Academic literature on the topic 'Community health services – finance'

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Journal articles on the topic "Community health services – finance"

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Adams, Jennifer, and Emily Hannum. "Children's Social Welfare in China, 1989–1997: Access to Health Insurance and Education." China Quarterly 181 (March 2005): 100–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741005000068.

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Fundamental changes in China's finance system for social services have decentralized responsibilities for provision to lower levels of government and increased costs to individuals. The more localized, market-oriented approaches to social service provision, together with rising economic inequalities, raise questions about access to social services among China's children. With a multivariate analysis of three waves of the China Health and Nutrition Survey (1989, 1993 and 1997), this article investigates two dimensions of children's social welfare: health care, operationalized as access to health insurance, and education, operationalized as enrolment in and progress through school. Three main results emerge. First, analyses do not suggest an across-the-board decline in access to these child welfare services during the period under consideration. Overall, insurance rates, enrolment rates and grade-for-age attainment improved. Secondly, while results underscore the considerable disadvantages in insurance and education experienced by poorer children in each wave of the survey, there is no evidence that household socio-economic disparities systematically widened. Finally, findings suggest that community resources conditioned the provision of social services, and that dimensions of community level of development and capacity to finance public welfare increasingly mattered for some social services.
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Arora, Manisha, George Koshy, and Vandana Gangadharan. "Determinants of utilization of health services." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 6, no. 12 (November 27, 2019): 5206. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20195471.

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Background: Health care in India is a complex amalgam involving various stakeholders. For decades it has been a neglected area with reluctance in increasing the inputs such as finance or infrastructure required to drive this system. Utilization and access to this health system is a key indicator and major determinant of health seeking behaviour.Methods: This community based cross sectional study was conducted from January-February 2016 in, the urban slum located in a metro city using a pretested, semi-structured questionnaire. The data was analyzed using SPSS 22.Results: More than half of the participants preferred to seek treatment from a public health care facility compared to a private. One of the most predominant determining factors on choosing a particular health facility was affordability. Main barriers perceived in utilization of health services were long waiting time at the health facility and expenditure on treatment.Conclusions: The key for ensuring adequate and appropriate utilization of health care services is in having an efficient government health care delivery system which can offer quality and affordable medical care to one and all.
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Warner, Mildred E., Yuanshuo Xu, and Lydia J. Morken. "What Explains Differences in Availability of Community Health-Related Services for Seniors in the United States?" Journal of Aging and Health 29, no. 7 (June 21, 2016): 1160–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0898264316654675.

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Objective: This study analyzes the links between planning, the built environment, and availability of health-related community services across U.S. urban and rural communities. Method: We analyze the first national survey of health-related community services for seniors (2010 Maturing of America), covering 1,459 U.S. cities and counties. We tested the influence of morbidity (diabetes and obesity), city management, socioeconomic characteristics, planning and the built environment, metro status, and government finance. Results: Community health-related services are more common in places that plan for and involve seniors in planning processes. Places with higher need and government capacity also show higher levels. Service levels in rural communities are not lower after controlling for other population characteristics. Morbidity measures (diabetes and obesity) do not explain differences in service availability. Discussion: Policies promoting planning for aging and elder involvement in the planning process have the greatest impact on the level of community health-related services for seniors.
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Kahn, Linda S. "Community, Clinics, and Courts: An Applied Anthropology Journey." Practicing Anthropology 42, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/0888-4552.42.1.17.

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Abstract This article describes my non-linear path to becoming an applied medical anthropologist. After earning a Ph.D. in cultural anthropology (UC Berkeley), my career has spanned corporate finance, college teaching, psychiatry research, evaluation, health services research, and community-based research. Each career juncture provided opportunities to develop new skills and knowledge—with applications to medical anthropology.
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Wang, Xishi. "An Integrated System of Community Services for the Rehabilitation of Chronic Psychiatric Patients in Shenyang, China." British Journal of Psychiatry 165, S24 (August 1994): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000293021.

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The evolution of the Zhengyang Community Mental Health Rehabilitation Centre described in this paper proves that community-based mental health services initiated and developed by enthusiastic and committed community members can be successful in the Chinese setting. The most important step is to utilise community resources to secure a stable source of income, preferably by establishing a profitable welfare enterprise that can both finance the provision of other services and provide work for mentally ill clients who cannot obtain regular employment. The ultimate goal is to reintroduce as many clients back into the community as possible, so a range of services is needed: supervision of medication, social skills training, occupational rehabilitation, and, most importantly, work placement. The vitality of the organisation depends on its flexibility and responsiveness to the changing needs of patients; it must use its experience to guide policy decisions about the development of new services and the alteration or termination of existing services.
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Nshakira-Rukundo, Emmanuel, Essa Chanie Mussa, Nathan Nshakira, Nicolas Gerber, and Joachim von Braun. "Impact of community-based health insurance on utilisation of preventive health services in rural Uganda: a propensity score matching approach." International Journal of Health Economics and Management 21, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 203–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10754-021-09294-6.

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AbstractThe effect of voluntary health insurance on preventive health has received limited research attention in developing countries, even when they suffer immensely from easily preventable illnesses. This paper surveys households in rural south-western Uganda, which are geographically serviced by a voluntary Community-based health insurance scheme, and applied propensity score matching to assess the effect of enrolment on using mosquito nets and deworming under-five children. We find that enrolment in the scheme increased the probability of using a mosquito net by 26% and deworming by 18%. We postulate that these findings are partly mediated by information diffusion and social networks, financial protection, which gives households the capacity to save and use service more, especially curative services that are delivered alongside preventive services. This paper provides more insight into the broader effects of health insurance in developing countries, beyond financial protection and utilisation of hospital-based services.
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Pang, A. H. T., L. C. W. Lam, and H. F. K. Chiu. "Developing psychogeriatric services in Hong Kong." Psychiatric Bulletin 19, no. 8 (August 1995): 506–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.19.8.506.

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Hong Kong is an international trade and finance centre situated on the southern coast of China, offering a unique blend of Western culture and Chinese tradition. With a largely private primary health care system, psychiatric services here have been predominately hospital centred. Following the 1992 Government Review of Rehabilitation Program Plan (Secretary of Health and Welfare, Hong Kong, 1992) development of community-based services has become the major local issue. Psychogeriatrics is the first sub-speciality to have achieved major progress in this area. Such a development illustrates how local psychiatrists faced the challenge of applying Western models to suit an Oriental population with a different socio-cultural value system.
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Suhadi, Nani Yuniar, Adrian Tawai, and Hasmirah. "The relationship of the quality of health services assurance dimensions with patient satisfaction in health services in Lepo-Lepo Health Centers Kendari City, Indonesia." GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 12, no. 1 (July 30, 2022): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2022.12.1.0196.

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Background: Currently, Public Health Center are faced with progress in human civilization which demands fast, quality and satisfying health services for customers. To deal with these demands, the Public Health Center should carry out service management engineering following developments in the community. Objective: The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between the quality of health services on the assurance dimension and patient satisfaction at the Lepo-Lepo Public Health Center, Kendari City in 2021. Methods: The type of research used was an analytical survey research with a Cross Sectional Study approach. The study population was 448 patients. The research sample taken was 211 patients. Collecting data by using a questionnaire. Data analysis was performed by Univariate and Bivariate. Results: The results showed that there was a relationship between assurance and patient satisfaction in health services at the Lepo-Lepo Health Center, Kendari City, with a value of p=0.042 (p>0.05). Conclusion: There is a relationship between assurance and patient satisfaction in health services at the Lepo-Lepo Health Center, Kendari City.
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Prabowo, Purwoko Aji, Bambang Supriyono, M. R. Khairul Muluk, and Irwan Noor. "THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE SPECIAL AUTONOMY OF PAPUA PROVINCE FROM THE ASPECT OF IMPROVING PUBLIC SERVICES." Jurnal Pertahanan: Media Informasi ttg Kajian & Strategi Pertahanan yang Mengedepankan Identity, Nasionalism & Integrity 6, no. 1 (April 4, 2020): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.33172/jp.v6i1.591.

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<p>This research is motivated by the implementation of special autonomy in Papua Province to overcome the unequal welfare problems compared to other provinces in Indonesia. The welfare issues raised in this study cover the fields of education, health, finance, and infrastructure. This research views the special autonomy policy of Papua Province as the formation of institutions, the transfer of authority, and financial management to improve the welfare of the community. Therefore, this study aims to explain the facts related to institutions, authority, and financial management in Special Autonomy in Papua Province to improve the welfare of the community. This research was conducted an assessment program activities approach and data collection through in-depth interviews and documents. Institutions and powers to make welfare include institutions and authorities in terms of education, health, finance, and infrastructure, each of which is carried out by the education office, health office, special autonomy bureau of the regional secretariat and regional financial and asset management agencies, and public works services. Meanwhile, financial arrangements in terms of education are carried out with formal and non-formal PAUD financial allocations (5%), 6-year compulsory basic education in elementary school (35%), 3 years of junior high school (25%), high school (10%), Vocational High Schools (5%), Non-formal and Informal Education (10%), other relevant Higher Education and Education (10%), health is carried out with a 15% fund allocation, the finance is carried out with a 25% fund allocation, and infrastructure is allocated funds of 20%.</p>
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Brooker, Charles, and Paul Beard. "Psychiatric Nursing — Quo Vadis?" Bulletin of the Royal College of Psychiatrists 9, no. 4 (April 1985): 70–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0140078900001668.

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In the last year or so the future of mental health services in this country has been intensively discussed. COHSE, MIND, and the Richmond Fellowship have produced their ‘blueprints', outlining details of the way they see services being organized. All variety of professional organizations have been busy presenting evidence to the House of Commons Social Services Committee which is specifically examining community care. The DHSS has committed more joint finance to ‘care in the community’ projects and Regional Health Authorities are examining the strategies to close large psychiatric hospitals. Consequently, District Health Authorities, in many cases, are planning the shape of a new mental health service which places increasingly less reliance on the large institution. The phrase ‘community care’ has now become so hackneyed in planning circles that for many it has lost whatever meaning it may have once had. However, despite all the rhetoric, and indeed all the planning activity, psychiatric nurses themselves have still to voice coherently their thoughts and fears about the shape of things to come.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Community health services – finance"

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Jewkes, Rachel Katherine. "Meanings of 'community' in community participation in health promotion." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1994. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/meanings-of-community-in-community-participation-in-health-promotion(b6de367c-b093-4d06-a81b-42bb9746d344).html.

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Anderson, Claire Wynn. "Health promotion by community pharmacists." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299776.

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Hariri, Shapour. "Multimedia health promotion in community pharmacy." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.301212.

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Tomintz, Melanie Natascha. "Modelling Location of Community Based Health Services." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.494255.

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Beecham, Jennifer Kate. "Community mental health services : resources and costs." Thesis, University of Kent, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319222.

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Simonson, Toni Lee. "The evaluation of comprehensive community services." Online version, 2000. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2000/2000simonsont.pdf.

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Jones, Andrew Peter. "Health service accessability and health outcomes." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296338.

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Young, Kate. "The organisation of the community health services in Norwich Health District : an evaluation of the community care group scheme." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.303065.

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Podoba, John E. "Unmet needs for community services among the elderly : impact on health services utilization." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=85636.

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Seniors 75 years of age and older, the majority of whom live in the community, constitute a segment of the population that is vulnerable to loss of autonomy. Indeed many community dwelling seniors have difficulty performing daily living activities, such as bathing, toileting, walking, preparing meals and housekeeping.
In the setting of a population based cohort study of community-dwelling seniors 75 years of age or older, we examined the effect of unmet needs for community services for activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) on health services utilization. Self-perceived unmet need status was determined using a baseline in-home interview. A total of 839 subjects were recruited from the Greater Montreal Region, Quebec, Canada, using random telephone number dialling.
Health services utilization data were obtained from administrative databases from the Quebec Health Insurance Board (Regie de l'Assurance-Maladie du Quebec - RAMQ). Multivariable negative binomial regression models were used to examine the association between unmet need status and health services utilization during the six month period following the baseline interview.
The results of this study indicate that unmet needs are associated with higher rates of emergency department visits, hospitalization and prescription drug use. No statistically significant association was found between unmet needs and physician utilization among single seniors, although married seniors with unmet needs in activities of daily living had 2.8 times the rate of medical specialist visits as compared to those who reported no unmet ADL needs.
Unmet need for community services among the elderly has implications for the use of more expensive acute and long-term health care services. The results of this research suggest that developing programs to address unmet needs in the elderly population can potentially reduce health services utilization by the elderly.
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Catchpole, C. P. "Information systems design for the community health services." Thesis, Aston University, 1987. http://publications.aston.ac.uk/10620/.

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This system is concerned with the design and implementation of a community health information system which fulfils some of the local needs of fourteen nursing and para-medical professions in a district health authority, whilst satisfying the statutory requirements of the NHS Korner steering group for those professions. A national survey of community health computer applications, documented in the form of an applications register, shows the need for such a system. A series of general requirements for an informations systems design methodology are identified, together with specific requirements for this problem situation. A number of existing methodologies are reviewed, but none of these were appropriate for this application. Some existing approaches, tools and techniques are used to define a more suitable methodology. It is unreasonable to rely on one single general methodology for all types of application development. There is a need for pragmatism, adaptation and flexibility. In this research, participation in the development stages by those who will eventually use the system was thought desirable. This was achieved by forming a representative design group. Results would seem to show a highly favourable response from users to this participation which contributed to the overall success of the system implemented. A prototype was developed for the chiropody and school nursing staff groups of Darlington health authority, and evaluations show that a significant number of the problems and objectives of those groups have been successfully addressed; the value of community health information has been increased; and information has been successfully fed back to staff and better utilised.
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Books on the topic "Community health services – finance"

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Minnesota. State Community Health Services Advisory Committee., ed. Financing community health--a report. [St. Paul?]: Minnesota Dept. of Health, 1990.

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Angelotti, Steve. Data reporting by the community mental health system. Lansing, Mich: Senate Fiscal Agency, 1996.

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UNICEF, ed. Community health financing in Uganda: Kasangati Health Centre cost recovery programme : a two year report, 1988 to 1990. [Kampala: s.n., 1992.

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United States. General Accounting Office. Health, Education, and Human Services Division. Community health center grants. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1995.

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Centers for Disease Control (U.S.), ed. Preventive health and health services block grant: Report to Congress. [Atlanta, Ga.]: U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, 1990.

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Myers, Michael T. Analysis of phase I participation in the Community Health Initiative Program: Presentation to members of the Public Health Council, June 23, 1992. Boston, Mass: The Program, 1992.

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Sharma, Neetu. VHF: Viability of community health funds in Thar desert. Jodhpur: GRAVIS, 2010.

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Mandl, P. E. Annotated bibliography on community financing for local health services. New York, N.Y: UNICEF, 1988.

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Australia. Parliament. House of Representatives. Standing Committee on Community Affairs., ed. You have your moments: A report on funding of peak health and community organisations, February 1991. Canberra: Australian Govt. Pub. Service, 1991.

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Carrin, Guy. The economics of drug financing in Sub-Saharan Africa: The community financing approach. Antwerpen, Belgium: Centre for Development Studies, University of Antwerp, 1986.

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Book chapters on the topic "Community health services – finance"

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Morgan, Steve. "Finance." In Community Mental Health, 123–40. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-26531-4_6.

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Shen, Xiaoping, Shangyi Zhou, and Xiulan Zhang. "Community Services." In Global Perspectives on Health Geography, 119–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98032-0_7.

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Jennett, Nicholas, and Andrew Wainwright. "Health service finance." In Management for Child Health Services, 164–80. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3144-3_9.

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Glasby, Jon, and Jerry Tew. "Community Mental Health Services." In Mental Health Policy and Practice, 77–104. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-11944-5_4.

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O’Hara, Jean, Eddie Chaplin, Jill Lockett, and Nick Bouras. "Community Mental Health Services." In Autism and Child Psychopathology Series, 359–72. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-8250-5_21.

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MacRae, Anne, and Jerilyn (Gigi) Smith. "Community Behavioral Health Services." In Cara and MacRae's Psychosocial Occupational Therapy, 33–48. 4th ed. New York: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003522805-4.

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Thomas, Richard K. "The New Community Assessment Process." In Health Services Planning, 145–85. New York, NY: Springer US, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-0716-1076-3_7.

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Häfner, Heinz. "Mental Health Services Research." In Epidemiology and Community Psychiatry, 53–56. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4700-2_7.

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Harrow, Jenny. "Local authority health strategies." In Managing Community Health Services, 3–16. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-3138-2_1.

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Schmidt, Robert W., and Sharon L. Cohen. "Essential Mental Health Services." In Disaster Mental Health Community Planning, 125–49. New York, NY : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429285134-7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Community health services – finance"

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Yehorycheva, Svitlana, and Tetiana Hudz. "Modernization of the mechanism for financing rural development in Ukraine." In 21st International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2020". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2020.53.009.

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Rural areas occupy the major part of the territory of Ukraine, but they are characterized by low levels of socio-economic development, limitations in the amount and quality of public services, negative demographic trends. The aim of the article is to systematize modern means of financing rural development in Ukraine and to identify problems of their application by local governments. The authors proposed to improve the mechanism for financing rural development by active use its budgetary, credit and investment instruments. The prevalence of budgetary funding, whose limitation constrained rural development, was proven. Modern approaches to financing rural development were stated based on broadening community involvement in local budgeting, as well as in attracting investment resources. It has been found out that government subventions are the most powerful support instrument for rural development in the spheres of infrastructure, education, health care etc. The possibilities of financing rural development through the development budgets under financial decentralization have been investigated. It was noted that the use of participatory budgeting and other forms of project finance most clearly demonstrated real democratic transformations in local finance in Ukraine. The proposals for the use of PPP agreements, crowdfunding, and international funds’ grant programs for financing rural development were provided.
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Chiu, Shao-Chun. "Identifying Sub-community of Finance Research." In 2013 Seventh International Conference on Innovative Mobile and Internet Services in Ubiquitous Computing (IMIS). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/imis.2013.155.

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Stan, Catalina Daniela, Georgeta Zegan, Cristina Gena Dascalu, Elena Mihaela Carausu, and Etidal-Mihaela Manoliu-Hamwi. "Patients' Perceptions of Community Pharmacy Services." In 2022 E-Health and Bioengineering Conference (EHB). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ehb55594.2022.9991378.

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Lizcano López, Mayra Victoria, Laura Beatriz Vidal Turrubiates, and Eloisa Mendoza Vázquez. "Impact and Improvement of Technological Infrastructure Services in The Health Sector." In International Conference on Business, Management and Finance. Acavent, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33422/icbmf.2019.03.63.

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Dafla, Aelaf, Nathan Amanquah, and Kwadwo Gyamfi Osafo-Maafo. "A mobile devices health information application for community based health services." In 2015 Conference on Raising Awareness for the Societal and Environmental Role of Engineering and (Re)Training Engineers for Participatory Design (Engineering4Society). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/engineering4society.2015.7177908.

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Xiao, Shimeng, Xiaohan Tu, and Long Liu. "Self-service Health Screening Devices Based on Community Health Management Services." In 15th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2024). AHFE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004894.

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The development of primary public health services in China is facing great challenges. A shortage of family doctor resources, inadequate health awareness of residents, and low health screening coverage of residents are still the current dilemmas that primary health services face. Gradually, community health services that include a type of self-service health screening device are starting to emerge. In this context, a community is defined as a collection of individuals living in a particular geographical area with public facilities for their daily life use.In light of today's aging trends, self-service devices may be adopted by senior residents, who are the primary users of community services. Enabling seniors to manage their health more proactively can effectively prevent primary health care services from stagnating.This study aimed to explore how design can help older adults better adopt self-help sign detection devices in the community in the context of technological development. A value sensitivity research approach was used in this thesis. First, through a desktop survey and conceptual literature review, the current health care dilemma and development trends were understood, and values appreciated by each stakeholder for self-help physical sign testing in a community setting were defined. The combination of multiple interview methods was used by users to analyze information on existing self-services used to integrate the value claims of health screening devices in Shanghai to gain a more realistic view and explore potential design opportunities. Finally, the value claims were further transformed into a solution that was designed. This includes suggestions for the design of devices that can be used in the near future, for the human‒machine interaction process, for the overall service process, and for future functional expansion. The industrial design was also produced through sketches and 3D model iterations.The findings and outcomes can be used as a reference for the development and design of current or near-future self-service sign detection devices.
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Abshari, Umme Asma, Sohel Rana, and Cecep Heriana. "Assessment of Reproductive Health Services in Selected Community Clinics." In 1st International Conference on Science, Health, Economics, Education and Technology (ICoSHEET 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/ahsr.k.200723.052.

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Mulyadi, Eko, Nelyta Oktavianisya, Gabriella Gabriella, Imaniyah Imaniyah, Suraying Suraying, and Abdul Muhith. "Boarding School that provide community-based mental health services." In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Business, Law And Pedagogy, ICBLP 2019, 13-15 February 2019, Sidoarjo, Indonesia. EAI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.13-2-2019.2286499.

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Adhariani, Desi. "Budgeted Health Services for Women: A Community-based Initiative." In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Gender Equality and Ecological Justice, GE2J 2019, 10-11 July 2019, Semarang, Indonesia. EAI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.10-7-2019.2298855.

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Dian Eka Sari, Jayanti, and Diansanto Prayoga. "The Development of Community-Based Health Center Services In Banyuwangi." In 1st Public Health International Conference (PHICo 2016). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/phico-16.2017.43.

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Reports on the topic "Community health services – finance"

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Robinson, Andy. Monitoring and Evaluation for Rural Sanitation and Hygiene: Framework. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.027.

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The monitoring and evaluation (M&E) Guidelines and Framework presented in this document (and in the accompanying M&E Indicator Framework) aim to encourage stakeholders in the rural sanitation and hygiene sector to take a more comprehensive, comparable and people focused approach to monitoring and evaluation. Many M&E frameworks currently reflect the interests and ambitions of particular implementing agencies – that is, community-led total sanitation (CLTS) interventions focused on open-defecation free (ODF) outcomes in triggered communities; market-based sanitation interventions focused on the number of products sold and whether sanitation businesses were profitable; and sanitation finance interventions reporting the number of facilities built using financial support. Few M&E frameworks have been designed to examine the overall sanitation and hygiene situation – to assess how interventions have affected sanitation and hygiene outcomes across an entire area (rather than just in specific target communities); to look at who (from the overall population) benefitted from the intervention, and who did not; to report on the level and quality of service used; or examine whether public health has improved. Since 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have extended and deepened the international monitoring requirements for sanitation and hygiene. The 2030 SDG sanitation target 6.2 includes requirements to: • Achieve access to adequate sanitation and hygiene for all • Achieve access to equitable sanitation and hygiene for all • End open defecation • Pay special attention to the needs of women and girls • Pay special attention to those in vulnerable situations The 2030 SDG sanitation target calls for universal use of basic sanitation services, and for the elimination of open defecation, both of which require M&E systems that cover entire administration areas (i.e. every person and community within a district) and which are able to identify people and groups that lack services, or continue unsafe practices. Fortunately, the SDG requirements are well aligned with the sector trend towards system strengthening, in recognition that governments are responsible both for the provision of sustainable services and for monitoring the achievement of sustained outcomes. This document provides guidelines on the monitoring and evaluation of rural sanitation and hygiene, and presents an M&E framework that outlines core elements and features for reporting on progress towards the 2030 SDG sanitation target (and related national goals and targets for rural sanitation and hygiene), while also encouraging learning and accountability. Given wide variations in the ambition, capacity and resources available for monitoring and evaluation, it is apparent that not all of the M&E processes and indicators described will be appropriate for all stakeholders. The intention is to provide guidelines and details on useful and progressive approaches to monitoring rural sanitation and hygiene, from which a range of rural sanitation and hygiene duty bearers and practitioners – including governments, implementation agencies, development partners and service providers – can select and use those most appropriate to their needs. Eventually, it is hoped that all of the more progressive M&E elements and features will become standard, and be incorporated in all sector monitoring systems.
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2

Robinson, Andy. Monitoring and Evaluation for Rural Sanitation and Hygiene: Framework. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), December 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/slh.2021.025.

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Abstract:
The monitoring and evaluation (M&E) Guidelines and Framework presented in this document (and in the accompanying M&E Indicator Framework) aim to encourage stakeholders in the rural sanitation and hygiene sector to take a more comprehensive, comparable and people focused approach to monitoring and evaluation. Many M&E frameworks currently reflect the interests and ambitions of particular implementing agencies – that is, community-led total sanitation (CLTS) interventions focused on open-defecation free (ODF) outcomes in triggered communities; market-based sanitation interventions focused on the number of products sold and whether sanitation businesses were profitable; and sanitation finance interventions reporting the number of facilities built using financial support. Few M&E frameworks have been designed to examine the overall sanitation and hygiene situation – to assess how interventions have affected sanitation and hygiene outcomes across an entire area (rather than just in specific target communities); to look at who (from the overall population) benefitted from the intervention, and who did not; to report on the level and quality of service used; or examine whether public health has improved. Since 2015, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) have extended and deepened the international monitoring requirements for sanitation and hygiene. The 2030 SDG sanitation target 6.2 includes requirements to: • Achieve access to adequate sanitation and hygiene for all • Achieve access to equitable sanitation and hygiene for all • End open defecation • Pay special attention to the needs of women and girls • Pay special attention to those in vulnerable situations The 2030 SDG sanitation target calls for universal use of basic sanitation services, and for the elimination of open defecation, both of which require M&E systems that cover entire administration areas (i.e. every person and community within a district) and which are able to identify people and groups that lack services, or continue unsafe practices. Fortunately, the SDG requirements are well aligned with the sector trend towards system strengthening, in recognition that governments are responsible both for the provision of sustainable services and for monitoring the achievement of sustained outcomes. This document provides guidelines on the monitoring and evaluation of rural sanitation and hygiene, and presents an M&E framework that outlines core elements and features for reporting on progress towards the 2030 SDG sanitation target (and related national goals and targets for rural sanitation and hygiene), while also encouraging learning and accountability. Given wide variations in the ambition, capacity and resources available for monitoring and evaluation, it is apparent that not all of the M&E processes and indicators described will be appropriate for all stakeholders. The intention is to provide guidelines and details on useful and progressive approaches to monitoring rural sanitation and hygiene, from which a range of rural sanitation and hygiene duty bearers and practitioners – including governments, implementation agencies, development partners and service providers – can select and use those most appropriate to their needs. Eventually, it is hoped that all of the more progressive M&E elements and features will become standard, and be incorporated in all sector monitoring systems.
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3

Conte, Ianina, Cyntia Pine, Pauline Adair, Richard Freeman, Girvan Burnside, Rhiannon Tudor Edwards, and Ravi Singh. A comparison of community based preventative services to improve child dental health. National Institute for Health Research, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/nihropenres.1115174.1.

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4

Ntsua, Stephen, Placide Tapsoba, Gloria Asare, and Frank Nyonator. Repositioning community-based family planning in Ghana: A case study of Community-based Health Planning and Services (CHPS). Population Council, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh2.1053.

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5

Liambila, Wilson, Francis Obare, Chi-Chi Undie, Harriet Birungi, Shiphrah Kuria, Ruth Muia, and Assumpta Matekwa. Strengthening the delivery of comprehensive reproductive health services through the community midwifery model in Kenya. Population Council, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh3.1028.

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6

Griffith, Isabel, Samantha Ciaravino, Jennifer Manlove, and Jenita Parekh. Leveraging Community Partnerships to Provide Sexual Health Education and Connect Students to Family Planning Services. Child Trends, Inc., November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.56417/7208n9024m.

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7

Johnson-Lawrence, Vicki, Rodlescia Sneed, Kenyetta Dotson, Margaret Njoroge, and Pamela Pugh. Trauma-Informed Approaches and Community Engagement: Community Engaged Research (CEnR) and Programming for Public Health and Health Inequities. RTI Press, March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2024.rb.0037.2403.

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In communities heavily affected by trauma, trauma-informed approaches (TIAs) are essential to minimize unintended consequences and harm associated with receiving clinical, social, and other support services. The visibility of traumatic events continues to increase. In turn, public health teams must build capacity and integrate TIAs into public health research and practice, particularly for communities managing multiple health inequities. Community-engaged approaches have become increasingly common in public health to address health inequity. Community-engaged research (CEnR) is a TIA that public health researchers use to serve traumatized individuals and communities meaningfully and respectfully. CEnR is often intended to address health disparities and inequities, and public health program developers can use similar engagement strategies. Community-engaged public health teams usually include partners from community, research, and other professions, and they often work in minoritized and vulnerable communities. In CEnR and program design, the team can use the principles of TIAs to guide the development and decision-making processes; they can also use feedback during the process to enhance the community benefit of the research and programs being offered. The team can benefit from training to understand and use TIAs to support their work. Finally, community-engaged public health teams can enhance CEnR by building upon the scientific literature about TIAs to extract strategies and practices to extend their impacts on the people they serve and their own organizations.
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8

Riggs, William, Vipul Vyas, and Menka Sethi. Blockchain and Distributed Autonomous Community Ecosystems: Opportunities to Democratize Finance and Delivery of Transport, Housing, Urban Greening and Community Infrastructure. Mineta Transportation Institute, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2022.2165.

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This report investigates and develops specifications for using blockchain and distributed organizations to enable decentralized delivery and finance of urban infrastructure. The project explores use cases, including: providing urban greening, street or transit infrastructure; services for street beautification, cleaning and weed or graffiti abatement; potential ways of resource allocation ADU; permitting and land allocation; and homeless housing. It establishes a general process flow for this blockchain architecture, which involves: 1) the creation of blocks (transactions); 2) sending these blocks to nodes (users) on the network for an action (mining) and then validation that that action has taken place; and 3) then adding the block to the blockchain. These processes involve the potential for creating new economic value for cities and neighborhoods through proof-of-work, which can be issued through a token (possibly a graphic non-fungible token), certificate, or possible financial reward. We find that encouraging trading of assets at the local level can enable the creation of value that could be translated into sustainable “mining actions” that could eventually provide the economic backstop and basis for new local investment mechanisms or currencies (e.g., local cryptocurrency). These processes also provide an innovative local, distributed funding mechanism for transportation, housing and other civic infrastructure.
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9

Bartlem, Kate, Caitlin Fehily, Olivia Wynne, Lauren Gibson, Simone Lodge, Tara Clinton-McHarg, Julia Dray, Jenny Bowman, Luke Wolfenden, and John Wiggers. Initiatives to improve physical health for people in community-based mental health programs. The Sax Institute, August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/conj2912.

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This Evidence Check commissioned by NSW Ministry of Health aimed to evaluate delivery of physical health interventions for people living with a mental illness, delivered though community mental health programs. The review found that sufficient evidence exists to support a number of interventions, with further evaluation; and identified and describes key characteristics for effectiveness such as duration of the intervention and mode of delivery (e.g. face-to-face or telephone, group or individual). The supported interventions and/or actions included: multi-strategy lifestyle behaviour change interventions; care delivery models including peer-led self-management and staff delivered interventions; integration of new physical health care models or initiatives; referral to other services (e.g. telephone Quitline); assessing barriers and enablers prior to implementation; and the involvement of peer workers and consumers in design and delivery.
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10

McFadden, Alison, Camila Biazus-Dalcin, and Nicole Vidal. Evaluation of a Gypsy/Traveller Community Health Worker service: Final Report. University of Dundee, April 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.20933/100001300.

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This report evaluates the two-year Community Health Worker (CHW) service in Scotland delivered by a third sector organisation, Minority Ethnic Carers of People Project (MECOPP), which provided training to Gypsy/Travellers to advocate for their community on health and social care issues. The service, which was created as part of the Scottish Government and COSLA's joint action plan to address inequalities faced by Gypsy/Travellers , was designed with the intention to improve their health and wellbeing. Funding for the service was secured by The Scottish Public Health Network and the Directorate for Chief Medical Officer. The evaluation was conducted by the Mother and Infant Research Unit (MIRU) at the School of Health Sciences, University of Dundee, and covered the initial two-year period from August 2021 to August 2023. There has been extensive evidence showing that Gypsy/Travellers residing in the UK tend to face significant health disparities, resulting in outcomes that are not as favourable as those of the general population and other similarly disadvantaged groups. Gypsy/Travellers face high rates of homelessness, inadequate education, unemployment, poverty, and regular experiences of racism and discrimination . This profoundly affects their mental health and overall well-being. Additionally, the potential for lack of trust between Gypsy/Travellers and healthcare professionals impacts health seeking behaviour and health service provision, as there are also barriers in accessing responsive health services and preventative care interventions. Evidence indicates that community-based lay roles can improve healthcare access, reduce costs, and promote knowledge exchange between communities and health services through trusted individuals . This project aimed to evaluate the implementation of the Gypsy/Traveller CHW service, including barriers and facilitators, and make recommendations for its future scale-up. Objectives included describing the roles and activities of the CHWs, exploring the acceptability and feasibility of the service, identifying implementation barriers and facilitators, describing any modifications made, and examining the perceived benefits and disadvantages of the CHW service.
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