Journal articles on the topic 'Community pharmacist'
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Asiya, Asiya Saif, Maria Gul, Tangina Malik Tangina, and Mubashra Gul. "EVALUATION OF COMMUNITY PHARMACIST INTERVENTIONS IN DIABETES AND BLOOD PRESSURE MANAGEMENT." International Journal of Pharmacy & Integrated Health Sciences 3, no. 2 (October 24, 2022): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.56536/ijpihs.v3i2.28.
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Background: The pharmacist community played a significant role in serving the nation for many years. The total number of registered pharmacists by the provincial pharmacy council is 23029. The role of pharmacists and their services is unrecognized by society. Aims: The intention of this clinical project is to create awareness among the population regarding the pharmacist's role in improving the health of the patients and disease management. The aim is to highlight the importance of pharmacists among patients regarding their medication therapy and lifestyle modification to provide clear evidence of health gain. Methodology: It is a non-experimental based questionnaire study which is performed in community pharmacy and medical stores of Lahore, Islamabad, Gujranwala and Sargodha. Most of the people in Pakistan visit medical stores for the grant of medication without pharmacist advice in rural areas of Punjab Pakistan. But in big cities such as Lahore, Islamabad people visit pharmacies for grant of their medication and in some pharmacies pharmacist counsel the patient regarding their medication and visit a pharmacist are more satisfied and feel improvement in their condition. Results: Patients were divided in two group, one who visited medical store and other who went to pharmacy. We are interested in patients who are visiting the pharmacy and getting the various type of benefits from the presence of pharmacist. Conclusion Diabetes and hypertension are two major chronic diseases and spread widely across the world including Pakistan. In the management of diabetes and hypertension pharmacist interventions are beneficial and literature study provide evidence of it. People who visit a pharmacy also get economic benefit as pharmacist also offer alternatives which costs lesser.
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Winslade, Nancy, and Robyn Tamblyn. "Determinants of community pharmacists’ quality of care: a population-based cohort study using pharmacy administrative claims data." BMJ Open 7, no. 9 (September 2017): e015877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-015877.
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ObjectiveTo determine if a prototype pharmacists’ services evaluation programme that uses linked community pharmacy claims and health administrative data to measure pharmacists’ performance can be used to identify characteristics of pharmacies providing higher quality of care.DesignPopulation-based cohort study using community pharmacy claims from 1 November 2009 to 30 June 2010.SettingAll community pharmacies in Quebec, Canada.Participants1742 pharmacies dispensing 8 655 348 antihypertensive prescriptions to 760 700 patients.Primary outcome measurePatient adherence to antihypertensive medications.PredictorsPharmacy level: dispensing workload, volume of pharmacist-provided professional services (eg, refusals to dispense, pharmacotherapy recommendations), pharmacy location, banner/chain, pharmacist overlap and within-pharmacy continuity of care. Patient level: sex, age, income, patient prescription cost, new/chronic therapy, single/multiple antihypertensive medications, single/multiple prescribers and single/multiple dispensing pharmacies. Dispensing level: prescription duration, time of day dispensed and antihypertensive class. Multivariate alternating logistic regression estimated predictors of the primary outcome, accounting for patient and pharmacy clustering.Results9.2% of dispensings of antihypertensive medications were provided to non-adherent patients. Male sex, decreasing age, new treatment, multiple prescribers and multiple dispensing pharmacies were risk factors for increased non-adherence. Pharmacies that provided more professional services were less likely to dispense to non-adherent hypertensive patients (OR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.57 to 0.62) as were those with better scores on the Within-Pharmacy Continuity of Care Index. Neither increased pharmacists’ services for improving antihypertensive adherence per se nor increased pharmacist overlap impacted the odds of non-adherence. However, pharmacist overlap was strongly correlated with dispensing workload. There was significant unexplained variability among pharmacies belonging to different banners and chains.ConclusionsPharmacy administrative claims data can be used to calculate pharmacy-level characteristics associated with improved quality of care. This study supports the importance of pharmacist’s professional services and continuity of pharmacist’s care.
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Melo, Angelita C., Guilherme M. Trindade, Alessandra R. Freitas, Karina A. Resende, and Tarcísio J. Palhano. "Community pharmacies and pharmacists in Brazil: A missed opportunity." Pharmacy Practice 19, no. 2 (June 22, 2021): 2467. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2021.2.2467.
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The Brazilian National Health System (BR-NHS) is one of the largest public health systems in the world. In 2019 Brazil had 114,352 community pharmacies (76.8% private owned), that represent the first point of access to healthcare in Brazil due to their wide distribution. Unfortunately, from the government's point of view, the main expected activity of private and public community pharmacies is related to dispensing medicines and other health products. Public community pharmacies can be part of a healthcare center or be in a separate location, sometimes without the presence of a pharmacist. Pharmacists working in these separated locations do not have access to patients’ medical records, and they have difficulty in accessing other members of the patient care team. Pharmacists working in public pharmacies located in healthcare centers may have access to patients’ medical records, but pharmacy activities are frequently under other professional’s supervision (e.g., nurses). Private pharmacies are usually open 24/7 with the presence of a pharmacist for 8 hours on business days. Private community pharmacies have a very limited integration in the BR-NHS and pharmacists are the third largest healthcare workforce in Brazil with more than 221,000 registered in the Brazilian Federal Pharmacist Association [CFF - Conselho Federal de Farmácia]. A University degree in pharmacy is the only requirement to entry into the profession, without any proficiency exam for maintenance or career progression. The Brazilian pharmacist's annual income is ranked as the 2nd better-paid profession with an annual average income of € 5502.37 (in 2020). Description of clinical activities for pharmacies by the CFF increased in the recent years, however there is still a long way to effectively implement them into practice.
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Wibowo, Andy Eko, Rifki Febriansyah, Ingenida Hadning, Pinasti Utami, and Aji Winanta. "Odong-Odong Apoteker: Maskot Baru untuk Sosialisasi GEMACERMAT." Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat (Indonesian Journal of Community Engagement) 5, no. 3 (December 1, 2019): 437. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jpkm.38569.
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Pharmacist Odong-Odong, Symbols, and Media Branding the Pharmacist's Existence in Indonesian Communities within the framework of the Drug Conscious Smart Society Movement (GEMACERMAT) is a movement based on the deterioration of the pharmacist's image in the last two years due to various cases in Indonesia. The goals of pharmacists odong-odong become symbols of the existence and role of pharmacists in society. The method used is making odong-odong in the form of a pharmacist holding a capsule, turning children's song lyrics into lyrics about basic knowledge of medicine that the public must know and introducing odong-odong as the new mascot of the pharmacists of IAI Bantul Branch members and pharmacists of IYPG members of the Yogyakarta Branch when they organizing community service activities. The result of this community service is that pharmacists odong-odong are created with various children's songs whose lyrics have been changed. The pharmacist odong-odong, was first used by the IAI when conducting antibiotic drug counseling at a healthy walk event in the framework of the 73rd Independence Day of the Republic of Indonesia organized by Karang Taruna Tanuditan Bantul. Odong-odong pharmacists have also been placed in several pharmacies belonging to IYPG member pharmacists. Pharmacists odong-odong become a favorite place for children to play while enjoying a song that contains knowledge about medicine. The songs are expected to enter the subconscious of the community and indirectly educate the use of drugs.Keywords: pharmacist; odong-odong; IYPG; IAI; GEMACERMAT.
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Larasanty, Luh Putu Febryana, Kadek Nadia Marta Dewi, and Made Ary Sarasmita. "PHARMACIST PROFESSION STUDENT PERCEPTION ABOUT PHARMACIST ROLE IN PHARMACY, COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTER AND HOSPITAL." Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Application 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jpsa.2020.v02.i02.p06.
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Background: Pharmacists play a role as a part of health services both at pharmacies, hospitals and community health centers. Pharmaceutical care was regulated in the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. In the internship, students of the Pharmacists program Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University can see clearly how the implementation of the role of Pharmacists in the Pharmacy, Hospital and Community Health Center. Objective: This study aims to assess the perceptions (responses) of Pharmacist students on the role of Pharmacists in various pharmacy services. Methods: This study used a one-group posttest only design methods. The population of the study used all of the Pharmacist students who were internship at the Pharmacy, Community Health Center and Hospital. The research instrument used a closed-ended questionnaire about the perceptions of Pharmacist students on the role of Pharmacists in internship locations. Results: The results showed that the role of pharmacists in pharmacies and community health centers was greater in the field of clinical pharmacy services. While in hospitals, pharmacists have a greater role in the field of drug management. Conclusion: Students have a positive perception of the role of pharmacists. There were no significant differences in perceptions of Pharmacist students on the role of Pharmacists in the field of drug management and clinical pharmacy services (p> 0.05).
Keywords: pharmacist, pharmaceutical care, perception, role, students
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Fakih, Souhiela, Jennifer L. Marriott, and Safeera Y. Hussainy. "A national mailed survey exploring weight management services across Australian community pharmacies." Australian Journal of Primary Health 21, no. 2 (2015): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py13118.
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This study investigated pharmacists’ and pharmacy assistants’ current weight management recommendations to consumers across Australian community pharmacies using a mailed questionnaire. Two questionnaires were developed, one for pharmacists and one for pharmacy assistants, each divided into five sections. One pharmacist and pharmacy assistant questionnaire were mailed in November 2011 to a systematic sample of 3000 pharmacies across Australia for one pharmacist and pharmacy assistant each to complete. A total of 537 pharmacist and 403 pharmacy assistant responses, from 880 different pharmacies, were received. Overall 94.5% (n = 832/880) of associated pharmacies stocked weight loss products and 48.2% (n = 424/880) offered a weight management program. Both pharmacists and pharmacy assistants felt that the development of pharmacy-specific educational resources and additional training would help improve their ability to provide weight management services. Australian pharmacists and pharmacy assistants currently appear to be providing weight management services to consumers; however, not all their recommendations are evidence based. The need for additional training for pharmacy staff in areas identified as lacking and the development of pharmacy weight management educational resources needs to be addressed.
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Huston, Sally A., David R. Ha, Lindsey A. Hohmann, Tessa J. Hastings, Kimberly B. Garza, and Salisa C. Westrick. "Qualitative Investigation of Community Pharmacy Immunization Enhancement Program Implementation." Journal of Pharmacy Technology 35, no. 5 (June 14, 2019): 208–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755122519852584.
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Background: Despite widely available nonseasonal immunization services in community pharmacies, actual pharmacist-administered vaccines are not yet optimal. A flexible choice multicomponent intervention, the “We Immunize” program, was implemented in Alabama and California community pharmacies, with the goal to enhance pneumococcal and zoster immunization delivery. Limited research has been done to qualitatively understand factors influencing immunization service expansion. Objective: Explore pharmacist perceptions of the We Immunize program in terms of its acceptability, impact, and real-world feasibility, and pharmacist-perceived facilitators and barriers influencing success in immunization delivery enhancement. Methods: This practice-focused qualitative research used semistructured telephone interviews with 14 pharmacists at the completion of the 6-month intervention. Results: Major program implementation facilitators were technician inclusion, workflow changes, training and feedback, goal setting, and enhanced personal selling and marketing activities. Multiple pharmacies increased the number of delivered pneumococcal and zoster immunizations, and increased revenue. Many pharmacists felt professional image, knowledge, skills, roles, and personal satisfaction were enhanced, as were technician knowledge, skills, and roles. Program flexibility, along with multiple perceived benefits, increases the potential for success. Conclusions: The We Immunize program appears to have been viewed positively by participating pharmacists and was seen as having a beneficial impact on immunization delivery in the community pharmacies in which it was implemented.
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Mohiuddin, Abdul. "Patient Care Management (Handbook for Hospital and Community Pharmacists)." Clinical Research Notes 1, no. 2 (June 10, 2020): 01–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-8816/010.
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Most people on the outside of the health care profession are not familiar with this new role of the pharmacist. The general public has created a stereotypical pharmacist's picture as being a person who stands behind a counter, dispenses medicine with some instructions to the respective consumer. Pharmacy practice has changed substantially in recent years. Today’s pharmacists have unique training and expertise in the appropriate use of medications and provide a wide array of patient care services in many different practice settings. As doctors are busy with the diagnosis and treatment of patients, the pharmacist can assist them by selecting the most appropriate drug for a patient. Interventions by the pharmacists have always been considered as a valuable input by the health care community in the patient care process by reducing the medication errors, rationalizing the therapy and reducing the cost of therapy. The development and approval of the Pharmacists’ Patient Care Process by the Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioners and incorporation of the Process into the 2016 Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education Standards has the potential to lead to important changes in the practice of pharmacy, and to the enhanced acknowledgment, acceptance, and reimbursement for pharmacy and pharmacist services. As an author, it is my heartiest believe that the book will adjoin significant apprehension to future pharmacists in patient care as most of the portion created from recently published articles focusing pharmacists in patient care settings.
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Khanfar, Nile M., Antonia Zapantis, Fadi M. Alkhateeb, Kevin A. Clauson, and Cherylyn Beckey. "Patient Attitudes Toward Community Pharmacist Attire." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 26, no. 4 (November 26, 2012): 442–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190012465956.
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The white coat has symbolized professionalism, while representing provider–patient fiduciary relationship. Although well described in the literature for physicians, few studies examine the impact of pharmacist attire on patients’ opinions regarding professionalism and trust. Therefore, understanding patient perceptions regarding pharmacist’s attire and its influence on comfort, confidence, trust, and professionalism may provide guidance on ways to enhance the quality of the provider–patient relationship. A 43-item Likert-type questionnaire was administered to 347 adults in a community pharmacy setting to determine preferences about the pharmacist’s attire, accessories, and body art incorporating 8 photographs depicting a male pharmacist in various degrees of dress formality (ie, casual to professional). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to summarize and analyze the data. Survey respondents reported it was desirable/strongly desirable that pharmacists be dressed in a shirt and tie, dress shoes, white coat, and name tag (mean 4.21-4.72), whereas they should not be dressed in jeans, casual shoes, or have visible body art (mean 2.17-2.78). Over 86% of the respondents felt that a pharmacist with a white coat instilled feelings of comfort, confidence, trust, and professionalism. In a community pharmacy setting, a pharmacist wearing a white coat appears to be the mainstay in displaying professionalism and inspiring trust in adult patients.
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Aditama, Hardika, A. Saputri, D. Fadhilah, K. Mayningrum, A. Sawitri, W. A. Pratiwi, and I. N. Pristhifani. "Description of Professional Fee for Pharmacist in Sleman." JURNAL MANAJEMEN DAN PELAYANAN FARMASI (Journal of Management and Pharmacy Practice) 8, no. 2 (July 31, 2018): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jmpf.34062.
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Pharmacist is a profession whose existence is needed by community. However, within the community of pharmacy itself, the presence of pharmacist is quite alarming. One of the causes of low pharmacist who desire to practice in the community of pharmacy is the low level of professional fee offered. This study aimed to describe professional fee received by pharmacist and the workload of pharmacist in Sleman. This study was a descriptive non-experimental that was conducted in Sleman in August 2017. Population of this study was a pharmacist who practiced in community of pharmacy in Sleman. Total of 170 respondents from 128 pharmacies were involved in this research. However, 6 questionnaires cannot be analyzed because it is not completely filled. The highest amount of professional fee is between Rp 2.000.000-Rp 3.000.000. Almost all respondents (78%) stated the amount of professional fee that was received was not as expected. The workload of pharmacists is not so heavy and most of the patient are self medication. Pharmacists at the community of pharmacy should be able to show a better work performace, which is shown by increasing pharmacy revenues to get a better rewards.
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Rakib, Abdur, Md Shahid Sarwar, Shaheda Zannah, Sayema Khanum, and Mamunur Rashid. "A Survey of the Role of Community Pharmacists in Dhaka city, Bangladesh." Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 18, no. 2 (July 26, 2015): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v18i2.24312.
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Community pharmacists play a vital role in improving medication safety and better healthcare facility to the community. Unfortunately, the field of community pharmacy in Bangladesh is still to be developed and there is scarcity of data regarding current role of community pharmacists in Bangladesh. The present study was conducted to find out the role of community pharmacists in Bangladesh. For the study purpose, we visited 42 retail pharmacies in Banani, Khilkhet and Uttra areas of Dhaka city and interviewed the community pharmacists working there. We found that there were total 50 community pharmacists in 42 retail pharmacy and also observed that most of the pharmacists (64%) worked alone. Interestingly, we didnt find a single A-grade pharmacist working as community pharmacist. B-grade pharmacists who completed a 3 year diploma in pharmacy were only 4 in number and 92% of them were C-grade pharmacists with 3-4 months training. The average age of the participants was 29.6 ± 1.2 years. The average length of service for the community pharmacists was 7.6 ± 1.3 years. The top issues that patients consulted with the pharmacists were on medication use (76%), which physician they should visit (54%) and therapy (26%). There was not a significant effect of work experience of community pharmacists on their attitudes toward community-based clinical services. In this study, we observed that 95% community pharmacies provide blood pressure measurement facility, 90% provide diabetes screening, 76% provide dressing services, and only 47% provide nebulization. No community pharmacist was found to be involved with adverse drug reaction reporting. In conclusion, we recommend that the government and the pharmacy regulatory authority should take sufficient initiatives to develop the community pharmacy sector in Bangladesh for the welfare of mankind.Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 18(2): 137-141, 2015
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Koblišková, Zuzana, Zuzana Haramiová, and Tomáš TesaĹ™. "ANALYSIS OF THE PROFESSIONAL SATISFACTION OF PHARMACISTS IN BRATISLAVA." CBU International Conference Proceedings 5 (September 23, 2017): 660–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v5.1003.
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: A pharmacist is an expert on medications. At the same time as the most accessible health care provider, the pharmacist fulfills an important social mission. For a pharmacist, work satisfaction plays an important role in several aspects of his practice in a pharmacy. Our primary goal was to conduct a local analysis with the purpose of testing the proposed questionnaire evaluating various dimensions of the professional satisfaction of pharmacists. Our secondary goals were as follows: to analyze individual dimensions of pharmacists’ professional satisfaction, to assess the quality of life in the context of the pharmacists’ professional satisfaction and to analyze the impact of selected characteristics (age, location of the pharmacy) on the pharmacists’ quality of life. The study is based on a questionnaire survey among pharmacists in Bratislava from July to September 2016. Data were collected in person. Respondents were randomly selected from community pharmacies., Equal number of respondents were selected from three different types of pharmacies: a) public pharmacy or its branch in a medical facility or a health centre b) public pharmacy or its branch in a shopping centre c) public pharmacy or its branch in a residential housing development. The results of the study show that the professional satisfaction of pharmacists in Bratislava is evaluated positively. Out of all 27 questions of the questionnaire, only three were evaluated negatively. The analysis points out that pharmacists are dissatisfied with the conditions in the workplace, regulation and legal responsibilities stemming from the profession of a pharmacist, healthcare system, and health insurance companies. The majority of the pharmacists characterized their state of mind on the job as concentrated. Older respondents were more tired and less energized. With regards to the location of a pharmacy, respondents that work in pharmacies located in residential housing developments feel the most concentrated. The knowledge of needs and problems of the profession is the essential precondition for its continued successful development, and its position in current as well as future European and Slovak healthcare systems. Until now, the quality of the professional life of pharmacists has not become a subject of systematic research and evaluation in Slovakia. Our study showed that the professional satisfaction of pharmacists in Bratislava is evaluated positively.
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Shafie, Asrul Akmal, Bee Ying Tan, Adrianna Wong Azman, and Siew Chin Ong. "Community Pharmacist Attire and Its Impact on Patient Preference in Malaysia." Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 20, no. 1 (May 25, 2022): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/mjps2022.20.1.4.
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Different attires may bring different perceptions, level of trust, status and transmits social signals towards pharmacist in a community pharmacy setting. The objectives of the study were to explore the public perception of community pharmacist attire and the association of respondents’ sociodemographics with their preferences for community pharmacist attire. This was a cross-sectional, convenience sampling study among 200 general public adults (> 18 years old) in community pharmacies setting in Malaysia. A face validated Likert-type questionnaire was administered to assess the public perceptions and their preferences on community pharmacist attire. Four sets of model photographs with variation in gender, ethnicity and attire formality (i.e., formal wear with lab coat to casual attire) were used to assess respondents’ preferences. The most preferred attire of pharmacists was formal wear with a lab coat compared to other styles of attire (74% versus 36%). The older the respondents were, the more likely they prefer pharmacists in the formal wear with lab coat attire compared to formal (OR: 0.943; 95% CI: 0.899, 0.989; p < 0.05) and semi-formal wear (OR: 0.912; 95% CI: 0.840, 0.989; p < 0.05). Male respondents prefer pharmacists in formal wear without the lab coat (OR: 3.893; 95% CI: 1.449,10.491; p < 0.01) compared to female. A neat and proper attired pharmacist will gain a positive impression from patients. Respondents favour pharmacists in formal attire with a lab coat. Pharmacists in formal wear with a lab coat able to display professionalism and instil feelings of trust, confidence and comfort among the public in a community pharmacy setting.
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Ferendina, Imelda, Wiryanto W, and Urip Harahap. "Mapping of Community Pharmacy Practices in Medan City Indonesia." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 9, no. 1 (February 13, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v9i1.887.
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Pharmaceutical practice standards are benchmarks used, especially pharmacists in carrying out pharmaceutical services. But this pharmaceutical practice has not been carried out by community pharmacy pharmacists. Pharmaceutical services are very dependent on the application of established practice standards. Therefore, revitalization efforts need to be made to meet the criteria of pharmaceutical practice in accordance with the applicable standards. This study aims to ensure that community pharmacy practice in Medan city and coaching efforts to restore pharmaceutical practices are in accordance with predetermined standards. This is a cross sectional descriptive research, using quistionnaires in Juni – September 2020. The research sample 105 pharmacist in community pharmacy taken by cluster random sampling. The results showed that the community pharmacy practice has not been running according to standards. The percentage of pharmacies with accreditation A was 67.6%, accredited B 21.0%, accredited C was 9.5%, and not accredited was 1.9%.While the percentage of very good category of pharmaceutical practice was only 20%, good category was 48%, just 21%, 9% less, and sub-standard criteria of 2%.Several factors play a role in determining the value of accreditation and pharmaceutical practice criteria after being statistically tested, namely the presence or absence of other jobs from pharmacists, pharmacy status, pharmacist's presence, and year of graduation from the pharmacist, with a significance <0.05.Based on the explanation can be concluded that the practice community pharmacy in the city of Medan has not met the established pharmaceutical standards.
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Madeeha Malik, Usman Aslam, Azhar Hussain, and Ayisha Hashmi. "Assessment of Pharmacist Led Patient Counseling Program for Hypertension Management: The Transformative Role of Community Pharmacies in Chronic Disease Management." International Journal of Innovative Research in Medical Science 6, no. 02 (February 1, 2021): 91–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.23958/ijirms/vol06-i02/1038.
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Background: Effective management of hypertension depends on efficacy of therapy as well as patient adherence to medication therapy and non-pharmacological approaches. As one of the important member of primary healthcare team, community pharmacists can play a key role in counseling patients and managing their chronic illnesses. Aim: The objective of the study was to assess the effectiveness of pharmacist counseling on management of hypertension of patients attending community pharmacies in twin cities of Pakistan. Methodology: A randomized, controlled, single blinded, pre-post intervention study design was used. Pharmacists working at community pharmacies included in group A (intervention) were targeted for training while no training was given to the pharmacists working at community pharmacies included in group B (control). The total numbers of patients were 40 in each group while estimating a drop-out rate of 25%. Patients in the intervention group received special counseling sessions by the community pharmacist whereas those in the control group received the usual pharmacy services for six months. Pre-validated tool hypertension knowledge level scale was used to assess disease knowledge. The questionnaire was administered by the pharmacists to the respondents at baseline and after 6 months. Data was cleaned, coded and analyzed in SPSS 21. Results: The results of the present study showed that respondents having hypertension since the past one year had comparatively better knowledge (23.83, ±0.40) after six months of counseling. Mean knowledge scores regarding hypertension among intervention group at baseline was (15.60, ±3.33) which was improved after six months (18.35, ±2.31). The systolic and diastolic blood pressure also improved in intervention group after 6 months of counseling. Significant difference was observed (p≤0.05) in pre-post intervention knowledge regarding hypertension management. Knowledge of patients was improved regarding different aspects of hypertension management after counseling by community pharmacists. Conclusion: The results of the current study concluded that counseling by community pharmacist had a positive impact on hypertension management. Educational programs should be initiated by community pharmacists as this can lead to improvement in blood pressure goals, disease knowledge and medication adherence and enhance the image of pharmacist as a key health care member in management of chronic diseases.
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Chua, S. S., and T. Paraidathathu. "Utilisation of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) through Community Pharmacies in Malaysia." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 17, no. 2 (July 2005): 117–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053950501700210.
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This study was conducted to evaluate the use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) by consumers who obtained these drugs from community pharmacies. Factors that influenced community pharmacists in their choice of NSAIDs were also determined. Personal interviews were conducted on consumers who visited the 25 participating community pharmacies throughout Malaysia. Of the 389 respondents, 49% requested for an NSAID by name, 42% asked the pharmacist to recommend a medication and 9% had a doctor's prescription. NSAIDs were mainly purchased for joint/shoulder pain and the most commonly dispensed was diclofenac. Elderly respondents were more likely to be dispensed a selective COX-2 inhibitor than those below 60. NSAIDs were recommended based mainly on the pharmacist's perception of their efficacy, cost and safety. Community pharmacists play an important role in assisting patients in choosing the most appropriate NSAID for their health problems. Asia Pac J Public Health 2005; 17(2): 117-123.
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Kröger, Edeltraut, Jocelyne Moisan, and Jean-Pierre Grégoire. "Billing for Cognitive Services: Understanding Québec Pharmacists' Behavior." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 34, no. 3 (March 2000): 309–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.19133.
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BACKGROUND: There is growing evidence that pharmacists' interventions to solve drug-related problems are effective and cost-saving. Since 1978, under the Québec provincial drug plan, payment for two cognitive services, the pharmaceutical opinion and the refusal to dispense a prescription, has been disbursed to community pharmacists. However, the number of claims for these services lags far behind expectations. OBJECTIVE: To identify factors influencing Québec community pharmacists in the billing for a pharmaceutical opinion or for a refusal to dispense. METHODS: Questions on predisposing, enabling, and reinforcing factors potentially related to pharmacists' behavior were included in a self-administered questionnaire sent to all 3517 community pharmacists practicing in the province of Québec during 1996. Using multivariate logistic regression, models were built to explain billing for an opinion and billing for a refusal. RESULTS: According to our models, the typical pharmacist who billed for opinions or refusals in Québec is <45 years of age, has attended a continuing education program on this topic, and believes that billing for interventions is important. This typical pharmacist handles a mean daily volume of 100–250 prescriptions, uses a decision-support computer program, and has sufficient technical staff assistance. This pharmacist believes that interventions can be billed rapidly and are consistently paid by the province's drug plan. CONCLUSIONS: In order to increase the billing of pharmaceutical care in community pharmacies, tailored educational programs should be offered to pharmacists. There is also a need to improve working conditions in pharmacies.
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George, Pradeep P., Joseph AD Molina, Jason Cheah, Soo Chung Chan, and Boon Peng Lim. "The Evolving Role of the Community Pharmacist in Chronic Disease Management - A Literature Review." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 39, no. 11 (November 15, 2010): 861–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v39n11p861.
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Introduction: We appraised the roles and responsibilities assigned to community pharmacists internationally and in Singapore. Materials and Methods: A systematic search of international peer-reviewed literature was undertaken using Medline. Grey literature was identified through generic search engines. The search period was from 1 January 1991 to 30 July 2009. The search criteria were English language manuscripts and search terms "community pharmacist", “community pharmacy”, “disease management” and "roles” as a major heading. Boolean operators were used to combine the search terms. Identified abstracts were independently reviewed and the findings were presented as a narrative summary. Results: Overall, we reviewed 115 articles on an abstract level and retrieved 45 of those as full text articles for background information review and inclusion into the evidence report. Of the articles included in the review, 32% were from United Kingdom (UK). Literature highlights the multi-faceted role of the community pharmacist in disease management. Community pharmacists were involved in the management of asthma, arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, depression, hypertension, osteoporosis and palliative care either alone or in the disease management team. Evidence of effectiveness for community pharmacy/ community pharmacist interventions exists for lipid, diabetes, and hypertension management and for preventive services such as weight management, osteoporosis prevention and flu immunisation services. Majority of the community pharmacists in Singapore play the traditional role of dispensing. Attempts by the private community pharmacies to provide some professional services were not successful due to lack of funding. Factors found to impede the growth of community pharmacists are insufficient integration of community pharmacist input into healthcare pathways, poor relationship among pharmacists and physicians, lack of access to patient information, time constraints and inadequate compensation. Conclusion: Evidence from observational studies points out the wide range of roles played by the community pharmacist and provides insights into their integration into chronic disease management programmes and health promotion. Key words: Community pharmacy, Interventions, Services, Roles
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Andreski, Michael, Erica Martin, Victoria Valentine Brouner, and Sarah Sorum. "Advancing Community Pharmacy Practice – A Technician Product Verification Pilot to Optimize Care." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 11, no. 2 (June 11, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v11i2.2340.
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Elevating the technical role of pharmacy technicians to perform Technician Product Verification (TPV) is one strategy that has shown promise to optimize pharmacy practice models. This is done by better positioning pharmacists to provide clinical care, in line with their education and expertise. TPV permits a Validated Pharmacy Technician, as defined by the Wisconsin Pharmacy Examining Board, to verify the accuracy of a product filled by another technician. The pharmacist maintains responsibility for assessing the clinical appropriateness of the prescription, including drug utilization review, data entry, and patient counseling.
During the study period, 12,891 pharmacist-verified prescriptions (baseline) and 27,447 Validated Pharmacy Technician-verified prescriptions were audited for accuracy. The aggregate verification error rate for pharmacist-verified prescriptions was 0.16% and 0.01% for Validated Pharmacy Technician-verified prescriptions. The mean error rate was significantly less for Validated Pharmacy Technician-verified prescriptions than for pharmacist-verified prescriptions (0.19 ± 0.174 % vs 0.03 ± 0.089 %, p=0.020) (Figure 3).
This suggests TPV in the community pharmacy setting maintained patient safety. In this study, Validated Pharmacy Technicians were shown to be more accurate than pharmacists at performing product verification. The ability to delegate the product verification task holds the potential to free up pharmacist time for increased direct patient care. Increasing direct patient care by pharmacists in community pharmacies may have significant implications for improving patient outcomes and pharmacy quality.
Article Type: Original Research
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Vainio, Kirsti K., Marja SA Airaksinen, Tarja T. Hyykky, and K. Hannes Enlund. "Effect of Therapeutic Class on Counseling in Community Pharmacies." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 36, no. 5 (May 2002): 781–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1a374.
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OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect and importance of the therapeutic class of a drug as a determinant for verbal counseling by community pharmacists. METHODS: Direct external observations (n = 1431) of pharmacist—customer interactions at the point of delivery of prescription medicines were conducted in 7 community pharmacies in Finland. Trained observers noted whether the pharmacist provided information on directions for use, mode of action, and adverse effects. To examine factors associated with counseling, a multiple logistic regression analysis was constructed, with the dependent variable being counseling of any of the 3 observed topics. In addition to therapeutic class, other independent variables were the pharmacy; pharmacist's age, gender, and degree; and the customer's age, gender, previous use of medicine, and question asking. RESULTS: Provision of counseling differed significantly according to therapeutic classes. Counseling on any of the 3 observed topics was most likely to be provided for customers with antibiotics (80%) and least likely for customers with gynecologic preparations (18%). Differences between therapeutic classes remained statistically significant when the effects of the other variables were controlled for. Other significant predictors for any verbal counseling were the pharmacy, customer's previous use of the medicine, and question asking. CONCLUSIONS: Therapeutic class is an important variable that should be included in further studies and considered when comparing studies on patient counseling in community pharmacies.
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Rhodes, Laura A., Dennis M. Williams, Macary W. Marciniak, and David Jay Weber. "Community pharmacists as vaccine providers." International Journal of Health Governance 22, no. 3 (September 4, 2017): 167–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhg-05-2017-0020.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe the history of pharmacist involvement as vaccine providers in the USA and discuss examples of growing interests in other parts of the world. Design/methodology/approach Literature searches were performed in PubMed as well as pharmacy-related journals. Findings Pharmacists have been involved with the storage and management of vaccines for more than a century. Based on the unmet needs in meeting national goals for vaccination rates among adults in the USA, efforts led to training and recognizing pharmacists as vaccine providers which is now within the scope of practice for a pharmacist in all US states and territories. Pharmacists complete a comprehensive training program in vaccine sciences, regulatory considerations, as well as demonstration of skills in administering vaccines. Over 300,000 pharmacists have been trained in vaccine delivery and this represents the majority of the pharmacist workforce in the USA. There are examples of the beneficial impact of pharmacist involvement as vaccine providers in community pharmacy settings. Research limitations/implications This review is based on a thorough review of the literature but was not conducted in a systematic fashion. Originality/value This review provides a historical perspective and evidence of the benefit of pharmacists as vaccine providers.
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Mináriková, D., I. Malovecká, and V. Foltán. "Consumer satisfaction with pharmaceutical care in Slovak community pharmacies / Spokojnosť klientov lekární s lekárenskou starostlivosťou na Slovensku." Acta Facultatis Pharmaceuticae Universitatis Comenianae 62, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/afpuc-2014-0015.
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Abstract The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate consumer satisfaction with pharmaceutical care provided in community pharmacies at the region level. Expectations and opinions of consumers were also confronted with the assumptions of pharmacists. Up to 82.0% of consumers confirmed their satisfaction with the care given to them by the pharmacist. A key factor of consumer satisfaction has been the professional (78.7%) and human approach (83.5%) of the pharmacist. A total of 73.6% of consumers in the survey accepted the pharmacist as an expert in medicines. The pharmacist´s self-evaluation was more negative. Monitoring and evaluation of consumer satisfactory with pharmaceutical care is not only essential for improvement of the quality of the healthcare system and for the implementation of pharmaceutical care focussed on the patient, but it may influence the economic and financial outcomes of entities providing pharmaceutical care in community pharmacies.
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Hsu, Shih-Ying H., Monica J. Hwang, and Jeanine K. Mount. "Team Communication on Tasks Performed in Blood Pressure Clinics in Community Pharmacies." Journal of Pharmacy Technology 36, no. 1 (September 13, 2019): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755122519872697.
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Background: To successfully deliver pharmacy services, pharmacists and technicians need to work as a team and have effective communication. Objectives: To measure the amount of communication between community pharmacists and their technicians during monthly blood pressure (BP) clinics. Methods: Cross-sectional survey method was used to assess the amount of communication pharmacists and technicians had on each task. Study participants were pharmacist-technician pairs (teams) from 10 intervention community pharmacies in the Team Education and Adherence Monitoring (TEAM) trial. Each team provided services designed to improve BP among hypertensive African American patients. Thirteen specific tasks were identified as essential in providing monthly BP clinics, and they were being performed by either the pharmacist or technician. At the end of the trial, each pharmacist and technician were asked to report his/her perception of discussion levels that occurred for each task. The level of team communication was summarized for each task (task-specific) and for each team (team-specific). Results: For task-specific communication, 3 teams had communication regarding pharmacist tasks and 5 teams engaged in communication for technician tasks. More communication was reported for newly developed technician tasks in the BP clinic. For team-specific communication, 2 teams reported no communication on any task, and another 2 teams reported having communication on all the tasks. Overall, pharmacy teams showed different levels of communication in this study. Conclusion: The amounts of communication between pharmacists and technicians were found to vary for different tasks and teams. This suggests that the nature of tasks and the unique dynamics existing in each pharmacy team could influence pharmacist-technician communication.
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Fritsch, Michelle A., and Kenneth C. Lamp. "Low Pharmacist Counseling Rates in the Kansas City, Missouri, Metropolitan Area." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 31, no. 9 (September 1997): 984–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809703100905.
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Objective To quantify the percentage of patients counseled by community-based pharmacists. Methods Phase I consisted of a 15-minute observational period of pharmacist counseling in 50 randomly selected pharmacies in the Kansas City, MO, area. In phase II, a survey was mailed to the same pharmacies to obtain policies, self-reported rates of counseling, baseline workload, and personnel information, as well as perceived communication barriers. Results Forty-six of 50 pharmacies were observed in phase I after excluding 10 ineligible pharmacies and adding 6 replacement pharmacies. Pharmacists provided counseling in only 14 of the 46 pharmacies (30%). Nineteen percent (20/106) of all patients received pharmacist-initiated counseling. Pharmacists in independent pharmacies were observed counseling a significantly higher percentage of patients than were pharmacists in chain pharmacies (44% vs. 11%; p = 0.014). Technicians were observed counseling 5 patients in chain pharmacies. Detailed verbal counseling, defined as four or more of a group of major counseling components, was provided to only 8 of the 20 patients who were counseled by a pharmacist (40%; 8% of all patients). In phase II, 31 of 51 surveys (61%) were returned. During the requested survey time period, pharmacies estimated that approximately five prescriptions were filled every 15 minutes, 51.5% of which were new. Pharmacists in chain pharmacies reported dispensing greater numbers of prescriptions than did pharmacists in independent pharmacies. These data and the reported counseling rates indicated that 50% of all patient prescriptions should be counseled. This is a higher rate than actually observed. All pharmacies reported that pharmacists completed the counseling; however, 10% of the respondents reported that technicians also counseled patients. Contrary to the findings in phase I, slightly more than 50% of the pharmacists reported using detailed verbal counseling. Conclusions The overall observed rate of counseling in community pharmacies is low. In the Kansas City area, independent pharmacists counsel a greater than average percentage of their patients. Even if the national counseling rate is double what was observed, millions of patients are leaving pharmacies without the benefit of pharmacotherapeutic guidance. If pharmacists are slow to meet these challenges, other service providers will relieve pharmacists of that responsibility.
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Brown, Sara W., Lauren M. Oliveri, Kirsten H. Ohler, and Leslie Briars. "Identification of Errors in Pediatric Prescriptions and Interventions to Prevent Errors: A Survey of Community Pharmacists." Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics 24, no. 4 (July 1, 2019): 304–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-24.4.304.
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OBJECTIVES Assess the competency of community pharmacists in identifying errors in pediatric prescriptions and to determine how often pharmacists perform interventions known to mitigate the likelihood of error. The study sought to recognize factors that may impact the pharmacist's ability to identify and mediate these errors, and to detect barriers that limit the role of the pharmacist pediatric patient care. METHODS A survey was distributed through the University of Illinois at Chicago College of Pharmacy Alumni Network and the Illinois Pharmacists Association email listservs. Pharmacists practicing in a retail setting within the last 5 years were included. Three prescription scenarios for commonly used pediatric medications with corresponding questions were created to assess a pharmacist's ability to identify errors. Demographics pertaining to the pharmacist and the practice site, as well as information about dispensing practices, were collected. Logistic regression was used to identify factors that might impact the pharmacists' ability to identify errors. RESULTS One hundred sixty-one respondents began the survey and 138 met inclusion criteria. In 15% to 59% of scenario-based questions, pharmacists did not appropriately identify errors or interventions that would decrease the likelihood of error. Correct identification of doses was associated with total prescription volume in one scenario and with pediatric prescription volume in another scenario. Pharmacists did not consistently label prescriptions for oral liquids in milliliters or dispense oral syringes. Barriers to pharmacist involvement included availability and interest of the caregiver, ability to contact prescriber, and pharmacy staffing. CONCLUSION Community pharmacists did not consistently identify medication errors or use interventions known to mitigate error risk.
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Khojah, Hani MJ. "Do pharmacists counsel customers about the effects of sedating antihistamines on driving skills? A survey of community pharmacies in Saudi Arabia." Journal of International Medical Research 47, no. 5 (March 19, 2019): 2018–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060519838953.
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Objective To investigate the level of counselling regarding the effects of sedating antihistamines on driving skills provided by private community pharmacies in Madinah, Saudi Arabia. Methods This study randomly selected private community pharmacies. Mystery shoppers following a similar scenario individually visited these pharmacies. These clients asked for a commonly used brand of sedating antihistamine and noted the counselling offered by the pharmacist. If spontaneous counselling was not offered, necessary information regarding the medication’s use was requested. Finally, the content of counselling was documented. Results Of the 100 pharmacies selected, 12 were excluded for various reasons and 88 pharmacies were included in the study. Only 23 pharmacies offered spontaneous counselling. Although 73.9% of pharmacists (65 of 88), spontaneously or upon request, mentioned sedation as a side-effect, only one pharmacist warned the client against driving after taking the medication, and three other pharmacists warned against dealing with hazardous machinery. Other side-effects were almost ignored. Conclusion A life-threatening insufficiency in the quality of counselling at Saudi Arabian private community pharmacies exists. Traffic accidents, secondary to the side-effects of sedating antihistamines, may be avoided if proper counselling is offered. Saudi Arabian authorities should take appropriate actions to ensure optimal practice in community pharmacies.
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O'Brien, Sean, and Jacy Downey. "Patients’ Perception of a Community Pharmacist-Managed Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis Program in Peru: A Public Health Perspective." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 8, no. 3 (September 19, 2017): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v8i3.536.
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Objectives: The primary objective is to investigate the public’s perception about the role of the community pharmacist in Peru’s directly observed treatment, short course (DOTS) program. The secondary objective is to assess perceived barriers that would prevent the public from utilizing community pharmacists in order to identify future opportunities for community pharmacists to increase adherence to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) therapy. Design: Qualitative study comprised of an 8 close-ended survey questionnaire.
Setting: Healthcare clinics established by a medical mission group in Lima and surrounding communities, Peru, from July 13 to July 27, 2015. Participants: Patients 15 years of age and over who sought healthcare at the clinics. Main outcome measures: Public’s perception about the role of the community pharmacist in Peru and barriers that would prevent the public from seeking a community pharmacist. Results: Out of the 445 patients approached, 438 patients completed the survey, resulting in a 98% response rate. More than half (52%) of the respondents were likely to seek a community pharmacist to assist them in completing a MDR-TB medication regimen. Almost half (48%) of the respondents felt comfortable with assistance of a community pharmacist in completing an MDR-TB regimen. The physician was the first health care professional that was contacted for all medical situations, including drug-related questions (61%). Lack of privacy in the pharmacy (53%) and busyness of the pharmacists (52%) were the top perceived barriers for asking community pharmacists questions. Conclusion: This study highlights the need for pharmacist participation in Peru’s DOTS program. Furthermore, this investigation has identified several issues of concern related to current community pharmacy practice in Peru. Therefore, future efforts may be necessary to address these identified areas of opportunity to promote the community pharmacist’s role in health screening, drug therapy monitoring, and counseling to decrease the public health burden of MDR-TB.
Conflict of Interest
We declare no conflicts of interest or financial interests that the authors or members of their immediate families have in any product or service discussed in the manuscript, including grants (pending or received), employment, gifts, stock holdings or options, honoraria, consultancies, expert testimony, patents or royalties.
Type: Original Research
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Mensah, K. B. "Cancer Awareness Among Community Pharmacists: A Systematic Review." Journal of Global Oncology 4, Supplement 2 (October 1, 2018): 56s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jgo.18.31000.
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Background: The WHO recognizes that community pharmacists are the most accessible healthcare professionals to the general public. Most patients regularly visit community pharmacies for health information and also seek advice from pharmacists with respect to signs and symptoms of cancer. As readily accessible health care professionals, community pharmacists are also in the best position to include cancer-screening initiatives into their practice. Pharmacists are therefore in a good position to raise awareness when they counsel people who buy over-the-counter medication for the control of possible cancer-related symptoms. Aim: The aim of this review was to critically appraise evidence gathered from studies that; (1) explore or assess knowledge of community pharmacist on signs and symptoms of cancer, (2) explore or assess knowledge of community pharmacist on cancer screening. Methods: Embase (Ovid), CINAHL (EBSCOhost) and MEDLINE (EBSCOhost) were systematically searched for studies conducted between 2005 to July 2017. Studies that focused on knowledge of community pharmacist in cancer screening, signs and symptoms were included. Results: A total of 1538 articles were identified from the search, of which 4 out of the 28 potentially relevant abstracts were included in the review. Findings of the selected studies revealed lack of sufficient knowledge on breast cancer screening, signs and symptoms. Both studies attributed knowledge limitation as the cause of reason for the key findings of their studies. Conclusion: The selected studies focused largely on breast cancer, which hinder the generalizability and transferability of the findings. Hence there is a need for more studies to be conducted in this area to draw a better conclusion.
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Lee, Yuman, Nicole Bradley, and Saralinh Trinh. "130. Antimicrobial Stewardship Practices in Community Pharmacies Across the United States." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.175.
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Abstract Background Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) in the community is essential as majority of antibiotic prescribing occurs in the community. Pharmacists are recognized by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as co-leaders for leading implementation efforts to improve antibiotic use. The purpose of this study is to evaluate current AMS practices in community pharmacies across the United States (US) and identify challenges. Methods A 15-item survey was created based on CDC’s Core Elements of Outpatient AMS to assess current policies and practices in place, as well as collect baseline demographics and pharmacists’ perceptions. A survey invite was posted on the Facebook group, Pharmacist Moms, in September 2019. Participation was voluntarily and anonymous. Results Participants included 61 community pharmacists from 25 states across the US. 88.5% work in a chain pharmacy with 54.1% in staff positions and 37.7% in management. 37.7% have been practicing for > 10 years, 36.1% for 6–10 years and 26.2% 5 or less years. Minimal responses met CDC’s Core Elements of AMS: commitment (27.9%), action (24.6%), tracking and reporting (14.8%), and education and expertise (23% for pharmacists, 9.8% for patients). In regards to perception, 67.9% felt AMS is important in the community. 88.5% would participate in AMS if the opportunity were provided. 91.8% were unsure or had no plans to implement AMS within the next 2 years. Common challenges include the lack of time/staff (83.6%), pushback from prescribers (68.9%), lack of leadership (57.4%), lack of financial incentives (52.5%), pushback from patients (52.5%), lack of pharmacist knowledge/training (39.3%), lack of funding/financial support (29.5%), lack of legal requirement (21.3%), lack of information technology support (19.7%), and lack of pharmacist interest (11.5%). Current Trends of U.S. Community Pharmacies in Meeting CDC’s Core Elements of Outpatient Antimicrobial Stewardship Challenges in Implementing Antimicrobial Stewardship in Community Pharamacies Conclusion Results from this study reveal the lack of AMS practices in community pharmacies. Pharmacists have a critical role in AMS, but many challenges exist in the community setting inhibiting the full potential of pharmacists in AMS efforts. This study highlights the importance and need for addressing these issues as regulations and strategies for AMS in community settings develop. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Alhazmi, Mohammad, Abdulmajeed Bajuayfir, Ejaz Cheema, Mahmoud Elrggal, and Majid Ali. "Evaluation of Current Community Pharmacist Practice in Saudi Arabia—A Cross-Sectional Study from Pharmacists’ Perspective (Part II)." Pharmacy 10, no. 2 (March 10, 2022): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10020038.
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This study aimed to evaluate the current practice of community pharmacists from patients’ and pharmacists’ perspectives in Saudi Arabia. This paper presents the pharmacist’s perspective. A cross-sectional self-administered online survey was designed to collect responses from community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia from February to April 2021. The questionnaire consisted of several statements related to best practice in community pharmacy. Pharmacists’ responses to each statement were scored using a 5-point Likert scale. Higher scores represented a greater extent to which they adhered to best practice in the community pharmacy setting and vice versa. Data of 164 participants were included in the analysis. The minimum median score was related to the statement: Pharmacist explains the main side effects. The maximum median score was related to the statement: Pharmacist explains dosage regimen. Pharmacists aged 30 years or above and non-Saudi pharmacists had significantly higher median scores compared with pharmacists less than 30 years of age (p = 0.016) and Saudi pharmacists, respectively (p = 0.001). A gap between best practice and current practice of community pharmacists was observed. Policymakers can utilize these findings to provide targeted professional development opportunities for the practicing community pharmacists in order to improve the overall service and care for patients.
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Olden, F., and K. Dalton. "Determining the cause and frequency of prescription reworks in community pharmacies." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 30, Supplement_1 (April 1, 2022): i8—i9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riac021.012.
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Abstract Introduction When prescriptions are being processed in pharmacies and an activity occurs that requires the return to a previous procedural step to correct the process, this is known as ‘rework’ (1). This may include labelling errors or the incorrect dispensing of medications, and ultimately adds to pharmacists’ workload. Given that increasing community pharmacists’ workload negatively affects their job satisfaction, well-being, and patient care, it is vital that rework is minimised in everyday practice. To date, little is known regarding the prevalence of this rework phenomenon in community pharmacies or how this might be prevented. Aim To evaluate the cause and frequency of prescription rework in community pharmacies. Methods A data collection form was created for community pharmacists to self-record the instances and causes of prescription rework occurring in their workplace across a two-week period. After piloting the form with two pharmacists in different pharmacies, community pharmacists in Ireland were invited to participate in the study using convenience sampling and snowballing. Only participating pharmacists were aware of when data collection was occurring in their pharmacy to minimise the Hawthorne effect with other staff (2). Descriptive statistics were used to describe rework frequency according to the different causes, as well as the pharmacist and pharmacy characteristics. Results Eight participating pharmacists were recruited (four male and four female; median 4 years’ post-qualification experience) from five independent pharmacies and three chain pharmacies. In total, 325 reworks were recorded across 65 days between June 2021 and August 2021. Rework was recorded on 92.9% of the study days, with an average of 5 reworks/day – whereby the average per pharmacist ranged from 1.82 to 15 reworks/day. The data collection form’s pre-specified rework categories captured 91.7% of reworks, with the remainder assigned as ‘other’. The three most frequent rework categories were those due to labelling errors (22.8%), prepared prescriptions which required opening and repackaging (15.1%), and medication owed to patients (13.9%). The people involved in reworks included: pharmacists alone (33.5%), technicians alone (20.3%), pharmacists and technicians (14.8%), pharmacists and patients (10.2%), and pharmacists and prescribers (4%). Conclusion This study shows that rework happens regularly in community pharmacies and has provided an insight into the causes of rework in this setting. While individual pharmacist and pharmacy characteristics may have influenced rework frequency, it was not possible to conclusively establish these associations with the small sample size, due to the difficulty of recruiting pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings are valuable as they highlight areas where pharmacy staff can reduce rework and will help inform strategies to minimise this in future – thus reducing workload and facilitating more time for staff to focus on providing care to patients in community pharmacies. References (1) Nickman NA, Drews FA, Tyler LS, Kelly MP, Ragsdale RJ, Rim M. Use of multiple methods to measure impact of a centralized call center on academic health system community pharmacies. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2019 Feb 21;76(6):353–9. (2) Sedgwick P, Greenwood N. Understanding the Hawthorne effect. BMJ. 2015 Sep 4;351:h4672.
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Zimmermann, Agnieszka, Jakub Płaczek, Natalia Wrzosek, and Artur Owczarek. "Assessment of Pharmacists Prescribing Practices in Poland—A Descriptive Study." Healthcare 9, no. 11 (November 5, 2021): 1505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111505.
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Pharmacists play a beneficial role in supplying medicines to patients. Pharmacist prescribing practices were introduced into law in Poland in 2002, permitting pharmacists to prescribe medications in emergency situations and in 2020 the new law allowed to prescribe in all situation where it is needed because of the health risks reasons. Our aim was to analyze pharmacist prescribing practices in Poland and confirm the useful of pharmacists’ activity in this area. Additionally, pharmacists were also authorized to issue reimbursed prescriptions for themselves or their family members. Since January 2020, only e-prescriptions are allowed in Poland. A retrospective analysis of the inspection written reports from 842 community pharmacies in the representative region of Poland with a population of two million, carried out in the time period from 2002 to 2016 was performed (2189 prescriptions) to assess the emergency pharmacist prescribing practices in Poland. The second part of the research was based on digital data on pharmacists prescriptions (18,529) provided by the e-Health Centre (a governmental organization under the Ministry of Health responsible for the development of health care information systems in Poland), enabling to conduct the analysis of pharmacist’s prescribing from 1 of April 2020 to 31 of October 2020. The analysis gave the insight of the evolution of the pharmacy prescribing patterns. In general, pharmaceutical prescriptions were issued in cities with more than 100,000 inhabitants, in town- or city center pharmacies, and in pharmacies in residential areas. The most common reason for a pharmaceutical prescription was that the patient was running out of a medicine and was unable to contact their physician. Cardiovascular, respiratory, dermatological, and digestive medications were most frequently prescribed. An analysis of pharmacists’ prescribing data from 1 April 2020 to 31 October 2020 confirmed the rapid increase of pharmaceutical prescriptions following implementation of the new legislative act during the COVID-19 epidemic.
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Iancu, Mihaela Ela, Camelia Bucsa, Andreea Maria Farcas, Daniel Corneliu Leucuta, Adriana Dincu, and Marius Traian Bojita. "Counseling provided by the pharmacist in Romanian community pharmacy: the patients’ perspective." Medicine and Pharmacy Reports 87, no. 2 (July 1, 2014): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15386/cjmed-257.
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Background and aims. Patient education is a critical task that may be carried out by the pharmacists, especially in the context of contemporary pharmacists’ roles, which tend to be closer to patients and their needs. This study aimed to evaluate the counseling provided by the pharmacist in the community pharmacy, from the patient’s perspective.Patients and methods. We conducted a prospective, non-interventional study in 520 pharmacies from 10 Romanian counties across the country. The first 10 visitors of the pharmacy on a given day were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding the counseling provided by the pharmacist during the visit.Results. More than 90% of patients received advice from the pharmacist on the route of administration, use in relation to meals, dosage and length of treatment. More than 80% of the patients were counseled on the medicine contraindications and precautions, interactions with other medicines and food, side effects, additional changes in lifestyle and diet appropriate to the condition and the necessity to immediately consult a doctor/pharmacist in case of adverse drug reactions. Lower percentages were registered for advising the patient on the obligation to return to pharmacy the unused psychotropic drugs (38.04%) and the ability of the drug to modify the laboratory results (47.66).Conclusions. The results of the present study showed that the counseling activity in the community pharmacy is carried out by the pharmacists in a high proportion, according to the patients’ feedback.
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Steckowych, Kathryn, Marie Smith, Susan Spiggle, Andrew Stevens, and Hao Li. "Building the Case: Changing Consumer Perceptions of the Value of Expanded Community Pharmacist Services." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 32, no. 6 (May 13, 2018): 637–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190018771521.
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Background: The role of the community pharmacist has traditionally been a medication dispenser; however, community pharmacists’ responsibilities must expand to include more direct patient care services in order to transform primary care practice. Objectives: Use case-based scenarios to (1) determine factors that contribute to positive and negative consumer perceptions of expanded community pharmacist patient care roles, (2) identify facilitators and barriers that contribute to consumer perceptions of the value of expanded community pharmacist patient care services, and (3) develop a successful approach and strategies for increasing consumer advocacy for the value of expanded community pharmacist patient care services. Methods: Two consumer focus groups used scenario-based guided discussions and Likert scale questionnaires to elicit consumer reactions, facilitators, and barriers to expanded community pharmacist services. Results: Convenience, timeliness, and accessibility were common positive reactions across all 3 scenarios. Team approach to care and trust were viewed as major facilitators. Participant concerns included uncertainty about pharmacist training and qualifications, privacy, pharmacists’ limited bandwidth to accept new tasks, and potential increased patient costs. Common barriers to service uptake included a lack of insurance payment and physician preference to provide the services. Conclusion: Consumer unfamiliarity with non-traditional community pharmacist services is likely an influencer of consumers’ hesitancy to utilize such services; therefore, an opportunity exists to engage consumers and advocacy organizations in supporting expanded community pharmacist roles. This study can inform consumers, advocates, community pharmacists, primary care providers, and community-based organizations on methods to shape consumer perceptions on the value of community pharmacist expanded services.
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Santolaya, M., M. Aldea, J. Grau, M. Estrada, M. Barau, A. Buron, M. Francesc, et al. "Evaluating the appropriateness of a community pharmacy model for a colorectal cancer screening program in Catalonia (Spain)." Journal of Oncology Pharmacy Practice 23, no. 1 (July 9, 2016): 26–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1078155215616278.
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Background The traditional model of community pharmacy has changed, with patients, caregivers and consumers having access to many cognitive services other than the traditional dispensing and supply of medicines. In December 2009, a population-based colorectal cancer screening program started in Barcelona, introducing the community pharmacist and the professional expertise of the pharmacist into the organisational model. Aim To evaluate the program implementation process in the pharmacies, identify barriers and facilitators, and know the opinion of the professionals involved in the colorectal cancer screening program in Catalonia (Spain). Methods Cross-sectional study of the pharmacies that participated in the first round of the program during the first and second trimester of 2010 in Barcelona. A validated questionnaire was used to analyse several functional aspects in the implementation process. Qualitative aspects about the opinion of the pharmacist were studied. A descriptive and bivariate analysis was performed. Results All the pharmacies involved in the program (n = 74) participated in the study. The majority of the sample population was composed of women (70.3%), mean age 44.9 years, and most of them (74%) had attended a specific training session. Pharmacists considered their participation in the program to be an added value to their professional role and a way to increase consumer’s confidence on this kind of services. The average time to provide the service was estimated to be less than 10 minutes per consumer. Only three (4.1%) pharmacists considered that the program involved a lot of extra work in the daily activities of the pharmacy. The level of satisfaction of the pharmacists was very high. Conclusions Community pharmacies can be a successful alternative and great resource to implement a population cancer screening program. This functional model can improve the accessibility and participation rates on target population. The level of motivation of the community pharmacist, the specific training program and the perception to give a better care for their patients can be an enabler.
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Shedd, Mikali, Anna Bozhkova, Bethany A. Kalich, and G. Lucy Wilkening. "Evaluation of Bexar County community pharmacist attitudes toward harm reduction." Mental Health Clinician 9, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.9740/mhc.2019.11.383.
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Abstract Introduction Harm reduction is a term for strategies that minimize the negative outcomes of drug use. Given the progressing opioid epidemic, identifying barriers to harm reduction dispensing in community pharmacies is essential. Methods This online, survey-based study assessed community pharmacist attitudes toward harm reduction and perceived dispense rates of both naloxone and needles/syringes to patients without verifiable injectable prescriptions. The online survey was distributed to members of the Bexar County Pharmacist Association and university alumni. The survey collected demographics, perceived dispense rates of naloxone, needles and syringes, availability of pharmacy protocols for dispensing these products, and Likert-scaled attitudinal questions. Responses were collected for 6 weeks. Results Thirty-two survey responses were analyzed. Participants were generally white (n = 14) or Hispanic/Latino (n = 14), had a median age of 37 years (interquartile range, 32-49 years), and had a median graduation year of 2011 (interquartile range, 1988-2016). Most pharmacists agreed or strongly agreed they should be involved in harm reduction (n = 26) and that pharmacies are an appropriate place to access these resources (n = 26). However, most reported never or rarely dispensing both naloxone (n = 19) and needles and syringes (n = 22). Naloxone or needle and syringe protocol use was reported by 66% (n = 21) and 47% (n = 15) of pharmacists, respectively. Pharmacy protocols significantly enhanced the likelihood of naloxone dispensing (P = .007) but not needle and syringe dispensing (P = .24). Conclusion Community pharmacists exhibited positive attitudes toward harm reduction but reported low rates of dispensing both naloxone and needles and syringes. Pharmacy protocols could be enhanced to better support community pharmacists in this area.
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Simpson, Scot H., Jeffrey A. Johnson, Karen B. Farris, Tim T. Y. Lau, Sumit R. Majumdar, Andrew Cave, and Ross T. Tsuyuki. "Physician Perceptions of Enhanced Community Pharmacist Care in Cholesterol Management." Canadian Pharmacists Journal / Revue des Pharmaciens du Canada 138, no. 4 (May 2005): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/171516350513800407.
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Objectives: The Study of Cardiovascular Risk Intervention by Pharmacists (SCRIP) was a randomized controlled trial that demonstrated that community pharmacist intervention improved cholesterol management for patients at high risk for cardiovascular disease. The objective of this sub-study was to describe physician perceptions of the intervention program. Design: Surveys were mailed to all physicians contacted as part of the enhanced pharmacist care program within SCRIP. Physician opinions were collected on pharmacist participation in cholesterol management and the impact of the program on patient management and outcomes. Results: We received 141 usable surveys from 239 eligible physicians, a response rate of 59%. Of those who responded, 110 (78%) remembered components of the enhanced pharmacist care program, and 77 (55%) were in favour of the pharmacist's recommendations. Of the 110 physicians who recalled the intervention, 27 (25%) agreed that the program improved cholesterol management, and 11 (10%) felt the program had a major effect on patient outcomes; however, only 41 (37%) felt the program was helpful or useful. Written comments reflected opinions that the program duplicates current services and that physicians have reservations about the expanding role of pharmacists. Despite these general comments, similar interventions for other medical conditions were welcomed. Conclusions: Physicians had mixed attitudes toward the enhanced pharmacist care program. Despite these opinions, the main results of SCRIP were very positive. Indeed, if the physician opinions of the program had been more positive, the impact might have been even greater. The effectiveness of future programs may be enhanced through improved communication of the program's goals and collaboration of all stakeholders early in the program's implementation.
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Evans, F., R. Deslandes, P. Deslandes, and S. Young. "Opinions of stakeholders about integrating pharmacists into Community Mental Health Teams." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 30, Supplement_1 (April 1, 2022): i43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riac019.060.
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Abstract Introduction Pharmacists are routinely involved in optimising medicines for mental health patients during inpatient admissions through attending ward rounds and providing a clinical pharmacy service. (1) Despite literature demonstrating the benefits, specialist pharmacists are not routinely integrated in Community Mental Health Teams (CMHTs) (2) and there is little research to identify the barriers to pharmacists’ integration. The opinions of stakeholder who influence the design of community mental health services, are key to understanding these issues. Aim To explore the views of relevant stakeholders in one health board (HB) in Wales, regarding integration of pharmacists into CMHTs, and to make recommendations to overcome identified barriers to integration. Methods Semi-structured interviews using open questions with key stakeholders within two CMHTs and the HB’s adult mental health clinical board. Participants were selected purposively to allow recruitment of individuals who would provide insight into the proposed question(s). Written, informed consent was obtained. A deductive approach was used to define interview questions. Interviews were transcribed and analysed thematically using an inductive approach to explore the data without any pre-conceived ideas and identify additional key themes. The study was registered with the HB. Results Interviews (3 pharmacists, 2 consultant psychiatrists, 1 integrated manager, 2 clinical nurse leads and 2 general managers) lasted between 30-45 minutes. Analysis revealed five main themes; relationship with the pharmacist, including previous experiences and individual pharmacist’s personal attributes; CMHT workload relevant to pharmacists’ skills; workforce and financial pressures; the need for ongoing support for and from pharmacists; and pharmacists’ expertise including non-medical prescribing. Previous experience of working with specialist mental health pharmacist influenced participants’ views, those with limited experience were less clear about what a pharmacist’s role would be in CMHTs“…we haven’t had specialist pharmacist linked to us ………“Always can get in touch with pharmacy by e-mail or phone. Can see advantage of a pharmacist in the building, the medics would really like that it wouldn’t need to be every week maybe a morning every two weeks. We know where pharmacy are, not a dire need. Others identified a clear role for pharmacists, “running clinic for us especially when we have referrals from GP purely asking for medication reviews having [pharmacist] here the benefit surpasses most of the options we can offer through medic”. Participants believed pharmacists needed training in risk assessment and consultation skills and they should be prescribers to contribute effectively. Nine participants had worked previously with pharmacists, all advocated their integration into CMHTs. Conclusion This small-scale study suggests there is a desire to integrate pharmacists into CMHTs with a strong emphasis on their role in addressing medicine-related workload pressures. Positive relationships formed from prior experience of working with pharmacists strongly influenced support for integration. There are potential roles for pharmacists that would improve timeliness and quality of care for people supported by CMHTs. Resource constraints such as lack of funding and availability of appropriately trained pharmacists need to be resolved. Further work is necessary to investigate how these barriers can be addressed and to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of any pharmacy service delivered. References (1) Royal Pharmaceutical Society England (2018). No health without mental health: How can pharmacy support people with mental health problems? London. Royal Pharmaceutical Society England (2) Robinson, J. (2017). Challenging the Stigma. The Pharmaceutical Journal, November 2017, Vol 299, No 7907, [online] | DOI: 10.1211/PJ.2017.20203915 [Accessed 1 Mar. 2019]
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Lewis, Jordan, Arden R. Barry, Katie Bellefeuille, and Robert T. Pammett. "Perceptions of Independent Pharmacist Prescribing among Health Authority- and Community-Based Pharmacists in Northern British Columbia." Pharmacy 9, no. 2 (April 23, 2021): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy9020092.
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Pharmacists across Canada have varying degrees of ability to prescribe medications depending on their jurisdiction of licensure. The purpose of this study was to the evaluate attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions of independent pharmacist prescribing among health authority- and community-based pharmacists. This prospective, cross-sectional online survey assessed the perceptions of independent pharmacist prescribing of health authority and community pharmacists practising in northern British Columbia (BC), which was defined as within the geographical boundaries of Northern Health. Responses were analysed using descriptive statistics and a regression analysis. There were 45 respondents to the survey: 22 community pharmacists and 23 health authority pharmacists. Both community and health authority pharmacists held positive perceptions of independent pharmacist prescribing and did not identify any barriers to incorporating independent pharmacist prescribing into their practice. Respondents were highly likely to apply for independent pharmacist prescribing authority, if available. Pharmacists in BC are currently not able to independently prescribe schedule I medications. The provincial regulatory body has proposed a framework for a Certified Pharmacist Prescriber designation, which if approved would allow pharmacists to prescribe in collaborative practice settings. This study provides some insight into the perception of pharmacists in northern BC in pursuing this designation, which may be valuable for planning purposes in case of adoption of the framework. These results are also likely applicable to other non-urban practice settings in Canada. Pharmacists in northern BC perceived independent pharmacist prescribing positively and a high proportion were likely to apply for this authority if it were permitted via legislation.
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Raisch, Dennis W. "Patient Counseling in Community Pharmacy and its Relationship with Prescription Payment Methods and Practice Settings." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 27, no. 10 (October 1993): 1173–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/106002809302701002.
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OBJECTIVE: To determine whether patient counseling activities in community pharmacies are related to payment method and practice setting. DESIGN: Randomly selected pharmacists voluntarily performed self-data collection (39 percent participation rate) of counseling activities for 40 hours. Observational data were also collected by trained observers. SETTING: Community pharmacies. RESULTS: Forty-seven pharmacists in national chain pharmacies and 26 in independent pharmacies collected data on 3766 counseling events. Patient counseling rates, defined as percentage of patients counseled per prescription per pharmacist, were significantly higher (p<0.05) for self-pay (median 12.9 percent) and Medicaid (median 13.0 percent) than for capitation patients (median 7.9 percent). Rates were somewhat higher (p=0.06) for chain (median 17.7 percent) than for independent pharmacists (10.7 percent). Although there was no difference in terms of pharmacist-initiated counseling, chain pharmacists had higher rates of patient-initiated counseling per prescription (median 4.3 percent) than independent pharmacists (median 2.7 percent) (p<0.01). Counseling information was related to payment method and practice setting. A significantly higher percentage (p<0.01) of counseling events for capitation patients pertained to chronic therapies (33.6 percent) compared with counseling events involving patients using other payment methods (21.8–24.8 percent). A strong correlation between observational data and self-reported data was found (Pearson r=0.696, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The finding that pharmacists counsel capitation patients less frequently may be attributable to financial incentives or to pharmacists' perception that these patients do not need to be counseled. Independent pharmacists' higher number of capitation patients and increased workloads may have affected their counseling activities. These findings have implications for pharmacy service reimbursement programs, practice conditions, and continuing education programs.
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Rafie, Sally, Emily Richards, Samantha Rafie, Sharon Landau, and Tracey Wilkinson. "Pharmacist Outlooks on Prescribing Hormonal Contraception Following Statewide Scope of Practice Expansion." Pharmacy 7, no. 3 (July 18, 2019): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy7030096.
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In an effort to increase access to contraception, the pharmacist scope of practice is being expanded to allow prescribing. While this is being accomplished in the United States by a variety of models, legislation that allows pharmacists to prescribe hormonal contraception under a statewide protocol is the most common. This study was designed to explore the outlooks of pharmacists regarding prescribing contraception in the period following the first state legislation and prior to statewide protocol development and availability. A qualitative study of community pharmacists in California using structured phone interviews explored their opinions regarding access to contraception in pharmacies and outlooks regarding prescribing. Data were analyzed using an inductive approach to identify themes. Among the thirty participants, the majority worked in a chain pharmacy. Themes were identified in five overarching domains: Pharmacist barriers, system barriers, patient issues, safety concerns, and pharmacist role. Most were unfamiliar with the new law, yet were interested in expanding access for patient benefit despite foreseeing challenges with implementing the service in community pharmacies. Barriers will need to be addressed and requisite training disseminated widely to facilitate successful implementation and thus improve access on a broad scale. Further research following protocol implementation is needed to understand service implementation, as well as patient utilization and satisfaction.
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Fredrickson, Mary E., Hayley Terlizzi, Rikki L. Horne, and Stanley Dannemiller. "The role of the community pharmacist in veterinary patient care: a cross-sectional study of pharmacist and veterinarian viewpoints." Pharmacy Practice 18, no. 3 (August 6, 2020): 1928. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2020.3.1928.
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Background: The role of the community pharmacist is rapidly expanding to encompass the care of veterinary patients in the United States of America This change makes it imperative for pharmacists and veterinarians who practice in community settings to establish mutual agreement on the roles of pharmacists in the care of these patients.
Objective: To examine community-based pharmacist and veterinarian viewpoints on interprofessional collaboration and the role of the community pharmacist in veterinary patient care.
Methods: Cross-sectional surveys were sent to pharmacists and veterinarians who practice in a community setting in Ohio. Surveys collected demographic information and addressed the following themes: attitudes toward collaboration, perceived roles of the pharmacist, expectations of the pharmacist, and previous collaborative experiences. A chi-square test was used for statistical analysis.
Results: In total, 357 pharmacists and 232 veterinarians participated in the study. Both professions agreed that pharmacist-veterinarian collaboration is important in order to optimize veterinary patient care (chi-square (1, N=589)=7.7, p=0.006). Overall, veterinarians were more likely to identify an important role of the community pharmacist to be compounding medications (chi-square (1, N=589)=26.7, p<0.001) compared to counseling pet owners (chi-square (1, N=589)=171.7, p<0.001). Both groups reported similar levels of agreement regarding the importance for pharmacists to have adequate knowledge of veterinary medicine.
Conclusions: Our study found that while both pharmacists and veterinarians conveyed a positive attitude regarding interprofessional collaboration, they disagreed on what role the pharmacist should play in the care of veterinary patients. Rectifying the discordant perceptions of these health care professionals may be critical to developing collaborative initiatives and optimizing veterinary patient care.
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Putu Satrya, Dewa Ayu, Putu Eka Arimbawa, and Abdul Khodir Jaelani. "HUBUNGAN FASILITATOR DENGAN PELAKSANAAN GOOD PHARMACY PRACTICE (GPP) DI APOTEK DENPASAR." Jurnal Endurance 2, no. 3 (October 13, 2017): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.22216/jen.v2i3.2031.
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<p><em>Pharmaceutical service is said to be good if it meets the criteria of Good Pharmacy Practice (GPP) which is patient oriented or often called pharmaceutical care. GPP implementation on community pharmacy proved to be slower than expected, although many pharmacists have agreed with the GPP concept. The purpose of this research is to accelerate the achievement of GPP by applying the facilitator which has high influence on pharmacist attitude in GPP implementation, so as to improve the quality assurance of pharmaceutical service in community pharmacy. GPP implementation also aims to improve the quality of patients, because the service focus on the patient or often known as patient oriented. The research method used cross sectional survey design. Quantitative data with questionnaires were taken prospectively for patients. The sampling technique used is random sampling to 70 pharmacists in charge of pharmacies in pharmacies of Denpasar City Bali. The result of the research shows the influence of facilitator to GPP implementation in Apotek Denpasar-Bali. The attitudes of facilitators in the implementation of the influential GPP in this study were Doctor Relationship with Pharmacist (p = 0,010), Human Resources (p = 0,023), and teamwork (p = 0.012) had a positive and significant effect on pharmacist attitude in GPP implementation. The facilitator variable of physician and pharmacist relationship is the most influential variable (r = 0,340) on pharmacist attitude in implementing Good Pharmacy Practice (GPP).</em></p>
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Tran, Tu T., Shareen El-Ibiary, Robert Tindula, Neepa Rai, Austin Nguyen, and Jennifer Le. "Unique pharmacist competency program at community-based, teaching hospitals." Journal of Hospital Administration 2, no. 3 (April 9, 2013): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jha.v2n3p119.
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Background: The pharmacy profession continues to evolve and shape itself with increasing complexity. With this escalating complexity, pharmacist clinical competency needs to be addressed within each healthcare practice setting. The objectives of this study were to describe a unique pharmacist competency program and evaluate its satisfaction at two community hospitals. Methods: Long Beach Memorial and Miller Children’s Hospital of Long Beach are tertiary community hospitals with 308 total beds for Millers Children’s Hospital and 462 total beds for Long Beach Memorial. A unique and intensive pharmacist competency program has been established at these hospitals for over 20 years. The content of this program was assessed and a survey was conducted in March 2011 to ascertain pharmacist satisfaction. Results: The unique pharmacist competency program was structured in the form of age-related, hospital-wide and unit specific modules, pharmacy-regulated therapies (PRT), and a Pharmacy Skills Day that provide updates on PRT and other pharmacy-related topics. Forty-two of 61 (69%) pharmacists responded to the survey. Mean age of pharmacists was 38.8 ± 11.5 years, 36% were male, 86% completed residency training, and 12% were board-certified pharmacotherapy specialists. Over 80% of pharmacists agreed that the program was informative and supportive of their daily patient care activities. Although the program was well-received by the pharmacists, there were facets of the program that needed improvement, including resources for continuing education opportunities and additional modules for competency. Conclusion: A unique pharmacist competency program at two community hospitals was described. The program was well-received by the pharmacists, and, more importantly, ensured continuous professional development in pharmacy practice.
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Bryant, Linda, Gregor Coster, and Ross McCormick. "Community pharmacist perceptions of clinical medication reviews." Journal of Primary Health Care 2, no. 3 (2010): 234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc10234.
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INTRODUCTION: Changes in delivery of health care services has led to pressure for community pharmacists to extend their traditional role and become more involved with patient-focussed services such as medication reviews, in collaboration with general practitioners (GPs). This has not been generally implemented into routine practice, and many barriers have been suggested that inhibit community pharmacists extending their role. These have often focussed on physical or functional barriers. This study explores possible attitudinal factors that prevent increased participation of community pharmacists in medication reviews undertaken in collaboration with GPs. METHODS: Twenty community pharmacist participants who participated in the General Practitioner Pharmacist Collaboration (GPPC) study were interviewed. The GPPC study investigated the outcomes of community pharmacists undertaking a clinical medication review in collaboration with GPs, and the potential barriers. Semi-structured interviews were analysed using a general inductive thematic approach. FINDINGS: Emerging themes were that community pharmacists perceived that they were not mandated to undertake this role, it was not a legitimate role, particularly from the business perceptive, and pharmacists were concerned that they lacked the skills and confidence to provide this level of input. CONCLUSION: While there is concern that community pharmacists skills are underutilised, there are probable attitudinal barriers inhibiting pharmacists from increasing their role in clinical medication reviews. Perceived legitimacy of the service was a dominant theme, which appeared to be related to issues in the business model. Further investigation should consider the use of a clinical pharmacist working within a general practice independent of a community pharmacy. KEYWORDS: Community pharmacy services; drug utilization review; primary healthcare; health plan implementation
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Singh, Gurkamal, Rachel Nesaraj, Nicolas Bchara, Benjamin Kop, Alan Leeb, Lisa Nissen, Ian Peters, Danae Perry, Sandra Salter, and Kenneth Lee. "Immunisation provider experiences with an automated short message service-based active surveillance system for monitoring adverse events following immunisation: A qualitative descriptive study." DIGITAL HEALTH 7 (January 2021): 205520762110381. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20552076211038165.
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Objective Currently, active surveillance systems to monitor adverse events following immunisation are limited to hospitals, and medical and immunisation clinics. Globally, community pharmacies represent a significant destination for immunisation services. However, until recently, pharmacies lacked active surveillance systems. We therefore wished to explore pharmacists’ experiences with SmartVax: an active surveillance system that has recently been integrated for use in Australian community pharmacies. Specifically, we wished to explore pharmacists’ perceived (1) benefits of using SmartVax, (2) areas for improvement in the system, and (3) issues with future/ongoing access to the system. Methods The present study forms the qualitative arm of a convergent mixed-methods pilot study. In the present study, we performed semi-structured interviews with pharmacist immunisers after a 21- to 22-week trial period with SmartVax. Thematic analysis of interview transcripts was performed independently by two researchers in QSR NVivo 12, using the framework method. Results Fifteen participants completed the semi-structured interviews. A broad range of perceived benefits were cited by participants, including the usability of SmartVax, the ease of patient follow-up facilitated by the system, and enhancement to the patient–pharmacist relationship. Participants voiced a desire for the system to have more granularity and a faster response time in the report generated for pharmacies. When asked about issues with future/ongoing access to SmartVax, cost concerns of the system were the prevailing theme. Conclusions The present study suggests that, among pharmacist immuniser end-users of SmartVax, the system is perceived to be easy-to-use, facilitates patient follow-up, and enhances the patient–pharmacist relationship.
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Kernodle, Amanda R., Caitlin K. Frail, Stephanie A. Gernant, Karen S. Pater, Brad N. Doebbeling, and Margie E. Snyder. "Patients’ Experiences Using a Brief Screening Tool for Medication-Related Problems in a Community Pharmacy Setting." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 30, no. 1 (July 8, 2016): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190015605015.
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Objectives: The objective of this study was to explore patient perceptions and the practical implication of using a brief 9-item scale to screen for medication-related problems in community pharmacies. Methods: Semistructured, audio-recorded, telephonic interviews were conducted with 40 patients who completed the scale and reviewed its results with their pharmacist. Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using qualitative methods to identify themes. Results: Patients generally reported the scale was simple to complete and could be used easily in other community pharmacies. Participants shared they had increased understanding of their medications and confidence that their medication therapy was appropriate. Several patients reported having actual medication-related problems identified and resolved through the use of the scale. Patients also reported improved relationships with pharmacists and heightened belief in the value provided by pharmacists. Conclusions: This screening tool may have value in increasing patients’ understanding of and confidence in their medications, enhancing pharmacist–patient relationships, and identifying problems requiring additional interventions.
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Chinwong, Surarong, and Dujrudee Chinwong. "A National Survey of Community Pharmacists on Smoking Cessation Services in Thailand." Pharmacy 6, no. 3 (September 17, 2018): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy6030101.
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Providing smoking cessation services is one role of community pharmacists in Thailand. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate activities and barriers related to smoking cessation services provided in community pharmacies in Thailand, as well as to compare these activities and barriers between those pharmacists providing and those not providing smoking cessation services. A postal questionnaire was conducted to collect information from community pharmacists across Thailand. In all, 413 valid responses were received from 5235 questionnaires, giving a 7.9% response rate. Of the 413 respondents, 152 (37%) pharmacists provided smoking cessation services in their pharmacy. The activities of smoking cessation services varied. Time for counseling each smoker varied, a mean of 15.1 ± 10.9 min (range 1–60) per person for the first time, and 8.9 ± 6.7 min (range 1–30) for each follow-up visit. Community pharmacists, providing smoking cessation services, were more likely to have pharmacist assistants, be a member of the Thai Pharmacy Network for Tobacco Control, and have more than 1 pharmacist on duty. The most dispensed pharmaceutical product for smoking cessation was nicotine gum. Their most perceived barriers were being unable to follow-up and inadequate staff. In conclusion, only a minority of community pharmacists in Thailand are engaged in smoking cessation activities, even though some perceived barriers existed.
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Piraux, Arthur, Marie Cavillon, Aline Ramond-Roquin, and Sébastien Faure. "Assessment of Satisfaction with Pharmacist-Administered COVID-19 Vaccinations in France: PharmaCoVax." Vaccines 10, no. 3 (March 14, 2022): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030440.
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Background: COVID-19 vaccines are among the most effective measures to reduce serious illness and death from infection with the highly contagious SARS-CoV-2 virus. To improve vaccine accessibility, pharmacists in France have been authorized to administer COVID-19 vaccinations since March 2021. This study aims to assess satisfaction among French people receiving their COVID-19 vaccination from a community pharmacist. Methodology: The PharmaCoVax study was conducted in French community pharmacies from 16 March to 30 June 2021. Interested pharmacists completed an online participation form, giving them access to the self-administered questionnaire. People receiving a pharmacist-administered COVID-19 vaccination completed this questionnaire in the pharmacy. Results: Among the 442 pharmacists involved, 123 actively participated in the study. Overall, 5733 completed questionnaires were analyzed. A proportion of 59% (n = 3388) of those who received a pharmacist-administered COVID-19 vaccination had previously received their influenza vaccination, most often in the same pharmacy (n = 1744). Only 24% (n = 1370) of people visiting a pharmacy had tried to obtain their COVID-19 vaccination elsewhere. Satisfaction was excellent with a rating of 4.92 out of 5.00, and the net promoter score was 93. Conclusions: The pharmacist-administered COVID-19 vaccination service was overwhelmingly appreciated by users. The trust placed in pharmacists may explain the desire to have them perform additional vaccinations.
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Albasri, Ali, Suman Prinjha, Richard J. McManus, and James P. Sheppard. "Hypertension referrals from community pharmacy to general practice: multivariate logistic regression analysis of 131 419 patients." British Journal of General Practice 68, no. 673 (July 2, 2018): e541-e550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3399/bjgp18x697925.
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BackgroundThe burden of hypertension in primary care is high, and alternative models of care, such as pharmacist management, have shown promise. However, data describing outcomes from routine consultations between pharmacists and patients with hypertension are lacking.AimTo identify factors associated with referral of patients from pharmacies to general practice within the first 2 weeks of starting a new antihypertensive medication.Design and settingMultivariate logistic regression conducted on data from community pharmacies in England.MethodData were obtained from the New Medicine Service between 2011 and 2012. Analyses were conducted on 131 419 patients. In all, 15 predictors were included in the model, grouped into three categories: patient-reported factors, demographic factors, and medication-related factors.ResultsMean patient age was 65 years (±13 years), and 85% of patients were of white ethnicity. A total of 5895 (4.5%) patients were referred by a pharmacist to a GP within the first 2 weeks of starting a new antihypertensive medication. Patients reporting side effects (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 11.60, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 10.85 to 12.41) were most likely to be referred. Prescriptions for alpha-blockers were associated with referral (adjusted OR 1.28, 95% CI = 1.12 to 1.47), whereas patients receiving angiotensin-II receptor blockers were less likely to be referred (adjusted OR 0.89, 95% CI = 0.80 to 0.99).ConclusionMost patients were followed up by pharmacists without the need for referral. Patient-reported side effects, medication-related concerns, and the medication class prescribed influenced referral. These data are reassuring, in that additional pharmacist involvement does not increase medical workload appreciably, and support further development of pharmacist-led hypertension interventions.