Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Community landuse'
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Zhao, Titi. "Community revitalization by reuse abandoned areas Kennedy Town." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42664524.
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Gyogluu, Sylvester Yinubah. "Infrastructure delivery in rapidly urbanising communal lands : case studies in Ghana." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/1448.
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Thesis (MTech (Town and Regional Planning))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, 2006The research focuses on urbanising communities in the peri-urban areas of the Tamale Metropolitan Area (TAMA) of Ghana and the inability of the urban authorities to provide adequate basic infrastructure services. Using a mix of qualitative and quantitative research approaches, the author observed that the development planning paradigms practiced over the years placed urban planning and service delivery in a centralised paradigm which cannot respond adequately to the increasing pressures of urbanisation, nor offer opportunities for the involvement of communities due to this top-down planning approache. The research in fact identified that the communities, through their own initiatives have planned and executed service projects to improve their lives in some respects where the TAMA has failed. The communities have achieved this due to their spirit of social solidarity, self-help and communalism built around their traditional chiefs, which incorporates some of the principles of Local Agenda 21. The TAMA sees this development as an opportunity to henceforth forge collaboration and partnerships with the traditional authorities for improved service delivery in the urbanising communities. This represents innovative urban planning and management approaches, which in the context of low-income urban communities, includes participatory planning and service delivery. These innovative approaches have been initiated in the Habitat Agenda emanating from the UN Conference on Human Settlements in 1996. The study advocates the concept of sustainable development and Agenda 21, as a working model which presents a participatory and integrative process for local authorities and communities to work towards urban improvements. The Local Agenda 21 planning approach, it is argued, will integrate and strengthen the already existing local community initiatives and provide a basis for partnerships and improved service delivery. The case - studies examined are the Tamale Metropolitan Area and the peri-urban settlements Jusonayili and Gumah.
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Ayers, Katherine Elizabeth Ruth. "Making Community in the Wilderness: A Case Study of Women's Land's Throughout the United States." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101972.
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Over the summer and fall of 2018, I spent time at nine of the lands and two women's-only music festivals and interviewed 39 women. This dissertation is the result of those interviews and my copious field notes. Chapter one frames the question of community sociologically and examines why the lands often remained homogenous even though their goal was that every woman was welcome to come visit and live. It contrasts the lands to women's-only music festivals, which often included diverse women. Chapter two shows how lands not designed to support old women slowly, and unintentionally, become retirement communities. Families of choice, often consisting of the other women living in the community, help the women who need extra assistance, but within limits set by an unaddressed ageism. The lands are at risk if they fail to attract younger members. Chapter three explores the mutual mistrust between the women's land members and the academic community that I found myself navigating as I completed this project. It details the compromises all feminist communities must make to sustain themselves, and explores how the tension caused by my participation in both the women's lands and academic feminist communities yielded insights into both.Doctor of Philosophy
As part of the American second wave feminist movement, a new group of radical feminists emerged. Instead of trying to work within the system, as the feminists before them had done, they decided to create an alternative system as best they could. This dissertation project focuses on the current iteration of these lands; to do this research I spent time at nine of the lands and two women's-only music festivals and interviewed 39 women during the summer of 2018. Part of creating these alternative systems included buying land in rural spaces across the United States and setting up new communities not beholden to any current way of doing things. A major ethos of their communities was that all women were welcome, regardless of race, economic, class, dis/ability, or other identities. The first chapter examines how, despite the women's best intentions, these spaces were and continue to remain today, homogenous, and contrasts the lands with other feminist organizations and women's-only music festivals that were able to diversify. Chapter two explores how women are aging on the lands and the struggles the women are facing in attracting new members. The last chapter examines the mutual mistrust of me I found within both the feminist and academic communities, how I navigated that mistrust, and ultimately that mistrust offers insights into how both communities make compromises to sustain themselves.
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Dzinavatonga, Naison. "Community participation and project sustainability in rural Zimbabwe: the case of Sangwe communal lands." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/130.
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Development thinkers and practitioners have been pondering over community participation for the last decades. Some even called the 1980s a decade of participation in development discourse while others also view the current decade of social movements, Non-Governmental Organizations, and Community-Based Organizations as a manifestation of organized community participation. The Sangwe Communal Lands is one such area that researchers in the last decades have been pondering over the role of community participation in project sustainability. Likewise this study evaluates the effectiveness of community participation in Sangwe where it has been hypothesized that the current participation discourse has not lived up to its billing of ensuring sustainable projects. The research therefore explores some of the politics surrounding community participation in Sangwe and Zimbabwe at large. From one angle to the other, the research overviews some of the different theoretical orientations, goals, processes and practices that are commonly used but not always recognized to constitute genuine community participation. The research is intended to clarify some of the differences that emerge when projects are designed, and to stimulate discussion about community participation more generally. This study shows that the local communities who in this case are the reason for being of NGOs and their programmes are quite critical in development projects undertaken in their own areas. This to a larger extent determines the success of development initiatives at all levels. Such a scenario calls for a proper sustainable and pro-rural community legal and policy framework as a pre-requisite for sustainable projects. The study further highlights the need for development workers and agents to change their attitude towards communities and their indigenous knowledge systems. They need to co-opt community indigenous knowledge as a system that has a unique contribution to sustainable development. Above all, attitude change is the pillar for the New World System and 21st century development paradigm that respects local values, concerns, culture, and aspirations and that these should be taken on board in the management of development programmes.
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Weihmann, Reinhard. "Wie beeinflußt die Infrastruktur die Informationsgesellschaft auf dem Lande?" Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-210090.
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Der Ausgangspunkt des zu beschreibenden Vorhabens ist das Projekt „SalZ - Sachsens lebendige Zukunft“. Dieses Projekt beschäftigt sich seit 1998 mit der Ableitung von Handlungsfeldem auf dem Gebiet der Telematik im ländlichen Raum und der Umsetzung einzelner abgeleiteter Teilprojekte. Eines dieser abgeleiteten Teilprojekte verfolgt das Ziel, in einer größeren Kommune, der Stadt Geyer im Erzgebirge, innerhalb des ländlichen Raumes eine zukunftsträchtige Telekommunikationsinfrastruktur aufzubauen und den Bürgern, der Verwaltung und der örtlichen Wirtschaft neue breitbandige Telekommunikationsdienste anzubieten. Die damit einher gehenden Veränderungen im täglichen Leben der Betroffenen in der Kommune sollen dabei untersucht und gleichzeitig positiv entwickelt werden. Das Projekt begann im Januar 2000 und wird im Dezember 2001 beendet sein. Dem Projekt war eine Machbarkeitsstudie vorausgegangen. Ausgangspunkt für den Aufbau einer zukunftsträchtigen elekommunikationsinfrastruktur ist das örtliche TV-Kabelnetz. Es versorgt fast vollständig die über 4000 Einwohner von Geyer. Welche Aufgaben sind grundsätzlich zu lösen? [... aus dem Text]
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Zhao, Titi, and 赵媞媞. "Community revitalization by reuse abandoned areas Kennedy Town." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42664524.
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Förch, Wiebke. "Community Resilience in Drylands and Implications for Local Development in Tigray, Ethiopia." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/265354.
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Progress in human development is threatened by the complexities of global environmental change - a defining challenge of our time. Appropriate societal responses are needed to address disturbances and increasing vulnerability of social-ecological systems. This changing context calls current development thinking into question and requires new approaches, policies, and tools to cope with growing uncertainty. With a focus on capacities instead of vulnerabilities, an approach is needed emphasizing the role of communities in planning interventions and strengthening community resilience. This research draws on vulnerability, social-ecological systems and drylands development theory to advance an integrated understanding of resilience at community level and its role towards sustainable development. To develop a general approach for development actors to characterize a community's resilience and plan locally targeted interventions is the overall objective of this research. A participatory approach towards defining and assessing community resilience forms the basis, as it is assumed this would enable development actors to more efficiently address development concerns and empower communities to strengthen their resilience. Underlying factors that determine community resilience in selected dryland communities in Tigray, northeastern Ethiopia are identified. Here, most of the population depends on subsistence agriculture, while food insecurity and poverty persist despite concerted regional development efforts. This research compares and consolidates local perceptions of determinants of community resilience that form the basis for guidelines towards a methodological framework for determining levels of community resilience in Tigray. The guidelines were used to compare levels of community resilience of communities, with implications for operationalizing community resilience in the context of drylands development practice. Findings reflect the importance of recognizing that resilience is not about maintaining a status quo, but about addressing how societies can develop in a changing environment. Prominence of resilience thinking can promote a development practice better suited to address the challenges and opportunities that changes create for poor dryland communities. Resilience thinking does not provide quick solutions, but contributes a long-term, multi-dimensional perspective of building capacities for improved responses to current needs and future change. Resilience is not a solution in itself but can contribute towards developing more resilient trajectories for drylands development.
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Latimer, Christopher Edward. "Avian population and community dynamics in response to vegetation restoration on reclaimed mine lands in southwest Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32773.
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Coal surface-mining is often implicated for its negative impacts on native flora and fauna. However, some studies suggest that, in reclaiming land after mining, there may be potential to create early successional habitat needed by many avian species currently in decline throughout eastern North America. I evaluated nest-site selection and nest success for on reclaimed mine lands in southwest Virginia during the summers of 2010 and 2011. For this nest-site analysis, I focused on 2 bird species common to reclaimed mine lands in southwest Virginia: field sparrows (Spizella pusillia) and indigo buntings (Passerina cyanea). In addition, I assessed bird community attributes in relation to various surface-mine reclamation regimens over a 5-year period from 2007-2011.
For both species, I found estimates of daily nest success to be higher than other estimates reported in the literature; however, empirical estimates of adult and juvenile survival are needed to provide better estimates of population status. For field sparrows, models of avian nest success support the hypothesis that a tradeoff exists between nest concealment and a view of the surroundings for field sparrows. For indigo buntings, year explained the most variation in nest success, with much lower estimates of daily nest survival in 2010, possibly as a result of increased precipitation.
I also assessed avian community dynamics in relation to vegetation changes on reclaimed mine sites and observed a total of 96 species throughout the 4 years of sampling. Local species persistence and species turnover were comparable to another
continental scale study conducted using breeding bird survey (BBS) data. Observed changes in community vital rates were likely a result of changes in certain habitat attributes over the 5-year period. Lastly, seven species were unique to certain cover types, suggesting the need to consider landscape level processes when developing restoration guidelines for reclaimed coal surface-mines.Master of Science
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Latimer, Chris E. "Avian population and community dynamics in response to vegetation restoration on reclaimed mine lands in southwest Virginia." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32773.
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Coal surface-mining is often implicated for its negative impacts on native flora and fauna. However, some studies suggest that, in reclaiming land after mining, there may be potential to create early successional habitat needed by many avian species currently in decline throughout eastern North America. I evaluated nest-site selection and nest success for on reclaimed mine lands in southwest Virginia during the summers of 2010 and 2011. For this nest-site analysis, I focused on 2 bird species common to reclaimed mine lands in southwest Virginia: field sparrows (Spizella pusillia) and indigo buntings (Passerina cyanea). In addition, I assessed bird community attributes in relation to various surface-mine reclamation regimens over a 5-year period from 2007-2011.
For both species, I found estimates of daily nest success to be higher than other estimates reported in the literature; however, empirical estimates of adult and juvenile survival are needed to provide better estimates of population status. For field sparrows, models of avian nest success support the hypothesis that a tradeoff exists between nest concealment and a view of the surroundings for field sparrows. For indigo buntings, year explained the most variation in nest success, with much lower estimates of daily nest survival in 2010, possibly as a result of increased precipitation.
I also assessed avian community dynamics in relation to vegetation changes on reclaimed mine sites and observed a total of 96 species throughout the 4 years of sampling. Local species persistence and species turnover were comparable to another continental scale study conducted using breeding bird survey (BBS) data. Observed changes in community vital rates were likely a result of changes in certain habitat attributes over the 5-year period. Lastly, seven species were unique to certain cover types, suggesting the need to consider landscape level processes when developing restoration guidelines for reclaimed coal surface-mines.Master of Science
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Johnson, Anna L. "The ecology of urban vacant lands| Human-mediated local versus regional control on plant community assembly." Thesis, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3707286.
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While urban ecosystems can host surprisingly high levels of biodiversity, there are still many shifts in the characteristics of the biotic communities found in cities. My dissertation explores patterns of plant community assembly in urban residential vacant lots. Firstly, I reviewed the literature to describe how various components of urban ecosystems impact vegetation diversity and composition and presented a novel conceptual model of spatiotemporal variation in plant community composition. Secondly, I described how spatially heterogeneous legacies of human land use within vacant lots structured plant community diversity and composition, relative to spatial and environmental variation. Plant community compositional variation was primarily explained by differences in human land use legacies, compared to local environmental variation (abiotic soil characteristics) and environmental context (lot area, proximity to other vacant lots and tree canopy). Thirdly, I examined how successional processes interacted with spatial variation in land use by constructing a chronosequence of vacant lot properties. I found no evidence of changes in plant community diversity over time but demonstrated significant shifts in functional composition in building footprint sections over time, primarily related to seed dispersal. Finally, I conducted a greenhouse experiment to uncover the interaction between local biotic and abiotic pressures on community structure. I replicated each seed mix across three soil environments (urban soils, soil from an unmanaged suburban lawn/field area, and greenhouse potting mix) and crossed soil and seeded species assemblages with a treatment to remove individuals emerging from the soil seed bank. I found that soil environment had the strongest impact on seeded species establishment. Weeding reduced overall community diversity in vacant lot soils but increased seeded species diversity.Overall, my dissertation results described patterns of community assembly of spontaneous plant communities in vacant lots at a spatial scale appropriate for guiding urban ecological management decisions.
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Weihmann, Reinhard. "Wie beeinflußt die Infrastruktur die Informationsgesellschaft auf dem Lande?: Ein Situationsbericht." Josef Eul Verlag GmbH, 2000. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A29803.
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Der Ausgangspunkt des zu beschreibenden Vorhabens ist das Projekt „SalZ - Sachsens lebendige Zukunft“. Dieses Projekt beschäftigt sich seit 1998 mit der Ableitung von Handlungsfeldem auf dem Gebiet der Telematik im ländlichen Raum und der Umsetzung einzelner abgeleiteter Teilprojekte. Eines dieser abgeleiteten Teilprojekte verfolgt das Ziel, in einer größeren Kommune, der Stadt Geyer im Erzgebirge, innerhalb des ländlichen Raumes eine zukunftsträchtige Telekommunikationsinfrastruktur aufzubauen und den Bürgern, der Verwaltung und der örtlichen Wirtschaft neue breitbandige Telekommunikationsdienste anzubieten. Die damit einher gehenden Veränderungen im täglichen Leben der Betroffenen in der Kommune sollen dabei untersucht und gleichzeitig positiv entwickelt werden. Das Projekt begann im Januar 2000 und wird im Dezember 2001 beendet sein. Dem Projekt war eine Machbarkeitsstudie vorausgegangen. Ausgangspunkt für den Aufbau einer zukunftsträchtigen elekommunikationsinfrastruktur ist das örtliche TV-Kabelnetz. Es versorgt fast vollständig die über 4000 Einwohner von Geyer. Welche Aufgaben sind grundsätzlich zu lösen? [... aus dem Text]
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Thomas, G. S. "Land care by design : landscape planning method for facilitating community action plans to rehabilitate Australia's rural lands." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 1992.
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Barquero, Viviana, and Viviana Barquero. "Livelihood Assessment of Rural Delicias Chihuahua as Means for Developing a Community Energy Model." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621141.
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The electricity sector around the world is significantly changing towards the adoption of cleaner energy sources and its implementation through distributed generation technologies. The need to expand rural electrification to reduce energy poverty and the trends in decentralizing power generation are becoming major drivers of change. In Mexico, there are very few comprehensive studies on energy use and its impact on rural livelihoods. Energy studies in the development literature tend to analyze livelihoods that do not have access to modern energy services, and do not take into account that many rural communities, although connected to the grid, still may be considered energy poor. This research presents findings of current livelihood conditions of three rural communities in the Mexican state of Chihuahua, in the context of livelihood diversification and energy poverty. This paper also presents a feasibility study for the development of a community energy model that will fulfill energy and vegetable intake requirements for each community analyzed. Results show that these communities can potentially improve their livelihood conditions through the implementation of what this research calls a Community Integrated Sustainable Energy (CISE) model by reducing energy poverty and food insecurity. By adopting a CISE model, communities will become healthier by becoming supporters of energy conservation and energy efficiency strategies. The adoption of this community energy model will also encourage climate change mitigation by increasing resilience to vulnerable communities through enhancing food and energy security. The aim of this research is to inform stakeholders (including policy makers, urban planners, and community members themselves) of the current status of Chihuahua's communities and to start a dialogue in Mexico about engaging in a community-led, clean energy project that would generate electricity for those communities while preserving rural livelihoods.
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Hansen, Jacob L. "Utilizing the Public on Public Lands: The Application of Community Science to Monitor and Model Erosion in National Forests." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3806.
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Unpaved forest roads are adversely affecting coldwater streams through excessive erosion and the subsequent sedimentation of adjacent waterways. To help identify areas of concern, Trout Unlimited (TU) in the Southern Appalachian region developed a Community Science initiative to gather data on sediment sources and stream-road crossings. Volunteers were recruited and trained to monitor road and trail conditions and collect and submit data using a Survey123 application on their cell phones. Analysis of the contributed data reveals statistical connections between drainage type and both erosion level and stream sedimentation. The contributed data were also included as a calibration for the lite version of the Geomorphic Road Analysis and Inventory Package (GRAIP-Lite), a GIS-based road sediment contribution model. The analysis found statistically significant differences between Basic and Calibrated models at one of two sites, and substantial increases in sediment delivery from the Alternate model at both sites.
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Bolus, Cosman. "Collaborative monitoring in ecosystem management in South Africa's communal lands." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1006948.
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Internationally there is an increasing focus on involving local communities in natural resource management and monitoring. Monitoring methods which are professionally driven appear to be inadequate to deal with the monitoring of natural resource use and biodiversity conservation, globally. This is especially evident in areas such as South African rural communal land. Two community based natural resource management (CBNRM) programmes in areas which are communally governed in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, namely Nqabara and Machubeni, were used as part of this research study. This thesis identified and tested potentially simple and cost effective monitoring methods related to the utilization of the local rangelands and indigenous forests. The criteria that were tested include 1) appropriateness and effectiveness in measuring change, and 2) contribution to building adaptive capacity among local land managers through learning. The criteria were assessed using a scoring system for each monitoring method in order to evaluate their strengths and weaknesses . This was done by using both quantitative and qualitative data. Contribution to building adaptive capacity was assessed by evaluating technical capacity gained, local ecological knowledge contributed and learning by participants. This was done using qualitative data. The results show that the monitoring methods had different strengths and weaknesses in relation to the criteria, making them more appropriate for different priorities such as effectively measuring change or building adaptive capacity. It is argued that an adaptive approach is a useful component in the participatory monitoring process. An adaptive framework was developed from lessons learnt in this study for collaborative monitoring. Challenges such as low literacy levels and adequate training still need to be addressed to strengthen efforts towards participatory monitoring. Factors such as incentives, conflict and local values may negatively affect the legitimacy and sustainability of participatory monitoring and therefore also need to be addressed.
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Smith, Sarah M. "The inaccessibility of elementary schools in Fulton County causes, consequences, and alternatives." Thesis, Atlanta, Ga. : Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/31751.
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Thesis (M. S.)--Architecture, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010.Committee Member: Edwin Akins II; Committee Member: Michael Dobbins; Committee Member: Richard Dagenhart. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.
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Bauman, Jenise M. "ECTOMYCORRHIZAL COMMUNITIES ASSOCIATED WITH RESTORATION PLANTINGS OF AMERICAN CHESTNUT (CASTANEA DENTATA) SEEDLINGS ON OHIO MINE LANDS: PLANTING METHODOLOGIES TO PROMOTE ROOT COLONIZATION." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1291994501.
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Musona, Mambo. "An exploration of the causes of social unrest in Omay communal lands of Nyami Nyami district in Zimbabwe: a human needs perspective." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1372.
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One of the responsibilities of every government is to make provisions of basic needs for its citizens. The situation in Omay resembles people living during the dark ages when there was no constitutional government. The government should in accordance with the priorities of its people be seen to be improving the lives of its citizens by providing health, education, roads, communication facilities, and participation in decision making especially on issues that have a bearing on their lives. The human needs theory postulates that one of the most ideal ways of resolving protracted conflicts is by helping people meet their needs. Human needs are not for trading according to conflict scholar John Burton, implying that if one does not meet his or her needs he/she might do anything to strive to meet them. The people of Omay have been deprived of their needs in all facets; first the previous government relocated them to create Lake Kariba for the hydroelectric plant. They were not compensated. They were dumped on very arid, tsetse fly infested mountainous areas adjacent to game reserves and national parks where they have to make do with wildlife; some that destroy their few crops (elephants) and others that kill them or their animals (lions). As a minority group they have been engaged in social unrest and small skirmishes with government and other, bigger ethnic groups as a form of resistance. A deliberate affirmative action to channel funds towards raising their living standards and develop their area so that they meet their needs could be the panacea to the social unrest.
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Holmgren, Eva. "Forest commons in boreal Sweden : influences on forest condition, management and the local economy /." Umeå : Dept. of Forest Resource Management and Geomatics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://epsilon.slu.se/10124692.pdf.
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Sibanda, Backson M. C. 1950. "Community based natural resource management systems : an evaluation of the campfire programme in Zimbabwe : with special reference to Omay, and Makande Communal Lands in Nyaminyami District." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007432.
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Communal Areas Management for Indigenous Resources (CAMPFIRE) is an innovative community based natural resource management strategy which transfers management and conservation responsibility from the state to the local communities. This thesis critically examines CAMPFIRE's potential for introducing sustainable natural resource management through the detailed examination of CAMPFIRE's implementation in Nyaminyami District, which is located in the Zambezi Valley of Zimbabwe. Comparisons with other districts are made as appropriate. The theoretical framework of this research is based on an examination of common property theories, theories of bundles of rights, globalisation and the notion of global commons. It is also based on critically examining Zimbabwean, African and international literature dealing with the management of natural resources used in common. There are five specific contributions which the thesis makes. Firstly, common property management is redefined and the difference between resources used in common but which are not common property and common property resources is clarified. Secondly, the study shows that CAMPFIRE is not sustainable whilst it remains dependent on wildlife alone and on a single species - the elephant. Thirdly, the thesis has attempted to extricate the CAMPFIRE concept from the wildlife debate in which it has become entangled and, fourthly, it examines the issues of globalisation and the global commons to show how decisions made at the international level impact on resource utilisation and management at the local level. Finally, the study examines what residual Tonga indigenous knowledge still exists and which aspects can be incorporated into present management systems. Overall, the results of the research suggest that while CAMPFIRE is an innovative strategy for sustainable natural resource management it, has not achieved its major objective of becoming a grassroots rural development strategy. It has become a top down elitist programme which is NGO and donor driven and government constrained. Legislation and policy need formally to address this problem. Finally, the thesis recognises the potential of the CAMPFIRE concept, especially if the weaknesses ofthe programme are addressed.
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Fennell, Kipp. "Economic and energy efficiency assessment of biomass harvesting at a northern off-grid community: a case study of Barren Lands First Nation at Brochet, Manitoba, Canada." Natural Resources Institute Clayton H. Riddell Faculty of Environment, Earth, and Resources, University of Manitoba, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/23299.
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This study was the first to analyze the cost and energy requirements to harvest and transport wood-biomass to an off-grid community, namely Brochet, Manitoba, for the purpose of bioenergy. The study takes the unique local conditions and circumstances of a remote northern off-grid community into consideration, including: marginal forest resources and transport over winter road networks.
Analysis of the forest resources within the study area using various resources found that the wood supply for a biomass facility was adequate. Under most conditions, the combined cost to harvest and transport biomass to Brochet using a variety of systems was less expensive than the combined purchase and transport cost of diesel fuel. The analysis also found that significant employment opportunities and a reduction in carbon emissions would be realized through wood biomass production.
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Gundu, Moira. "The effect of literacy on access to and utilization of agricultural information for household food security at Chirau communal lands in Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/251.
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The research sought to examine the effect of literacy on access to, and utilization of agricultural information for household food security at Chirau Communal lands in Zimbabwe. The study was influenced by the diffusion of innovations approach based on interviews, observation and document study. Selected female farmers from Chirau communal lands were respondents to the self administered interviews and focus group discussions. Representatives from, Agriculture Extension and the Ministry of Agriculture were key informants. Systematic Random sampling was used to select 100 female respondents from the age of 18 to above 80 from wards 1 to 10 of Chirau Rural District in Zimbabwe. Data was analyzed into themes and coded for statistical analysis using the SPSS. The country is faced with food insecurity and the main findings of this study support the view that women play an active role in food production but their potential is limited by inadequate levels of literacy that affect the way they access and utilize resources for sustainable agriculture and household food security among other factors. This may be generalized to the situation of female farmers in Zimbabwe. Improved literacy competencies among the female farmers in Zimbabwe lends itself as one of the interventions that may assist in improving access to information and its effective utilization.. This calls decision-makers to boost literacy for women, develop available agricultural information resources and harness effort towards making them accessible. While interventions may be multi-sectored, the role of government is stressed in this report.
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Masterson, Vanessa Anne. "Sense of place and culture in the landscape of home : Understanding social-ecological dynamics on the Wild Coast, South Africa." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-135280.
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Development for sustainable poverty alleviation requires engagement with the values and cultural frames that enable or constrain communities to steward ecosystems and maintain their capacity to support human well-being. Rooted in a social-ecological systems (SES) perspective, this thesis explores the concept of sense of place to understand how emotional and cultural connections to place mediate human responses to change and influence interventions for development. Sense of place is both the attachments to place, as well as the descriptive meanings to which one is attached. Paper I presents an approach and agenda for studying sense of place in SES that emphasizes place attachment and meaning underlying stewardship actions and responses to change. This is empirically explored through a case study on the Wild Coast, South Africa - an area with multiple contested meanings. In this former Bantustan (an area set aside for black South Africans), Apartheid created interdependence between small-holder agriculture and labour migration, where rural homesteads relied on remittances from migrant household members. Today, the contribution of agriculture to livelihoods has declined and many households rely on income from social grants. Interacting social and ecological factors in this region have resulted in social-ecological trap conditions and circular migration continues to be the pattern. Community conservation and ecotourism is one strategy for local socio-economic development. Papers II and III explore community tensions around a proposed nature reserve declaration. In Paper II, a focus on the meanings of locally-defined ecotopes (e.g. forest and abandoned fields) illuminates the interpretations of underlying social-ecological processes. Paper III examines the use of place meanings in narratives of change to show tensions in the discourse of win-win conservation. The stalling of this particular intervention indicates the importance of engaging with multiple meanings of place and the cultural importance of nature. Papers IV and V focus on declining agriculture and continued labour migration. From a theoretical model of people’s abilities, desires and opportunities, Paper IV develops a typology of responses that may contribute to maintaining or resolving social-ecological traps. For this case study, the model identifies the mismatch between i) cultural expectations that frame the desire to farm, and ii) the decline in opportunities for off-farm income to support agriculture. Paper V demonstrates that these expectations are expressed in the idea of emakhaya (the rural landscape of home) as well as reinforced through cultural rituals. The paper identifies a place-based social contract between the living and the ancestors that helps to maintain circular migration and agricultural practices. This suggests that sense of place contributes to system inertia but may also offer opportunities for stewardship. Sense of place is socially constructed as well as produced through experience in ecosystems, and thus constitutes an emergent property of SES. The thesis demonstrates the use of participatory methods to produce an inclusive understanding of place and SES dynamics. The application of place meanings through these methods facilitates critical engagement with imposed interventions. Finally, the thesis shows that sense of place and culture are key for understanding inertia in SES and the capacity for transformation towards stewardship.At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript.
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Думанівська, Алла Ярославівна. "Радянська судова система в західних областях України 1944–1953 рр. (історико-правове дослідження)." Diss., Національний університет "Львівська політехніка", 2021. https://ena.lpnu.ua/handle/ntb/56726.
Full textAbstract:
У дисертації проведено комплексне дослідження радянської судової системи в західних областях України 1944–1953 рр. Розглянуто структуру, організацію роботи, компетенцію і кадрове забезпечення, та місце судових органів в державному апараті. Розкрито взаємодію суддів з місцевими партійнодержавними органами, прокуратурою та правоохоронними структурами у вирішенні важливих «політичних» завдань в західних областях УРСР. Проаналізовано законодавство як правову основу діяльності суду. Досліджено
боротьбу радянського суду з українським національно-визвольним рухом в західноукраїнському регіоні, з кримінальною злочинністю, та з порушеннями трудового законодавства. Здійснено аналіз особливостей розгляду цивільноправових справ. В диссертации проведено комплексное исследование советской судебной
системы в западных областях Украины 1944–1953 гг. Рассмотрена структура, организация работы, компетенцию и кадровое обеспечение, и место судебных органов в государственном аппарате. Раскрыто взаимодействие суддей с местными партийно-государственными органами, прокуратурой и правоохранительными структурами в решении важных «политических» задач в западных областях УССР. Проанализировано законодательство как правовую основу деятельности суда. Исследовано борьбу советского суда с украинским национально-освободительным движением в западном регионе, с уголовной преступностью, и с нарушениями трудового законодательства. Осуществлен анализ особенностей рассмотрения гражданско-правовых дел. The dissertation analyzes the Soviet judicial system in the western regions of Ukraine in 1944–1953. The structure, organization of work, competence and staffing, and the place of judicial bodies in the state apparatus are considered. The interaction of judges with local party-state bodies, prosecutors and law enforcement agencies in solving important «political» tasks in the western regions of the USSR is revealed. Legislation is analyzed as the legal basis of court activity. The study of the struggle of the Soviet court with the Ukrainian national liberation movement in the Western Ukrainian region, with criminal offenses and with violations of labor law. The peculiarities of consideration of civil cases are analyzed.
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Stanley, Jeanette. "Managing policy-driven landuse change to enhance the sustainability of rural communities." Phd thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/12878.
Full textAbstract:
Landuse change is occurring across rural Australia with significant implications for
rural communities, socially, economically and environmentally. Some of this change is the result of explicit government policy. Policy-driven landuse change has the potential to change landscapes, alter local and regional economies, and change social dynamics. In some cases, the changes that take place are unable to be absorbed by local communities, who may not have the resilience or 'stocks' of social capital to cope with and adapt to the changes. Hence, policy-driven landuse change may threaten the social and economic sustainability of surrounding communities. Alternatively, the change may be 'embraced' by the local community as a positive alteration to the existing economic, social and physical landscape, and can offer economic and social opportunities for communities under pressure from highly variable market and climatic conditions. By synthesising three bodies of literature, and exploring case study evidence, this thesis aims to make both a practical and theoretical contribution, by exploring the conditions under which policy-driven landuse change can contribute to sustainable rural communities. I argue to achieve this, it is necessary to identify and manage social and economic issues associated with landuse change. This study examines two
case studies of policy-driven landuse change, and examines the social, economic and institutional issues that have arisen. The knowledge gained from this study will enable
policy makers to better implement proposed landuse change to promote opportunities for regional and local communities. The first case study examines the Adjungbilly community near Gundagai and Tumut in NSW. Predominantly a grazing community, the major change in the region is the active, government-sponsored replacement of agricultural landuses with softwood plantations. Large tracts of pastoral land have been purchased and are now being
developed as pine plantations. This is having significant impacts on the rural community, resulting in a negative relationship between Forests NSW and the local Adjungbilly community.
The second case study examines a rural community within the Bourke district of western NSW. While the region is still dominated by large grazing properties, since 1996 the NSW NPWS have purchased three former grazing properties to create Gundabooka National Park totalling over 60,000 hectares. Gundabooka National Park was proclaimed under a state government initiative to protect natural systems in the Western Division considered under-represented in the reserve system and to protect cultural values. The landuse change in this region is far less visually obvious than that of Adjungbilly, but still represents a significant change in management philosophies, goals and priorities, from one of economic production to one of ecological conservation. In contrast to the Adjungbilly case study, the Bourke community have
responded to the transition to national park positively. It is therefore possible to learn
from this to better inform the management decisions and philosophies that influence
future landuse change decisions. To introduce policy-driven landuse change in a way that contributes to a community's long-term sustainability, and offers economic and social opportunities for the community, this thesis has proposed a community landuse policy approach, combining social impact assessment, public participation, and social capital enhancing strategies into a practical policy framework. This approach is encapsulated within five management philosophies: • Place-based management; • Managing landuse change at a local and regional level; • A triple-bottom-line approach; • Adopting a participatory approach; and • Whole-of-government decision-making.
These management philosophies lay the foundations for all decision-making surrounding landuse change. By planning for change, and introducing it in a sensitive manner, communities and governments can influence the social outcomes and the ongoing sustainability of communities. Policy-driven landuse change can, therefore, be a positive experience for communities, enhancing their long-term sustainability.
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HUANG, CHEN-YUAN, and 黃振原. "Landuse suitability of environmental sensitive areas in Huashan rural community of Yunlin County." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88326293461898247380.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
水土保持學系
93
Huashan located at the Gukeng Township of Yunlin County is famous for its beautiful slopeland farming village. The rural comprehensive development plan was carried out at the area in 1988.With the recreation-oriented planning, a series of rural public constructions were invested since 1990. However; large scale landslides and debris flow occurred at the Huashan watershed due to the attacks of 921 earthquack and typhoon torrential rain. The concepts of restrain development zone, ecological resources, calamity viewpoint and develop risk were considered to extract the spatial distribution of the sensitive area at the watershed by using the technology of geographic information systems. Analysis of landues change for the years of 1997 and 2003 shows how the process of recreation development affects the landuse change in the watershed. In this study, the environmental sensitive area about 996.2ha accounts for 51.3% of the study area. Among them, the steep area is 563.4ha(29%), the geological fault sensitive area is 56.3ha (2.9%), and the riparian sensitive area is 365.8ha (18.8%). The landslide area obviously increases from 8.0ha of 1997 to 28.1ha of 2003. In addition, about 10.7ha debris flow impact area was delineated in 2003.There is a situation reduced with the area where agriculture use in betel nut trees, tea plantations, and orchard etc.These is a relatively high ratio of landuse with agriculture and building at the riparian area, and obviously increasing of broad-leaf and bush plantation at the geological sensitive area. The building site about 0.5ha located at the sensitive area of debris flow is comparatively centralized to the upstream of bridge Chung-hua-san, and has already formed a small village needed special protection. There exist various kinds of uncertain risks on the slopeland utilization. It is very important to inspect the status of landuse if accordance with the aims of suitability by means of environmental sensitive area delineating and/or landuse change analysis. Only with the concept of zoning the environmental sensitive area to plan the reasonable utilization can avoid or lighten the impact of the calamity, and reach the goal of slopeland conservation.
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Coop, Deanna E. "Community Farms on Public Conservation Lands: Exploring Implications for Local Food." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10214/6595.
Full textAbstract:
Community farms are a relatively new type of local food initiative, defined by working landscapes that integrate producers into a supportive social environment in order to facilitate the long-term development of sustainable local food systems. In Ontario, the Toronto and Region Conservation Authority (TRCA) is the first, and presently the only, conservation authority providing public lands to community farms. In this case study of the TRCA, the conditions for the establishment of community farms on public conservation lands in Ontario are examined, and the implications for local food systems are discussed. Two of the four community farms based on TRCA lands are closely investigated, revealing that one focussed on supporting new farmers by developing an incubator farm, while the other developed a multi-functional project with food at the centre of a place-based community initiative.
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Wulff, Ricardo. "The Reclamation and Reoccupation of the Burloak Employment Lands: Towards a Sustainable Community." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/4434.
Full textAbstract:
By examining the interconnected relationship between humanity and the environment we live in, this thesis aims to bring new sustainable design approaches to a toxic industrial area known as the Burloak Employment Lands in Oakville, Ontario. At the heart of this vast site, a new train station is proposed as a catalyst for enriching and nourishing the local community’s correlation to its immediately adjacent natural life. Additionally, the design of this station is embedded within an urban planning proposal that aims to lift the overall quality of life in the community by restoring ecological health to these wounded lands.
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Wang, Wei-Chen, and 王維辰. "The Study of the Relationship between the Status of Agricultural Lands Use and Avian Community." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29133842515181801582.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立東華大學
自然資源與環境學系
99
Different floras provide different habitats, which could impact the density, distribution and population dynamics of birds. In Taiwan, previous studies have focused on natural environments, but for developed environments (such as farmland) or environments undergoing the restoration of natural vegetation, there has been less discussion. This study focused on the Lianhua Pond and Xibao village of Taroko National Park in Taiwan. Both sites are similar in cultivation history and the the linear distance between them is about 2.2 km only. However, cultivation at Lianhua Pond has been abandoned while Xibao is still in use as agricultural land. Using constant effort, I conducted bird banding at both sites every month from December 2009 to December 2010. To understand the relationship between different statuses of agricultural land use and bird distribution, I studied the monthly changes of the avain community in two the different statuses of agricultural land use, and the effect of Xibao farming practices on the bird community. The results showed differences in species composition and population densities of the avian communities according to different land use. The two sites had similar total bird species richness but the species richness and abundance had significant differences between months. At Xibao, species composition and population density of the avian community differed significantly when the agricultural land was used for farming or in fallowing. Several species of forest birds or grassland birds appeared in the agricultural land during fallowing periods, but few birds appeared in farming periods. The species composition and the population density between months were more stable in Lianhua Pond than in Xibao. In comparison with the survey data of Lianhua pond in 1989, I found that the current resident bird species are similar to those in 1989, with an increase of some forest birds; however, the current number of each species have changed since 1989. The artificial disturbances, along with cultivating practices, in Xibao affected the species composition and population density of its avian community.
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Surve, Vinay. "Revitalizing Mumbai Textile Mill Lands for the City." 2011. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/722.
Full textAbstract:
Cities are always in transition and so the city’s Architecture should respond to it. Transition brings opportunities of growth, expansion, improvement in social and urban fabric along with new development strategies. My thesis explores the current trend of textile mills development in the heart of the city of Mumbai, its drawbacks and proposes a development plan for a mill premise for the benefit of the city. It is an attempt to preserve the city’s old fabric, which at one time was a city in itself and merge its fabric with the new development in a cohesive manner.
I was looking at the response to the historic city and how you add new work to it by superimposing or juxtaposing. The success of the building is in its layering, its discovery by the visitor and its ability to make a public building truly public. My ideas come from observation: of the site, of nature, of people moving in the city.
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Lin, Lin. "A working/living waterfront: Design of a mixed-use work/live community in Vancouver’s Eburne Lands." Thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/16332.
Full textAbstract:
Waterfront is the edge at which land and water meet. This powerful intersection plays a
significant role in imaging the sustainable city. To design a working, sustainable
waterfront neighbourhood is to generate creative, elegant solutions which care for the
certain context / place and people's needs.
The project site is located in Eburne Lands along the North Arm Fraser River in
Vancouver, and primarily based on case studies of urban industrial developments in
Vancouver and some post-industrial cities in the US. Zoning strategies, block scales,
building footprints, building types, street patterns and general issues in these industrial
districts are explored. Sustainable design strategies are used to solve the issues and
generate design evaluation criteria. Integrating the design criteria and site information
and analysis, it creates general design principles and guidelines for the design of the
Eburne Lands project.
The research and design aim of this project is to create a model for a sustainable,
mixed-use, work/live, and industrially focused community, which integrates the existing
urban fabric, surrounding neighbourhoods and also the waterfront. The design process
moves through site analysis, issued identification, conceptual design, site plan, and
detail design.Applied Science, Faculty of
Architecture and Landscape Architecture (SALA), School of
Graduate
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Pollock, Katie. "From borderlands to bordered lands the plains Metis and the 49th parallel, 1869-1885 /." Master's thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10048/564.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.A.)--University of Alberta, 2009.Title from pdf file main screen (viewed Sept. 22, 2009). "A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, Dept. of History and Classics". Includes bibliographical references.
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Bogaski, Kathleen. "Vacant lot landscape design project We Care About Van Dyke and Seven Mile/Nortown Community Development Corporation : Landscape Architecture, School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan : NRE 691: Planting Design and Vegetation Management Class, Winter Term, 1997 /." 1997. http://books.google.com/books?id=GnZRAAAAMAAJ.
Full text
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Torres, Tami McMillen. "Cultural identity and resident perceptions of recreational boating and the BLM : a case study from a gateway community." Thesis, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/10430.
Full textAbstract:
Conflict among residents of a gateway community regarding the breadth of perceptions of
impacts from commercial whitewater rafting and the need for mitigating policies persists
despite an intensive planning process and implementation of policies to mitigate negative
effects. With an overarching purpose of exploring the nature of conflict, specific study
objectives are 1) to characterize Pilar resident perceptions of recreation and the BLM, 2) to
describe how Pilar as a community adjusts to recreation, and 3) to characterize Pilar resident
expectations of BLM regarding recreation impacts. Methods include coding interview
transcriptions, participant observation summaries, meeting minutes, and public comments
on an environmental impact statement. Findings suggest that perceptions of recreational
boating are influenced by factors such as occupation and place attachment and that these
factors also determine group interaction and reactions to commercial boating and BLM
policies.Graduation date: 2002
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Germond, Tara L. "Evaluating Methods for Measuring and Managing the Cumulative Visual Effects of Oil and Gas Development on Bureau of Land Management National Conservation Lands in the Southwestern United States." 2009. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/360.
Full textAbstract:
The public lands of the United States administered by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) are used for multiple purposes, like conservation, recreation, grazing, mining, logging, and oil and gas development. Many of these activities have the potential to disturb the surface of the landscape, which can negatively impact scenic values. While the BLM has a system for managing visual resources and mitigating the potential impacts of development on visual quality, it does not adequately consider cumulative visual effects, which are the combined impacts of the same type of activity on the environment over space and time. This paper studies the challenges and opportunities faced by managers of Canyons of the Ancients National Monument in southwestern Colorado, a landscape particularly affected by oil and gas development, at measuring and managing cumulative visual effects. This paper also reviews the results of a series of interviews conducted with experts in the field of cumulative visual effects and of a visual preference survey that highlight the strengths and limitations of existing methods for assessing cumulative visual effects. This research paper concludes with a list of recommendations for the BLM to incorporate cumulative visual effects into its existing visual resource management system and details directions for future research on this subject.
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"Re-mining Johannesburg: urban redevelopment through the treatment of acid mine drainage." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/8850.
Full textAbstract:
M.Tech. (Architectural Technology)The architectural intervention proposes an urban redevelopment along the mining belt of the city of Johannesburg through the treatment of acid mine drainage. The design research includes a network of selected sites located along the Johannesburgmining belt to address the problem of acid mine drainage,as well as to provide solutions for future urban environments. The main solutions to eradicate the acid mine water problem are infrastructural, which in most cases is associatedwith inhumane environments. A design question addressing the marriage between harsh infrast ructure and humane environments is therefore dealt with ,in an attempt to create a self-sustaining architecture in which infrastructure can have an integrative urban function for the future . The dissertation aims to achive a design intervention that will thread the traces of a mining century into this contemporary African city, through an architecture that will grow into the future of the ever-changing and continuously emergent Johannesburg.
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Nephawe, Mbavhalelo. "An assessment of the impacts of land use changes on the Duthuni wetland stream using remote sensing, GIS and social surveying: a case study in Limpopo Province, South Africa." Diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/892.
Full textAbstract:
MENVSCDepartment of Geography and Geo-Information Sciences
This is a case study research that focuses on the assessment of the impacts of land use changes on the Duthuni wetland ecosystem in Limpopo Province using geospatial techniques and Social Survey. SPOT 4 satellite images which covered the time frame between 1999, 2005 to 2012, were used. The unit of analysis included different institutions such as the local municipality, farmers, the heads of the households and Chief of the Village. In this study, different methods of sampling were used in different context for selecting participants and for sample size determination. The different instruments for data collection included the questionnaires, interviews, focus group interviews and documents review. Socio-economic survey and review of documents were carried out to understand historical trends, collect ground truth and other secondary information required. Data collected from the survey were captured and analysed using the Statistical Package for Scientific Solutions (SPSS). For quantitative analysis, Chi-Square and cross tabulation were employed in SPSS. Analysis of satellite imagery was accomplished through integrated use of ERDAS Imagine (version 2015) and ArcGIS (version 10.1) software package. The themes were identified and analysed using the content analysis based on the main research topics. The results show that the land use/ cover changes have occurred at an unprecedented rate over the years 1999 to 2012. From the year 1999 to the year 2012, the total land use/ cover conversions equal to 299.984 ha of land. The trend and spatial extent of land use/ cover changes had undergone considerable changes over the years in the study period. The major contributing factors included population increase, expansion of agriculture and lack of space to settle. The residential area was found to be the major factor contributing to land use change over the years with an increase of (102.87ha.). People residing in Duthuni village especially along the wetland ecosystem consist of the majority of female-headed households. There is no proper facilitation and mentoring in the village by the government in order to resolve social problems when it comes to land use change. Water pollution and soil erosion were found to be the major concern by wetland users such as farmers and residents. Lack of knowledge has also been identified as one of the driving factors of environmental impacts of land use change in the area. Food was the most resources with 41% which the community gets from the wetland.
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Mrňka, Jaromír. "Proměny společnosti v pohraničí českých zemí na příkladu okresů Šumperk a Zábřeh v letech 1945-1960." Master's thesis, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-327844.
Full textAbstract:
MRŇKA, Jaromír: Proměny společnosti v pohraničí českých zemí na příkladu okresů Šumperku a Zábřeh 1945-1960. (Social Transformation of the Czech Borderlands as Illustrated by Districts Šumperk and Zábřeh 1945-1960). Master Thesis. Prague: Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Philosophy and Arts, Institute of Economic and Social History, 2013, 195 p. Based on research into regional context, the thesis "Social Transformation of the Czech Borderlands as Illustrated by Districts Šumperk and Zábřeh 1945-1960" contributes to a deeper understanding of the process of constituting a new society in the Czech borderlands. The research field is defined on the one hand by the structural aspects of demographic changes following the Second World War (the forced expulsion of the German population, the impact and consequences of unorganized and organized colonization process), on the other by the constitution and transformation of the communist rule, including the deep crisis from 1953 to 1957. In observing the changes of dominant and authoritative discourses on the one hand and the language of the acteurs on the other, the thesis identifies core values and images which contributed to the stabilization or destabilization of communist rule. The shared vision, enabling the mobilization of the society, was the...