Journal articles: 'Community microgrid'

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Samanta, Hiranmay, Abhijit Das, Indrajt Bose, Joydip Jana, Ankur Bhattacharjee, Konika Das Bhattacharya, Samarjit Sengupta, and Hiranmay Saha. "Field-Validated Communication Systems for Smart Microgrid Energy Management in a Rural Microgrid Cluster." Energies 14, no. 19 (October 4, 2021): 6329. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196329.

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This paper demonstrates a smart energy management scheme for solar photovoltaic-biomass integrated grid-interactive microgrid cluster system. Three interconnected microgrids were chosen as a cluster of microgrids for validation of the proposed community energy management scheme. In this work, a Global System for Mobile (GSM)-based bidirectional communication technique was adopted for real-time coordination among the renewable energy sources and loads. To realize the common phenomenon of local grid outage in rural distribution networks, a practical case study is designed in this work. The optimized scheduling of the energy sources and loadsof different microgrids and the distribution grid were implemented to ensure zero loss of power supply probability (LPSP) for dynamic load profiles. The laboratory-scale prototype of the proposed microgrid clustering was first developed in this work by establishing real-time communication among multiple energy sources and loads through different energymeters located at different places inside the academic campus. The field validation was performed with a microgrid cluster consisting of 45 kWP solar photovoltaic, 50 kVA biogas plant, community loads in a village. The developed smart energy management solution is a generalized one and applicable to satisfy scalable community energy demands as well.

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Karystinos, Christos, Athanasios Vasilakis, Panos Kotsampopoulos, and Nikos Hatziargyriou. "Local Energy Exchange Market for Community Off-Grid Microgrids: Case Study Los Molinos del Rio Aguas." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 19, 2022): 703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030703.

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The energy transition to renewable energy in a democratic way is directly connected to the development of energy communities and community microgrids. Los Molinos del Rio Aguas (LMRA), an ecological community in the south of Spain, offers a promising case study for an off-grid community-owned microgrid. In this paper, the interconnection of autonomous solar home systems is proposed with the addition of community assets in order to create an off-grid community microgrid that is financially beneficial for the community. Based on this scenario, a Local Energy Market (LEM) based on Distributed Ledger (DL) technologies is implemented in order to foster the energy exchange and contribute to the social welfare of the community. The results provide a win-win scenario for the community and provides an example of an off-grid community microgrid in combination with a LEM that takes into consideration the social aspect of the community.

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Zareein, Mohammad, Jalal Sahebkar Farkhani, Amirhossein Nikoofard, and Turaj Amraee. "Optimizing Energy Management in Microgrids Based on Different Load Types in Smart Buildings." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010073.

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This paper presents an energy management strategy (EMS) based on the Stackelberg game theory for the microgrid community. Three agents or layers are considered in the proposed framework. The microgrid cluster (MGC) refers to the agent that coordinates the interactions between the microgrids and the utility grid. The microgrid agent manages the energy scheduling of its own consumers. The third agent represents the consumers inside the microgrids. The game equilibrium point is solved between different layers and each layer will benefit the most. First, an algorithm performs demand response in each microgrid according to load models in smart buildings and determines the load consumption for each consumer. Then, each microgrid determines its selling price to the consumers and the amount of energy required to purchase from the utility grid to achieve the maximum profit. Finally, the balance point will be obtained between microgrids by the microgrid cluster agent. Moreover, the proposed method uses various load types at different times based on real-life models. The result shows that considering these different load models with demand response increased the profit of the user agent by an average of 22%. The demand response is implemented by the time of use (TOU) model and real-time pricing (RTP) in the microgrid.

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Ho, Hai N., Tony Bui, Hau Do, Eliud Rojas, Omar Ojeda, Hien Tran, Tommy Hoang, Edwin Hernandez, Loc Nguyen, and Ha Thu Le. "Design and Simulation of an Autonomous Smart Microgrid for Energy Independence." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 17 (August 23, 2021): 911–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232015.2021.17.85.

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The project designs a microgrid based on downtown community of El Monte city, California. The system main components include a solar PV system, a battery, a diesel generator, an inverter, a control system, and loads. The microgrid design is simulated using MATLAB Simulink. The results show that the microgrid can supply power to its community adequately and independently without relying on a utility power grid. The microgrid is smart as it can operate autonomously thanks to its automatic control system. For various operational scenarios, the microgrid proves to be resilient where it can supply its load demand successfully using its solar system, battery, and diesel generator. The load voltage is kept at satisfactory values of around 1.0 per unit. The power distribution efficiency is around 99%. The results contribute to development of smart microgrids which, in turn, improve the reliability and resiliency of large power grids, as well as provide energy independence to communities

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Rahimian, Mina, Lisa D. Iulo, and Jose M. Pinto Duarte. "A Review of Predictive Software for the Design of Community Microgrids." Journal of Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/5350981.

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This paper discusses adding a spatial dimension to the design of community microgrid projects in the interest of expanding the existing discourse related to energy performance optimization measures. A multidimensional vision for designing community microgrids with higher energy performance is considered, leveraging urban form (superstructure) to understand how it impacts the performance of the system’s distributed energy resources and loads (infrastructure). This vision engages the design sector in the technical conversation of developing community microgrids, leading to energy efficient designs of microgrid-connected communities well before their construction. A new generation of computational modeling and simulation tools that address this interaction are required. In order to position the research, this paper presents a survey of existing software packages, belonging to two distinct categories of modeling, simulation, and evaluation of community microgrids: the energy infrastructure modeling and the urban superstructure energy modeling. Results of this software survey identify a lack in software tools and simulation packages that simultaneously address the necessary interaction between the superstructure and infrastructure of community microgrids, given the importance of its study. Conclusions represent how a proposed experimental software prototype may fill an existing gap in current related software packages.

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Li, Rui, and Peng Li. "Community Based of CHP Microgrid Optimal Operation." Advanced Materials Research 981 (July 2014): 673–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.981.673.

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This paper presents a community-based CHP microgrid model for optimal operation. The model introduces a microgrid controller and consumption parameters, and that the existing restrictions, the optimization of microgrid operation.bacterial foraging optimization(BFO) algorithm was used to develop microgrid problems. Test results show the effectiveness of the model micro-grid operation.

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Che, Liang, Mohammad Shahidehpour, Ahmed Alabdulwahab, and Yusuf Al-Turki. "Hierarchical Coordination of a Community Microgrid With AC and DC Microgrids." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 6, no. 6 (November 2015): 3042–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2015.2398853.

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Mina-Casaran, Juan David, Diego Fernando Echeverry, Carlos Arturo Lozano, and Alejandro Navarro-Espinosa. "On the Value of Community Association for Microgrid Development: Learnings from Multiple Deterministic and Stochastic Planning Designs." Applied Sciences 11, no. 14 (July 7, 2021): 6257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11146257.

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The reliability of the power grid is a constant problem faced by those who operate, plan and study power systems. An alternative approach to this problem, and others related to the integration of renewable energy sources, is the microgrid. This research seeks to quantify the potential benefits of urban community microgrids, based on the development of planning models with deterministic and stochastic optimization approaches. The models ensure that supply meets demand whilst assuring the minimum cost of investment and operation. To verify their effectiveness, the planning of hundreds of microgrids was set in the city of Santiago de Chile. The most important results highlight the value of community association, such as: a reduction in investment cost of up to 35%, when community microgrids are planned with a desired level of reliability, compared to single residential household microgrids. This reduction is due to the diversity of energy consumption, which can represent around 20%, on average, of cost reduction, and to the Economies of Scale (EoS) present in the aggregation microgrid asset capacity, which can represent close to 15% of the additional reduction in investment costs. The stochastic planning approach also ensures that a community can prepare for different fault scenarios in the power grid. Furthermore, it was found that for approximately 90% of the planned microgrids with reliability requirements, the deterministic solution for the worst three fault scenarios is equivalent to the solution of the stochastic planning problem.

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Vivas, Francisco José, Francisca Segura, José Manuel Andújar, Adriana Palacio, Jaime Luis Saenz, Fernando Isorna, and Eduardo López. "Multi-Objective Fuzzy Logic-Based Energy Management System for Microgrids with Battery and Hydrogen Energy Storage System." Electronics 9, no. 7 (June 30, 2020): 1074. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9071074.

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This paper proposes a fuzzy logic-based energy management system (EMS) for microgrids with a combined battery and hydrogen energy storage system (ESS), which ensures the power balance according to the load demand at the time that it takes into account the improvement of the microgrid performance from a technical and economic point of view. As is known, renewable energy-based microgrids are receiving increasing interest in the research community, since they play a key role in the challenge of designing the next energy transition model. The integration of ESSs allows the absorption of the energy surplus in the microgrid to ensure power supply if the renewable resource is insufficient and the microgrid is isolated. If the microgrid can be connected to the main power grid, the freedom degrees increase and this allows, among other things, diminishment of the ESS size. Planning the operation of renewable sources-based microgrids requires both an efficient dispatching management between the available and the demanded energy and a reliable forecasting tool. The developed EMS is based on a fuzzy logic controller (FLC), which presents different advantages regarding other controllers: It is not necessary to know the model of the plant, and the linguistic rules that make up its inference engine are easily interpretable. These rules can incorporate expert knowledge, which simplifies the microgrid management, generally complex. The developed EMS has been subjected to a stress test that has demonstrated its excellent behavior. For that, a residential-type profile in an actual microgrid has been used. The developed fuzzy logic-based EMS, in addition to responding to the required load demand, can meet both technical (to prolong the devices’ lifespan) and economic (seeking the highest profitability and efficiency) established criteria, which can be introduced by the expert depending on the microgrid characteristic and profile demand to accomplish.

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Solano, Javier, Diego Jimenez, and Adrian Ilinca. "A Modular Simulation Testbed for Energy Management in AC/DC Microgrids." Energies 13, no. 16 (August 5, 2020): 4049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164049.

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This paper introduces a modular testbed to simulate AC/DC microgrids. The testbed is implemented in Matlab Simulink and is based on the energetic macroscopic representation (EMR) formalism. It is designed to be a tool to evaluate energy management strategies in AC/DC microgrids. The microgrid simulation model includes a photovoltaic generator, a fuel cell system, ultracapacitors, and batteries on the DC side. It includes voltage source converters (VSC) to couple the DC side with the AC side of the microgrid, which includes a variable AC load and a synchronous generator. Two case studies illustrate the use of the testbed. The model is implemented in Matlab Simulink and made openly available for the scientific community. Using this model, researchers can develop and evaluate energy management strategies in AC/DC microgrids.

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Ruiz, Semaria, Julian Patiño, Alejandro Marquez-Ruiz, Jairo Espinosa, Eduardo Duque, and Paola Ortiz. "Optimal Design of a Diesel-PV-Wind-Battery-Hydro Pumped POWER system with the Integration of ELECTRIC vehicles in a Colombian Community." Energies 12, no. 23 (November 28, 2019): 4542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12234542.

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This article proposes a novel design methodology for hybrid isolated microgrids, integrating electric vehicles (EV) as additional loads and also as additional storage systems in the microgrid design stage. The proposed method highlights the application of electric vehicles in rural environments. Two types of electric vehicles were considered: (1) EV that only operate in charging mode; and (2) EV that can interchange power with the microgrid (V2G). For both EV types, a dispatch strategy was developed to optimize the use of the system resources during the charging process. As an application example of the proposed design methodology, a hybrid microgrid was designed for the rural Colombian village of Unguía. The results show the advantages of the inclusion of EV as ancillary services providers for the system and also as public transportation agents.

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Sanduleac, Mihai, Alexandru Sandulescu, Cristina Efremov, Constantin Ionescu, Ioan Catalin Damian, and Alexandru Mandis. "Aspects of Design in Low Voltage Resilient Grids—Focus on Battery Sizing and U Level Control with P Regulation in Microgrids of Energy Communities." Energies 16, no. 4 (February 15, 2023): 1932. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16041932.

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Energy communities and their resiliency are both relatively new subjects of interest that need deeper analysis. The concepts are emerging in the current trend of energy decarbonization, combined with unpredictable external factors, such as extreme weather, or nearby conflicts, such as wars. To be resilient against electrical network supply outages or heavy blackouts, energy communities need appropriate design of their electrical microgrids to maintain an acceptable level of activity in both normal and critical situations. The paper deals with aspects of the design of the electrical network used by energy communities, seen as microgrids designed to offer an acceptable level of safe operation and energy resilience. While electrical network resilience covers both the public network (main grid) and local microgrid of an energy community, the paper focuses on the safe operation and resilience related to the local microgrid as a distinct goal from the one of preserving the main grid’s functionality. The first section considers definitions of energy resilience and some of the existing preoccupations on the subject. A second section of the paper presents different aspects of the design of a microgrid, with the purpose of increasing its safety in operation and energy community resilience. The section addresses electrical network architectures, multiple roles of storage resources related to prosumers and to islanded microgrids with high-RES penetration, and other aspects such as the impact of electrification of heating through, e.g., heat pumps. The next sections present selected use cases, which develop some of these design aspects by using typical real data for the analysis and assessing solutions to address resilient microgrid challenges. The selected use cases consider simplified approaches for real-time and short-term storage needs and operational use in microgrids, maintaining voltage levels in a high-RES scenario by using battery P control, and optimization of storage resources to cope with the needs. Conclusions are given in a final section, which also presents future work for a presumed continuation with other use cases related to storage means, safe operation, and resilient design of energy communities microgrids.

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Islam, Saiful, Sanket Shrikant Patil, Goran Rafajlovski, Michael Hartmann, and Reiner Creutzburg. "Technical Design And Operational Control Of A Decentralized Microgrid In Rural Area." Electronic Imaging 2021, no. 3 (June 18, 2021): 97–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.3.mobmu-097.

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Microgrids incorporating Renewable Energy (RE) sources are being used nowadays to overcome the lack of electric power supply or grid instabilities in rural areas. Microgrids are decentralized and performant solutions to distribute electric power and to supply the consumers of a community with energy. They can be used to provide stable electrical energy to hospitals, companies and residential areas and therefore, they can contribute significantly to rural development. Based on renewable sources, they are climate neutral as well. Very often, in regular operation, a Microgrid is connected with an utility national or another distributed grid. In case of an utility grid fault occurrence, the Microgrid can still provide power since it incorporates renewable sources. However, since renewable sources like photovoltaics or wind power are volatile in supply, grid instabilities, voltage and frequency fluctuations and harmonic distortions in the Microgrid can occur. This paper focuses on developing a Microgrid (M.G.) model using MATLAB Simulink and analyzing its issues at different operational modes assuming a photovoltaic generator and a coupling to an utility grid as power sources. In order to analyze and predict the behavior of the Microgrid, deep learning methods based on Auto Regressive Moving Average (ARIMA) and Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) will be applied. It is shown that these methods allow to optimize the operation modes of the Microgrid. For instance, a balance between power supply and demand at different times could be reached and lead to economic efficiency and feasibility.

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Wu, Xiaomin, Weihua Cao, Dianhong Wang, and Min Ding. "A Multi-Objective Optimization Dispatch Method for Microgrid Energy Management Considering the Power Loss of Converters." Energies 12, no. 11 (June 5, 2019): 2160. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12112160.

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With the spreading and applying of microgrids, the economic and environment friendly microgrid operations are required eagerly. For the dispatch of practical microgrids, power loss from energy conversion devices should be considered to improve the efficiency. This paper presents a two-stage dispatch (TSD) model based on the day-ahead scheduling and the real-time scheduling to optimize dispatch of microgrids. The power loss cost of conversion devices is considered as one of the optimization objectives in order to reduce the total cost of microgrid operations and improve the utility efficiency of renewable energy. A hybrid particle swarm optimization and opposition-based learning gravitational search algorithm (PSO-OGSA) is proposed to solve the optimization problem considering various constraints. Some improvements of PSO-OGSA, such as the distribution optimization of initial populations, the improved inertial mass update rule, and the acceleration mechanism combining the memory and community of PSO, have been integrated into the proposed approach to obtain the best solution for the optimization dispatch problem. The simulation results for several benchmark test functions and an actual test microgrid are employed to show the effectiveness and validity of the proposed model and algorithm.

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Amuta, Elizabeth Oses, Wara Samuel Tita, Agbetuyi Ayoade Felix, Orovwode Hope Evwieroghene, Matthew Simeon, and Tobi Somefun. "Microgrid System Evaluation Using Capacity Factor For an Off-grid Community in Nigeria." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 12, no. 2 (March 20, 2022): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.11523.

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With the high rate of economic development, there is an increasing load demand even in rural communities and Obayantor in Nigeria. Obayantor, having zero connection to the primary grid, needs electricity. Following the community located in a tropical rejoin of Nigeria, it has enough solar energy sources. With the high price of diesel fuel, solar microgrid seems to be the best energy solution for the rural community. In this study, technical and economic analysis was carried out on the solar-based microgrid and compared with a diesel-only microgrid using MATLAB Software tool. The results show that the solar microgrid is more cost-effective and has a cheaper COE, affordable for the rural community compared with the diesel microgrid, which is more expensive to afford. The Annual system cost for the solar microgrid was lower compared with the diesel source. The result also revealed that the diesel-alone microgrid system is 4.71 times and 0.2 times more costly than the solar-based microgrid system in terms of the cost of energy and ASC, respectively. Thereby making the diesel microgrid not having technical and economic feasibility for the community.

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Rana, Md Juel, Forhad Zaman, Tapabrata Ray, and Ruhul Sarker. "Real-time scheduling of community microgrid." Journal of Cleaner Production 286 (March 2021): 125419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125419.

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Azeem, Fawad, Ashfaq Ahmad, Taimoor Muzaffar Gondal, Jehangir Arshad, Ateeq Ur Rehman, Elsayed M. Tag Eldin, Muhammad Shafiq, and Habib Hamam. "Load Management and Optimal Sizing of Special-Purpose Microgrids Using Two Stage PSO-Fuzzy Based Hybrid Approach." Energies 15, no. 17 (September 5, 2022): 6465. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176465.

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The sizing of microgrids depends on the type of load and its operational hours. The significance of understanding the load operational characteristics in special purpose islanded microgrids is much needed for economic system sizing. The load operation of special-purpose microgrids often consumes high power for a short duration and remains idle most of the time, thus reducing the load factor. The inclusion of such loads in microgrid sizing causes huge capital costs making islanded microgrids an unfeasible solution. The islanded microgrid under study is an agricultural microgrid in a village having a small Crab Processing Plant (CPP) and a Domestic Sector (DS). The CPP constitutes the major power consumption. The community has a unique load consumption trend that is dependent on the highly uncertain parameter of availability of the crabs. Interestingly, crab availability is an independent parameter and cannot be accurately scheduled. The existing system sizing of the microgrid is performed based on the conventional methods that consider the CPP for full-day operation. However, the microgrid sources, especially the storage system may be reflected as oversized if the crab processing plants do not operate for several days due to the uncertain behavior of CPP causing enormous power wastage. In this paper, an integrated fixed and operational mode strategy for uncertain heavy loads is formulated. The proposed algorithm is based on the optimal sizing methodology aided by the load scheduling control strategy. The Particle Swarm Optimization technique is used for the optimal sizing integrated with the fuzzy logic controller to manage the available load. The membership functions are available excess power and the state of the charge of storage that defines the operational conditions for CPP. Based on input membership functions, the fuzzy controller decides on power dispatch in DS or CPP, keeping considerable SoC available for night hours. The simulation result shows that the time-dependent fuzzy controller approach manages to provide power to both sectors under optimal sizing while reducing the overall cost by 24% less than the existing microgrid.

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Zhou, Xue, Jianan Shou, and Weiwei Cui. "A Game-Theoretic Approach to Design Solar Power Generation/Storage Microgrid System for the Community in China." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 12, 2022): 10021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610021.

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The utilization of solar power generation/storage microgrid systems has become an important approach, transforming the energy structure of China in order to achieve the emission peak and carbon neutrality. Meanwhile, the commercialization of household photovoltaic (PV) systems is also at the transitional period between its beginning to its maturity. This study considers developers intending to invest in building community microgrids with the concept of sustainable development, and focuses on the relationship between the developers and residential users. Firstly, an operation framework considering the autonomous behavior patterns of stakeholders is proposed. Then, a two-level mathematical programming model based on the leader–follower game is established in this paper. In the upper level, the developer decides the capacity size and the system price of the microgrid system in order to maximize profit. In the lower level, the residential users in the community optimize their power consumption behaviors in the microgrid system taking into account both benefit and fairness. They need to decide whether to support the construction of a microgrid system by comparing their electricity bills before and after participating in a microgrid system. Through solving the model and analyzing the relationship between the two sides of the game, it can be seen that only by designing the optimal system configuration and coordinating with weather conditions in terms of better sunshine intensity can the developer and all kinds of users benefit from the project under the current market data. Meanwhile, the users with higher power consumption benefit more from the microgrid system among different types of residents. Under the market structure dominated by developer, the government’s PV subsidy will greatly increase the revenue of system developer. However, it does not increase the installed capacity of system, nor does it bring more benefits to residential users. Moreover, compared with the independent operation mode, the centralized management mode can bring more benefits to both sides and encourage the developer to build larger installations.

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Mun, Hun, Byunghoon Moon, Soojin Park, and Yongbeum Yoon. "A Study on the Economic Feasibility of Stand-Alone Microgrid for Carbon-Free Island in Korea." Energies 14, no. 7 (March 30, 2021): 1913. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14071913.

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The power industry is rapidly changing as demand for eco-friendly and stable power supply increases along with global greenhouse gas emission regulations. Small-capacity renewable power sources represented by photovoltaics and wind are continuously increasing as a form of microgrid to supply electric power to a community or island. As a result, microgrids based on renewable resources have come into wide usage around small areas or islands in Korea. In particular, the microgrid development policy of Korea is focused on electric power quality, as well as expansion in renewable energy supply for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. From 2009, the government began to develop independent carbon-free microgrids with photovoltaic and wind powers instead of traditional power diesel generators for small islands. The goal of this paper is to investigate a feasible economic microgrid topology for implementing the carbon-free island (CFI) under an acceptable level of reliability. First, we derive three scenarios of power systems including photovoltaics, wind, battery, and fuel cells. Next, we assess economic feasibility on top of the power supply reliability of the scenarios. Then, we perform a sensitivity test to suggest economic conditions for achieving the CFI goals. Finally, we present carbon-free-based microgrid models considering the CFI policy of Korea.

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Guo, Lidong, Zilong Yang, Yibo Wang, and Honghua Xu. "Research on Multi-Scenario Variable Parameter Energy Management Strategy of Rural Community Microgrid." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 15, 2020): 2730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082730.

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Many rural communities in western China use renewable energy-based clean energy supply methods, and the community microgrid system of “photovoltaic + energy storage + electric heating” has been widely used. However, the energy management effect of such a typical rural community microgrid system is not very satisfactory. Aiming at the problem of the comprehensive economic operation of the microgrid system in rural communities, a method for optimizing the operation strategy parameters of typical operating scenarios is proposed, and critical parameters of the real-time energy management strategy of the microgrid system are optimized. Through the evaluation of the annual time-scale simulation results, it is proved that the proposed strategy can improve the comprehensive economic benefits of the operation of the rural community microgrid system (comprehensive economic benefits include electricity bills and energy storage system (ESS) life loss). Relying on the actual community microgrid demonstration project system in western China, a community-level microgrid energy management monitoring system is built. The control strategy proposed in this paper is applied to the demonstration system for experimental verification. The operational data of the demonstration system shows that the proposed method is feasible and effective.

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Ndukwe, Cherechi, M. Tariq Iqbal, Jahangir Khan, and Mohsin Jamil. "Analysis of LoRa Transmission Delay on Dynamic Performance of Standalone DC Microgrids." Journal of Energy and Power Technology 4, no. 2 (April 18, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/jept.2202022.

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One important aspect toward proper and stable functioning of a communication-based controlled microgrid is data transmission. Consequently, an analysis of the effect of data transmission delay is of significance for any chosen communication protocol. This paper focuses on the effect of employing LoRa for data transfer at the secondary control level of a standalone DC microgrid. It analyses the effect of LoRa transmission delay on the dynamic performance of DC microgrids. This paper simulates a community DC microgrid that operates in three modes: PV mode, battery mode and generator mode. This microgrid operates as a centralized communication-based controlled microgrid, with the secondary control level operating as an event-driven level. The system incorporates a hierarchical system where data is transferred between the various distributed energy resources (DERs) local controllers and the microgrid central controller (MGCC). Simulations for three scenarios are presented. In the first scenario, the microgrid is designed and simulated without a communication delay to observe the system behavior. Then LoRa transmission delay is calculated for the various signals transferred between the MGCC and the local controllers. This delay is introduced into the simulation as transport delays and the system exhibits a level of stability degradation. Subsequently, a time delay compensation system is incorporated into the system for more robust operation. The delay compensation is applied in two simulation scenarios. In the first scenario, the system inductor (L) and capacitor (C) components are re-calculated, and the system is re-simulated to get a stable system even with the applied communication delay. In the second scenario, the proportional integrator (PI) controller in the microgrid central controller is re-designed to a more robust form to compensate for the delay caused by the LoRa transmission. The results obtained from the two modified simulations realize a stable DC microgrid. This system modification allows for system stability again, similar to the simulation when the microgrid operated without any communication delay. This, therefore, demonstrates that with proper system design and implementation, low bandwidth communication systems such as LoRa can be effectively employed for data transfer in event-driven communication-based controlled DC microgrids.

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Yu, Yunjun, Yanghui Guo, Weidong Min, and Fanpeng Zeng. "Trusted Transactions in Micro-Grid Based on Blockchain." Energies 12, no. 10 (May 22, 2019): 1952. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101952.

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In order to build a local electricity market (LEM), community members can trade electricity peer-to-peer (P2P) with their neighbors. This paper proposes a Hierarchical Bidding and Transaction Structure based on blockchain (HBTS). First, combined with the multi-agents, each microgrid corrects the estimated cost probability distribution of other microgrids by Bayesian theorem, making its probability closer to the accurate probability. Second, for maximize the benefits of the microgrid, this paper uses the Nash equilibrium in the Cournot model to find the optimal quotation and output of different bidding strategies for the microgrid under different power demand conditions. Then the exchange of electricity translates into an exchange of digital proof of electricity purchases and sales of electricity on the Hyperledger Fabric, ensuring the security of the transaction process and the irreparable modification of ledgers. Finally, we verify the effectiveness of the bidding strategy through experiments, and analyze the transaction process.

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Hamza, Ameer, Syed Tahir Hussain Rizvi, Muhammad Umair Safder, and Haleema Asif. "A Novel Mathematical Approach to Model Multi-Agent-Based Main Grid and Microgrid Networks for Complete System Analysis." Machines 10, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/machines10020110.

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Penetration of renewable energy resources in modern power systems has increased rapidly. The integration of different renewable and nonrenewable resources for the purpose of electricity generation is referred to as Distributed Generation (DG) units. The penetration of DG units gave birth to the concept of power microgrid. Power inverters play a major role in the integration of DGs in the power system. Control and stability analysis of microgrids in power systems is a challenging task for the control community. Dynamic microgrid modeling demands knowledge of fundamental engineering laws to detailed theoretical analysis. To model the dynamic behavior of the power microgrid, a basic understanding of the power converter operation modes and their control schemes is necessary. The main microgrid modeling components are power converters, power lines, transformers, protection systems, load, and faults. In this paper, preliminary concepts of power systems along with graph theoretic approach are used to develop the model of the microgrid and main grid networks. A mathematical model of a power microgrid in islanded mode, as well as the grid-connected mode, is developed and comprises of generation sources, power inverter interface, protection mechanism, load, faults, and transmission lines. The developed mathematical model can be used to address the stability issues as well as resilience in the power networks for complete system analysis. To validate the mathematical model, a renewable energy-based main grid and microgrid model is simulated. The graphical result of simulated model presents the generation and load curves.

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Gao, Ren, Juebo Wu, Wen Hu, and Yun Zhang. "An Improved ABC Algorithm for Energy Management of Microgrid." International Journal of Computers Communications & Control 13, no. 4 (July 25, 2018): 477–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15837/ijccc.2018.4.3143.

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Microgrids are an ideal way of electricity generation, distribution, and regulation for customers by means of distributed energy resources on the community level. However, due to the randomness of photovoltaic and wind power generation, it is a crucial and difficult problem to achieve optimal economic dispatch in microgrids. In this paper, we present an optimal economic dispatch solution for a microgrid by the improved artificial bee colony (ABC) optimization, with the aim of satisfying load and balance demand while minimizing the cost of power generation and gas emission. Firstly, we construct a mathematical model according to different characteristics of distributed generation units and loads, and improve the performance of global convergence for ABC in order to fit such model. Secondly, we explore how to solve the optimal economic dispatch problem by the improved ABC and give the essential steps. Thirdly, we carry out several simulations and the results illustrate the benefits and effectiveness of the proposed approach for optimal economic dispatch in microgrid.

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Ogbikaya, Stephen, and M. Iqbal. "Reduced Order Model of A Microgrid System for A University Community in Nigeria." Jordan Journal of Electrical Engineering 8, no. 3 (2022): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/jjee.204-1653940509.

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This paper presents a reduced order model of a microgrid system for a university community in Nigeria. The designed microgrid system is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment to determine the system dynamics. The obtained dynamic system is then reduced to a single block subsystem with multiple inputs and a single output using system linearization. The microgrid model is then linearized with the aid of linearization tool in MATLAB/Simulink using linearized perturbation method. The transfer function of the multiple inputs with respect to the single output of the microgrid system is determined in MATLAB environment. The transfer functions obtained for both inputs are then incorporated to the subsystem to linearize the entire system. The obtained linearized system is reduced with the aid of model reducer using the balanced truncation method in Simulink. The achieved results indicate that the system response of the obtained linearized model is linear compared to the step response of the nonlinear microgrid model of the campus. The results also reveal that the obtained reduced order model - compared to the nonlinear microgrid model - has lesser states with more than 4 times faster simulation response time.

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Tenti, Paolo, and Tommaso Caldognetto. "Integration of Local and Central Control Empowers Cooperation among Prosumers and Distributors towards Safe, Efficient, and Cost-Effective Operation of Microgrids." Energies 16, no. 5 (February 28, 2023): 2320. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16052320.

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The advent of energy communities will revolutionize the energy market. However, exploiting their full potential requires innovations in the structure and management of low-voltage grids. End users shall be aggregated within microgrids, where their physical interaction is possible and coordinated operation of power sources and energy storage systems can be achieved. Moreover, meshed network topologies will enable multiple paths for the power flow. The combination of smart control and meshed networks can dramatically improve microgrid performance in terms of power quality, efficiency, and resilience to transients and faults. Ubiquitous control of the power flow becomes possible, as well as active fault clearing and isolation of subgrids without tripping circuit breakers. This paper proposes a control approach that pursues such goals without requiring modification of control and communication hardware implemented in commercial inverters. Instead, a revision of control firmware, integrated with local measurements, allows retrofitting existing plants to improve microgrid operation. Further improvements may derive from the installation of community power sources and energy storage systems, which can extend microgrid operation to pursue demand response and islanding. The potential of the proposed control methods is demonstrated by simulation considering a standard microgrid under different operating conditions.

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Yaqub, Raziq, Mohamed Ali, and Hassan Ali. "DC Microgrid Utilizing Artificial Intelligence and Phasor Measurement Unit Assisted Inverter." Energies 14, no. 19 (September 24, 2021): 6086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14196086.

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Community microgrids are set to change the landscape of future energy markets. The technology is being deployed in many cities around the globe. However, a wide-scale deployment faces three major issues: initial synchronization of microgrids with the utility grids, slip management during its operation, and mitigation of distortions produced by the inverter. This paper proposes a Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) Assisted Inverter (PAI) that addresses these three issues in a single solution. The proposed PAI continually receives real-time data from a Phasor Measurement Unit installed in the distribution system of a utility company and keeps constructing a real-time reference signal for the inverter. To validate the concept, a unique intelligent DC microgrid architecture that employs the proposed Phasor Measurement Unit (PMU) Assisted Inverter (PAI) is also presented, alongside the cloud-based Artificial Intelligence (AI), which harnesses energy from community shared resources, such as batteries and the community’s rooftop solar resources. The results show that the proposed system produces quality output and is 98.5% efficient.

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Kostelac, Matija, Lin Herenčić, and Tomislav Capuder. "Planning and Operational Aspects of Individual and Clustered Multi-Energy Microgrid Options." Energies 15, no. 4 (February 11, 2022): 1317. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15041317.

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With the restructuring of the power system, household-level end users are becoming more prominent participants by integrating renewable energy sources and smart devices and becoming flexible prosumers. The use of microgrids is a way of aggregating local end users into a single entity and catering for the consumption needs of shareholders. Various microgrid architectures are the result of the local energy community following different decarbonisation strategies and are frequently not optimised in terms of size, technology or other influential factors for energy systems. This paper discusses the operational and planning aspects of three different microgrid setups, looking at them as individual market participants within a local electricity market. This kind of implementation enables mutual trade between microgrids without additional charges, where they can provide flexibility and balance for one another. The developed models take into account multiple uncertainties arising from photovoltaic production, day-ahead electricity prices and electricity load. A total number of nine case studies and sensitivity analyses are presented, from daily operation to the annual planning perspective. The systematic study of different microgrid setups, operational principles/goals and cooperation mechanisms provides a clear understanding of operational and planning benefits: the electrification strategy of decarbonising microgrids outperforms gas and hydrogen technologies by a significant margin. The value of coupling different types of multi-energy microgrids, with the goal of joint market participation, was not proven to be better on a yearly level compared to the operation of same technology-type microgrids. Additional analyses focus on introducing distribution and transmission fees to an MG cooperation model and allow us to come to the conclusion of there being a minor impact on the overall operation.

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Ahmad, Rohama, Ahmed Ali A. Mohamed, Hegazy Rezk, and Mujahed Al-Dhaifallah. "DC Energy Hubs for Integration of Community DERs, EVs, and Subway Systems." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (January 28, 2022): 1558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031558.

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In this paper, a DC microgrid solution is proposed to mitigate the high penetration levels of distributed energy resources (DERs) and electric vehicles (EVs). The microgrid is designed to integrate the regenerative energy available as a result of trains braking at adjacent subway lines. Therefore, the proposed configuration not only helps the distribution network accommodate more renewable energy, but also reduces the energy consumption and peak demand associated with the nearby electrified transportation system. A framework for DC microgrid control has been developed and evaluated using a case study. The results prove the validity and effectiveness of the proposed control framework.

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Mahmud, Dewan Mahnaaz, S. M. Masum Ahmed, Sayeed Hasan, and Mohammad Zeyad. "Grid-connected microgrid: design and feasibility analysis for a local community in Bangladesh." Clean Energy 6, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 447–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkac022.

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Abstract Global demand for electricity is growing significantly in developing nations. Renewable energy accounts for barely 3% of total energy consumption in Bangladesh. Sources of renewable energy, e.g. solar, are increasingly being acknowledged as viable supply-side choices for microgrids. This article presents a grid-connected microgrid design based on meteorological data for a local community situated in Mohammadpur, Dhaka. This study presents a feasible design of a system that gives the lowest cost of energy production and emissions that is evaluated using software named Hybrid Optimization Multiple Energy Resources (HOMER Pro). Comparison and assessment of the net present cost, cost of energy, operating cost and environmental emission for five different feasible microgrids are analysed concerning real-time data. Also, a suitable case is sorted out and proposed for the local community for electrification. The proposed case offers a $0.0442/kWh cost of energy, which is ~32% cheaper than the current rate with a 57.5% renewable fraction and a payback period of 16.86 years. People of this local community will have access to considerably more clean energy at a lower price by this study; also this design could sell the excess energy to the grid to avoid frequent electricity outages.

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Himabindu, N., Rajashekar P. Mandi, and H. Santoshkumar. "Modelling and cost optimization of a community microgrid." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1114, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 012061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1114/1/012061.

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Shamsi, Pourya, Huaiqi Xie, Ayomide Longe, and Jhi-Young Joo. "Economic Dispatch for an Agent-Based Community Microgrid." IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid 7, no. 5 (September 2016): 2317–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tsg.2015.2487422.

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Wu, Lei, Tom Ortmeyer, and Jie Li. "The community microgrid distribution system of the future." Electricity Journal 29, no. 10 (December 2016): 16–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tej.2016.11.008.

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Raji, Atanda K., and Doudou N. Luta. "Modeling and Optimization of a Community Microgrid Components." Energy Procedia 156 (January 2019): 406–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.103.

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Rana, Md Juel, Forhad Zaman, Tapabrata Ray, and Ruhul Sarker. "Heuristic Enhanced Evolutionary Algorithm for Community Microgrid Scheduling." IEEE Access 8 (2020): 76500–76515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2020.2989795.

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Stashkevich, E. V., N. I. Aizenberg, and I. G. Ilyukhin. "FORECASTING AND MANAGING THE MICROGRID COMMUNITY USING ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE." Bulletin of the South Ural State University series "Power Engineering" 22, no. 2 (June 2022): 18–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/power220202.

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A characteristic feature of the modern electric power industry in recent decades is the sharp increase in electricity consumption. This can be explained by technological, social, economic, and other reasons. Therefore, the forecasting of electricity consumption is important for many processes, including the planned operation of genera¬ting equipment and managing and optimizing the operating modes of energy systems. It is also a significant aspect in the opera-tion of industrial enterprises, since breaches can result in fines. One of the urgent tasks in the electricity market today is the forecasting of electricity consumption for a certain period. The article presents a description of a microgrid model with a built-in block for predicting power consumption, as well as intelligent load control for several objects at the same time, including those with distributed generation. Decisions are made the previous day, in order to forme stra¬tegies or the generation profile and control of power receivers. This timing is dictated by the information available to the intelli-gent system. This information includes forecast of demand and electricity prices of the centralized energy system for every hour of the next day. The process of switching at peak time to additional sources of electricity, distribution over microgrids is also described. The forecast was implemented using the Holt-Winters model from the statsmodels library (Python 3). The model uses the ideas of exponential smoothing, but is more complex and can be applied to series containing trend and seasonality. The trained model predicts with 95.21% accuracy.

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V. Pavan Kumar, Y. "A Novel Design of Energy Management and Control for Smart Microgrids in Urban Buildings." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.44 (December 1, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.44.26853.

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Microgrids are becoming a popular way to cater the sustaining power needs of urban community loads as buildings of financial districts, universities, industrial zones, gated communities etc. Effective utilization of available energy resources and smart management of operating loads will increase level of supply reliability and reduces the utility grid dependency. With this intent, this paper proposes an original philosophy of designing Smart Energy Management and Control (SEMC) algorithm to transform microgrids as smarter grids. Building microgrid system is modeled using MATLAB/Simulink and is interfaced with real time controller via data acquisition system to form Hardware In the Loop (HIL) setup. This real time controller is realized through Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) by using SEMC algorithm. SEMC manages the available energy sources as well as operating loads based on their availability and priority to supply the total instantaneous load on the microgrid. The proposed algorithm can also facilitate utility grid interaction for import and export of power in deficit and excess available power conditions respectively. From the implementation of the proposed algorithm, the obtained results show that the proposed system ensures reliable and stable supply to building loads.

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Mahesh, C., F. T.Josh, and A. Sanjeevi Gandhi. "A comprehensive study on protection, control and communication techniques: a key concept for microgrid intelligent operation." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 2.8 (March 19, 2018): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i2.8.10320.

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Microgrid is an integrated network of renewable and non renewable resources to supply the green power to a small range of community. An effective communication technology is necessary to be implemented among the power generations, storages and loads of microgrid in order to manage the load sharing, shedding and protection issues. This paper provides the study on architecture, characteristics, load managements, protection schemes, communication techniques and research challenges of microgrid.

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Essayeh, Chaimaa, Mohammed Raiss El-Fenni, Hamza Dahmouni, and Mohamed Aymane Ahajjam. "Energy Management Strategies for Smart Green MicroGrid Systems: A Systematic Literature Review." Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering 2021 (February 24, 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6675975.

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Having neither precise definition nor a commonly accepted scope, the term “MicroGrid” tends to be used differently across researchers and practitioners alike. The management of energy usage within a microgrid is one of the topics that was handled from numerous perspectives. This study presents systematic literature review (SLR) of research on architectures and energy management techniques for microgrids, providing an aggregated up-to-date catalogue of solutions suggested by the scientific community. The SLR incorporated 45 papers selected according to inclusion/exclusion criteria and defined a priori. The selection process was based on an automated search and covered three known digital libraries. The extraction process covers three main questions. (i) The architectures of microgrids including their components, their bus configuration, and the adopted utility grid policy. (ii) The employed methods to ensure an optimal usage of energy under uncertainty. (iii) The confronted challenges and constraints of the suggested strategies. The findings of this SLR indicate a great diversity of methods and a rich background. Finally, the SLR suggests that future research should take into account the uncertainty aspect relating to energy management rather than the direct use of historical data as it is commonly done in most research papers. A sensitivity analysis should be provided in the latter case.

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Hasan, Md Mahmudul, Ishtiaque Zaman, Miao He, and Michael Giesselmann. "Reinforcement Learning-Based Control for Resilient Community Microgrid Applications." Journal of Power and Energy Engineering 10, no. 09 (2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jpee.2022.109001.

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Chen, Jun, Liying Li, Yangguang Cui, Fuke Shen, Meikang Qiu, and Tongquan Wei. "Utility-driven renewable energy sharing systems for community microgrid." Journal of Systems Architecture 126 (May 2022): 102492. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sysarc.2022.102492.

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Provata, Elena, Dionysia Kolokotsa, Sotiris Papantoniou, Maila Pietrini, Antonio Giovannelli, and Gino Romiti. "Development of optimization algorithms for the Leaf Community microgrid." Renewable Energy 74 (February 2015): 782–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2014.08.080.

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Cornélusse, Bertrand, Iacopo Savelli, Simone Paoletti, Antonio Giannitrapani, and Antonio Vicino. "A community microgrid architecture with an internal local market." Applied Energy 242 (May 2019): 547–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.03.109.

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Yokoyama, Ryuichi, and Yicheng Zhou. "MicroGrid Designer: user-friendly design, operation and control assist tools for resilient microgrid and autonomous community." Global Energy Interconnection 5, no. 3 (June 2022): 249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloei.2022.06.001.

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Rao, Sivakavi Naga Venkata Bramareswara, Venkata Pavan Kumar Yellapragada, Kottala Padma, Darsy John Pradeep, Challa Pradeep Reddy, Mohammad Amir, and Shady S. Refaat. "Day-Ahead Load Demand Forecasting in Urban Community Cluster Microgrids Using Machine Learning Methods." Energies 15, no. 17 (August 23, 2022): 6124. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15176124.

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The modern-day urban energy sector possesses the integrated operation of various microgrids located in a vicinity, named cluster microgrids, which helps to reduce the utility grid burden. However, these cluster microgrids require a precise electric load projection to manage the operations, as the integrated operation of multiple microgrids leads to dynamic load demand. Thus, load forecasting is a complicated operation that requires more than statistical methods. There are different machine learning methods available in the literature that are applied to single microgrid cases. In this line, the cluster microgrids concept is a new application, which is very limitedly discussed in the literature. Thus, to identify the best load forecasting method in cluster microgrids, this article implements a variety of machine learning algorithms, including linear regression (quadratic), support vector machines, long short-term memory, and artificial neural networks (ANN) to forecast the load demand in the short term. The effectiveness of these methods is analyzed by computing various factors such as root mean square error, R-square, mean square error, mean absolute error, mean absolute percentage error, and time of computation. From this, it is observed that the ANN provides effective forecasting results. In addition, three distinct optimization techniques are used to find the optimum ANN training algorithm: Levenberg–Marquardt, Bayesian Regularization, and Scaled Conjugate Gradient. The effectiveness of these optimization algorithms is verified in terms of training, test, validation, and error analysis. The proposed system simulation is carried out using the MATLAB/Simulink-2021a® software. From the results, it is found that the Levenberg–Marquardt optimization algorithm-based ANN model gives the best electrical load forecasting results.

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Dawood, Furat, GM Shafiullah, and Martin Anda. "Stand-Alone Microgrid with 100% Renewable Energy: A Case Study with Hybrid Solar PV-Battery-Hydrogen." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (March 6, 2020): 2047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12052047.

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A 100% renewable energy-based stand-alone microgrid system can be developed by robust energy storage systems to stabilize the variable and intermittent renewable energy resources. Hydrogen as an energy carrier and energy storage medium has gained enormous interest globally in recent years. Its use in stand-alone or off-grid microgrids for both the urban and rural communities has commenced recently in some locations. Therefore, this research evaluates the techno-economic feasibility of renewable energy-based systems using hydrogen as energy storage for a stand-alone/off-grid microgrid. Three case scenarios in a microgrid environment were identified and investigated in order to select an optimum solution for a remote community by considering the energy balance and techno-economic optimization. The “HOMER Pro” energy modelling and simulating software was used to compare the energy balance, economics and environmental impact amongst the proposed scenarios. The simulation results showed that the hydrogen-battery hybrid energy storage system is the most cost-effective scenario, though all developed scenarios are technically possible and economically comparable in the long run, while each has different merits and challenges. It has been shown that the proposed hybrid energy systems have significant potentialities in electrifying remote communities with low energy generation costs, as well as a contribution to the reduction of their carbon footprint and to ameliorating the energy crisis to achieve a sustainable future.

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González-Romera, Eva, Mercedes Ruiz-Cortés, María-Isabel Milanés-Montero, Fermín Barrero-González, Enrique Romero-Cadaval, Rui Lopes, and João Martins. "Advantages of Minimizing Energy Exchange Instead of Energy Cost in Prosumer Microgrids." Energies 12, no. 4 (February 22, 2019): 719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12040719.

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Microgrids of prosumers are a trendy approach within the smart grid concept, as a way to increase distributed renewable energy penetration within power systems in an efficient and sustainable way. Single prosumer individual management has been previously discussed in literature, usually based on economic profit optimization. In this paper, two novel approaches are proposed: firstly, a different objective function, relative to the mismatch between generated and demanded power, is tested and compared to classical objective function based on energy price, by means of a genetic algorithm method; secondly, this optimization procedure is applied to batteries’ coordinated scheduling of all the prosumers composing a community, instead of single one, which better matches the microgrid concept. These approaches are tested on a microgrid with two household prosumers, in the context of Spanish regulation for self-consumption. Results show noticeably better performance of mismatch objective function and coordinated schedule, in terms of self-consumption and self-sufficiency rates, power and energy interchanges with the main grid, battery degradation and even economic benefits.

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Tang, Jun, Chen Yang, Changsen Feng, Junting Li, Xiaowen Gu, and Xuelei Jiang. "Energy Cooperation Optimization in Residential Microgrid with Virtual Storage Technology." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2021 (January 28, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8879122.

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The power balance of the tie-line is crucial to the stable operation of a community microgrid. This paper presents a power fluctuation smoothing method of the microgrid tie-line based on virtual energy storage technology. Firstly, the structure characteristics and the energy coupling mode of the combined heat and power system is systematically analyzed. Considering the operating characteristics of heat pumps, micro gas turbines, and buildings’ heat storage characteristics, a virtual energy storage model is established. Secondly, the target power of the tie-line is determined with the storage state indexes into consideration. Subsequently, a power allocation strategy which takes into account the correction of equipment state mapping set is proposed to allocate the tie-line power fluctuations to heat pumps, micro gas turbines, and supercapacitors. Simulation results show this method can realize the coupling coordination between heat and power energy and ensure the smoothing effect of the power fluctuations. Meanwhile, the control flexibility of the combined heat and power system can be enhanced, and the microgrid’s operating economy can be improved.

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Ebrahim, Mohamed A., Reham M. Abdel Fattah, Ebtisam M. Saied, Samir M. Abdel Maksoud, and Hisham El Khashab. "An Islanded Microgrid Droop Control using Henry Gas Solubility Optimization." International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering 10, no. 3 (January 10, 2021): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.c8365.0110321.

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Coordination of various distributed generation (DG) units is required to meet the growing demand for electricity. Several control strategies have been developed to operate parallel-connected inverters for microgrid load sharing. Among these techniques, due to the lack of essential communication links between parallel-connected inverters to coordinate the DG units within a microgrid, the droop control method has been generally accepted in the scientific community. This paper discusses the microgrid droop controller during islanding using the Henry Gas Solubility Optimization (HGSO). The most important goals of droop control in the islanded mode of operation are the frequency and voltage control of microgrid and proper power sharing between distributed generations. The droop controller has been designed using HGSO to optimally choose PI gains and droop control coefficients in order to obtain a better microgrid output response during islanding. Simulation results indicate that the droop controller using HGSO improves the efficiency of micro-grid power by ensuring that variance in microgrid frequency and voltage regulation and effective power sharing occurs whenever micro-grid island mode or when variation in load occurs.

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Ferreira, Daniele, Sidelmo Silva, Waner Silva, Danilo Brandao, Gilbert Bergna, and Elisabetta Tedeschi. "Overview of Consensus Protocol and Its Application to Microgrid Control." Energies 15, no. 22 (November 15, 2022): 8536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15228536.

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Different control strategies for microgrid applications have been developed in the last decade. In order to enhance flexibility, scalability and reliability, special attention has been given to control organisations based on distributed communication infrastructures. Among these strategies, the implementation of consensus protocol stands out to cooperatively steer multi-agent systems (i.e., distributed generators), which is justified by its benefits, such as plug and play capability and enhanced resilience against communication failures. However, as the consensus protocol has a long trajectory of development in different areas of knowledge including multidisciplinary subjects, it may be a challenge to collect all the relevant information for its application in an emerging field. Therefore, the main goal of this paper is to provide the fundamentals of multi-agent systems and consensus protocol to the electrical engineering community, and an overview of its application to control systems for microgrids. The fundamentals of consensus protocol herein cover the concepts, formulations, steady-state and stability analysis for leaderless and leader-following consensus problems, in both continuous- and discrete-time. The overview of the applications summarises the main contributions achieved with this technique in the literature concerning microgrids, as well as the associated challenges and trends.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Community microgrid'

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