Journal articles on the topic 'Community pharmacist; pharmacy'
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Winslade, Nancy, and Robyn Tamblyn. "Determinants of community pharmacists’ quality of care: a population-based cohort study using pharmacy administrative claims data." BMJ Open 7, no. 9 (September 2017): e015877. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-015877.
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ObjectiveTo determine if a prototype pharmacists’ services evaluation programme that uses linked community pharmacy claims and health administrative data to measure pharmacists’ performance can be used to identify characteristics of pharmacies providing higher quality of care.DesignPopulation-based cohort study using community pharmacy claims from 1 November 2009 to 30 June 2010.SettingAll community pharmacies in Quebec, Canada.Participants1742 pharmacies dispensing 8 655 348 antihypertensive prescriptions to 760 700 patients.Primary outcome measurePatient adherence to antihypertensive medications.PredictorsPharmacy level: dispensing workload, volume of pharmacist-provided professional services (eg, refusals to dispense, pharmacotherapy recommendations), pharmacy location, banner/chain, pharmacist overlap and within-pharmacy continuity of care. Patient level: sex, age, income, patient prescription cost, new/chronic therapy, single/multiple antihypertensive medications, single/multiple prescribers and single/multiple dispensing pharmacies. Dispensing level: prescription duration, time of day dispensed and antihypertensive class. Multivariate alternating logistic regression estimated predictors of the primary outcome, accounting for patient and pharmacy clustering.Results9.2% of dispensings of antihypertensive medications were provided to non-adherent patients. Male sex, decreasing age, new treatment, multiple prescribers and multiple dispensing pharmacies were risk factors for increased non-adherence. Pharmacies that provided more professional services were less likely to dispense to non-adherent hypertensive patients (OR: 0.60; 95% CI: 0.57 to 0.62) as were those with better scores on the Within-Pharmacy Continuity of Care Index. Neither increased pharmacists’ services for improving antihypertensive adherence per se nor increased pharmacist overlap impacted the odds of non-adherence. However, pharmacist overlap was strongly correlated with dispensing workload. There was significant unexplained variability among pharmacies belonging to different banners and chains.ConclusionsPharmacy administrative claims data can be used to calculate pharmacy-level characteristics associated with improved quality of care. This study supports the importance of pharmacist’s professional services and continuity of pharmacist’s care.
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Fakih, Souhiela, Jennifer L. Marriott, and Safeera Y. Hussainy. "A national mailed survey exploring weight management services across Australian community pharmacies." Australian Journal of Primary Health 21, no. 2 (2015): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py13118.
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This study investigated pharmacists’ and pharmacy assistants’ current weight management recommendations to consumers across Australian community pharmacies using a mailed questionnaire. Two questionnaires were developed, one for pharmacists and one for pharmacy assistants, each divided into five sections. One pharmacist and pharmacy assistant questionnaire were mailed in November 2011 to a systematic sample of 3000 pharmacies across Australia for one pharmacist and pharmacy assistant each to complete. A total of 537 pharmacist and 403 pharmacy assistant responses, from 880 different pharmacies, were received. Overall 94.5% (n = 832/880) of associated pharmacies stocked weight loss products and 48.2% (n = 424/880) offered a weight management program. Both pharmacists and pharmacy assistants felt that the development of pharmacy-specific educational resources and additional training would help improve their ability to provide weight management services. Australian pharmacists and pharmacy assistants currently appear to be providing weight management services to consumers; however, not all their recommendations are evidence based. The need for additional training for pharmacy staff in areas identified as lacking and the development of pharmacy weight management educational resources needs to be addressed.
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Asiya, Asiya Saif, Maria Gul, Tangina Malik Tangina, and Mubashra Gul. "EVALUATION OF COMMUNITY PHARMACIST INTERVENTIONS IN DIABETES AND BLOOD PRESSURE MANAGEMENT." International Journal of Pharmacy & Integrated Health Sciences 3, no. 2 (October 24, 2022): 52–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.56536/ijpihs.v3i2.28.
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Background: The pharmacist community played a significant role in serving the nation for many years. The total number of registered pharmacists by the provincial pharmacy council is 23029. The role of pharmacists and their services is unrecognized by society. Aims: The intention of this clinical project is to create awareness among the population regarding the pharmacist's role in improving the health of the patients and disease management. The aim is to highlight the importance of pharmacists among patients regarding their medication therapy and lifestyle modification to provide clear evidence of health gain. Methodology: It is a non-experimental based questionnaire study which is performed in community pharmacy and medical stores of Lahore, Islamabad, Gujranwala and Sargodha. Most of the people in Pakistan visit medical stores for the grant of medication without pharmacist advice in rural areas of Punjab Pakistan. But in big cities such as Lahore, Islamabad people visit pharmacies for grant of their medication and in some pharmacies pharmacist counsel the patient regarding their medication and visit a pharmacist are more satisfied and feel improvement in their condition. Results: Patients were divided in two group, one who visited medical store and other who went to pharmacy. We are interested in patients who are visiting the pharmacy and getting the various type of benefits from the presence of pharmacist. Conclusion Diabetes and hypertension are two major chronic diseases and spread widely across the world including Pakistan. In the management of diabetes and hypertension pharmacist interventions are beneficial and literature study provide evidence of it. People who visit a pharmacy also get economic benefit as pharmacist also offer alternatives which costs lesser.
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Larasanty, Luh Putu Febryana, Kadek Nadia Marta Dewi, and Made Ary Sarasmita. "PHARMACIST PROFESSION STUDENT PERCEPTION ABOUT PHARMACIST ROLE IN PHARMACY, COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTER AND HOSPITAL." Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Application 2, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jpsa.2020.v02.i02.p06.
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Background: Pharmacists play a role as a part of health services both at pharmacies, hospitals and community health centers. Pharmaceutical care was regulated in the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. In the internship, students of the Pharmacists program Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University can see clearly how the implementation of the role of Pharmacists in the Pharmacy, Hospital and Community Health Center. Objective: This study aims to assess the perceptions (responses) of Pharmacist students on the role of Pharmacists in various pharmacy services. Methods: This study used a one-group posttest only design methods. The population of the study used all of the Pharmacist students who were internship at the Pharmacy, Community Health Center and Hospital. The research instrument used a closed-ended questionnaire about the perceptions of Pharmacist students on the role of Pharmacists in internship locations. Results: The results showed that the role of pharmacists in pharmacies and community health centers was greater in the field of clinical pharmacy services. While in hospitals, pharmacists have a greater role in the field of drug management. Conclusion: Students have a positive perception of the role of pharmacists. There were no significant differences in perceptions of Pharmacist students on the role of Pharmacists in the field of drug management and clinical pharmacy services (p> 0.05).
Keywords: pharmacist, pharmaceutical care, perception, role, students
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Mohiuddin, Abdul. "Patient Care Management (Handbook for Hospital and Community Pharmacists)." Clinical Research Notes 1, no. 2 (June 10, 2020): 01–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2690-8816/010.
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Most people on the outside of the health care profession are not familiar with this new role of the pharmacist. The general public has created a stereotypical pharmacist's picture as being a person who stands behind a counter, dispenses medicine with some instructions to the respective consumer. Pharmacy practice has changed substantially in recent years. Today’s pharmacists have unique training and expertise in the appropriate use of medications and provide a wide array of patient care services in many different practice settings. As doctors are busy with the diagnosis and treatment of patients, the pharmacist can assist them by selecting the most appropriate drug for a patient. Interventions by the pharmacists have always been considered as a valuable input by the health care community in the patient care process by reducing the medication errors, rationalizing the therapy and reducing the cost of therapy. The development and approval of the Pharmacists’ Patient Care Process by the Joint Commission of Pharmacy Practitioners and incorporation of the Process into the 2016 Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education Standards has the potential to lead to important changes in the practice of pharmacy, and to the enhanced acknowledgment, acceptance, and reimbursement for pharmacy and pharmacist services. As an author, it is my heartiest believe that the book will adjoin significant apprehension to future pharmacists in patient care as most of the portion created from recently published articles focusing pharmacists in patient care settings.
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Aditama, Hardika, A. Saputri, D. Fadhilah, K. Mayningrum, A. Sawitri, W. A. Pratiwi, and I. N. Pristhifani. "Description of Professional Fee for Pharmacist in Sleman." JURNAL MANAJEMEN DAN PELAYANAN FARMASI (Journal of Management and Pharmacy Practice) 8, no. 2 (July 31, 2018): 51. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jmpf.34062.
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Pharmacist is a profession whose existence is needed by community. However, within the community of pharmacy itself, the presence of pharmacist is quite alarming. One of the causes of low pharmacist who desire to practice in the community of pharmacy is the low level of professional fee offered. This study aimed to describe professional fee received by pharmacist and the workload of pharmacist in Sleman. This study was a descriptive non-experimental that was conducted in Sleman in August 2017. Population of this study was a pharmacist who practiced in community of pharmacy in Sleman. Total of 170 respondents from 128 pharmacies were involved in this research. However, 6 questionnaires cannot be analyzed because it is not completely filled. The highest amount of professional fee is between Rp 2.000.000-Rp 3.000.000. Almost all respondents (78%) stated the amount of professional fee that was received was not as expected. The workload of pharmacists is not so heavy and most of the patient are self medication. Pharmacists at the community of pharmacy should be able to show a better work performace, which is shown by increasing pharmacy revenues to get a better rewards.
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Andreski, Michael, Erica Martin, Victoria Valentine Brouner, and Sarah Sorum. "Advancing Community Pharmacy Practice – A Technician Product Verification Pilot to Optimize Care." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 11, no. 2 (June 11, 2020): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v11i2.2340.
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Elevating the technical role of pharmacy technicians to perform Technician Product Verification (TPV) is one strategy that has shown promise to optimize pharmacy practice models. This is done by better positioning pharmacists to provide clinical care, in line with their education and expertise. TPV permits a Validated Pharmacy Technician, as defined by the Wisconsin Pharmacy Examining Board, to verify the accuracy of a product filled by another technician. The pharmacist maintains responsibility for assessing the clinical appropriateness of the prescription, including drug utilization review, data entry, and patient counseling.
During the study period, 12,891 pharmacist-verified prescriptions (baseline) and 27,447 Validated Pharmacy Technician-verified prescriptions were audited for accuracy. The aggregate verification error rate for pharmacist-verified prescriptions was 0.16% and 0.01% for Validated Pharmacy Technician-verified prescriptions. The mean error rate was significantly less for Validated Pharmacy Technician-verified prescriptions than for pharmacist-verified prescriptions (0.19 ± 0.174 % vs 0.03 ± 0.089 %, p=0.020) (Figure 3).
This suggests TPV in the community pharmacy setting maintained patient safety. In this study, Validated Pharmacy Technicians were shown to be more accurate than pharmacists at performing product verification. The ability to delegate the product verification task holds the potential to free up pharmacist time for increased direct patient care. Increasing direct patient care by pharmacists in community pharmacies may have significant implications for improving patient outcomes and pharmacy quality.
Article Type: Original Research
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Melo, Angelita C., Guilherme M. Trindade, Alessandra R. Freitas, Karina A. Resende, and Tarcísio J. Palhano. "Community pharmacies and pharmacists in Brazil: A missed opportunity." Pharmacy Practice 19, no. 2 (June 22, 2021): 2467. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2021.2.2467.
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The Brazilian National Health System (BR-NHS) is one of the largest public health systems in the world. In 2019 Brazil had 114,352 community pharmacies (76.8% private owned), that represent the first point of access to healthcare in Brazil due to their wide distribution. Unfortunately, from the government's point of view, the main expected activity of private and public community pharmacies is related to dispensing medicines and other health products. Public community pharmacies can be part of a healthcare center or be in a separate location, sometimes without the presence of a pharmacist. Pharmacists working in these separated locations do not have access to patients’ medical records, and they have difficulty in accessing other members of the patient care team. Pharmacists working in public pharmacies located in healthcare centers may have access to patients’ medical records, but pharmacy activities are frequently under other professional’s supervision (e.g., nurses). Private pharmacies are usually open 24/7 with the presence of a pharmacist for 8 hours on business days. Private community pharmacies have a very limited integration in the BR-NHS and pharmacists are the third largest healthcare workforce in Brazil with more than 221,000 registered in the Brazilian Federal Pharmacist Association [CFF - Conselho Federal de Farmácia]. A University degree in pharmacy is the only requirement to entry into the profession, without any proficiency exam for maintenance or career progression. The Brazilian pharmacist's annual income is ranked as the 2nd better-paid profession with an annual average income of € 5502.37 (in 2020). Description of clinical activities for pharmacies by the CFF increased in the recent years, however there is still a long way to effectively implement them into practice.
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Huston, Sally A., David R. Ha, Lindsey A. Hohmann, Tessa J. Hastings, Kimberly B. Garza, and Salisa C. Westrick. "Qualitative Investigation of Community Pharmacy Immunization Enhancement Program Implementation." Journal of Pharmacy Technology 35, no. 5 (June 14, 2019): 208–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755122519852584.
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Background: Despite widely available nonseasonal immunization services in community pharmacies, actual pharmacist-administered vaccines are not yet optimal. A flexible choice multicomponent intervention, the “We Immunize” program, was implemented in Alabama and California community pharmacies, with the goal to enhance pneumococcal and zoster immunization delivery. Limited research has been done to qualitatively understand factors influencing immunization service expansion. Objective: Explore pharmacist perceptions of the We Immunize program in terms of its acceptability, impact, and real-world feasibility, and pharmacist-perceived facilitators and barriers influencing success in immunization delivery enhancement. Methods: This practice-focused qualitative research used semistructured telephone interviews with 14 pharmacists at the completion of the 6-month intervention. Results: Major program implementation facilitators were technician inclusion, workflow changes, training and feedback, goal setting, and enhanced personal selling and marketing activities. Multiple pharmacies increased the number of delivered pneumococcal and zoster immunizations, and increased revenue. Many pharmacists felt professional image, knowledge, skills, roles, and personal satisfaction were enhanced, as were technician knowledge, skills, and roles. Program flexibility, along with multiple perceived benefits, increases the potential for success. Conclusions: The We Immunize program appears to have been viewed positively by participating pharmacists and was seen as having a beneficial impact on immunization delivery in the community pharmacies in which it was implemented.
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Ferendina, Imelda, Wiryanto W, and Urip Harahap. "Mapping of Community Pharmacy Practices in Medan City Indonesia." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 9, no. 1 (February 13, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v9i1.887.
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Pharmaceutical practice standards are benchmarks used, especially pharmacists in carrying out pharmaceutical services. But this pharmaceutical practice has not been carried out by community pharmacy pharmacists. Pharmaceutical services are very dependent on the application of established practice standards. Therefore, revitalization efforts need to be made to meet the criteria of pharmaceutical practice in accordance with the applicable standards. This study aims to ensure that community pharmacy practice in Medan city and coaching efforts to restore pharmaceutical practices are in accordance with predetermined standards. This is a cross sectional descriptive research, using quistionnaires in Juni – September 2020. The research sample 105 pharmacist in community pharmacy taken by cluster random sampling. The results showed that the community pharmacy practice has not been running according to standards. The percentage of pharmacies with accreditation A was 67.6%, accredited B 21.0%, accredited C was 9.5%, and not accredited was 1.9%.While the percentage of very good category of pharmaceutical practice was only 20%, good category was 48%, just 21%, 9% less, and sub-standard criteria of 2%.Several factors play a role in determining the value of accreditation and pharmaceutical practice criteria after being statistically tested, namely the presence or absence of other jobs from pharmacists, pharmacy status, pharmacist's presence, and year of graduation from the pharmacist, with a significance <0.05.Based on the explanation can be concluded that the practice community pharmacy in the city of Medan has not met the established pharmaceutical standards.
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Rakib, Abdur, Md Shahid Sarwar, Shaheda Zannah, Sayema Khanum, and Mamunur Rashid. "A Survey of the Role of Community Pharmacists in Dhaka city, Bangladesh." Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 18, no. 2 (July 26, 2015): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bpj.v18i2.24312.
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Community pharmacists play a vital role in improving medication safety and better healthcare facility to the community. Unfortunately, the field of community pharmacy in Bangladesh is still to be developed and there is scarcity of data regarding current role of community pharmacists in Bangladesh. The present study was conducted to find out the role of community pharmacists in Bangladesh. For the study purpose, we visited 42 retail pharmacies in Banani, Khilkhet and Uttra areas of Dhaka city and interviewed the community pharmacists working there. We found that there were total 50 community pharmacists in 42 retail pharmacy and also observed that most of the pharmacists (64%) worked alone. Interestingly, we didnt find a single A-grade pharmacist working as community pharmacist. B-grade pharmacists who completed a 3 year diploma in pharmacy were only 4 in number and 92% of them were C-grade pharmacists with 3-4 months training. The average age of the participants was 29.6 ± 1.2 years. The average length of service for the community pharmacists was 7.6 ± 1.3 years. The top issues that patients consulted with the pharmacists were on medication use (76%), which physician they should visit (54%) and therapy (26%). There was not a significant effect of work experience of community pharmacists on their attitudes toward community-based clinical services. In this study, we observed that 95% community pharmacies provide blood pressure measurement facility, 90% provide diabetes screening, 76% provide dressing services, and only 47% provide nebulization. No community pharmacist was found to be involved with adverse drug reaction reporting. In conclusion, we recommend that the government and the pharmacy regulatory authority should take sufficient initiatives to develop the community pharmacy sector in Bangladesh for the welfare of mankind.Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 18(2): 137-141, 2015
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Koblišková, Zuzana, Zuzana Haramiová, and Tomáš TesaĹ™. "ANALYSIS OF THE PROFESSIONAL SATISFACTION OF PHARMACISTS IN BRATISLAVA." CBU International Conference Proceedings 5 (September 23, 2017): 660–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.12955/cbup.v5.1003.
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: A pharmacist is an expert on medications. At the same time as the most accessible health care provider, the pharmacist fulfills an important social mission. For a pharmacist, work satisfaction plays an important role in several aspects of his practice in a pharmacy. Our primary goal was to conduct a local analysis with the purpose of testing the proposed questionnaire evaluating various dimensions of the professional satisfaction of pharmacists. Our secondary goals were as follows: to analyze individual dimensions of pharmacists’ professional satisfaction, to assess the quality of life in the context of the pharmacists’ professional satisfaction and to analyze the impact of selected characteristics (age, location of the pharmacy) on the pharmacists’ quality of life. The study is based on a questionnaire survey among pharmacists in Bratislava from July to September 2016. Data were collected in person. Respondents were randomly selected from community pharmacies., Equal number of respondents were selected from three different types of pharmacies: a) public pharmacy or its branch in a medical facility or a health centre b) public pharmacy or its branch in a shopping centre c) public pharmacy or its branch in a residential housing development. The results of the study show that the professional satisfaction of pharmacists in Bratislava is evaluated positively. Out of all 27 questions of the questionnaire, only three were evaluated negatively. The analysis points out that pharmacists are dissatisfied with the conditions in the workplace, regulation and legal responsibilities stemming from the profession of a pharmacist, healthcare system, and health insurance companies. The majority of the pharmacists characterized their state of mind on the job as concentrated. Older respondents were more tired and less energized. With regards to the location of a pharmacy, respondents that work in pharmacies located in residential housing developments feel the most concentrated. The knowledge of needs and problems of the profession is the essential precondition for its continued successful development, and its position in current as well as future European and Slovak healthcare systems. Until now, the quality of the professional life of pharmacists has not become a subject of systematic research and evaluation in Slovakia. Our study showed that the professional satisfaction of pharmacists in Bratislava is evaluated positively.
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Freeman, Christopher R., Nabilah Abdullah, Pauline J. Ford, and Meng-Wong Taing. "A national survey exploring oral healthcare service provision across Australian community pharmacies." BMJ Open 7, no. 9 (September 2017): e017940. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017940.
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ObjectivesThis study investigated pharmacists’ and pharmacy assistants’ current practices and perspectives with regard to oral healthcare provision across Australian community pharmacies.DesignCross-sectional study. A questionnaire for each pharmacist and pharmacy assistant cohort was developed and administered by online or postal means. Pearson’s χ2test was used to examine relationships between categorical variables.ParticipantsPharmacists and pharmacy assistants working within 2100 randomly selected Australian community pharmacies.ResultsThe overall response rate was 58.5% (644/1100) for the pharmacist cohort and 28% (280/1000) for the pharmacy assistant cohort. This represents pharmacy staff responses from 803 community pharmacies across Australia (approximately 14.6%, 803/5500 of community pharmacies nationally). Overall, the majority of pharmacists (80.2%; 516/644) and pharmacy assistants (83.6%; 234/280) reported providing oral health advice/consultations to health consumers up to five times each week. More than half of community pharmacists and pharmacy assistants were involved in identifying signs and symptoms for oral health problems; and the majority believed health consumers were receptive to receiving oral health advice. Additionally, more than 80% of pharmacists and 60% of pharmacy assistants viewed extended oral healthcare roles positively and supported integrating them within their workplace; extended roles include provision of prevention, early intervention and referral to oral healthcare services. The most commonly reported barriers to enhance pharmacy staff involvement in oral healthcare within Australian community pharmacies include lack of knowledge, ongoing training and resources to assist practice.ConclusionThis study highlights that Australian pharmacists have an important role in oral health and provides evidence supporting the need for growing partnerships/collaborations between pharmacy and dental healthcare professionals and organisations to develop, implement and evaluate evidence-based resources, interventions and services to deliver improved and responsive oral healthcare within Australian communities.
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Khanfar, Nile M., Antonia Zapantis, Fadi M. Alkhateeb, Kevin A. Clauson, and Cherylyn Beckey. "Patient Attitudes Toward Community Pharmacist Attire." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 26, no. 4 (November 26, 2012): 442–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190012465956.
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The white coat has symbolized professionalism, while representing provider–patient fiduciary relationship. Although well described in the literature for physicians, few studies examine the impact of pharmacist attire on patients’ opinions regarding professionalism and trust. Therefore, understanding patient perceptions regarding pharmacist’s attire and its influence on comfort, confidence, trust, and professionalism may provide guidance on ways to enhance the quality of the provider–patient relationship. A 43-item Likert-type questionnaire was administered to 347 adults in a community pharmacy setting to determine preferences about the pharmacist’s attire, accessories, and body art incorporating 8 photographs depicting a male pharmacist in various degrees of dress formality (ie, casual to professional). Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to summarize and analyze the data. Survey respondents reported it was desirable/strongly desirable that pharmacists be dressed in a shirt and tie, dress shoes, white coat, and name tag (mean 4.21-4.72), whereas they should not be dressed in jeans, casual shoes, or have visible body art (mean 2.17-2.78). Over 86% of the respondents felt that a pharmacist with a white coat instilled feelings of comfort, confidence, trust, and professionalism. In a community pharmacy setting, a pharmacist wearing a white coat appears to be the mainstay in displaying professionalism and inspiring trust in adult patients.
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Iancu, Mihaela Ela, Camelia Bucsa, Andreea Maria Farcas, Daniel Corneliu Leucuta, Adriana Dincu, and Marius Traian Bojita. "Counseling provided by the pharmacist in Romanian community pharmacy: the patients’ perspective." Medicine and Pharmacy Reports 87, no. 2 (July 1, 2014): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15386/cjmed-257.
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Background and aims. Patient education is a critical task that may be carried out by the pharmacists, especially in the context of contemporary pharmacists’ roles, which tend to be closer to patients and their needs. This study aimed to evaluate the counseling provided by the pharmacist in the community pharmacy, from the patient’s perspective.Patients and methods. We conducted a prospective, non-interventional study in 520 pharmacies from 10 Romanian counties across the country. The first 10 visitors of the pharmacy on a given day were asked to complete a questionnaire regarding the counseling provided by the pharmacist during the visit.Results. More than 90% of patients received advice from the pharmacist on the route of administration, use in relation to meals, dosage and length of treatment. More than 80% of the patients were counseled on the medicine contraindications and precautions, interactions with other medicines and food, side effects, additional changes in lifestyle and diet appropriate to the condition and the necessity to immediately consult a doctor/pharmacist in case of adverse drug reactions. Lower percentages were registered for advising the patient on the obligation to return to pharmacy the unused psychotropic drugs (38.04%) and the ability of the drug to modify the laboratory results (47.66).Conclusions. The results of the present study showed that the counseling activity in the community pharmacy is carried out by the pharmacists in a high proportion, according to the patients’ feedback.
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Tran, Tu T., Shareen El-Ibiary, Robert Tindula, Neepa Rai, Austin Nguyen, and Jennifer Le. "Unique pharmacist competency program at community-based, teaching hospitals." Journal of Hospital Administration 2, no. 3 (April 9, 2013): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jha.v2n3p119.
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Background: The pharmacy profession continues to evolve and shape itself with increasing complexity. With this escalating complexity, pharmacist clinical competency needs to be addressed within each healthcare practice setting. The objectives of this study were to describe a unique pharmacist competency program and evaluate its satisfaction at two community hospitals. Methods: Long Beach Memorial and Miller Children’s Hospital of Long Beach are tertiary community hospitals with 308 total beds for Millers Children’s Hospital and 462 total beds for Long Beach Memorial. A unique and intensive pharmacist competency program has been established at these hospitals for over 20 years. The content of this program was assessed and a survey was conducted in March 2011 to ascertain pharmacist satisfaction. Results: The unique pharmacist competency program was structured in the form of age-related, hospital-wide and unit specific modules, pharmacy-regulated therapies (PRT), and a Pharmacy Skills Day that provide updates on PRT and other pharmacy-related topics. Forty-two of 61 (69%) pharmacists responded to the survey. Mean age of pharmacists was 38.8 ± 11.5 years, 36% were male, 86% completed residency training, and 12% were board-certified pharmacotherapy specialists. Over 80% of pharmacists agreed that the program was informative and supportive of their daily patient care activities. Although the program was well-received by the pharmacists, there were facets of the program that needed improvement, including resources for continuing education opportunities and additional modules for competency. Conclusion: A unique pharmacist competency program at two community hospitals was described. The program was well-received by the pharmacists, and, more importantly, ensured continuous professional development in pharmacy practice.
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Putu Satrya, Dewa Ayu, Putu Eka Arimbawa, and Abdul Khodir Jaelani. "HUBUNGAN FASILITATOR DENGAN PELAKSANAAN GOOD PHARMACY PRACTICE (GPP) DI APOTEK DENPASAR." Jurnal Endurance 2, no. 3 (October 13, 2017): 406. http://dx.doi.org/10.22216/jen.v2i3.2031.
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<p><em>Pharmaceutical service is said to be good if it meets the criteria of Good Pharmacy Practice (GPP) which is patient oriented or often called pharmaceutical care. GPP implementation on community pharmacy proved to be slower than expected, although many pharmacists have agreed with the GPP concept. The purpose of this research is to accelerate the achievement of GPP by applying the facilitator which has high influence on pharmacist attitude in GPP implementation, so as to improve the quality assurance of pharmaceutical service in community pharmacy. GPP implementation also aims to improve the quality of patients, because the service focus on the patient or often known as patient oriented. The research method used cross sectional survey design. Quantitative data with questionnaires were taken prospectively for patients. The sampling technique used is random sampling to 70 pharmacists in charge of pharmacies in pharmacies of Denpasar City Bali. The result of the research shows the influence of facilitator to GPP implementation in Apotek Denpasar-Bali. The attitudes of facilitators in the implementation of the influential GPP in this study were Doctor Relationship with Pharmacist (p = 0,010), Human Resources (p = 0,023), and teamwork (p = 0.012) had a positive and significant effect on pharmacist attitude in GPP implementation. The facilitator variable of physician and pharmacist relationship is the most influential variable (r = 0,340) on pharmacist attitude in implementing Good Pharmacy Practice (GPP).</em></p>
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Brito, Inara Carla Castro Santos de, Hudson Manoel Nogueira Campos, Gustavo Santarém dos Santos, Anna Flávia Bezerra Penha, and Diego Carneiro Ramos. "Papel do farmacêutico e da farmácia comunitária na Atenção à Saúde: percepção de estudantes universitários." Espaço para a Saúde - Revista de Saúde Pública do Paraná 23 (July 28, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.22421/1517-7130/es.2022v23.e868.
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Thousands of community pharmacies in Brazil provide daily access to medicines. This study aims to identify the perception of undergraduate pharmacy students about the contribution of the pharmacist in the community pharmacy to the improvement of health care. The data for this research were obtained through the students’ comments in an online discussion forum. To analyze qualitative data, the thematic content analysis technique was used. Students often stated that the pharmacy provides easy access to medicines and to a qualified health professional; the pharmacist’s presence contributes to the recognition of the pharmacy as a health establishment. The pharmacy role transcends dispensing and the clerk does not replace the pharmacist. The results show a valorization of the pharmaceutical care quality promotion.
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Faggioni, Mara, Rachel Wong, and Tiana Tilli. "23. Did You Pneu?: Impact of an Adult Pneumococcal Immunization Campaign Across Independent Community Pharmacies." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (October 1, 2020): S35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.068.
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Abstract Background Canada’s pneumococcal immunization goal for adults 65 years and older aims to achieve 80% coverage, yet uptake is only 58% in this population. Barriers include lack of awareness and lack of recommendations by healthcare providers. A pneumococcal immunization campaign was designed to address barriers and increase vaccine uptake from independent community pharmacies. Methods A “Did You Pneu?” pneumococcal immunization campaign was developed by a pharmacist at the head office of an independent community pharmacy banner. The campaign consisted of pharmacist educational materials, in-pharmacy marketing materials, and pharmacy operational supports (Figure 1). In November 2018, a month-long in-pharmacy campaign was carried out across the banner. Feedback collected from pharmacists via telephone interviews was used to inform updates to campaign materials for the November 2019 campaign. A convenience sample of ten independent community pharmacies located across Ontario was selected for a retrospective observational analysis of pneumococcal vaccine purchases from January 2017 to December 2019. Figure 1. “Did You Pneu?” campaign toolkit showing pharmacist educational materials, in-pharmacy marketing materials, and pharmacy operational supports developed and distributed across a banner of independent community pharmacies as part of an adult pneumococcal immunization campaign. Results Analysis of ten independent community pharmacies revealed an increase in the total number of pneumococcal vaccines purchased in November in years a campaign took place compared to baseline. The total number of pneumococcal vaccines purchased in November increased 23% during the first campaign and another 213% during the second campaign (13 vs. 16 vs. 50 vaccines purchased in November 2017, 2018, and 2019, respectively). Increased vaccine uptake was also observed in months subsequent to the in-pharmacy campaign. Analysis of ten independent community pharmacies revealed a 47% increase in the mean number of pneumococcal vaccines purchased per month by the banner (8.8 mean number of pneumococcal vaccines purchased per month twelve months pre-implementation vs. 12.9 twelve months post-implementation). Conclusion A comprehensive pneumococcal adult immunization campaign implemented across a banner of independent community pharmacies led to immediate and sustained increases in vaccine uptake. As pharmacists have a role in promoting adult pneumococcal immunizations, advocacy efforts should be undertaken to include pharmacists in publicly funded immunization programs. Disclosures Tiana Tilli, PharmD, RPh, ACPR, Pfizer Canada Inc. (Grant/Research Support, Speaker’s Bureau)
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Hsu, Shih-Ying H., Monica J. Hwang, and Jeanine K. Mount. "Team Communication on Tasks Performed in Blood Pressure Clinics in Community Pharmacies." Journal of Pharmacy Technology 36, no. 1 (September 13, 2019): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755122519872697.
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Background: To successfully deliver pharmacy services, pharmacists and technicians need to work as a team and have effective communication. Objectives: To measure the amount of communication between community pharmacists and their technicians during monthly blood pressure (BP) clinics. Methods: Cross-sectional survey method was used to assess the amount of communication pharmacists and technicians had on each task. Study participants were pharmacist-technician pairs (teams) from 10 intervention community pharmacies in the Team Education and Adherence Monitoring (TEAM) trial. Each team provided services designed to improve BP among hypertensive African American patients. Thirteen specific tasks were identified as essential in providing monthly BP clinics, and they were being performed by either the pharmacist or technician. At the end of the trial, each pharmacist and technician were asked to report his/her perception of discussion levels that occurred for each task. The level of team communication was summarized for each task (task-specific) and for each team (team-specific). Results: For task-specific communication, 3 teams had communication regarding pharmacist tasks and 5 teams engaged in communication for technician tasks. More communication was reported for newly developed technician tasks in the BP clinic. For team-specific communication, 2 teams reported no communication on any task, and another 2 teams reported having communication on all the tasks. Overall, pharmacy teams showed different levels of communication in this study. Conclusion: The amounts of communication between pharmacists and technicians were found to vary for different tasks and teams. This suggests that the nature of tasks and the unique dynamics existing in each pharmacy team could influence pharmacist-technician communication.
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Ally, Muhamad Z., Nav Persaud, and Norman Umali. "Evaluation of Pharmacy Model in a Trial of Free Essential Medicine Access." Journal of Primary Care & Community Health 11 (January 2020): 215013272092393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2150132720923938.
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Background: In Canada, pharmacists accessing electronic health records (EHR) and mailing medications to patients are relatively uncommon. We evaluated a pharmacy model implemented in a clinical trial that combined allowing the pharmacist access to patients’ EHR and mailing medications to participants. Methods: We conducted thematic analysis of comments made by participants and prescribers, and chart stimulated recalls with the pharmacist involved with the novel pharmacy model implemented in a clinical trial. Results: Major themes from participant’s comments related to the ease of obtaining information about medications from the pharmacy and satisfaction with the delivery. Prescribers felt that this model facilitated collaboration with the pharmacist and welcomed suggestions regarding therapeutic medication changes. Major themes from the pharmacist’s chart stimulated recalls were that access to participants’ EHRs allowed for improved drug therapy management and participant experience, and this pharmacy model increased participant’s access to pharmacy services. Discussion: According to the pharmacist and prescribers, this pharmacy model facilitated their collaboration in prescribing appropriate medications and participants were generally satisfied with the delivery of medications. Conclusion: Participants and prescribers were generally supportive of a pharmacy model that combined allowing the pharmacist access to participants’ EHR and medication mailing. This allowed the pharmacist more opportunities for drug therapy management and collaboration with prescribers. It also improved the participant’s access to pharmacy services, although those services were not always fully utilized.
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George, Pradeep P., Joseph AD Molina, Jason Cheah, Soo Chung Chan, and Boon Peng Lim. "The Evolving Role of the Community Pharmacist in Chronic Disease Management - A Literature Review." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 39, no. 11 (November 15, 2010): 861–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v39n11p861.
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Introduction: We appraised the roles and responsibilities assigned to community pharmacists internationally and in Singapore. Materials and Methods: A systematic search of international peer-reviewed literature was undertaken using Medline. Grey literature was identified through generic search engines. The search period was from 1 January 1991 to 30 July 2009. The search criteria were English language manuscripts and search terms "community pharmacist", “community pharmacy”, “disease management” and "roles” as a major heading. Boolean operators were used to combine the search terms. Identified abstracts were independently reviewed and the findings were presented as a narrative summary. Results: Overall, we reviewed 115 articles on an abstract level and retrieved 45 of those as full text articles for background information review and inclusion into the evidence report. Of the articles included in the review, 32% were from United Kingdom (UK). Literature highlights the multi-faceted role of the community pharmacist in disease management. Community pharmacists were involved in the management of asthma, arthritis, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, depression, hypertension, osteoporosis and palliative care either alone or in the disease management team. Evidence of effectiveness for community pharmacy/ community pharmacist interventions exists for lipid, diabetes, and hypertension management and for preventive services such as weight management, osteoporosis prevention and flu immunisation services. Majority of the community pharmacists in Singapore play the traditional role of dispensing. Attempts by the private community pharmacies to provide some professional services were not successful due to lack of funding. Factors found to impede the growth of community pharmacists are insufficient integration of community pharmacist input into healthcare pathways, poor relationship among pharmacists and physicians, lack of access to patient information, time constraints and inadequate compensation. Conclusion: Evidence from observational studies points out the wide range of roles played by the community pharmacist and provides insights into their integration into chronic disease management programmes and health promotion. Key words: Community pharmacy, Interventions, Services, Roles
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Goode, Jean-Venable, James Owen, Alexis Page, and Sharon Gatewood. "Community-Based Pharmacy Practice Innovation and the Role of the Community-Based Pharmacist Practitioner in the United States." Pharmacy 7, no. 3 (August 4, 2019): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy7030106.
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Community-based pharmacy practice is evolving from a focus on product preparation and dispensing to becoming a health care destination within the four walls of the traditional community-based pharmacy. Furthermore, community-based pharmacy practice is expanding beyond the four walls of the traditional community-based pharmacy to provide care to patients where they need it. Pharmacists involved in this transition are community-based pharmacist practitioners who are primarily involved in leading and advancing team-based patient care services in communities to improve the patient health. This paper will review community-based pharmacy practice innovations and the role of the community-based pharmacist practitioner in the United States.
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Harlianti, Mariska Sri, Tri Murti Andayani, and Diah Ayu Puspandari. "Willingness to Pay Pelayanan Konseling Apoteker di Apotek di Kecamatan Polokarto Tahun 2016." Pharmacon: Jurnal Farmasi Indonesia 15, no. 1 (March 14, 2019): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/pharmacon.v15i1.7247.
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Counseling is one part of the clinical pharmacy service at the pharmacy that is the responsibility of the pharmacist to achieve therapeutic goal. Community needs for counseling have increased so that the active participation of pharmacists is needed through the provision of professional services. This research needs to be done to find out the amount of counseling services by pharmacists who are willing to be paid by patients with a WTP (Willingness to Pay) value parameter. In addition, the value of WTP can also describe the indirect benefits felt by the community towards counseling services by pharmacists at the pharmacy. This research is a descriptive observational research through a survey. The study was conducted at the pharmacy in the Polokarto sub-district of Sukoharjo regency in January – February 2016 with pharmacy visitor respondents who received counseling services by pharmacists. A total of 82 patients participated in this study. The amount of WTP is determined based on the average WTP value chosen by the patients with the payment card method. The result showed that the average WTP value of pharmacist counseling services at pharmacies in Sukoharjo regency was Rp. 15,892.
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Zimenkovsky, Andriy, Yuliya Nastyukha, Kateryna Kostyana, Oleg Devinyak, Marta Zayats, Andriy Koval, Oksana Denysiuk, Oksana Gorodnycha, and Vitaliy Siatynia. "Clinical pharmacy in Ukraine according to the healthcare professionals’ assessment." Pharmacia 66, no. 4 (December 31, 2019): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.66.e37706.
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An anonymous questionnaire survey among healthcare professionals in Ukraine (n = 10737) showed contradictions in the attitude to the peculiarities of clinical pharmacy compared to a general pharmacy, the relation to the specialists who provide clinical pharmacy services, and the healthcare settings for them. The respondents considered the activity of clinical pharmacist necessary in 74.2%. The community pharmacies were identified as prior professional settings for clinical pharmacists in 55.3%; hospitals – 47.7%, hospital pharmacies – 45.0%. Among the directions of the clinical pharmacist’s activity at the hospital, monitoring of drug safety and efficacy was stated by 69.9%, provision of the pharmaceutical care – 50.5%, evaluation of pharmacotherapy – 42.1%, processing of the local drug formulary – 26.8%. The respondents saw prospects for the development of clinical pharmacy in Ukraine in 54.2%. Therefore, there were differences in views on the key issues of clinical pharmacy throughout Ukraine and the insufficient support for its prospects.
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Shafie, Asrul Akmal, Bee Ying Tan, Adrianna Wong Azman, and Siew Chin Ong. "Community Pharmacist Attire and Its Impact on Patient Preference in Malaysia." Malaysian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 20, no. 1 (May 25, 2022): 39–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/mjps2022.20.1.4.
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Different attires may bring different perceptions, level of trust, status and transmits social signals towards pharmacist in a community pharmacy setting. The objectives of the study were to explore the public perception of community pharmacist attire and the association of respondents’ sociodemographics with their preferences for community pharmacist attire. This was a cross-sectional, convenience sampling study among 200 general public adults (> 18 years old) in community pharmacies setting in Malaysia. A face validated Likert-type questionnaire was administered to assess the public perceptions and their preferences on community pharmacist attire. Four sets of model photographs with variation in gender, ethnicity and attire formality (i.e., formal wear with lab coat to casual attire) were used to assess respondents’ preferences. The most preferred attire of pharmacists was formal wear with a lab coat compared to other styles of attire (74% versus 36%). The older the respondents were, the more likely they prefer pharmacists in the formal wear with lab coat attire compared to formal (OR: 0.943; 95% CI: 0.899, 0.989; p < 0.05) and semi-formal wear (OR: 0.912; 95% CI: 0.840, 0.989; p < 0.05). Male respondents prefer pharmacists in formal wear without the lab coat (OR: 3.893; 95% CI: 1.449,10.491; p < 0.01) compared to female. A neat and proper attired pharmacist will gain a positive impression from patients. Respondents favour pharmacists in formal attire with a lab coat. Pharmacists in formal wear with a lab coat able to display professionalism and instil feelings of trust, confidence and comfort among the public in a community pharmacy setting.
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Cho, Hyemin, Yumin Lee, and Sunmee Jang. "Experience and Perception of Immigrants on Drug Use and Services of Pharmacists." Yakhak Hoeji 66, no. 5 (October 31, 2022): 255–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17480/psk.2022.66.5.255.
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Pharmacy utilization among immigrants in Korea is increasing amid the rapidly rising number of immigrants living in the country. However, few studies have investigated immigrants’ pharmacy utilization. This qualitative study used group interviews to explore immigrants’ experiences and perceptions of drug use and pharmacist services in Korea. The study participants consisted of 30 immigrants who had lived in Incheon and Gyeonggi for at least one year and had used pharmacies. The analysis results are grouped under three themes: “Reasons for visiting and selecting a pharmacy,” “Experience and perception of pharmacy and pharmacists’ services,” and “Experience and perception of taking medicine.” Our study shows that immigrants in Korea face language barriers when visiting pharmacies and struggle with Korea’s prescription-dispensing systems, forcing them to rely on their home country communities. However, immigrants who build a relationship of trust with a certain pharmacy tend to visit it regularly. Therefore, Korean pharmacists must strive to build good relationships with immigrants in order to help them adapt to Korea’s healthcare system.
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Luli, Alex J., Natalie Tran, Angela Ataya, and Sally Rafie. "Patient Screenings for Preconception Health Interventions at a Community Pharmacy." Pharmacy 8, no. 4 (October 5, 2020): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy8040181.
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Preconception health refers to health before pregnancy and involves addressing risk factors that can negatively impact either a patient or future pregnancy. Pharmacists can play an essential role in screening for and managing patients’ risk factors to optimize pregnancy outcomes. The primary objective of this study is to determine whether preconception health screenings in community pharmacy settings identify opportunities for preconception health services, particularly pharmacy-based interventions. The secondary objectives are to describe the preconception health status of community pharmacy patients and their interest in receiving preconception care services by a clinical pharmacist in a community pharmacy setting. Two independent pharmacies conducted a pilot project where people were invited to complete a health screening form that evaluated their preconception health. Participants received a personalized health report with an invitation to meet with the clinical pharmacist for services related to identified opportunities, such as contraception and immunizations. Retrospective analysis was conducted for data collected from 43 women during the patient screening effort in three community pharmacy settings (two independent community pharmacy locations and one neighborhood pharmacy outreach event). Nearly all participants (n = 42, 98%) had at least one opportunity identified to receive preconception care services, with the majority related to their alcohol use (60%). A majority of participants (56%) indicated an interest in learning more about preconception services offered at the pharmacy, but only 19% wanted to schedule an appointment with a pharmacist. Thus, there is an apparent need and opportunity for utilization of preconception health services at the pharmacy.
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Frost, Timothy P., and Alex J. Adams. "Tech-Check-Tech in Community Pharmacy Practice Settings." Journal of Pharmacy Technology 33, no. 2 (December 27, 2016): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755122516683519.
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Objective: The benefit of a tech-check-tech (TCT) practice model in institutional settings has been well documented. To date, few studies have explored TCT beyond institutional settings. This article summarizes the existing evidence in community pharmacy–based TCT research with respect to dispensing accuracy and pharmacist time devoted to direct patient care. Data Sources: A literature review was conducted using MEDLINE (January 1990 to August 2016), Google Scholar (January 1990 to August 2016), and EMBASE (January 1990 to August 2016) using the terms “tech* and check,” “tech-check-tech,” “checking technician,” and “accuracy checking tech*”. Bibliographies were reviewed to identify additional relevant literature. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Studies were included if they analyzed TCT and were conducted in a community pharmacy practice site, inclusive of chain, independent, mass merchant, supermarket, and mail order pharmacies. Studies were excluded if the TCT practice model was conducted in an institutional or long-term care setting. Survey data on theoretical models of TCT in community pharmacy practice settings were also excluded. Data Synthesis: Over the past 14 years, 4 studies were identified indicating TCT has been performed safely and effectively in community settings. The studies demonstrate that trained community technicians perform as accurately as pharmacists and that TCT increased the amount of pharmacist time devoted to clinical activities. In the 2 studies that reported accuracy rates, pharmacy technicians performed at least as accurately as pharmacists (99.445 vs 99.73%, P = .484; 99.95 vs 99.74, P < .05). Furthermore, 3 of the studies reported gains in pharmacist time, with increases between 9.1% and 19.18% of pharmacist time for consultative services. Conclusions: The present studies demonstrate that TCT can be safe and effective in community pharmacy practice settings, with results similar to those found in institutional settings. It is anticipated more states will explore TCT in community settings in the years ahead as a strategy to improve patient care.
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Taylor, Brooke, and Bella Mehta. "The Community Pharmacy Technician’s Role in the Changing Pharmacy Practice Space." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 11, no. 2 (June 9, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v11i2.3325.
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Purpose: The practice of pharmacy and role of pharmacists has evolved over the decades but markedly since the introduction of the Affordable Care Act (ACA) in 2010. The ACA allowed patients to have increased access to community pharmacy services, such as medication therapy management, leading to an increase in the clinical services provided by pharmacists. This expansion of pharmacist’s roles has led to pharmacists to feel an increase in workload which negatively impacts the time spent with patients. One way for this shift to occur without continuing to increase the pharmacist’s workload is by using technicians as pharmacist extenders to take on more technical tasks.
Summary: The role of pharmacy technicians has been slow to expand from fear of public safety due to the lack of required education and training. Today, state requirements to practice as a pharmacy technician have become stricter with state requiring licensing, registration or certification. This increase in requirements as led to the expansion of pharmacy technician duties. Studies show that pharmacy technicians are able to perform technician accuracy checking, provide immunization and perform Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA)-waived screenings. In addition to these duties, pharmacy technicians are being utilized in more novel ways such as collecting medication information in primary care and telepharmacy settings.
Conclusion: In order for pharmacy to continue to grow as a profession, pharmacists need to use pharmacy technicians as extenders. As pharmacy technicians begin to take on more of the technical duties, pharmacists are able to increase the time spent with patients.
Article Type: Commentary
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Rhodes, Laura A., Dennis M. Williams, Macary W. Marciniak, and David Jay Weber. "Community pharmacists as vaccine providers." International Journal of Health Governance 22, no. 3 (September 4, 2017): 167–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijhg-05-2017-0020.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to describe the history of pharmacist involvement as vaccine providers in the USA and discuss examples of growing interests in other parts of the world. Design/methodology/approach Literature searches were performed in PubMed as well as pharmacy-related journals. Findings Pharmacists have been involved with the storage and management of vaccines for more than a century. Based on the unmet needs in meeting national goals for vaccination rates among adults in the USA, efforts led to training and recognizing pharmacists as vaccine providers which is now within the scope of practice for a pharmacist in all US states and territories. Pharmacists complete a comprehensive training program in vaccine sciences, regulatory considerations, as well as demonstration of skills in administering vaccines. Over 300,000 pharmacists have been trained in vaccine delivery and this represents the majority of the pharmacist workforce in the USA. There are examples of the beneficial impact of pharmacist involvement as vaccine providers in community pharmacy settings. Research limitations/implications This review is based on a thorough review of the literature but was not conducted in a systematic fashion. Originality/value This review provides a historical perspective and evidence of the benefit of pharmacists as vaccine providers.
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Kisor, David F., David R. Bright, Megan Conaway, Bruce A. Bouts, and Gregory P. Gerschutz. "Pharmacogenetics in the Community Pharmacy." Journal of Pharmacy Practice 27, no. 4 (February 13, 2014): 416–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0897190014522496.
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Introduction: Although antiplatelet therapy is a mainstay of post–percutaneous coronary intervention therapy, pharmacogenetic (PGt) considerations of therapy are often ignored despite related Food and Drug Administration warnings. Pharmacists are well situated to provide PGt guidance, and the community pharmacy is one setting where PGt testing, interpretation, and recommendations can take place to ensure optimal therapeutic outcomes. Case Report: A 65-year-old man who had a myocardial infarction that was treated with PCI and stent placement was determined by a community pharmacist to be a candidate for PGt testing to ensure optimal antiplatelet therapy. The patient was seen in the pharmacy as a part of a medication therapy management encounter and underwent genetic testing. Results of the genetic testing indicated the need for modification of therapy. The community pharmacist interpreted the results and made the appropriate recommendation to the cardiologist who in turn modified antiplatelet therapy appropriately. Conclusion: This case describes the potential for collaboration between pharmacists and physicians to optimize antiplatelet therapy through PGt testing. Points of consideration for others looking to implement related PGt services are also discussed.
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Piraux, Arthur, Marie Cavillon, Aline Ramond-Roquin, and Sébastien Faure. "Assessment of Satisfaction with Pharmacist-Administered COVID-19 Vaccinations in France: PharmaCoVax." Vaccines 10, no. 3 (March 14, 2022): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines10030440.
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Background: COVID-19 vaccines are among the most effective measures to reduce serious illness and death from infection with the highly contagious SARS-CoV-2 virus. To improve vaccine accessibility, pharmacists in France have been authorized to administer COVID-19 vaccinations since March 2021. This study aims to assess satisfaction among French people receiving their COVID-19 vaccination from a community pharmacist. Methodology: The PharmaCoVax study was conducted in French community pharmacies from 16 March to 30 June 2021. Interested pharmacists completed an online participation form, giving them access to the self-administered questionnaire. People receiving a pharmacist-administered COVID-19 vaccination completed this questionnaire in the pharmacy. Results: Among the 442 pharmacists involved, 123 actively participated in the study. Overall, 5733 completed questionnaires were analyzed. A proportion of 59% (n = 3388) of those who received a pharmacist-administered COVID-19 vaccination had previously received their influenza vaccination, most often in the same pharmacy (n = 1744). Only 24% (n = 1370) of people visiting a pharmacy had tried to obtain their COVID-19 vaccination elsewhere. Satisfaction was excellent with a rating of 4.92 out of 5.00, and the net promoter score was 93. Conclusions: The pharmacist-administered COVID-19 vaccination service was overwhelmingly appreciated by users. The trust placed in pharmacists may explain the desire to have them perform additional vaccinations.
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Shedd, Mikali, Anna Bozhkova, Bethany A. Kalich, and G. Lucy Wilkening. "Evaluation of Bexar County community pharmacist attitudes toward harm reduction." Mental Health Clinician 9, no. 6 (November 1, 2019): 383–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.9740/mhc.2019.11.383.
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Abstract Introduction Harm reduction is a term for strategies that minimize the negative outcomes of drug use. Given the progressing opioid epidemic, identifying barriers to harm reduction dispensing in community pharmacies is essential. Methods This online, survey-based study assessed community pharmacist attitudes toward harm reduction and perceived dispense rates of both naloxone and needles/syringes to patients without verifiable injectable prescriptions. The online survey was distributed to members of the Bexar County Pharmacist Association and university alumni. The survey collected demographics, perceived dispense rates of naloxone, needles and syringes, availability of pharmacy protocols for dispensing these products, and Likert-scaled attitudinal questions. Responses were collected for 6 weeks. Results Thirty-two survey responses were analyzed. Participants were generally white (n = 14) or Hispanic/Latino (n = 14), had a median age of 37 years (interquartile range, 32-49 years), and had a median graduation year of 2011 (interquartile range, 1988-2016). Most pharmacists agreed or strongly agreed they should be involved in harm reduction (n = 26) and that pharmacies are an appropriate place to access these resources (n = 26). However, most reported never or rarely dispensing both naloxone (n = 19) and needles and syringes (n = 22). Naloxone or needle and syringe protocol use was reported by 66% (n = 21) and 47% (n = 15) of pharmacists, respectively. Pharmacy protocols significantly enhanced the likelihood of naloxone dispensing (P = .007) but not needle and syringe dispensing (P = .24). Conclusion Community pharmacists exhibited positive attitudes toward harm reduction but reported low rates of dispensing both naloxone and needles and syringes. Pharmacy protocols could be enhanced to better support community pharmacists in this area.
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Vainio, Kirsti K., Marja SA Airaksinen, Tarja T. Hyykky, and K. Hannes Enlund. "Effect of Therapeutic Class on Counseling in Community Pharmacies." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 36, no. 5 (May 2002): 781–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1a374.
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OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect and importance of the therapeutic class of a drug as a determinant for verbal counseling by community pharmacists. METHODS: Direct external observations (n = 1431) of pharmacist—customer interactions at the point of delivery of prescription medicines were conducted in 7 community pharmacies in Finland. Trained observers noted whether the pharmacist provided information on directions for use, mode of action, and adverse effects. To examine factors associated with counseling, a multiple logistic regression analysis was constructed, with the dependent variable being counseling of any of the 3 observed topics. In addition to therapeutic class, other independent variables were the pharmacy; pharmacist's age, gender, and degree; and the customer's age, gender, previous use of medicine, and question asking. RESULTS: Provision of counseling differed significantly according to therapeutic classes. Counseling on any of the 3 observed topics was most likely to be provided for customers with antibiotics (80%) and least likely for customers with gynecologic preparations (18%). Differences between therapeutic classes remained statistically significant when the effects of the other variables were controlled for. Other significant predictors for any verbal counseling were the pharmacy, customer's previous use of the medicine, and question asking. CONCLUSIONS: Therapeutic class is an important variable that should be included in further studies and considered when comparing studies on patient counseling in community pharmacies.
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Lorensia, Amelia, Rifaatul Laila Mahmudah, and Leonardo Immanuel. "TINGKAT PENGETAHUAN APOTEKER KOMUNITAS MENGENAI PENGOBATAN ASMA." Jurnal Ilmiah Ibnu Sina (JIIS) Ilmu Farmasi dan Kesehatan 5, no. 2 (October 27, 2020): 278–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.36387/jiis.v5i2.495.
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Optimal asthma therapy requires collaboration between patients and pharmacists as health workers. Through pharmacy services, pharmacists have the role of providing education and monitoring asthma therapy. But the level of pharmacist's knowledge will be important in its implementation. This study studies the level of medical knowledge from the community in the city of East Surabaya. The research design used in this study was cross sectional and data collection was carried out through questionnaires from previous studies. The level of knowledge includes 6 domains, namely the domain of pharmacological therapy, etiology and pathophysiology, risk factors, resolution, symptoms, and non-pharmacological therapy. The subject is a pharmacist who practices at a pharmacy in East Surabaya. Data is collected by visiting pharmacies one by one to invite pharmacists from each pharmacy. Interviews were conducted directly with research subjects. In this study descriptive data analysis was performed. The study was conducted from April to June 2019 with 108 people. The results of the study concluded: Most subjects had moderate / standard asthma knowledge (37.96%) and only a small proportion had a high level of knowledge (27.77%). From the questionnaire questions, the lowest domain was in non-pharmacological therapy (94.00) and the lowest value was in the question domain (43.00). Therefore, pharmacists need to increase their knowledge in order to help asthma patients achieve optimal treatment. Keywords: asthma, pharmacist, pharmacy, knowledge
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McMillan, Sara S., Hidy Chan, and Laetitia H. Hattingh. "Australian Community Pharmacy Harm-Minimisation Services: Scope for Service Expansion to Improve Healthcare Access." Pharmacy 9, no. 2 (April 26, 2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy9020095.
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Community pharmacies are well positioned to participate in harm-minimisation services to reduce harms caused by both licit and illicit substances. Considering developments in pharmacist practices and the introduction of new professional pharmacy services, we identified a need to explore the contemporary role of community pharmacy in harm minimisation. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken to explore the opinions of stakeholders, pharmacy staff, and clients about the role of community pharmacy in harm minimisation, including provision of current services, experiences, and expectations. Participants (n = 28) included 5 stakeholders, 9 consumers, and 14 staff members from seven community pharmacies. Three over-arching themes were identified across the three participants groups: (i) scope and provision, (ii) complexity, and (iii) importance of person-centred advice and support in relation to community pharmacy harm minimisation services. Community pharmacies are valuable healthcare destinations for delivery of harm minimisation services, with scope for service expansion. Further education, support, and remuneration are needed, as well as linkage to other sector providers, in order to ensure that pharmacists and pharmacy staff are well equipped to provide a range of harm minimisation services.
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Anwar, T. T. Muhammed, and G. R. Rajalakshmi. "Assessment of Good Pharmacy Practice among Community Pharmacist and their Perceptions on Ethical Dilemmas." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 11, no. 2 (March 15, 2021): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v11i2.4607.
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Drugs are the prime member of any disease prevention plans and ailment treatment programmes. Pharmacists are the health professionals appointed by relevant authorities for safe and efficacious use of drugs, since they are the specially upskilled and trained personnel for controlling, organizing and distribution of medicines. Medicine alone does not provide desired treatment output. In order to achieve the optimal treatment goals pharmacist must provide enhanced drug related needs and ensure the services are of proper quality. This study aims to assess the Good Pharmacy Practice among community pharmacist, determine the frequency of ethical dilemma at community pharmacy settings and to assess the reasons why community pharmacists may compromise ethical values.It was a descriptive cross - sectional study carried out in different community pharmacies in Kozhikode district of Kerala. The study was executed in 6 months time period. The sample size was 115 community pharmacists working in Kozhikode district. Total of 120 subjects were enrolled and data were collected using a validated self-administered questionnaire. The result shows that most of the pharmacists were providing quality services to the patients and they are facing various ethical dilemma situations in their day today life. They were facing ethical dilemma situation at least once in three months. Community pharmacists compromise on ethical values and ethical issues mainly for protecting their job. The physicians request and employer’s invasion into their activities has a great role in ethical dilemma situations and thus violating the rules.
Keywords: GPP, community pharmacy, ethical dilemma, pharmacy services.
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Alhazmi, Mohammad, Abdulmajeed Bajuayfir, Ejaz Cheema, Mahmoud Elrggal, and Majid Ali. "Evaluation of Current Community Pharmacist Practice in Saudi Arabia—A Cross-Sectional Study from Pharmacists’ Perspective (Part II)." Pharmacy 10, no. 2 (March 10, 2022): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy10020038.
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This study aimed to evaluate the current practice of community pharmacists from patients’ and pharmacists’ perspectives in Saudi Arabia. This paper presents the pharmacist’s perspective. A cross-sectional self-administered online survey was designed to collect responses from community pharmacists in Saudi Arabia from February to April 2021. The questionnaire consisted of several statements related to best practice in community pharmacy. Pharmacists’ responses to each statement were scored using a 5-point Likert scale. Higher scores represented a greater extent to which they adhered to best practice in the community pharmacy setting and vice versa. Data of 164 participants were included in the analysis. The minimum median score was related to the statement: Pharmacist explains the main side effects. The maximum median score was related to the statement: Pharmacist explains dosage regimen. Pharmacists aged 30 years or above and non-Saudi pharmacists had significantly higher median scores compared with pharmacists less than 30 years of age (p = 0.016) and Saudi pharmacists, respectively (p = 0.001). A gap between best practice and current practice of community pharmacists was observed. Policymakers can utilize these findings to provide targeted professional development opportunities for the practicing community pharmacists in order to improve the overall service and care for patients.
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Al-Jumaili, Ali Azeez, Inaam Ahmed Ameen, and Doaa Asaad Alzubaidy. "Influence of Pharmacy Characteristics and Customer Quality of Life on Satisfaction of Community Pharmacy Customers." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 11, no. 1 (February 19, 2020): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v11i1.2434.
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Objectives: The study objectives were to evaluate customer satisfaction with community pharmacy services and measure the relationships between customer satisfaction and pharmacy/pharmacist characteristics and customer quality of life.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of customers at 20 community pharmacies in 10 different geographical areas in Baghdad city between May and September 2018. We used the satisfaction items which were developed by Paterson and colleagues in 2013. The survey also assessed customer quality of life (QoL) with 12 QoL items.
Results: The study recruited 400 pharmacy customers. Overall, customers reported good satisfaction with community pharmacy services. The most three satisfying aspects were the professional appearance of the pharmacy, the professionalism of pharmacy staff and explanations of possible adverse medication effects. Three customer characteristics were associated with high satisfaction rates including male gender, buying medications without a prescription, and seeking services for themselves. Three pharmacy characteristics increased the customer satisfaction rate including the availability of female pharmacists, having more than one pharmacist, and whether the pharmacy is open full time. For quality of life, patients who had a limitation in their activities and those who accomplished less than they would like were less satisfied with pharmacy services.
Conclusions: To improve pharmacy services, pharmacists need to enhance their professional appearance, allocate more time for patient counselling, help patients to manage their medications and extend their working hours to meet customer needs.
Article Type: Original Research
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Evans, F., R. Deslandes, P. Deslandes, and S. Young. "Opinions of stakeholders about integrating pharmacists into Community Mental Health Teams." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 30, Supplement_1 (April 1, 2022): i43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riac019.060.
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Abstract Introduction Pharmacists are routinely involved in optimising medicines for mental health patients during inpatient admissions through attending ward rounds and providing a clinical pharmacy service. (1) Despite literature demonstrating the benefits, specialist pharmacists are not routinely integrated in Community Mental Health Teams (CMHTs) (2) and there is little research to identify the barriers to pharmacists’ integration. The opinions of stakeholder who influence the design of community mental health services, are key to understanding these issues. Aim To explore the views of relevant stakeholders in one health board (HB) in Wales, regarding integration of pharmacists into CMHTs, and to make recommendations to overcome identified barriers to integration. Methods Semi-structured interviews using open questions with key stakeholders within two CMHTs and the HB’s adult mental health clinical board. Participants were selected purposively to allow recruitment of individuals who would provide insight into the proposed question(s). Written, informed consent was obtained. A deductive approach was used to define interview questions. Interviews were transcribed and analysed thematically using an inductive approach to explore the data without any pre-conceived ideas and identify additional key themes. The study was registered with the HB. Results Interviews (3 pharmacists, 2 consultant psychiatrists, 1 integrated manager, 2 clinical nurse leads and 2 general managers) lasted between 30-45 minutes. Analysis revealed five main themes; relationship with the pharmacist, including previous experiences and individual pharmacist’s personal attributes; CMHT workload relevant to pharmacists’ skills; workforce and financial pressures; the need for ongoing support for and from pharmacists; and pharmacists’ expertise including non-medical prescribing. Previous experience of working with specialist mental health pharmacist influenced participants’ views, those with limited experience were less clear about what a pharmacist’s role would be in CMHTs“…we haven’t had specialist pharmacist linked to us ………“Always can get in touch with pharmacy by e-mail or phone. Can see advantage of a pharmacist in the building, the medics would really like that it wouldn’t need to be every week maybe a morning every two weeks. We know where pharmacy are, not a dire need. Others identified a clear role for pharmacists, “running clinic for us especially when we have referrals from GP purely asking for medication reviews having [pharmacist] here the benefit surpasses most of the options we can offer through medic”. Participants believed pharmacists needed training in risk assessment and consultation skills and they should be prescribers to contribute effectively. Nine participants had worked previously with pharmacists, all advocated their integration into CMHTs. Conclusion This small-scale study suggests there is a desire to integrate pharmacists into CMHTs with a strong emphasis on their role in addressing medicine-related workload pressures. Positive relationships formed from prior experience of working with pharmacists strongly influenced support for integration. There are potential roles for pharmacists that would improve timeliness and quality of care for people supported by CMHTs. Resource constraints such as lack of funding and availability of appropriately trained pharmacists need to be resolved. Further work is necessary to investigate how these barriers can be addressed and to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of any pharmacy service delivered. References (1) Royal Pharmaceutical Society England (2018). No health without mental health: How can pharmacy support people with mental health problems? London. Royal Pharmaceutical Society England (2) Robinson, J. (2017). Challenging the Stigma. The Pharmaceutical Journal, November 2017, Vol 299, No 7907, [online] | DOI: 10.1211/PJ.2017.20203915 [Accessed 1 Mar. 2019]
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Pattin, Anthony J., and Ledric Sherman. "Experiences Among African American Community Members With Pharmacy-Based Immunization Services in Detroit, Michigan." Journal of Pharmacy Technology 34, no. 6 (September 19, 2018): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/8755122518801288.
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Background: Although vaccination rates improved modestly in the United States during the 2014-2015 season, racial and ethnic disparities in the use of vaccines persist. Pharmacy-based immunization programs expand access to immunization services; however, African Americans in one metropolitan community did not have the same level of access to this service as non-Hispanic whites. Objective: To examine the experiences of African Americans with pharmacy-based services and identify how pharmacies and pharmacy organizations can better service patients in urban communities with similar dynamics. Methods: This qualitative study utilized focus group discussions among African American residents in Detroit, Michigan, where there are reported disparities in access to pharmacists that immunize to learn more about their experiences with pharmacy-based immunization services. Results: Three major themes emerged: the pharmacy location is often more convenient and accessible than doctors’ offices, there is clear communication with the pharmacist, and perceived lower immunization fees at pharmacies. Participants found pharmacies easier to access in their community for immunization services. Consistent interaction with familiar pharmacists and pharmacy staff members facilitated strong relationships and dialogue between pharmacists and patients. Patients perceived costs for vaccines to be less at the pharmacy than at their physicians’ offices. Conclusions: Participants reported positive experiences with pharmacy-based immunization services and expansion of these services may influence more African Americans to receive recommended vaccines in this community.
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Mizranita, Vinci, Tin F. Sim, Bruce Sunderland, Richard Parsons, and Jeffery D. Hughes. "The Pharmacists’ and pharmacy technicians’ scopes of practice in the management of minor ailments at community pharmacies in Indonesia: a cross-sectional study." Pharmacy Practice 19, no. 2 (May 26, 2021): 2295. http://dx.doi.org/10.18549/pharmpract.2021.2.2295.
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Background: Managing minor ailments in community pharmacy is an evolving pharmacy service in developing countries. Defined scopes of practice for pharmacy staff are essential for the safe management of minor ailments. Limited research exists regarding the perceptions of Indonesian pharmacists’ and pharmacy technicians’ scopes of practice in providing minor ailments management services.
Objective: To evaluate pharmacists’ and pharmacy technicians’ understanding of their scopes of practice, perceived competency and factors influencing the delivery of minor ailments services in Indonesian community pharmacies.
Methods: Cross-sectional surveys were conducted during January-February 2020 of pharmacists and pharmacy technicians attending seminars conducted by relevant Indonesian Associations in Central Java, Indonesia. Percentage of common responses (PCR) described similarity of perceived scopes of practice for pharmacists and pharmacy technicians. Univariate and multivariate analyses identified associations of scopes of practice with pharmacy characteristics.
Results: A total of 185 pharmacists and 142 pharmacy technicians participated. Pharmacy technicians performed minor ailment consultations, however, if considered beyond their scope of practice, they referred the patient to the pharmacist (T=120/142, 84.5%). Vaginal thrush, bacterial conjunctivitis, gastro-oesophageal reflux disease, and acute pain were minor ailments perceived only within a pharmacist’s scope (PCR above 60%). Of 34 minor ailments, 11 showed PCR values between 40-60% overlapping pharmacists and pharmacy technicians perceived scopes of practice (allergy/rash, back pain, cold sores, dermatitis, diarrhoea, eczema, hayfever, haemorrhoids, rheumatism, sore throat, and superficial wounds). Back pain, cold sores, dermatitis, and sore throat associated pharmacists’ scope of practice with years of practice experience (p-value<0.05). Pharmacy technicians perceived their scopes of practice to be wider than perceived by pharmacists.
Conclusions: Discordance between pharmacists’ and pharmacy technicians’ perceived scopes of minor ailments management highlights the need for clearly defined scopes of practice for each professional group. Each professional group must practise within their competence to ensure safe pharmacy practices.
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AY, Gungor. "Evaluation of views regarding pharmacy information management systems implementation and systemic issues in community pharmacies." International Journal of Emerging Trends in Health Sciences 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18844/ijeths.v4i1.4522.
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Pharmacy information management systems have become an indispensable element in order to provide safe, effective and efficient health services in community pharmacies, which is one of the fundamental building blocks of the health sector. Despite the advancement in pharmacy information management systems, many problems can be encountered in optimum use, interoperability and data sharing. The problems encountered can be caused by technology as well as the end-user, legislation and organisational factors. The aim of this research is to examine opinions and suggestions of pharmacists and pharmacy staff on systematic issues encountered in the use of pharmacy information management systems and their effects and solution in community pharmacies. A total of 289 people, working in community pharmacies of Kadikoy, Istanbul, 119 of whom were pharmacists and 170 of whom were pharmacy staff, participated in this study. The data were obtained by a structured questionnaire which was completed by a face-to-face interview method. The analysis of the obtained data was carried out using descriptive analysis.62.5% (n=40) of the pharmacists and 64.6% (n = 64) of the pharmacy staff who participated in the study stated that there were problems with ‘stock updates’; 59.7% (n=71) of pharmacists and 52.4% (n=89) of pharmacy staff stated that in-service training should be conducted and novelties should be informed. The pharmacists and pharmacy employees who participated in the research believe in the importance of pharmacy information management systems, despite the negative experiences related to the use of the system and see it as an indispensable element in pharmacy services.
Keywords: Community pharmacy, pharmacist, pharmacy staff.
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Alexander, Scott J., and Natalie A. DiPietro Mager. "Ohio Community Pharmacist Interest and Participation in Community-Clinical Linkages." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 10, no. 2 (June 14, 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v10i2.1760.
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Background: Community-clinical linkages have been promoted as a means to improve population health. The community pharmacy is an ideal location for these partnerships to occur due to the expertise of the community pharmacist. While the need for these partnerships exists, there are limited data regarding community pharmacists’ current participation in such programs.
Objective: The purpose of this analysis was to assess Ohio community pharmacists’ involvement and interest in community-clinical linkages.
Methods: An electronic survey tool containing 26 questions was developed to assess Ohio community pharmacists’ participation in community-clinical linkages and interest to develop such partnerships. The tool was sent via email to a random sample of 500 pharmacists registered in Ohio and practicing in a community setting. Chi-square or Fisher exact nonparametric statistical tests were used as appropriate to identify whether there were any significant differences in current partnership or interest to partner with a prescriber who refers patients to their community pharmacy based on education (Bachelor of Science or Doctor of Pharmacy degree) or pharmacy location (urban, suburban, or rural).
Results: Nine emails were undeliverable, leaving a sample of 491 pharmacists. Ninety-three (19%) responded to the survey. Sixteen respondents (17%) indicated that they currently partner with a prescriber who refers patients to their pharmacy for assistance with medications or chronic disease state management; this practice was more often reported in urban settings (p=0.022). Of those not currently participating in such a partnership, 53 (57%) were interested in developing one. Thirty-two respondents (34%) reported providing referrals for at least 1 type of screening or counseling service. For some types of services, pharmacists reported that they provide the service in the pharmacy and/or were interested to develop the service in the pharmacy rather than provide a referral. However, for any given service there were a number of pharmacists who expressed interest in providing referrals although they were not currently doing so.
Conclusion: This sample of Ohio community pharmacists reported limited participation in community-clinical linkages but interest to develop them. Further studies should explore the pharmacists’ role and impact in such programs.
Article Type: Original Research
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Merrill, Bradley S., Casey R. Tak, Michael Feehan, and Mark A. Munger. "Payers’ Perspectives on Pharmacist-Directed Care in a Community Pharmacy Setting." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 53, no. 9 (March 21, 2019): 916–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1060028019839440.
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Background: The United States is spending an increasing share of its national income on health care while American citizens are not receiving the commensurate benefit of longer, healthier lives. Pharmacists are in a position to provide high-quality care; however, a paucity of data exists on payers’ perspectives on insurance reimbursement for pharmacist-provided, community-delivered clinical services. Objective: To understand payers’ perspectives toward pharmacist-provided community-delivered advanced clinical services. Methods: A 15-minute online survey was administered to determine payers’ preferences and attitudes of impact about care being provided in a community pharmacy setting by a pharmacist. Results: The study recruited 50 payers from a diverse set of US organizations. The likelihood for reimbursement for a suite of pharmacist-provided, community-delivered clinical services was likely/very likely (66%), neutral (22%), and unlikely/very unlikely (12%). Pharmacists were viewed positively by payers for the provision of these services. Payers think that more clinical services should be offered in the community pharmacy. Trust in pharmacist-provided information services on general health and medications, and pharmacist competency were strongly positive. Conclusions and Relevance: A quantitative assessment of payer attitudes for pharmacist-provided, community-delivered advanced clinical practice was positive. Payers were positive about pharmacist contributions to the provision of heath and medication information. Continued development and deployment of advanced clinical services at the community pharmacy appears to be a financially viable model.
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Volmer, Daisy, Kristiina Sepp, An Raal, and Jeffrey Atkinson. "Pharmacy Practice and Education in Estonia." Pharmacy 7, no. 3 (July 10, 2019): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy7030087.
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The Pharmacy Education in Europe (PHARMINE) project studied pharmacy practice and education in the European Union (EU) member states. The work was carried out using an electronic survey forwarded to selected pharmacy representatives at community and hospital pharmacies, in the pharmacy industry and at drug authorities. The surveys of the individual member states are now being published as reference documents for students and staff interested in research on pharmacy education in the EU, and in mobility. This paper presents the results of the PHARMINE project on pharmacy practice and education in Estonia. In this paper, we examine the harmonisation of practice and education in Estonia with EU norms. Community pharmacies in Estonia provide traditional and extended services, of which influenza vaccination, the evaluation of the risk of diabetes, and medication use review have been introduced recently. Pharmacists (in Estonian proviisor) study at the University of Tartu for five years and graduate with a Master of Pharmacy (MSc Pharm) degree. A pharmacist can be the owner of a pharmacy, or work as a pharmacy manager or chief pharmacist in either a community or a hospital pharmacy. Assistant pharmacists (in Estonian farmatseut) study at the Tallinn Health Care College for 3 years; after graduation, they are mainly employed in community pharmacies. The University of Tartu is the only university in Estonia providing higher education in pharmacy at university level. The pharmacy curriculum is an integrated (bachelor followed by master), pharmaceutical product-oriented study programme. It was last updated in 2019. On that occasion, several changes were made such as the introduction of competency-based modules; novel methods in education and training based on the constructive alignment and the restructuring of the six-month traineeship. Several new courses focus on the concepts of clinical pharmacy and on patient-centred communication. In the current pharmacy curriculum, there is a balance between chemical and medical subjects. The traineeship is provided for six months at a community and/or hospital pharmacy in the 5th year. Currently, the pharmacy curriculum at the University of Tartu does not offer specialization in subjects such as hospital or industrial pharmacy.
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Olden, F., and K. Dalton. "Determining the cause and frequency of prescription reworks in community pharmacies." International Journal of Pharmacy Practice 30, Supplement_1 (April 1, 2022): i8—i9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijpp/riac021.012.
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Abstract Introduction When prescriptions are being processed in pharmacies and an activity occurs that requires the return to a previous procedural step to correct the process, this is known as ‘rework’ (1). This may include labelling errors or the incorrect dispensing of medications, and ultimately adds to pharmacists’ workload. Given that increasing community pharmacists’ workload negatively affects their job satisfaction, well-being, and patient care, it is vital that rework is minimised in everyday practice. To date, little is known regarding the prevalence of this rework phenomenon in community pharmacies or how this might be prevented. Aim To evaluate the cause and frequency of prescription rework in community pharmacies. Methods A data collection form was created for community pharmacists to self-record the instances and causes of prescription rework occurring in their workplace across a two-week period. After piloting the form with two pharmacists in different pharmacies, community pharmacists in Ireland were invited to participate in the study using convenience sampling and snowballing. Only participating pharmacists were aware of when data collection was occurring in their pharmacy to minimise the Hawthorne effect with other staff (2). Descriptive statistics were used to describe rework frequency according to the different causes, as well as the pharmacist and pharmacy characteristics. Results Eight participating pharmacists were recruited (four male and four female; median 4 years’ post-qualification experience) from five independent pharmacies and three chain pharmacies. In total, 325 reworks were recorded across 65 days between June 2021 and August 2021. Rework was recorded on 92.9% of the study days, with an average of 5 reworks/day – whereby the average per pharmacist ranged from 1.82 to 15 reworks/day. The data collection form’s pre-specified rework categories captured 91.7% of reworks, with the remainder assigned as ‘other’. The three most frequent rework categories were those due to labelling errors (22.8%), prepared prescriptions which required opening and repackaging (15.1%), and medication owed to patients (13.9%). The people involved in reworks included: pharmacists alone (33.5%), technicians alone (20.3%), pharmacists and technicians (14.8%), pharmacists and patients (10.2%), and pharmacists and prescribers (4%). Conclusion This study shows that rework happens regularly in community pharmacies and has provided an insight into the causes of rework in this setting. While individual pharmacist and pharmacy characteristics may have influenced rework frequency, it was not possible to conclusively establish these associations with the small sample size, due to the difficulty of recruiting pharmacists during the COVID-19 pandemic. These findings are valuable as they highlight areas where pharmacy staff can reduce rework and will help inform strategies to minimise this in future – thus reducing workload and facilitating more time for staff to focus on providing care to patients in community pharmacies. References (1) Nickman NA, Drews FA, Tyler LS, Kelly MP, Ragsdale RJ, Rim M. Use of multiple methods to measure impact of a centralized call center on academic health system community pharmacies. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2019 Feb 21;76(6):353–9. (2) Sedgwick P, Greenwood N. Understanding the Hawthorne effect. BMJ. 2015 Sep 4;351:h4672.
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Gavaza, Paul, Bhaktidevi M. Rawal, and Elizabeth Johnston Taylor. "Perspectives about Spiritual Care in Pharmacy Practice: A Community-based Survey." INNOVATIONS in pharmacy 13, no. 4 (January 3, 2023): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24926/iip.v13i4.5098.
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Background: Addressing religious and spiritual needs are important components of holistic healthcare. Little is known about the general public’s perspectives about pharmacists providing spiritual care (SC). Objectives: To explore how community members perceive, experience, and desire pharmacist-provided SC. Method: IRB approval was obtained for this observational, cross-sectional study. Adults receiving COVID-19 vaccinations at an immunization clinic completed an investigator-designed 33-item online survey. The survey measured respondents’ perspectives about and experiences with pharmacist-provided SC, as well as demographic characteristics. Results: Of the respondents (n = 261), 57% were female and 46% were Hispanic/Latino. Most (59%) agreed that their religion/spirituality would be important to them if they were ill; 64% also agreed that it would be helpful for a pharmacist to know about patients’ religious/spiritual beliefs pertaining to their healthcare, and 60% agreed that pharmacists should provide SC to patients who request it. While 96% indicated that they had never talked to a pharmacist about a spiritual or religious matter related to their health or medication, 96% also indicated that no pharmacist had asked to pray with them. These results are contextualized perhaps by the finding that 76% reported having no professional relationship with a pharmacist. Conclusion: Respondents often reported an openness to receiving SC from pharmacists. Most respondents, however, had not received SC from a pharmacist. Future studies should be conducted to better understand patient preferences for pharmacist-provided SC.
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Maes, Karen A., Jasmine A. Ruppanner, Tamara L. Imfeld-Isenegger, Kurt E. Hersberger, Markus L. Lampert, and Fabienne Boeni. "Dispensing of Prescribed Medicines in Swiss Community Pharmacies-Observed Counselling Activities." Pharmacy 7, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmacy7010001.
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Background: Patient counselling and addressing drug-related problems are the pharmacist’s key activities to ensure the safe and effective use of medicines. This study aimed to describe the dispensing practice of prescribed medicines in daily community pharmacy practice and to identify factors influencing counselling provision; Methods: An observational study was conducted in community pharmacies in Basel, Switzerland. One master student in pharmacy performed non-participatory observations for one day at each of the participating community pharmacies. Patient characteristics, counselling content, additional activities, and pharmaceutical interventions were documented on a structured checklist; Results: 556 prescription encounters (PE) in 18 participating community pharmacies were observed (269 first prescriptions; 287 refill prescriptions). Patients were regular customers (n = 523, 94.1%) and 53.8 ± 23.4 years old. Counselling was provided to 367 (66.0%) customers on 2.9 ± 3.1 themes per PE. Factors influencing counselling were dispensing by the pharmacist, new customer, customer who did not refuse counselling, customer with a first prescription, with a prescription resulting in a pharmaceutical intervention, and a prescription filled by carers. During 144 PEs, 203 interventions were documented. Pharmacists proposed few additional activities and performed no cognitive pharmaceutical service; Conclusions: Our study quantified counselling and additional services at the dispensing of prescribed medicines and identified influencing factors on counselling provision at the patient, prescription, and pharmacy level.