment conducive to counseling.
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Gammie, Todd, Sabine Vogler, and Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar. "Economic Evaluation of Hospital and Community Pharmacy Services." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 51, no. 1 (October 1, 2016): 54–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1060028016667741.

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Objective: To review the international body of literature from 2010 to 2015 concerning methods of economic evaluations used in hospital- and community-based studies of pharmacy services in publicly funded health systems worldwide, their clinical outcomes, and economic effectiveness. Data Sources: The literature search was undertaken between May 2, 2015, and September 4, 2015. Keywords included “health economics” and “evaluation” “assessment” or “appraisal,” “methods,” “hospital” or “community” or “residential care,” “pharmacy” or “pharmacy services” and “cost minimisation analysis” or “cost utility analysis” or “cost effectiveness analysis” or “cost benefit analysis.” The databases searched included MEDLINE, PubMed, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Springer Links, and Scopus, and journals searched included PLoS One, PLoS Medicine, Nature, Health Policy, Pharmacoeconomics, The European Journal of Health Economics, Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research, and Journal of Health Economics. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Studies were selected on the basis of study inclusion criteria. These criteria included full-text original research articles undertaking an economic evaluation of hospital- or community-based pharmacy services in peer-reviewed scientific journals and in English, in countries with a publicly funded health system published between 2010 and 2015. Data Synthesis: 14 articles were included in this review. Cost-utility analysis (CUA) was the most utilized measure. Cost-minimization analysis (CMA) was not used by any studies. The limited use of cost-benefit analyses (CBAs) is likely a result of technical challenges in quantifying the cost of clinical benefits, risks, and outcomes. Hospital pharmacy services provided clinical benefits including improvements in patient health outcomes and reductions in adverse medication use, and all studies were considered cost-effective due to meeting a cost-utility (per quality-adjusted life year) threshold or were cost saving. Community pharmacy services were considered cost-effective in 8 of 10 studies. Conclusions: Economic evaluations of hospital and community pharmacy services are becoming increasingly commonplace to enable an understanding of which health care services provide value for money and to inform policy makers as to which services will be cost-effective in light of limited health care resources.
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McMillan, Sara S., Hidy Chan, and Laetitia H. Hattingh. "Australian Community Pharmacy Harm-Minimisation Services: Scope for Service Expansion to Improve Healthcare Access." Pharmacy 9, no. 2 (April 26, 2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy9020095.

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Community pharmacies are well positioned to participate in harm-minimisation services to reduce harms caused by both licit and illicit substances. Considering developments in pharmacist practices and the introduction of new professional pharmacy services, we identified a need to explore the contemporary role of community pharmacy in harm minimisation. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken to explore the opinions of stakeholders, pharmacy staff, and clients about the role of community pharmacy in harm minimisation, including provision of current services, experiences, and expectations. Participants (n = 28) included 5 stakeholders, 9 consumers, and 14 staff members from seven community pharmacies. Three over-arching themes were identified across the three participants groups: (i) scope and provision, (ii) complexity, and (iii) importance of person-centred advice and support in relation to community pharmacy harm minimisation services. Community pharmacies are valuable healthcare destinations for delivery of harm minimisation services, with scope for service expansion. Further education, support, and remuneration are needed, as well as linkage to other sector providers, in order to ensure that pharmacists and pharmacy staff are well equipped to provide a range of harm minimisation services.
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Alfayoumi, Ibrahim, Nicole Henry, Phillip Ieng, and Jeannie K. Lee. "Community-Based Research: Interviewing Older People in Community Pharmacies." Senior Care Pharmacist 38, no. 9 (September 1, 2023): 378–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4140/tcp.n.2023.378.

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Objective Community pharmacists play an important role in providing many essential services to older adult patients. This study aimed to assess participants’ awareness and utilization of current services provided by the community pharmacy and to identify preferences for innovative strategies and services related to healthy aging. Design This is community-based research using interviews with older people in community pharmacies. Student pharmacists performed the interviews, asking 11 questions developed by the research team. The interview questions included services currently provided by the community pharmacy to determine patient awareness and use. Setting One-on-one structured interviews with participants 50 years of age and older were conducted at community pharmacies in Arizona. Results A total of 53 older people (54.7% female) participated, with most patients knowledgeable about current pharmacy services and 69.7% using at least one service. When asked if they would participate in innovative services, more than half of those interviewed (56.6%) were interested in medication side effect screening and education, and 54.7% would want to participate in medication review with drug interaction screening. Almost half were interested in lifestyle education for healthy aging in nutrition and physical activities (49.1%) and medication disposal (47.2%). Most participants preferred to communicate in person with their pharmacists, but some showed interest in mobile phone texts and calls. Conclusion Community pharmacies may be a viable setting to provide novel services to promote healthy aging among older people, particularly medication side effect and drug interaction screenings and education.
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Naik-Panvelkar, Pradnya, Carol Armour, John M. Rose, and Bandana Saini. "Patient Preferences for Community Pharmacy Asthma Services." PharmacoEconomics 30, no. 10 (October 2012): 961–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/11594350-000000000-00000.

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Moszczyński, Agnieszka, Magdalena Makarewicz-Wujec, and Małgorzata Kozłowska-Wojciechowska. "Community Pharmacy services available in United Kingdom." Farmacja Polska 75, no. 10 (December 11, 2019): 542–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32383/farmpol/115155.

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Francke, Donald E. "Expanding Clinical Pharmacy Services in the Community." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 40, no. 7-8 (July 2006): 1437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.140030.

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Francke, Donald E. "Expanding Clinical Pharmacy Services in the Community." Drug Intelligence & Clinical Pharmacy 20, no. 6 (June 1986): 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002808602000607.

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Unal, Aylin, Amy Spakrman, Pramit Nadpara, and Jean-Venable R. Goode. "The Impact of a Digital Vaccine Consent Form in a Large Community Pharmacy Chain." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 12, no. 3 (July 26, 2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v12i3.3898.

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Background: A large community pharmacy chain implemented a new digital platform to eliminate the need for patients to fill out a traditional vaccine consent form in the pharmacy. The new digital vaccine consent form allowed patients to complete the form online, where it was transmitted directly to the pharmacy’s network. Objectives: To identify the characteristics of patients who used an online digital vaccine consent form to receive vaccinations and to evaluate patient satisfaction and confidence in utilizing the digital vaccine consent form to receive pharmacy services. Methods: This three-month prospective study was conducted in the Mid-Atlantic division of a large community pharmacy chain. A 16-question survey was developed using information from the literature to collect demographic information and patient confidence and satisfaction with the digital vaccine consent form. An email was sent to pharmacy staff containing instructions on the procedure for posting a recruitment flyer, distributing the survey post-vaccination, and how to return completed surveys. Univariate and bi-variate analysis were conducted. Results: Thirty-six participants responded to the survey, majority of participants were female (56%). Two patients used the digital vaccine consent form; both used because it was more convenient and were likely to use the form again. For those who did not use the digital vaccine consent form, 32% feel somewhat unconfident in using digital technologies for pharmacy services. A majority of patients prefer to be notified about new online services by email (39%) or advertisements in the pharmacy (31%). When asked the likelihood of using the digital vaccine consent form in the future, majority stated unlikely (34%) or neutral (25%). Conclusions: Most participants did not utilize the new digital vaccine form. This provides an opportunity to further engage patients on the availability and use of the digital vaccine consent form in order to advance digital technologies for pharmacy services.
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Morral, Kim, and Jordi Morral. "A survey of community pharmacists’ attitudes towards mental illness." Journal of Public Mental Health 15, no. 2 (June 20, 2016): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpmh-12-2015-0052.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to compare the pharmacy services provided to people taking psychotropic and cardiovascular medications and examine the association between pharmacists’ attitudes towards mental illness and provision of pharmacy services. The paper also considers pharmacists’ opinions of the pharmaceutical care needs of people with mental illness including their physical health. Design/methodology/approach – A survey instrument was sent by facsimile to a random sample of community pharmacists in England and Wales. Findings – Community pharmacists had generally positive attitudes towards mental illness but provided significantly fewer pharmacy services (and were less comfortable providing them) to patients taking psychotropic medications than to patients taking cardiovascular medications. Awareness of the higher prevalence of physical health conditions among people with severe mental illness was not high. Provision of pharmacy services was associated with pharmacists’ attitudes towards mental illness and comfort providing pharmaceutical care. Other factors that may contribute to these disparities in service provision are discussed. Practical implications – The study findings indicate the need for enhanced mental health education for pharmacy students to improve attitudes, knowledge and confidence in mental health and the inclusion of mental health in pharmacy advanced services. Originality/value – Few studies have examined the relationship between attitudes towards mental illness and provision of pharmacy services. This was the first study to examine the attitudes of British community pharmacists towards mental illness.
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Luli, Alex J., Natalie Tran, Angela Ataya, and Sally Rafie. "Patient Screenings for Preconception Health Interventions at a Community Pharmacy." Pharmacy 8, no. 4 (October 5, 2020): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy8040181.

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Preconception health refers to health before pregnancy and involves addressing risk factors that can negatively impact either a patient or future pregnancy. Pharmacists can play an essential role in screening for and managing patients’ risk factors to optimize pregnancy outcomes. The primary objective of this study is to determine whether preconception health screenings in community pharmacy settings identify opportunities for preconception health services, particularly pharmacy-based interventions. The secondary objectives are to describe the preconception health status of community pharmacy patients and their interest in receiving preconception care services by a clinical pharmacist in a community pharmacy setting. Two independent pharmacies conducted a pilot project where people were invited to complete a health screening form that evaluated their preconception health. Participants received a personalized health report with an invitation to meet with the clinical pharmacist for services related to identified opportunities, such as contraception and immunizations. Retrospective analysis was conducted for data collected from 43 women during the patient screening effort in three community pharmacy settings (two independent community pharmacy locations and one neighborhood pharmacy outreach event). Nearly all participants (n = 42, 98%) had at least one opportunity identified to receive preconception care services, with the majority related to their alcohol use (60%). A majority of participants (56%) indicated an interest in learning more about preconception services offered at the pharmacy, but only 19% wanted to schedule an appointment with a pharmacist. Thus, there is an apparent need and opportunity for utilization of preconception health services at the pharmacy.
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Jones, Erika JM, Neil J. MacKinnon, and Ross T. Tsuyuki. "Pharmaceutical Care in Community Pharmacies: Practice and Research in Canada." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 39, no. 9 (September 2005): 1527–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1e456.

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OBJECTIVE: To discuss the provision of pharmaceutical care in community pharmacies in Canada including the following topics: organization and delivery of health services, health service policy, methods of payment, types of pharmacy services provided, types of cognitive pharmacy services, research in community pharmacy, and future plans for community pharmacy services. DATA SYNTHESIS: The implementation of pharmaceutical care in Canadian community pharmacies continues to become more widespread. However, barriers to the provision of pharmaceutical care still exist, including the current shortage of pharmacists and lack of reimbursement systems for cognitive services. Evidence of the value of pharmaceutical care in Canadian community pharmacies has been supported by several pharmacy practice research projects. The pharmacist's role in patient care is expected to continue to expand. CONCLUSIONS: Although Canadian pharmacists' capabilities are not yet universally recognized and applied to their full potential, there is reason to be optimistic about the future of pharmaceutical care in the community setting in Canada.
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Fakih, Souhiela, Jennifer L. Marriott, and Safeera Y. Hussainy. "A national mailed survey exploring weight management services across Australian community pharmacies." Australian Journal of Primary Health 21, no. 2 (2015): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py13118.

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This study investigated pharmacists’ and pharmacy assistants’ current weight management recommendations to consumers across Australian community pharmacies using a mailed questionnaire. Two questionnaires were developed, one for pharmacists and one for pharmacy assistants, each divided into five sections. One pharmacist and pharmacy assistant questionnaire were mailed in November 2011 to a systematic sample of 3000 pharmacies across Australia for one pharmacist and pharmacy assistant each to complete. A total of 537 pharmacist and 403 pharmacy assistant responses, from 880 different pharmacies, were received. Overall 94.5% (n = 832/880) of associated pharmacies stocked weight loss products and 48.2% (n = 424/880) offered a weight management program. Both pharmacists and pharmacy assistants felt that the development of pharmacy-specific educational resources and additional training would help improve their ability to provide weight management services. Australian pharmacists and pharmacy assistants currently appear to be providing weight management services to consumers; however, not all their recommendations are evidence based. The need for additional training for pharmacy staff in areas identified as lacking and the development of pharmacy weight management educational resources needs to be addressed.
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Murphy, Andrea, Magdalena Szumilas, Denise Rowe, Kathryn Landry, Ruth Martin-Misener, Stan Kutcher, and David Gardner. "Pharmacy students’ experiences in provision of community pharmacy mental health services." Canadian Pharmacists Journal / Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada 147, no. 1 (January 2014): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1715163513514170.

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Gastelurrutia, Miguel Angel, Maria Jose Faus, and Fernando Martinez-Martinez. "Reply to the paper: Defining professional pharmacy services in community pharmacy." Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy 9, no. 4 (July 2013): 490–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2013.05.005.

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S, Pavithra, Anubov Mazumder, Dharani V, Dr Shobha Rani R. Hiremath, and Raj Vaidya. "Perception of Community Pharmacy Owners Regarding Online and Chain Pharmacy Services." Journal of Community Pharmacy Practice, no. 41 (January 18, 2024): 21–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.55529/jcpp.41.21.33.

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Background: Community pharmacies, also known as retail pharmacies, is the last point of contact for patients to get access to their medications. Retail pharmacies are an integral component of India’s health care ecosystem and are thriving now. The Community pharmacies are considered a “Chain community pharmacies” if the organization consists of four or more stores in which an individual consumer may have a prescription order filled. Online pharmacies are an internet-based vendor and includes both legitimate and illegitimate pharmacies. It is a business model that deals with the preparation and sale of prescription and non- prescription medicines as in the traditional pharmacies. Methodology: This was a prospective questionnaire-based study in which 250 Community pharmacy owners were enrolled. The survey instrument was a structured, self-administered questionnaire. Result: Out of 250 surveyed Community pharmacy owners, 96% reported serving less than 100 customers daily. Most pharmacies offer discounts and home delivery. 99% were aware of both chain and online pharmacies, with high familiarity with Apollo (98.4%), MedPlus (98.4%), and Aster (87.2%). 87.2% reported 25-50% sales reduction due to the rise of chain pharmacies. 68% are willing to provide online pharmacy services and 98% believe chain and online pharmacies will disrupt working of independent pharmacies. 83.6% reported that delivery impacting potency of medicines were the drawbacks of online pharmacies to the public. Conclusion: Our study highlights the need for standardized approach to improve quality of services in independent pharmacies as well as to enforce stricter regulatory framework for online and chain pharmacies to improve customers confidence and to alleviate from the concerns raised about online and chain pharmacies. Independent pharmacies can provide value added services such as patient counselling, screening of blood pressure/diabetes etc to attract the customers. Aim: To understand the perception of owners of independent pharmacies regarding online and chain pharmacy services.
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Crespo-Gonzalez, Carmen, Sarah Dineen-Griffin, John Rae, and Rodney A. Hill. "A qualitative exploration of mental health services provided in community pharmacies." PLOS ONE 17, no. 5 (May 12, 2022): e0268259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268259.

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The burden of mental health problems continues to grow worldwide. Community pharmacists’, as part of the primary care team, optimise care for people living with mental illness. This study aims to examine the factors that support or hinder the delivery of mental health services delivered in Australian community pharmacies and proposes ideas for improvement. A qualitative study was conducted comprising focus groups with community pharmacists and pharmacy staff across metropolitan, regional, and rural areas of New South Wales, Australia. Data were collected in eight focus groups between December 2020 and June 2021. Qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis. Thirty-three community pharmacists and pharmacy staff participated in an initial round of focus groups. Eleven community pharmacists and pharmacy staff participated in a second round of focus groups. Twenty-four factors that enable or hinder the delivery of mental health services in community pharmacy were identified. Participant’s perception of a lack of recognition and integration of community pharmacy within primary care were identified as major barriers, in addition to consumers’ stigma and lack of awareness regarding service offering. Suggestions for improvement to mental health care delivery in community pharmacy included standardised practice through the use of protocols, remuneration and public awareness. A framework detailing the factors moderating pharmacists, pharmacy staff and consumers’ empowerment in mental health care delivery in community pharmacy is proposed. This study has highlighted that policy and funding support for mental health services is needed that complement and expand integrated models, promote access to services led by or are conducted in collaboration with pharmacists and recognise the professional contribution and competencies of community pharmacists in mental health care. The framework proposed may be a step to strengthening mental health support delivered in community pharmacies.
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Sepp, Kristiina, Afonso Miguel Cavaco, Ain Raal, and Daisy Volmer. "Profession Driven Improvement of the Quality of Pharmacy Practice—Implementation of Community Pharmacy Services Quality Guidelines in Estonia." Healthcare 9, no. 7 (June 26, 2021): 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9070804.

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Constant improvement of the quality of community pharmacy services is important in the development of contemporary patient care. A national and voluntary Community Pharmacy Services Quality Guidelines (CPSQG) was developed to formulate the principles of contemporary pharmacy services, including quality criteria for service provision. The purpose of this study was to identify the implementation of the CPSQG as a profession-driven initiative towards improving and harmonizing community pharmacy services in Estonia. Three cross-sectional electronic surveys were conducted among community pharmacies in Estonia in 2014 (N = 478 pharmacies), 2016 (N = 493), and 2019 (N = 494), and the CPSQG indicators were used for evaluation of the service quality. In this study, the aggregated data, collected in three study years were used to identify the implementation of guidelines into practice. For data analysis, the One-Way ANOVA test and Post-hoc multiple comparisons were used. The results demonstrated slow implementation of the CPSQG, but guidelines-based evaluation enabled a detailed overview of the community pharmacy activities and provided services. In order to develop community pharmacy services more efficiently, the use of implementation science principles, continuous introduction of the CPSQG to the pharmacists, and more active involvement of the state could be considered in the future.
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Brooks, John M., Donald G. Klepser, Julie M. Urmie, Karen B. Farris, and William R. Doucette. "Effect of Local Competition on the Willingness of Community Pharmacies to Supply Medication Therapy Management Services." Journal of Health and Human Services Administration 30, no. 1 (March 2007): 4–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107937390703000106.

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The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA) provides a prescription drug benefit for Medicare-eligible seniors that includes access to medication therapy management services (MTMS) through pharmacists. We theorize that local community pharmacy market competition affects the decision of individual community pharmacies to provide MTMS. Our model suggests that MTMS services are more apt to be supplied in markets at the extremes of community pharmacy concentration (very low and very high). We found that local community pharmacy competition affected the service choices made by the pharmacy decision-makers willing to provide MTMS in a manner consistent with our theory. As a result, patient access to MTMS services depends on both (1) patient access to pharmacies willing to provide MTMS and (2) the level of local community pharmacy competition.
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Tarfa, Adati, Kristen Pecanac, and Olayinka Shiyanbola. "Patients, Social Workers, and Pharmacists’ Perceptions of Barriers to Providing HIV Care in Community Pharmacies in the United States." Pharmacy 9, no. 4 (November 2, 2021): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy9040178.

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Retaining people living with HIV (PLWH) in clinical care is a global priority to end the HIV epidemic. Community pharmacies in the United States have structural influences on the success or failure of retention in HIV care by supporting patients’ complex needs. However, to date, barriers to retention in care in the community pharmacy setting have not been examined beyond pharmacy services of medication therapy management. We utilized the patient-centered medical home model to examine the barriers to HIV care in the community pharmacy setting. We utilized semi-structured interviews to collect data from 15 participants: five PLWH, five community pharmacists, and five social workers from a midwestern state. Interview data were transcribed and analyzed using directed content analysis. Four key themes emerged regarding the barriers that impact utilization of community pharmacy services by PLWH: the perception of the role of community pharmacists in HIV care, perceptions of pharmacists’ HIV knowledge, perceptions of pharmacy operation and services, and negative experiences within the community pharmacy space. Participants’ perceptions of solutions for improving HIV care in the community pharmacy focused on improving the relationship between pharmacists and patients, ensuring that the community pharmacy is a private and safe space for patients, and having a diverse pharmacy staff that is equipped to take care of the diverse and marginalized HIV population, such as transgender people.
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Schenkelberg, Courtney, Arwa Al-Khatib, Brianne Bakken, Vibhuti Arya, Caroline Gaither, David Kreling, David Mott, Jon Schommer, Matthew Witry, and William Doucette. "Identifying Services Provided in Community Pharmacy Practice Settings." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 14, no. 3 (September 7, 2023): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v14i3.5543.

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Background: To better address their patients’ needs, community pharmacists are expanding from their traditional role of dispensing to managing medications and providing other care. Objective: This study characterized services reported by pharmacists practicing in community pharmacy settings in the 2019 National Pharmacist Workforce Study (NPWS). Methods: The 2019 NPWS was conducted via an online survey. E-mails containing survey links were sent to a systematic random sample of 96,110 U.S. pharmacists. The survey allowed tailoring of questions related to specific practice settings and for respondents in community pharmacies included reporting on delivery of twelve services. Other descriptive characteristic questions included pharmacy type, staffing, monitoring activities, self-reported workload, and respondent demographics. An index was created by summing the number of yes responses for the service questions. This index served as the dependent variable in an ordinary least squares regression examining the association of work setting chacateristics with the index. Results: Usable responses were received from 2,150 community pharmacists. The top four services were: administer vaccines (91.1%), patient medication assistance program (83.7%), naloxone dispensing (72.8%) and medication synchronization (67.2%). The regression model was significant, with supermarket pharmacies having a higher service index than large chains. Elevated service index scores were associated with more technicians on duty, CPESN participation, direct communication with primary care providers, practicing under a CPA and monitoring activities. Conclusions: Pharmacy operational characteristics were important influences on the delivery of services in community pharmacies. These findings can help inform the continuing transformation of community pharmacy practice.
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James, Delyth H., Rose Rapado, Sarah L. Brown, Joanne Kember, Karen L. Hodson, and Amie-Louise Prior. "Development of a Questionnaire to Measure Public Perceptions of the Role of Community Pharmacy in Public Health (PubPharmQ)." Pharmacy 11, no. 5 (September 8, 2023): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy11050141.

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Background: Community pharmacies are well placed to provide public-health interventions within primary care settings. This study aimed to establish the general public’s perceptions of community pharmacy-based public-health services in the UK by designing a structured questionnaire to assess the barriers and facilitators to optimizing this role. Methods: A standardized questionnaire was developed informed by the literature, additional semi-structured interviews, and synthesis of key findings with the authors’ previous research based on data generated from eight focus groups. The original 42-item questionnaire was distributed online from May to June 2021 via social media platforms to capture the views of non-regular pharmacy users. Following exploratory factor analysis, and Cronbach’s alpha analysis, total Likert scale response scores were calculated. Results: Of the 306 responders, 76.8% were female with a mean age of 34.5 years (SD = 15.09). The most prevalent pharmacy use reported was 1–2 times a year (28.1%). Exploratory factor analysis revealed four scales: Expertise, Role in Public Health, Privacy, and Relationship (18 items) with acceptable internal consistency and good face and content validity. Awareness of well-established pharmacy services was high; however, responders demonstrated poor awareness of public-health-related services and low recognition of pharmacy expertise for this role. A lack of an established relationship with community pharmacies and privacy concerns were also perceived barriers. Conclusions: Based on these findings, considerable effort is needed to increase public awareness and address these concerns if strategic plans to utilize community pharmacy in the delivery of public-health policy are to be successful. The PubPharmQ provides a novel, structured questionnaire to measure the public’s perceptions of community pharmacy’s role in public health.
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Shrestha, Sunil, Deepa Shakya, Resha Dangol, Krisha Danekhu, Shailesh Sharma, and Bhuvan K.C. "Bibliometric Analysis of Community Pharmacy Research Activities in Nepal over a period of 1992-2018." Journal of Karnali Academy of Health Sciences 2, no. 3 (December 10, 2019): 243–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jkahs.v2i3.26663.

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Introduction: Community pharmacy services are an integral part of the healthcare system directly involved in providing safe and effective patient care services. Despite the beneficial role of the community pharmacist, limited research focusing on their roles and responsibilities have been conducted. Thus, a bibliometric study was carried out to give a bibliometric overview of publications on community pharmacy in Nepal. Method: This is a bibliometric review of published literature of articles on community pharmacy in Nepal. The extensive literature search was carried out using PubMed, Google Scholar, NepJol as the sources of data. The community-based articles published from January 1, 1992, up to December 31, 2018, were retrieved. The keywords or medical subject headings (MeSH) terms, such as “Community Pharmacy”, “Community Pharmacist”, “Community Pharmacies”, “Community Pharmaceutical Services”, “Community Pharmaceutical Service”, "Private Pharmacy" and "Retail Pharmacy" were used. Nepal was entered as a country affiliation. Result: A total of forty-seven articles were retrieved, of which 87.5% (N=47) were based on original research papers. The maximum number of an article published in a single year was 17.02% (The majority [8 (17.02%]) of articles were published in 2016. The average number of authors per article was 4.65 with a standard deviation of 2.33. These articles were published in 38 journals, of which 10 articles were published in the journal without the impact factor or Scimago Journal and Country Rank. Conclusion: Scientific publications from community pharmacy settings are scant in Nepal. Hence, more analytical research work should be carried out to enhance the community pharmacy services and to promote the quality use of medicines in Nepalese society.
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Pattin, Anthony J., and Ledric Sherman. "Experiences Among African American Community Members With Pharmacy-Based Immunization Services in Detroit, Michigan." Journal of Pharmacy Technology 34, no. 6 (September 19, 2018): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755122518801288.

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Background: Although vaccination rates improved modestly in the United States during the 2014-2015 season, racial and ethnic disparities in the use of vaccines persist. Pharmacy-based immunization programs expand access to immunization services; however, African Americans in one metropolitan community did not have the same level of access to this service as non-Hispanic whites. Objective: To examine the experiences of African Americans with pharmacy-based services and identify how pharmacies and pharmacy organizations can better service patients in urban communities with similar dynamics. Methods: This qualitative study utilized focus group discussions among African American residents in Detroit, Michigan, where there are reported disparities in access to pharmacists that immunize to learn more about their experiences with pharmacy-based immunization services. Results: Three major themes emerged: the pharmacy location is often more convenient and accessible than doctors’ offices, there is clear communication with the pharmacist, and perceived lower immunization fees at pharmacies. Participants found pharmacies easier to access in their community for immunization services. Consistent interaction with familiar pharmacists and pharmacy staff members facilitated strong relationships and dialogue between pharmacists and patients. Patients perceived costs for vaccines to be less at the pharmacy than at their physicians’ offices. Conclusions: Participants reported positive experiences with pharmacy-based immunization services and expansion of these services may influence more African Americans to receive recommended vaccines in this community.
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Byrne, H., H. Hew, T. Mullally, F. O’Malley, T. Orimolusi, K. Á. Tiarnaigh, M. Reade, and T. Ryan. "Vaccination services in community pharmacy practice: a scoping review." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 32, Supplement_1 (April 1, 2024): i35—i36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riae013.044.

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Abstract Introduction Vaccination services in community pharmacy practice is an important advancement in public health and has increased since the COVID-19 pandemic. The extent of vaccination in community pharmacy practice and stakeholders’ views of vaccination services has not been recently reported. Aim This scoping review explores the provision of vaccinations in community pharmacy (vaccine type and to which patient groups provided) and key stakeholders’ (patients/carers and pharmacists) views of the vaccination services provided. Methods The study was registered with Open Science Framework, and Joanna Briggs Institute guidance was used to define the following inclusion criteria:[1-2] Participants: Studies involving patients of any age and other demographic variables receiving a vaccination service in any community pharmacy setting. Concept: Studies that reported on the implementation and evaluation of all vaccination services provided by pharmacists in the community pharmacy setting. Evaluation studies of vaccination services considered evaluation by patients and pharmacists. Context: Studies involving provision of vaccination services by pharmacists in community pharmacy in any geographical location. Vaccination services provided by other healthcare professionals were not included. Searches were performed in CINAHL, EMBASE and MEDLINE (EBSCO) on 06/03/2023 using database-relevant controlled vocabulary (e.g., ‘pharmacy’, ‘vaccination’ and ‘service’). Grey literature searching was undertaken in MedNar. All study designs were considered for inclusion without publication date limits. Titles and abstracts were reviewed independently by two researchers and discrepancies resolved via discussion. Data extraction was undertaken using a modified JBI data extraction form. A mixed methods approach to data synthesis was used, with study characteristics analysed quantitatively and patients’/pharmacists’ views on vaccination services analysed qualitatively. Results A total of 3245 records were identified from the database searches for screening, with a further 211 from the grey literature. A total of 102 studies were included. Most studies were undertaken in the United States of America (43; 42.2%), Canada (17; 16.7%) and the UK (8; 7.8%). Study types included cross-sectional (67; 65.7%), retrospective observational studies (15; 14.7%) and non-systematic reviews (10; 9.8%). The influenza vaccine (40; 39.2%) was most commonly provided, followed by COVID-19 (14; 13.7%). Other vaccines provided included herpes zoster and human papillomavirus. Vaccinations were targeted to all age-groups relevant to the vaccine supplied. Patient satisfaction rates were high across various countries with experiences focussing on access, professionalism and quality of information provided. Pharmacists reported having a positive outlook on their role in providing vaccination services. Pharmacists viewed vaccination services based in community pharmacies as an opportunity to contribute to the well-being of their communities and improve immunisation rates. Pharmacists also reported barriers to vaccine service provision which included regulation, training, remuneration and storage, which may consequently limit service expansion. Conclusion A range of vaccines are available in community pharmacy, which has led to increases in patients availing of vaccination services. Patients’ and pharmacists’ perceptions towards the service are positive. Future research could address barriers, identified by pharmacists, which prevent expansion of vaccination services. Screening and data extraction involving seven reviewers was a strength of the study. As a scoping review, the study is limited as records were not quality appraised. References 1. Peters MDJ, Godfrey C, McInerney P et al. Chapter 11: Scoping Reviews (2020 version). In: Aromataris E, Munn Z (Editors). JBI Manual for Evidence Synthesis, JBI, 2020. Available from https://synthesismanual.jbi.global. https://doi.org/10.46658/JBIMES-20-12 2. Byrne H, Le Hew H, Mullally T et al. Vaccination services in community pharmacy: a scoping review. https://osf.io/zkuas/
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Patterson, Susan M., Cathal A. Cadogan, Heather E. Barry, and Carmel M. Hughes. "’It stayed there, front and centre’: perspectives on community pharmacy’s contribution to front-line healthcare services during the COVID-19 pandemic in Northern Ireland." BMJ Open 12, no. 9 (September 2022): e064549. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2022-064549.

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ObjectivesTo explore community pharmacists and key stakeholders’ perspectives and reflections on the community pharmacy workforce’s preparedness for, and response to, COVID-19, including lessons for future public health crises.Design, setting and participantsQualitative study using semistructured interviews (via telephone or online videoconferencing platform), with community pharmacists and a range of key stakeholders (representing other health professions, professional/governing organisations concerned with community pharmacy and patient advocacy groups) from across Northern Ireland. Data were analysed using thematic analysis and constant comparison.ResultsThirty interviews were conducted with community pharmacists (n=15) and key stakeholders (n=15). Four themes were identified: (1) adaptation and adjustment (reflecting how community responded quickly to the need to maintain services and adjusted and adapted services accordingly); (2) the primary point of contact (the continuing accessibility of community pharmacy when other services were not available and role as a communication hub, particularly in relation to information for patients and maintaining contact with other healthcare professionals); (3) lessons learnt (the flexibility of community pharmacy, the lack of infrastructure, especially in relation to information technology, and the need to build on the pandemic experience to develop practice); and (4) planning for the future (better infrastructure which reinforced concerns about poor technology, coordination of primary care services and preparing for the next public health crisis). There was a general view that community pharmacy needed to build on what had been learnt to advance the role of the profession.ConclusionsThe strengths of community pharmacy and its contribution to healthcare services in the COVID-19 pandemic were noted by community pharmacists and acknowledged by key stakeholders. The findings from this study should inform the policy debate on community pharmacy and its contribution to the public health agenda.
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Maidment, Ian, Emma Young, Maura MacPhee, Andrew Booth, Hadar Zaman, Juanita Breen, Andrea Hilton, Tony Kelly, and Geoff Wong. "Rapid realist review of the role of community pharmacy in the public health response to COVID-19." BMJ Open 11, no. 6 (June 2021): e050043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-050043.

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IntroductionCommunity pharmacists and their teams have remained accessible to the public providing essential services despite immense pressures during the COVID-19 pandemic. They have successfully expanded the influenza vaccination programme and are now supporting the delivery of the COVID-19 vaccination roll-out.AimThis rapid realist review aims to understand how community pharmacy can most effectively deliver essential and advanced services, with a focus on vaccination, during the pandemic and in the future.MethodAn embryonic programme theory was generated using four diverse and complementary documents along with the expertise of the project team. Academic databases, preprint services and grey literature were searched and screened for documents meeting our inclusion criteria. The data were extracted from 103 documents to develop and refine a programme theory using a realist logic of analysis. Our analysis generated 13 context-mechanism-outcome configurations explaining when, why and how community pharmacy can support public health vaccination campaigns, maintain essential services during pandemics and capitalise on opportunities for expanded, sustainable public health service roles. The views of stakeholders including pharmacy users, pharmacists, pharmacy teams and other healthcare professionals were sought throughout to refine the 13 explanatory configurations.ResultsThe 13 context-mechanism-outcome configurations are organised according to decision makers, community pharmacy teams and community pharmacy users as key actors. Review findings include: supporting a clear role for community pharmacies in public health; clarifying pharmacists’ legal and professional liabilities; involving pharmacy teams in service specification design; providing suitable guidance, adequate compensation and resources; and leveraging accessible, convenient locations of community pharmacy.DiscussionCommunity pharmacy has been able to offer key services during the pandemic. Decision makers must endorse, articulate and support a clear public health role for community pharmacy. We provide key recommendations for decision makers to optimise such a role during these unprecedented times and in the future.
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Hasan, Sanah, Hana Sulieman, Colin B. Chapman, Kay Stewart, and David C. M. Kong. "Community pharmacy services in the United Arab Emirates." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 20, no. 4 (November 28, 2011): 218–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7174.2011.00182.x.

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Darin, Kristin M., Kimberly K. Scarsi, Donald G. Klepser, Stephanie A. Klepser, Andrew Reeves, Maria Young, and Michael E. Klepser. "Consumer interest in community pharmacy HIV screening services." Journal of the American Pharmacists Association 55, no. 1 (January 2015): 67–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1331/japha.2015.14069.

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Fay, Allison E., Stefanie P. Ferreri, Greene Shepherd, Kristin Lundeen, Gretchen L. Tong, and Trista Pfeiffenberger. "Care team perspectives on community pharmacy enhanced services." Journal of the American Pharmacists Association 58, no. 4 (July 2018): S83—S88.e3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.japh.2018.05.009.

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45

Gong, H., S. Jacobs, and S. Willis. "A qualitative study exploring the opportunities and challenges of providing digital community pharmacy services for older people in England." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 32, Supplement_1 (April 1, 2024): i8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riae013.010.

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Abstract Introduction Digital healthcare can be an innovative, cost-effective solution for the growing healthcare needs of an ageing population, enhancing service accessibility.[1] Older individuals tend to rely more on community pharmacy services, supported by research indicating positive health outcomes.[2] However, scant evidence exists regarding the impact of digital community pharmacy services on this demographic, emphasising the need for crucial investigations into their effectiveness. Aim Identify challenges and opportunities in delivering digital pharmacy services for older population in community pharmacies in England, from perspectives of policymakers and pharmacy service providers. Methods Between November 2022 and May 2023, online/telephone interviews were conducted with stakeholders including policymakers/commissioners and pharmacy service providers. Recruitment involved purposive and convenience sampling, with commissioners sourced through networks and pharmacy providers via gatekeepers in industry associations. Topics covered the current state of digital pharmacy services in England, implementation opportunities and challenges, and suggestions for enhancement. Audio-recorded interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using both inductive and deductive thematic approaches, assisted by NVivo 12 Plus. Themes comprised challenges and solutions in digital pharmacy service delivery and factors influencing user acceptance. Deductive analysis shaped the coding framework based on Davis’s Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). Results Twelve interviews (three policy makers/commissioners [PM], four senior managers of community pharmacy [SM], five front-line community pharmacists [CP]) were completed. One of the interviewees was a female and all others were male. Their length of relevant employment in the field of community pharmacy ranged from three to seventeen years. The key findings indicated challenges in implementing digital pharmacy services to older populations may be due to unclear health policies and limited financial support for digital reforms to community pharmacy: “as a pharmacy we’ll take care of that, but we need to know that there will be funding for that before we go and do it all. I think there’s amazing things that can be done, but at local, small level, like a little community pharmacy, they just can’t afford to do the development” [SM1], and “so the majority of independent pharmacies, … they have paper prescriptions, so they’re not as technology based. I believe one, that’s because it’s money, so it’s funding. They get less funding” [CP4]. Interviewees highlighted that community pharmacists facing high workloads and time constraints, often prioritise other responsibilities over adopting new technologies: “unfortunately, there are a fair few demands on pharmacy team’s time at the moment, so where does promoting a digital priority fit on that long list of priorities and probably quite low down” [PM3]. They also expressed a need for additional technical training to effectively navigate digital pharmacy services. Conclusion This study provides insights into challenges in implementing digital pharmacy services for older people through diverse stakeholder perspectives, offering practical considerations for policy decisions, service design, and implementation strategies. Nevertheless, this study observes a deficient emphasis on deploying digital pharmacy services for older people. It is orientated towards a broader demographic, while those with specific medical conditions may receive pharmacy services more precisely. The applicability of this study may be limited, requiring region-specific research. Further research would be focusing on those over 50 in Greater Manchester aligns with the local community’s emphasis on ageing-related research, technology, and innovative ideas supported by academic institutions. References 1. Currie M, Philip LJ, Roberts A. Attitudes towards the use and acceptance of eHealth technologies: a case study of older adults living with chronic pain and implications for rural healthcare. BMC health services research. 2015 Dec;15(1):1-2. 2. Bernsten C, Björkman I, Caramona M et al. Improving the well-being of elderly patients via community pharmacy-based provision of pharmaceutical care: a multicentre study in seven European countries. Drugs & aging. 2001 Jan;18:63-77.
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Alotaibi, Mansour M., Louise Hughes, Jenna L. Bowen, and William R. Ford. "Stakeholders’ Views about the Management of Stable Chronic Conditions in Community Pharmacies." Pharmacy 10, no. 3 (June 2, 2022): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10030059.

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The role of the community pharmacist has evolved to include the provision of more clinical services for patients. Those people who have stable chronic conditions will be managed in community pharmacies. This qualitative study used semi-structured in-depth interviews to understand the potential of providing additional patient-centred care for patients with stable chronic conditions in community pharmacies and identify potential limitations of this approach. Participants were recruited from Welsh Government, Local Health Boards (LHBS), Community Pharmacy Wales (CPW) and the Royal Pharmaceutical Society Wales (RPSW). The interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed thematically. Eight interviews were conducted. The identified themes were as follows: (1) inconsistency and bureaucracy in commissioning pharmacy services; (2) availability of funding and resources; (3) disagreement and uncertainty about the contribution of the community pharmacy sector; (4) continuity of patient medical information and fragmented care; (5) accessibility, capacity and facilities in community pharmacy; (6) pharmacy education and clinical expertise, and (7) patient acceptability. It was clear that the potential benefit of managing stable chronic diseases in community pharmacies was recognised; however, several limitations expressed by stakeholders of pharmacy services need to be considered prior to moving forward.
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Munger, Mark A., Michael Walsh, Jon Godin, and Michael Feehan. "Pharmacist’s Demand for Optimal Primary Care Service Delivery in a Community Pharmacy: The OPTiPharm Study." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 51, no. 12 (July 24, 2017): 1069–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1060028017722795.

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Background: The US population continues to expand providing the need for primary health care services. Community pharmacies integrated with medicine may provide greater access while providing high quality care. Objective: To gauge pharmacists’ demand for primary health care services delivered through community pharmacies. Methods: An online survey was administered to determine community pharmacists’ preferences for varying primary care services that could be offered in the community pharmacy setting. A Discrete Choice Experiment was employed to show pharmacists competing scenarios with varied primary care service offerings in the community pharmacy setting. Attributes evaluated were operation hours, service provider, medical records, service logistics, physical examinations, point-of-care diagnostic testing, preventative care, and drug prescribing. Respondents chose the scenario most likely to induce switching employment from base pharmacy to one providing advanced services. Results: The optimal service delivery model from 291 community pharmacists comprised: inclusion of patient prescriptions and health information into the patient’s medical record; provision of point of care testing and vital sign, including blood pressure, heart rate and breathing rate, and blood sugar and cholesterol measurement; and pharmacists prescribing (under physician oversight). Pharmacists were 4 times more likely to switch employment from their current pharmacy to their choice for advanced pharmacy services. Pharmacist demand was highest among those with a PharmD, less experience, working >40 hours per week, and in rural areas. Conclusions: This study provides empirical support for the model of pharmacists playing a greater role in the provision of primary care health services through community pharmacy settings.
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Malet-Larrea, A., V. García-Cárdenas, L. Sáez-Benito, SI Benrimoj, B. Calvo, and E. Goyenechea. "Cost-effectiveness of professional pharmacy services in community pharmacy: a systematic review." Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research 16, no. 6 (November 1, 2016): 747–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14737167.2016.1259071.

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Doucette, William R., Randal P. McDonough, Megan M. Mormann, Renata Vaschevici, Julie M. Urmie, and Brandon J. Patterson. "Three-year financial analysis of pharmacy services at an independent community pharmacy." Journal of the American Pharmacists Association 52, no. 2 (March 2012): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1331/japha.2012.11207.

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Al-Jumaili, Ali Azeez, Inaam Ahmed Ameen, and Doaa Asaad Alzubaidy. "Influence of Pharmacy Characteristics and Customer Quality of Life on Satisfaction of Community Pharmacy Customers." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 11, no. 1 (February 19, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v11i1.2434.

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Objectives: The study objectives were to evaluate customer satisfaction with community pharmacy services and measure the relationships between customer satisfaction and pharmacy/pharmacist characteristics and customer quality of life. Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of customers at 20 community pharmacies in 10 different geographical areas in Baghdad city between May and September 2018. We used the satisfaction items which were developed by Paterson and colleagues in 2013. The survey also assessed customer quality of life (QoL) with 12 QoL items. Results: The study recruited 400 pharmacy customers. Overall, customers reported good satisfaction with community pharmacy services. The most three satisfying aspects were the professional appearance of the pharmacy, the professionalism of pharmacy staff and explanations of possible adverse medication effects. Three customer characteristics were associated with high satisfaction rates including male gender, buying medications without a prescription, and seeking services for themselves. Three pharmacy characteristics increased the customer satisfaction rate including the availability of female pharmacists, having more than one pharmacist, and whether the pharmacy is open full time. For quality of life, patients who had a limitation in their activities and those who accomplished less than they would like were less satisfied with pharmacy services. Conclusions: To improve pharmacy services, pharmacists need to enhance their professional appearance, allocate more time for patient counselling, help patients to manage their medications and extend their working hours to meet customer needs. Article Type: Original Research
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