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1
Sirolli, Ernesto. "Local Enterprise Facilitation." Murdoch University, 2004. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20040820.143953.
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In a rapidly globalizing economy, many communities are stranded in unemployment or work without meaning. This thesis asks the question: can local communities create economic development with fulfilling work? The experience of the author in African development projects is used to pose questions about modernist approaches to development. The alternative approaches to work and human development by Fritz Schumacher, Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers are melded with the political insight of Robert Putnam, to suggest that the answer to the above question can be positive. Their theories are distilled into an approach called Local Enterprise Facilitation, which is based on four principles:
1. Only work with individuals or communities that invite you.
2. Do not motivate individuals to do anything they do not wish to do.
3. Trust that they are naturally drawn towards self-improvement.
4. Have faith in community and the higher social needs that bond it together.
The authors experience of twenty years in applying and developing this approach is traced from its origins in rural Western Australia, through other parts of Australia and New Zealand to its extensive application in North America. The experience has created a methodology for successful Local Enterprise Facilitation based around a community Board that can provide the necessary support for networks for new enterprises. In particular the methodology uses a Trinity of Management approach whereby the separate skills of production/enterprise, financial accounting and marketing are facilitated as no individual can do more than one of these skills successfully.
The Local Enterprise Facilitation philosophy has many implications and some of these are suggested in terms of planning, education, bureaucracy, and conservation. Whilst an evaluation of the businesses created can only be done in the long term, Local Enterprise Facilitation has opened up some hope for communities seeking to create good work.
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Tsietsi, Tsotang. "Trade facilitation in the Southern African development community: the potential contribution of the world trade organization's trade facilitation agreement." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Law, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/33949.
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This PhD thesis studies the facilitation of trade in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). It considers the fact that there have been several regional and international agreements that the SADC countries have entered into with the objective of alleviating trade facilitation obstacles in their region. In addition to these agreements, the states have devised national strategies to implement their regional and international commitments. However, despite all of these efforts, the effects on the easing of obstacles to trade facilitation have been minimal and the positive impact on the development of these countries predicted by mainstream trade theory is not evident. This is the first conundrum or question that this study explores. Second, while there have been several studies on the general challenges related to treaty compliance and implementation in the Southern African Development Community, few have attempted to explain why there has been poor compliance in these countries. This study uses the insights from several theoretical frameworks to illuminate this question. Third, the study reviews the World Trade Organization's Trade Facilitation Agreement and explores whether it's unique advantages may enable it to be more effective in resolving the trade facilitation challenges of the SADC member states. The study consists of a desk review of relevant academic literature, as well as an empirical study of the state of trade facilitation in the SADC region in general, and in the Kingdom of Lesotho, in particular. This entails the use of case studies and interviews with trade policy makers, trade negotiators, border officials as well as traders. The study concludes that the previous agreements suffered from inabilities to secure the compliance of state parties. In addition, the states themselves faced a plethora of domestic implementation challenges. The study observes that the WTO Trade Facilitation Agreement has unique features that address the compliance and implementation issues in innovative ways. It is argued that its distinctions make it likelier to be a more successful tool for the countries in the Southern African Development Communities to use to improve trade facilitation in their region. This research is a contribution to the academic literature on trade, law and development and seeks to provide policy insights to developing country practitioners engaged in the negotiation and implementation of trade facilitation agreements.
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Richards, Michael John. "Arts Facilitation and Creative Community Culture: A Study of Queensland Arts Council." Queensland University of Technology, 2005. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16036/.
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This thesis adopts a Cultural Industries framework to examine how Queensland's arts council network has, through the provision of arts products and services, contributed to the vitality, health and sustainability of Queensland's regional communities. It charts the history of the network, its configuration and impact since 1961, with particular focus on the years 2001 - 2004, envisages future trends, and provides an analysis of key issues which may be used to guide future policies and programs. Analysis is guided by a Cultural Industries understanding of the arts embedded in everyday life, and views the arts as a range of activities which, by virtue of their aesthetic and symbolic dimensions, enhance human existence through their impact on both the quality and style of human life. Benefits include enhanced leisure and entertainment options, and educational, social, health, personal growth, and economic outcomes, and other indirect benefits which enrich environment and lifestyle. Queensland Arts Council (QAC) and its network of branches has been a dominant factor in the evolution of Queensland's cultural environment since the middle of the 20th century. Across the state, branches became the public face of the arts, drove cultural agendas, initiated and managed activities, advised governments, wrote cultural policies, lobbied, raised funds and laboured to realise cultural facilities and infrastructure. In the early years of the 21st century, QAC operates within a complex, competitive and rapidly changing environment in which orthodox views of development, oriented in terms of a left / right, or bottom up / top down dichotomy, are breaking down, and new convergent models emerge. These new models recognise synergies between artistic, social, economic and political agendas, and unite and energise them in the realm of civil society. QAC is responding by refocusing policies and programs to embrace these new models and by developing new modes of community engagement and arts facilitation. In 1999, a major restructure of the arts council network saw suffragan branches become autonomous Local Arts Councils (LACs), analogous to local Cultural Industry support organisations. The resulting network of affiliated LACs provides a potentially highly effective mechanism for the delivery of arts related products and services, the decentralisation of cultural production, and the nurturing across the state of Creative Community Cultures which equip communities, more than any other single asset, to survive and prosper through an era of unsettling and relentless change. Historical, demographic, behavioural (participation), and attitudinal data are combined to provide a picture of arts councils in seven case study sites, and across the network. Typical arts council members are characterised as omnivorous cultural consumers and members of a knowledge class, and the leadership of dedicated community minded people is identified as the single most critical factor determining the extent of an LAC's activities and its impact on community. Analysis of key issues leads to formulation of eight observations, discussed with reference to QAC and LACs, which might guide navigation in the regional arts field. These observations are then reformulated as Eight Principles Of Effective Regional Arts Facilitation, which provide a framework against which we might evaluate arts policy and practice.
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Grile, Courtney. "Creating Art That Truly Reflects the Community: An Exploration Into Facilitation of Devised, Community-Engaged Performance." Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5945.
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One purpose of community-engaged work is to build and reflect the community; to allow their voice to be heard. This research explores the relationship between the professional artist facilitator and participants in a community-engaged setting while applying devised theatre practices. The facilitating artist brings to the group their expertise in playmaking and storytelling. The research centers on how a facilitating artist might approach devising a community-engaged performance project with awareness of his/her ability to influence the group. How can the facilitator channel their influence to provide productive guidance for the collective creativity in order to honor the community's intent and minimize the distortion created by the facilitator's perspective? Are there guidelines that can be established in order to ensure that the community's voice is undiluted? I begin by engaging in dialogue with established current practitioners in the field and examining literature published on the subject with this goal in mind. From this research a roadmap of perils and pitfalls, signs to look for that indicate tension or discomfort within the group, and techniques and tips for productively refocusing the group's work have been created. The objective of the research is to formulate a philosophy on facilitation that aligns with my artistic mission and values, ensuring the work truly builds and reflects the communities from which it is produced.M.F.A.
Masters
Theatre
Arts and Humanities
Theatre; Theatre for Young Audiences
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Pretorius, Mornay Charl. "The facilitation of social integration on community level : a social work perspective." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53636.
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Thesis (M Social Work)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.Some digitised pages may appear illegible due to the condition of the original hard copy.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Currently much attention is given in South African welfare legislation and in recent local and intemationalliterature and research to the process of social integration and the formation of social capital as one of the ideational outcomes of a social development approach, and therefore also a key practice element of developmental social work. Very little research have been undertaken to document the changes in social work practice brought about by the transition to a social development approach in South Africa. The purpose of this study is to formulate social work practice guidelines on the facilitation of social integration on community level. It therefore constitutes an attempt to illuminate how social workers could contribute to the national thrust toward the social integration of communities and provide valuable guidelines to social workers on the practical realization of this key element of developmental social work. In order to gain new insight and to clarify central concepts relating to this relatively unfamiliar research area, an exploratory research design was utilised. The population for the study consisted of practising social workers in welfare agencies subsidised by the Department of Social Services in the Cape Metropolitan area. From the population a sample was drawn utilising sampling strategies from both the probability and non-probability sampling procedures. The study was both qualitative and quantitative in nature and in-dept interviews were chosen as the method of datacollection. The interview schedule was compiled from the literature survey. In this survey the relation between the social development approach to welfare and social integration was explained, and some of the core focus areas for the social integration of South African communities were identified. Furthermore a discussion was given on community intervention strategies as a core method of social work as well as its practice implications for developmental social work. From this literature survey structured and unstructured questions were formulated and compiled in an interview schedule. This measurement instrument was utilised to explore how social workers can facilitate the social integration of communities through community intervention strategies. From the analysis ofthe results of the empirical study, social work practice guidelines on the facilitation of social integration on community level were formulated.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Huidige Suid-Afrikaanse welsynsbeleid asook kontemporêre plaaslike en internasionale literatuur en navorsing plaas verhoogde klem op die proses van maatskaplike integrasie en die vorming van sosiale kapitaal as een van die uitkomste van 'n sosiale ontwikkeling benadering en 'n kern praktyk element van ontwikkelingsgerigte maatskaplike werk. Tans is daar nog min navorsing gedoen wat poog om die praktyk implikasies, wat die skuifna 'n ontwikkelingsgerigte benadering vir maatskaplike werk inhou, te dokumenteer. Die doel van hierdie studie is om maatskaplike werk praktykriglyne vir die fasilitering van maatskaplike integrasie op gemeenskapsvlak te formuleer. Die studie vergestalt dus 'n poging om die rol van maatskaplike werkers in die strewe na die maatskaplike integrasie van gemeenskappe te probeer verhelder, asook om aan maatskaplike werkers waardevolle riglyne te voorsien rondom die praktiese realisering van hierdie kern element van ontwikkelingsgerigte maatskaplike werk. Ten einde nuwe insigte te ontwikkel en belangrike konsepte binne hierdie relatief onbekende navorsingsveld te klarifiseer, is 'n verkennende navoringsontwerp gebruik. Die universum vir hierdie studie het bestaan uit praktiserende maatskaplike werkers in diens van welsynsorganisasies in die Kaapse Metropool wat deur die Provinsiale Departement van Welsyn subsidieer word. Vanuit die universum is 'n steekproef getrek deur beide waarskynlikheid- en nie-waarskynlikheid steekproef trekking prosedures te benut. Die studie was beide kwalitatief en kwantitatief van aard en in-diepte onderhoude is gebruik as metode van data-versameling. Die onderhoude was gevoer aan die hand van onderhoudskedules wat op grond van die literatuur ondersoek opgestel is. In die literatuur ondersoek is die verhouding tussen die sosiale ontwikkeling benadering tot welsyn en maatskaplike integrasie ondersoek, asook kern areas vir die maatskaplike integrasie van Suid-Afrikaanse gemeenskappe identifiseer. Verder is gemeenskapsintervensiestrategieë as 'n kern metode in die maatskaplike werk, asook die implikasies daarvan vir ontwikkelingsgerigte maatskaplike werk, bespreek. Die onderhoudskedule is gebruik om te eksploreer hoe maatskaplike werkers deur middel van hulle gemeenskapswerk intervensie kan bydrae tot die fasilitering van maatskaplike integrasie. Die versamelde data is analiseer en maatskaplikewerk praktykriglyne vir die fasilitering van maatskaplike integrasie op gemeenskapsvlak is geformuleer.
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Titchen, Angie. "Professional craft knowledge in patient-centred nursing and the facilitation of its developments." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.285895.
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Barber, Paul Graham. "The facilitation of personal and professional growth through experiential groupwork and therapeutic community practice." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1990. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/687/.
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Luwes, N. J., Der Post A. Van, P. Makhoahle, E. A. Burger, J. Jonker, R. Kuriakose, A. F. Ntunja, and Wyk M. J. Van. "Facilitation of a diverse higher education student community from conventional to alternative assessment practices." Interim : Interdisciplinary Journal: Vol 9, Issue 2: Central University of Technology Free State Bloemfontein, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/356.
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Published ArticleThe higher education classroom of today is filled with students of vast diversity which applies to culture, sex and nationality. This can be seen in the fact that some students only study for the sake of a higher education or the availability of a bursary. These factors influence the persuasion and commitment towards more surface learning. It is stated that the principle of assessment is not only a tool to indicate achievement or outcomes met, but a good assessment method can also shape learning. By shifting to an alternative assessment method one can shift a learner's persuasion and commitment from surface learning to deep, constructive learning.
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Bacigalupo, Ruth. "The information management of health visitors : with particular reference to their public health and community development activities." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324436.
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Boughton, Elizabeth. "Understanding Plant Community Composition in Agricultural Welands: Context Dependent Effects and Plant Interactions." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3954.
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Community composition results from an integrated combination of random processes, regional habitat spatial structure, local environmental conditions, and species interactions. For example, the outcome of plant interactions can change depending on local environmental conditions such as nutrient availability, land management, or herbivory intensity. In particular, plant interactions may vary between facilitation and competition depending on ecological context, with facilitation expected to be prevalent under stressful conditions. I present the results of four studies that address different aspects of the community assemblage and dynamics emphasizing the synergistic effect of different processes. In the first, I investigated the importance of habitat isolation in determining species richness of wetlands with contrasting land use. The second describes an experiment to test the hypothesis that plant interactions with an unpalatable plant (Juncus effusus) would range from competition in ungrazed areas to facilitation in grazed areas and predicted that facilitative effects of Juncus would differ among functional groups of beneficiary species and be strongest when grazing was intense. In the third, I examine the community composition impacts of Juncus and predicted that Juncus would preserve functional diversity in grazed wetlands but that the effects of Juncus would vary along a grazing gradient. The fourth study investigated the relative importance of competition and nutrients in determining wetland invasion in two different land use types. Broadly, I demonstrate that the importance of different processes (habitat isolation, nutrient availability, competition/facilitation) to community composition is dependent on ecological conditions. This integrated view of community dynamics is interesting from a purely ecological perspective but also can be applied to understanding ecological problems such as exotic invasions and restoration of disturbed habitats.Ph.D.
Department of Biology
Sciences
Conservation Biology PhD
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Hofer, Marilyn. "Elements that impact facilitation of an asynchronous professional learning community a participatory action research exploration /." Laramie, Wyo. : University of Wyoming, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1939381521&sid=1&Fmt=2&clientId=18949&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Müller, Christoph. "The Ugandan transit constraints in Kenya and possible Ugandan claims under the agreements of the East Africa Community and the GATT Agreement 1994." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4160.
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Magister Legum - LLMThe problems connected with transit of goods also have been mostly neglected in the respective literature so far: In most books about the law of the WTO, Article V of GATT 1994 has been left out completely or reference is only made to the text of the article. In the following, this thesis will thus examine (i) what transit restrictions exist for the transport of Ugandan goods from and to the international market through Kenya (see Chapter 2 below); (ii) whether these measures adopted in Kenya are in compliance with the relevant law of the EAC (see Chapter 3 below) and of the WTO (see Chapter 4 below); and (iii) if there is a conflict in jurisdiction in this respect (see Chapter 5 below). In addition, it will then shortly show the current status of the current negotiations of the WTO Trade Facilitation Committee and the possible implications of the Revised Draft Negotiation Text (see Chapter 6 below)
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Socolof, Jerome S. "Community Outreach in Sport and Arts Organizations as a Means for Public Value Generation and Interaction Facilitation." The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1343345812.
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Amadi, Victor Tamunoseipiriala. "Facilitating intra-regional trade through the movement of people in the Southern African development community (SADC)." University of the Western Cape, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7133.
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Doctor Legum - LLDRegional integration has been part of Africa’s overarching strategy for economic transformation. To further enhance sustainable development and economic growth, in the African continent intra-regional trade is equally as important as international trade. Therefore, African countries are faced with the daunting task of adopting comprehensive and well-structured measures to ensure the movement of goods and people across borders are seamless and unrestrictive. Free movement of persons in particular is one of the core tenets of regional integration, building towards a common market. To that effect, the African Union (AU) based on Agenda 2063 has agreed on a Continental Free Trade Area and a Protocol on Movement of Persons indicating a commitment of attaining a single market where goods, persons and services can move freely across national borders. With the Southern African Development Community (SADC) being a Regional Economic Community (REC) recognised under the AU, this thesis seeks to argue for deeper integration by ensuring the movement of persons in the SADC is regulated beyond the scope that is recognised internationally under the International laws influencing the movement of persons. Also, this thesis argues for amendment of certain provisions in the SADC Protocol on the Facilitation of the Movement of Persons to further facilitate intra-regional trade. The SADC operates to an extent as a Free Trade Area (FTA) where goods are traded duty free across borders and the intention is to go higher up the integration ladder to become a Common Market by 2015 and an Economic Union with a Single Currency by 2018. Targets which has not been met to date. Article 5(2) (d) and Article 23 of the SADC Trade Protocol realises the significance of policy development in promoting free movement of people and services within the SADC region. To facilitate the movement of people, the SADC drafted a Protocol on the Free Movement of People in 1995. This Protocol never materialised and it was subsequently replaced by a Protocol on Facilitation on Movement of People which is limited in scope and is not yet operational as ratification by two third majority of Member States has not occurred. In 2012, a Protocol on Trade in Services which also within a limited scope influences the movement of persons in the region was also concluded but is not yet ratified by Member States of the SADC. The absence of a single consistent and comprehensive framework makes people vulnerable to informal practices at the border. Thus, the issue of ensuring free movement of people between SADC Member States still remains debatable and unresolved.
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Tang, Xiaoyan. "Biomasse et communautés microbiennes en relation avec la disponibilité du phosphore dans la rhizosphère de cultures associées." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NSAM0043/document.
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Le phosphore (P) est un nutriment majeur qui est souvent limitant pour la croissance des plantes dans les agro-écosystèmes mais le caractère non renouvelable des réserves en roches phosphatées rend urgente la nécessité de trouver une alternative aux fertilisants phosphatés et de mieux utiliser les ressources en P du sol. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de ma thèse était d'élucider l'implication de processus rhizosphériques déterminant la disponibilité de P du sol dans des cultures associées céréale/légumineuse, et in fine l'acquisition de P par ces associations. Nous avons fait l'hypothèse que la facilitation de l'acquisition de P dans rhizosphère de ces cultures associées était la conséquence de processus microbiens, en lien avec des changements du carbone (C), de l'azote (N) et du P de la biomasse microbienne, ou de l'abondance de certains groupes microbiens spécifiques. Ma stratégie de recherche s'est donc focalisée sur les modifications de CNP de la biomasse microbienne et des communautés de microorganismes dans la rhizosphère de cultures associées relativement aux cultures pures correspondantes. Les effets de la fertilisation en P ou N et des modifications de pH en résultant en lien avec la fixation de N2 ont aussi été étudiés, à la fois au champ et en conditions contrôlées en microcosme de type rhizobox. Le blé dur et différentes espèces de légumineuses à graines ont été cultivées seules ou associées dans deux types de sols présentant des historiques de fertilisation différents. Dans une première expérience au champ avec un sol calcaire Méditerranéen présentant une forte disponibilité en P, nous avons montré que les cultures associées céréale/légumineuse pouvaient faciliter le recyclage de P en augmentant la biomasse microbienne et en modifiant sa stoechiométrie CNP dans la rhizosphère. Dans une seconde expérience au champ dans un essai de fertilisation P de longue durée, nous avons mis en évidence qu'une culture associée céréale/légumineuse pouvait augmenter le P de la biomasse microbienne à bas niveau de disponibilité en P et modifier les groupes microbiens susceptibles d'être impliqués dans le recyclage de P du sol. Enfin, nous avons conduit une expérience en rhizobox en conditions contrôlées avec le sol de cet essai de longue durée dans laquelle nous avons manipulé la disponibilité du nitrate, en vue d'évaluer les interactions des processus mentionnés plus haut et les modifications de pH induites par les racines dans la rhizosphère. En comparant la culture associée et les cultures pures correspondantes, nous avons obtenu des différences significatives de pH, de disponibilité en P, de CNP de la biomasse microbienne et de communautés de microorganismes dans la rhizosphère. Bien que ces modifications aient concerné un groupe de bactéries productrices de phytase, les relations causales entre les effets observés n'ont pu être établies. Une meilleure connaissance de tels processus devrait dans le futur nous permettre de définir des cultures associées performantes pour l'acquisition de PPhosphorus (P) is a major nutrient that is often limiting plant growth in agroecosystems but phosphate rocks being a finite resource, there is an urgent need to find alternatives to P fertilizers and to better use soil P resources. In this context, the aim of my thesis was to elucidate the implication of rhizosphere processes determining the availability of soil P in cereal/legume intercropping systems, and ultimately the acquisition of P by these intercrops. We hypothesized that the facilitation of P acquisition in the rhizosphere in such intercrops was the consequence of microbially mediated processes, as evidenced by shifts of microbial biomass carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and P, or of specific microbial groups. Thus, my research strategy focused on root-induced changes of microbial biomass CNP and community in the rhizosphere of intercrops relative to the same crops grown alone. The effects of P or N fertilization and consequent pH changes as related to N2-fixation were also investigated, either in field experiments or in the controlled conditions of rhizobox microcosms. Durum wheat and different grain legume species were grown as sole crops and intercropped on two types of soils with different fertilization histories. In a first field trial in a calcareous, Mediterranean soil with high P availability, we demonstrated that cereal-legumes intercrops could be used to facilitate P cycling through increasing the microbial biomass and altering its CNP stoichiometry in the rhizosphere. In a second field experiment in a long term P fertilizer trial, we evidenced that a cereal-legume intercrop could increase the microbial biomass P at low P availability and modify microbial groups possibly involved in soil P cycling. Finally, we designed a rhizobox experiment in controlled conditions with soils of this long term trial where we manipulated nitrate availability, in order to assess the interactions of the above-mentioned processes with root-induced pH changes in the rhizosphere. When comparing intercrops and sole crops, we obtained significant differences of soil pH, P availability and microbial biomass CNP and community in the rhizosphere. Although such changes concerned phytase-producing bacteria, the causal relationships between the observed effects still need to be established. A better knowledge of such processes shall help designing more P-efficient intercropping systems in the future
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Jenkins, Maggie F. "Indirect Food Web Interactions: Sea Otter Predation Linked to Invasion Success in a Marine Fouling Community." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2018. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2000.
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Humans have caused grave ecological and economic damage worldwide through the introduction of invasive species. Understanding the factors that influence community susceptibility to invasion are important for controlling further spread of invasive species. Predators have been found to provide biotic resistance to invasion in both terrestrial and marine systems. However, predators can also have the opposite effect, and facilitate invasion. Therefore, recovery or expansion of native predators could facilitate the spread of invasive species. Needles et al. (2015) demonstrated that the threatened southern sea otter (Enhydra lutris nereis) facilitated the invasion of an exotic bryozoan, Watersipora subatra. However, the underlying mechanism was not fully understood. We tested the hypothesis that sea otter predation on Romaleon antennarium crabs indirectly facilitated the abundance of W. subatra. To do this, we collected weekly data on sea otter foraging and quantified the abundance of crabs in the sea otter diet. We also conducted a caging experiment, where we experimentally manipulated crab densities and limited otter access using exclusion cages on pier pilings in Morro Bay, CA. We used photoQuad image processing software to calculate the abundance of W. subatra on PVC panels within each treatment group. We found that crabs were the second most abundant prey item in Morro Bay, comprising 25.1% of the otter diet. Through the caging experiment, we found that W. subatra abundance significantly increased as crab densities decreased. Our results indicated that sea otters indirectly facilitated the invasion of W. subatra by reducing R. antennarium crab densities and sizes. Removal of crabs may release W. subatra from the disturbance caused by crab foraging behavior. Understanding the impacts of top predators in invaded ecosystems has important management implications, as recovery of predator populations could unintentionally benefit some non-native species. Therefore, management should focus first on prevention and second on early detection and eradication of invasive species likely to benefit from predator recovery.
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Malindisa, Nomzamo Penelope. "The Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) passport and the facilitation of the Free Movement of Persons." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65575.
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The movement of people across African borders has become a significant element of regional integration efforts throughout the continent. Consequently, the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) has adopted a number of programmes aimed at facilitating the free movement of community citizens. Among these is the Protocol on Free Movement, Residence and Establishment, its supplementary protocols and free movement initiatives. In the year 2000, the West African community through the ECOWAS introduced a common passport. The passport was established and adopted as one of the numerous initiatives formulated under the organisation for the purposes of facilitating the movement of people within the sub-region. Although the ECOWAS passport has been celebrated for being the first fully functional common passport in Africa, the travel document’s contribution towards the realization of the free movement of people aspiration has been limited. The principle objective of the study is to examine the effectiveness of the common passport in attaining the intended goal of improving mobility. Subsequently, the study provides a reflection on some of the challenges that persist against the successful use of the passport. The study demonstrates how the socio-economic and political conditions present in member states continue to affect the effectiveness of the common passport.Mini Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Political Sciences
MA
Unrestricted
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Groth, Sofia, and Matilda Söderström. "Self-help facilitation for people living with disabilities: a tool for empowerment? A qualitative study in the context of rural Zambia." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för socialt arbete och psykologi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-16846.
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This report is the result of a field study conducted in the southern part of Zambia, funded by the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA). The aim of this qualitative study was to explore how self-help facilitation provided by the organisation Response Network can contribute to the empowerment of people living with disabilities in the context of rural Zambia. We interviewed four people working for the organisation as well as the principal responsible of youth with disabilities in a rural high school. We also conducted two focus group interviews with two disability support groups in a rural village. The results of this study were analysed using empowerment theory and systems theory. Our findings showed that self-determination, education and participation were contributing to the empowerment of people with disabilities. Level of attitudes, understanding and motivation were shown to be important factors which impact the empowerment of people with disabilities.
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Emslie, Gillian. "The braided way : deep democracy and community." Thesis, University of Dundee, 2014. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/d78aa2c8-5c41-4654-9b33-72cb253c7c94.
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This study uses Processwork as a lens to evaluate the facilitation of social change and related design projects at all levels of scale. Social change processes are deconstructed and explored in terms of awareness of signals, roles, dimensions of rank and power, belief systems, and phenomenological experience within the analytical structure of deep democracy and eldership. Data is collected for the case studies from workshops, interviews with practitioners and participants, relevant texts and field experiences. The Bolivian case studies involved 24 rural indigenous farmers (men of varying ages) and 16 women (aged 16 - 54), all from situations of extreme urban poverty and shows the application of Processwork in empowering participants to facilitate social change. The Zaragoza case study was a part-time multi-module two-year course involving 38 male and female lawyers. They gained the confidence to design, and in some cases implement, a parallel mediation training, based on a whole systems design. The Thai case study consisted of 3 week-long workshops with Buddhist monks and nuns, university professors, community leader, consultants and trainers. The results suggest the emphasis on eldership, group process structure, rank, power, and double signals was extremely useful, even for those already experienced in awareness-based practices. The Ecovillage case study focuses on one female facilitator working in an extremely diverse cultural setting and demonstrates the importance of working with inner diversity and the value of both inner and outer awareness Processwork exercises. In choosing this broad spectrum of applications, the similarities and differences of Processwork in diverse cultural and social contexts is illustrated. The case studies and my experience suggest that Processwork can contribute to a shift in perspective required to build a more sustainable civilization with its capacity to broaden perspective and increase awareness at the worldview level. Processwork facilitates a process of meta-design, that encourages participants to see the larger, complex context of their projects as well as the details and momentary interactions and can be very helpful to all those working with complex systems, including facilitators and designers.
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Aakhus, Mark Alan 1964. "The communication logics of computer-supported facilitative interventions: A study of the community of practice and social technologies surrounding the use of group decision support systems in process facilitation." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288721.
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Computer supported facilitation is a form of third party intervention that uses advanced information technology to deliver non-authoritative intervention on organizational decision making. The goal of this type of intervention is to create communication events where decision making and decision outcomes are collaboratively produced by those who have a stake in the decision. The facilitator's role is to assure decision making progress without taking sides or rendering a final decision. The obligations of facilitation form competing injunctions for practicing facilitation. Facilitative intervention must be performed so that it influences decision activity without influencing decision outcomes, facilitators must participate in decision making without becoming a party to the decision, and facilitators must enforce decision procedures without coercing participant acceptance of the procedures. The evolution of the field is marked by innovations in practice and role definitions that seek more effective means to reconcile the competing demands of the role and the changing circumstances of the intervention context. Computer supported facilitation is a technologically advanced form of intervention that combine skills of facilitators with the capacities of collaborative computing technology to more efficiently and effectively deliver decisions for organizations facing a choice. The facilitator designs and carries out interventions by using group decision support systems that enable anonymous participation, simultaneous communication of ideas, geographic and chronological distribution of participation, and the electronic storage of contributions. This investigation finds that while technical advances help facilitators overcome the numerous barriers to decision making communication, the advances in technique and technology are prescriptions for decision making communication built on inadequate descriptive assumptions about the nature of communication. The community of facilitation practice and its technologies operate on the dubious assumption that communication process and content are in fact distinct. The community of practice, however, is caught up in preserving this distinction as its solution to the paradoxes of doing non-authoritative intervention. The dissertation demonstrates this state of affairs by showing the set of premises for facilitative action embodied in the process management view of the practice, the methods of transparency work which uphold intervention neutrality, and the way the community treats an innovation on practice.
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Nga, Nguyen Thu. "Neonatal Mortality in Vietnam : Challenges and Effects of a Community-Based Participatory Intervention." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Internationell mödra- och barnhälsovård (IMCH), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-188252.
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Globally neonatal mortality accounts for 40% of under-five deaths. Participatory interventions where the local problems are addressed have been successful in some settings. The aim of this thesis was to describe challenges in perinatal health in a Vietnamese province, and to evaluate the effect of a facilitated intervention with local stakeholder groups that used a problem-solving approach to neonatal survival during three years. The NeoKIP trial (Neonatal Knowledge Into Practice, ISRCTN44599712) had a cluster-randomized design (44 intervention communes, 46 control). Laywomen facilitated Maternal-and-Newborn Health Groups (MNHGs) and used Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles to address perinatal health problems. Births and neonatal deaths were monitored. Interviews were performed in households of neonatal deaths and randomly selected live births. Use of health services was mapped. The primary healthcare staff’s knowledge on newborn care was assessed before and after the intervention. Neonatal mortality rate (NMR) was 16/1000 live births (variation 10 - 44/1000 between districts). Home deliveries accounted for one fifth of neonatal deaths, and health facilities with least deliveries had higher NMR. Main causes of death were prematurity/low birth-weight (37.8 %), intrapartum-related deaths (33.2 %) and infections (13.0 %). Annual NMR was 19.1, 19.0 and 11.6/1000 live births in intervention communes (18.0, 15.9 and 21.1 in control communes); adjusted OR 1.08 [0.66-1.77], 1.23 [0.75-2.01], and 0.51 [0.30-0.89], respectively. Women in intervention communes more frequently attended antenatal care, prepared for delivery and gave birth at institutions. Primary healthcare staff’s knowledge on newborn care increased slightly in intervention communes. This model of facilitation of local stakeholder groups using a perinatal problem-solving approach was successful and may be feasible to scale-up in other settings.NeoKIP project in Vietnam
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Nilsson, Karin. "Effects of size-dependent predation and competition on population and community dynamics." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för ekologi, miljö och geovetenskap, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-35686.
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Most animals grow substantially during their lifetime and change in competitive ability, predatory capacity and their susceptibility to predation as they grow. This thesis addresses the implications of this on regulation and dynamics within populations as well as between population interactions. In size-structured populations either reproduction or maturation may be more limiting. If juveniles are competitively superior, the competitive bottleneck will be in the adults and reproduction will be limiting. Mortality will in this case result in overcompensation in juvenile biomass through increased reproduction. Compensation in biomass was demonstrated in Daphnia pulex populations subjected to size-independent mortality, where juvenile biomass did not decrease when a substantial harvest was imposed due to increase per capita fecundity. This supported that juveniles were superior competitors and that population cycles seen in Daphnia are juvenile-driven. Compensatory responses in biomass may lead to that predators facilitate eachothers existence by feeding on a common prey, a phenomenon coined emergent facilitation. In an experimental test of the mechanism behind emergent facilitation it was demonstrated that the invertebrate predator Bythotrephes longimanus was favoured by thinning of its prey Holopedium gibberum. The thinning mimicked fish predation and targeted large individuals while Bythotrephes preferrs small prey. Size dependent predation also occurs within populations, i.e. cannibalism, were large individuals feed on smaller conspecifics. Two populations of the common guppy (Poecilia reticulata) originating from different environments were demonstrated to differ in cannibalistic degree. Cannibalism was also affected by the presence of refuges and females and juveniles from one population were better adapted to structural complexity than the other. The effects of these differences in cannibalism on population regulation and dynamics were studied in long term population experiments. Both populations were regulated by cannibalism in the absence of refuges, and displayed cannibal-driven cycles with suppression of recruitment and high population variability. The presence of refuges decreased density dependence and population variability and harvesting of large females in the absence of refuges led to population extinctions in the more cannibalistic population. The less cannibalistic population had higher population biomass and stronger density-dependence in the presence of refuges. When refuges were present, cohort competition increased and cycles with short periodicity were seen. Large individuals were not only cannibals, but could successfully prey on other species. Small and large guppies were allowed to invade resident populations of Heterandria formosa. Small invaders failed while large invaders succeeded as predation from large invaders broke up the competitive bottleneck that the resident population imposed on juveniles of the invader.
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Shumway, John T. "A Case Study on the Facilitation of Positive Behavior Interventions and Supports in a Public Elementary School." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6504.
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Disruptive behaviors in elementary schools are a serious concern for teachers. With mounting pressure from school district administrations, state and federal government agencies, and the communities in which these schools reside, teachers often struggle to determine the best path to achieve consistent student engagement. When inappropriate behaviors are not managed effectively, academics suffer. Positive behavior interventions and supports (PBIS) have been shown to be effective in reducing such behaviors. Professional Learning Communities (PLC) have also become very common in schools as teachers are organized into teams to collaborate and plan learning opportunities and methods for the instruction and assessment of students. The present study examined the effects of PBIS implementation through the PLC on the teaching staff in 7 elementary school classrooms. This is a case study in which selected teachers were observed and interviewed to determine their level of and concerns regarding implementation and subsequent adoption level. Results indicate that the teachers all have unique experiences with PBIS and related interventions that either reduce their use or support their belief that it is an effective system. Their PLC collaboration is also discussed as it was proposed to be the medium and data catalyst for implementation. Limitations and implications of this study for researchers and practitioners are discussed.
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Humphrey, Parris Taylor. "The Ecology Of Co-Infection In The Phyllosphere: Unraveling The Interactions Between Microbes, Insect Herbivores, And The Host Plants They Share." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565900.
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Infection by multiple parasites is a part of everyday life for many organisms. The host immune system may be a central mediator of the many ways parasites might influence one another (and their hosts). Immunity provides a means for the colonized to reduce the success of current and future colonizers and has evolved across the tree of life several times independently. Along the way, the immune systems of plants as well as many groups of animals has evolved perhaps an accidental vulnerability wherein defense against one parasite can increase susceptibility to others. This so-called immune 'cross-talk' is a conundrum worth investigating not only to understand the impact of parasites on focal organisms, but also to better predict how immunity itself influences the evolution and epidemiology of parasites whose spread we might like to curtail. For plants, co-infection often comes from insect herbivores and various bacteria that colonize the leaf interior. Both colonizers can reduce plant fitness directly or indirectly by potentiating future enemies via cross-talk in plant immunity. This phenomenon has largely been studied in laboratory model plants, leaving a substantial gap in our knowledge from native species that interact in the wild. This dissertation helps close this gap by investigating the ecology of co-infection of a native plant by its major insect herbivore and diverse leaf-colonizing bacteria. I revealed that leaf co-infection in the field by leaf-mining herbivores and leaf-colonizing ("phyllosphere") bacteria is substantially more common than single infection by either group and that bacterial infection can cause increased feeding by herbivores in the laboratory. Immune cross-talk can also shape the field-scale patterns of herbivory across a native plant population. Studying the main herbivore of this native plant in detail revealed that, in contrast to many specialist herbivores, our focal species avoids plant defenses likely because it does not possess a specialized means of avoiding their toxicity. Nonetheless, this species may depend on the very same defenses it avoids by being initially attracted to plants that produce them. This foraging strategy is unique among known specialists. Lastly, I moved beyond immune cross-talk to explore how co-occurring phyllosphere bacteria might directly impact one another through competition. In the lab, I found that different growth strategies underlie competitive ability for two major clades of bacteria within the genus Pseudomonas, and that toxin production and resistance may be important mediators of competition within the phyllosphere. However, competitively superior bacteria that produce toxins may indirectly facilitate the survival of inferior competitors through their being toxin resistant, which likely enhances co-existence of diverse bacteria in the phyllosphere. Together, this dissertation has revealed a variety of means by which co-infecting bacteria and insects might influence one another through plant defense cross-talk, as well as how the complex interplay of colonization and competition might affect the structure of leaf microbial communities in nature.
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au, k. maher@murdoch edu, and Kellie Maher. "Encroachment of sandplain heathland (kwongan) by Allocasuarina huegeliana in the Western Australian wheatbelt: the role of herbivores, fire and other factors." Murdoch University, 2008. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20081211.92011.
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Kwongan, also known as sandplain heathland, occurs in remnant vegetation throughout the fragmented landscape of the Western Australian wheatbelt. This vegetation community has high levels of species richness and endemism, and is of high conservation value. In many vegetation remnants in the wheatbelt the native tree species Allocasuarina huegeliana (rock sheoak) is expanding out from its normal range and encroaching into kwongan. A. huegeliana may ultimately dominate the kwongan, causing a decline in floristic diversity. Altered disturbance regimes, particularly the absence of fire and reduced or absent browsing mammal herbivores, are likely to be responsible for causing A. huegeliana encroachment.
This study used experimental and observational data from patches of kwongan in three Nature Reserves in the central and southern wheatbelt to investigate the role of fire, native mammal activities and interactions between these two factors in shaping A. huegeliana woodlandkwongan community boundaries. Investigations were carried out into the characteristics of encroaching A. huegeliana populations; the environmental factors affecting the extent of encroachment, naturally recruited juveniles, and seedling emergence and establishment; historical and current abundances of native mammals; and the effects of mammal herbivores on seedling establishment during inter-fire and post-fire periods.
Results from this study confirm that A. huegeliana has encroached into kwongan throughout the wheatbelt region and recruitment appears likely to continue in most areas. Few of the environmental factors measured in this study affected the extent of encroachment, the locations of naturally recruited A. huegeliana juveniles, and seedling germination and establishment. Western grey kangaroos (Macropus fuliginosus) browsed extensively on seedlings, which largely prevented them from establishing in open areas of kwongan. However, numerous A. huegeliana seedlings escaped browsing herbivores by establishing in perennial shrubs, where they appeared to be tolerant of increased levels of inter-specific competition.
There was no native mammal common to all three Reserves that declined around the time that A. huegeliana encroachment most likely began in the 1970s. In addition, tammar wallabies (Macropus eugenii) had little effect even where their densities were high. It is therefore unlikely that the decline of an individual mammal species initiated encroachment. A. huegeliana encroachment appears to be driven by increased propagule pressure, which is in turn caused by increased inter-fire intervals. Long periods of time without fire have enabled fire-sensitive A. huegeliana trees to produce increasing quantities of seed that are continuously released into kwongan. A range of other factors may interact synergistically with this process to affect encroachment and these are also discussed. This study considered the implications of these findings for management of remnant vegetation in fragmented landscapes, particularly kwongan in the Western Australian wheatbelt, and areas for further research are suggested.
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Dari, Teurai Thirdgirl. "Tripartite Free Trade Agreement as a solution to increasing intra-African trade." University of the Western Cape, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4786.
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Magister Legum - LLMTrade has been widely accepted as an important tool in spearheading economic growth and development. In many different parts of the world, countries have alleviated poverty and economically prospered through effective trade. Despite the efforts to dismantle trade restrictions and create a common market, the problem remains that of African disintegrated markets which then lead to poor intra-African trade. There is therefore the need to use intra-African trade as an instrument that effectively serve in the attainment of rapid and sustainable social and economic development. The aim of this study is to therefore determine whether the solution to increasing intra-African trade can be found in the Tripartite FTA.
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Waldeck, Chantal. "The development of a programme for the facilitation of coping skills for rural adolescents who have been exposed to community violence / C. Waldeck." Thesis, North-West University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/657.
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Many children and adolescents in South Africa are being exposed as
witnesses or are direct victims of violence in today's society. The purpose
of this study is to explore what violent exposure adolescents have
experienced and to develop a programme that includes coping skills,
expression of emotion and communication. The research formed part of the
FLAGH study. The research was done in the form of action research where
the adolescents took part in the whole process of developing the programme.
The study was done in four phases. In the first phase a random sample of 36
adolescents from Fikadibeng School in the North West Province were
selected. They completed the Coping Responses Inventory-Youth Form, the
Survey of exposure to community violence, Things I have seen and heard
questionnaire and the Self-expression and control scales. In the second
phase the programme was developed using the results of the pre-testing and a literature study on the effects of the exposure of violence on children.
During the third phase the developed programme was pilot tested on a
randomly selected group of the children and the post-testing took place in
order to evaluate and adjust the programme according to the results found.
Suggestion for the adjustment of the programme was done during the fourth
phase of the study. Adolescents were largely exposed to community
violence. They also displayed tendencies to internalize anger and used
looking for guidance and cognitive avoidance as part of their coping
repertoire. The programme proved to benefit the children in their coping
with violence. It is recommended that for the future, larger groups of
adolescents should be evaluated and programmes should be presented to a
larger community in order to assist adolescent in their use of coping skills.Thesis (M.A. (Clinical Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2005.
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Eskelinen, A. (Anu). "Plant community dynamics in tundra: propagule availability, biotic and environmental control." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2009. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514293139.
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Abstract
Plant community composition and diversity are determined by the balance between rates of immigration and extinction. Processes of immigration to a local community, i.e. propagule availability and dispersal of propagules between and within habitats, set the upper limit for the pool of species potentially capable of coexisting in a community, while local biotic interactions, i.e., competition, facilitation, herbivory and interactions with below-ground ecosystem components, and environmental factors control colonisation and establishment, and determine the persistence and dynamics of already existing species.
In this thesis, I studied (1) the interactions between propagule availability, biotic and environmental constraints on colonisation, and (2) the interdependence between biotic and environmental factors regulating community processes in already established resident vegetation. First, I found that both propagule availability and competition with adult plants limited the rates of colonisation and total community diversity in a relatively low-productive tundra ecosystem. Long-term exclusion of mammalian herbivores and alleviation of nutrient limitation by fertilization increased the intensity of competition with established vegetation, and diminished immigration rates. In addition, I also found that community openness to colonization depended on the initial community properties, i.e., the functional composition and the traits of dominant plants in resident vegetation, which mediate the effects of nutrient addition and biomass removal on immigration rates. Second, adult plants in the resident vegetation experienced an increased extent of neighbourhood competition and herbivory in nutrient enriched conditions and in naturally more fertile habitats. However, the effects were also species-specific. On a community level, release from heavy grazing favoured lichens over graminoids and increased species richness. Furthermore, I also showed that plant community composition was strongly linked with soil organic matter quality and microbial community composition, and that these vegetation-soil-microbe interactions varied along a gradient of soil pH.
Overall, my results emphasise that propagule availability, biotic and environmental control over community processes are strongly interconnected in tundra ecosystems. Especially, my findings highlight the role of plant competition and herbivory and their dependence on soil nutrient availability in governing colonisation and resident community dynamics. My results also indicate that plant functional composition and traits of dominant plants are of great importance in channelling community responses to external alterations and dictating plant-soil interactions.
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DeVanna, Kristen M. "Role of Dreissena as ecosystem engineers : effects to native bioturbators and benthic community structure and function /." Connect to Online Resource-OhioLINK, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1165420236.
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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Toledo, 2006.Typescript. "Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for The Master of Science Degree in Biology (Ecology-track)." Bibliography: leaves 26-34.
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Boswell, Rosabelle. "Producing knowledge or building 'regimes' of truth? : a critical study of two community based organisations and a development facilitation Agency in the Western Cape." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19706.
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This study is based on research carried out at the request of the Community and Urban Services Support Project (CUSSP). The research formed part of the internship programme for the Practical Anthropology course at the University of Cape Town, and involved an investigation into the communication strategies employed by community based organisations in two selected areas in the Western Cape, namely, Franschhoek and New Rest (Guguletu). The thesis is a self-reflexive account of the research period and it explores how the acceptance of participatory approaches to development, and, conflicting interpretations of the term 'participation' can be constructed, maintained and reproduced; resulting in potential conditions which support processes of domination. Reflexivity involves a systematic and continuous analysis of the research process. To do this one should not necessarily aim to learn more about oneself (although this is an inevitable result of field work) but continuously to move from the 'intensely personal experience of one's own social interactions ... to the more distanced analysis of that experience for an understanding of how identities are negotiated, and [particularly for this thesis] how social categories, boundaries and hierarchies and processes of domination are experienced and maintained' (Wright & Nelson 1995:48).
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Danet, Alain. "Interactions entre plantes dans un contexte de communauté : une approche expérimentale en Espagne et en Bolivie." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT160/document.
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Les interactions entre organismes ont des conséquences majeures sur la composition des communautés et le fonctionnement des écosystèmes. En écologie l'étude des interactions négatives, telles que la prédation et la compétition, a largement dominé la littérature. Des travaux récents ont souligné l’importance des interactions positives dans la nature, telles que la facilitation, mais ces interactions restent malgré tout peu intégrées dans les théories contemporaines en écologie. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans cette démarche et aborde deux questions centrales : (i) Comment la facilitation indirecte (via la protection contre le pâturage) affecte-t-elle la structure fonctionnelle (caractéristiques des distributions de traits) des communautés de plantes ? (ii) L'effet net des interactions facilitatrice-bénéficiaire identifiées à l’échelle d’une paire d’espèces restent-elles valides en présence d’une communauté entière d'espèces bénéficiaires potentielles ? Deux expérimentations in situ dans des environnements contrastés ont été mises en place : l’exclusion du pâturage dans des tourbières tropicales alpines et une transplantation de communautés de plantules sous des plantes adultes en milieu méditerranéen semi-aride. Nous avons montré que la facilitation indirecte affectait les caractéristiques du filtre environnemental, la dominance des espèces et la différenciation de niche au sein de la communauté. Nos travaux suggèrent également que la composition des communautés de plantules modifie les interactions adultes-plantules, remettant ainsi en cause la possibilité d’extrapolation des résultats entre paires d'individus à l’échelle de la communautéInteractions between organisms are key drivers of community composition and ecosystem functioning. Ecology has a long history of studies on negative interactions, such as predation and competition. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of positive interactions, such as facilitation in nature. The integration of these interactions into modern ecological theory has nonetheless lagged behind. This thesis aims at contributing to this research effort and addresses two core questions : (i) How does indirect facilitation (through protection against grazing) affect the functional structure (characteristics of trait distributions) of plant communities? (ii) Does the net effect of the interactions between a species pair (benefactor-beneficiary) remain valid in the presence of several beneficiary species at community level? We set up two insitu experiments in contrasted environments: a grazing exclusion experiment in tropical alpine peatlands and a transplantation experiment of sapling communities beneath adult plants in a mediterranean environment. Our results showed that indirect facilitation affects the characteristics of the environmental filter, species dominance and niche differentiation in the community. Our results also suggested that the composition of sapling communities modifies adult-sapling interactions, thereby questioning the possibility of extrapolating results from pairs of individuals to the community scale
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Amat, Martínez Beatriz. "Dynamics of woody vegetation patches in semiarid ecosystems in the southeast of Iberian Peninsula." Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Alicante, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10045/50210.
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Williams, Anthony Marlon. "The relationship between facilitation, computer software and the learner in teaching a computer-integrated lesson an experimental design /." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07102009-135058.
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Peoples, Brandon Kevin. "Applying ecological models to positive interactions among lotic fishes: implications for population and community regulation at multiple spatial scales." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/73340.
Full textAbstract:
Positive biotic interactions such as mutualism, commensalism and facilitation are ubiquitous in nature, but historically have received considerably less research attention than negative interactions such as competition, predation and parasitism. The paucity of research on positive interactions is particularly evident in stream ecosystems and in vertebrate communities. Stream fishes clearly provide an ideal system for advancing research on positive interactions. Many minnows (Cyprinidae) of eastern North America engage in a potentially mutualistic reproductive interaction known as nest association, in which individuals of one species (nest associates) spawn in nests constructed by host species. In nest association, hosts provide unsilted gravel substrate for spawning nest associates, and increased parental care to associate broods. High associate: host egg ratios can create a dilution effect, reducing the probability that host eggs will be preyed upon by egg predators. Nest associative interactions are common, but are relatively understudied compared to other interactions among stream fishes.
The goals of this study were to apply general ecological models to this novel system to (a) gain new insight into the mechanisms structuring nest associative stream fish communities, and (b) to use inference from stream fish communities to potentially expand and improve the general ecological models. These goals required completion of three objectives, including (1) examining the influence of abiotic and biotic contexts on reproductive behavior and fitness outcomes between a cyprinid host and associate, using the biological markets model to generate predictions; (2) examining the utility of the nest web framework (previously only used for cavity nesting vertebrate communities) and the stress gradient hypothesis (previously applied almost exclusively to plant communities) for predicting which associate species spawn on nests built by various nest building species, and the consequences of these choices, respectively; and (3) using two-species occupancy modeling to determine the relative influence of biotic interactions and habitat covariates on the co-occurrence of a host and two nest associates.
To accomplish these goals, I conducted a large-scale experiment to manipulate presence of mutualists (Nocomis leptocephalus, host; Chrosomus oreas, associate), egg predators (biotic context) and habitat quality (abiotic context). I conducted behavioral nest observations and conducted repeated stream fish stream fish community surveys to collect demographic data. I constructed a nest web from observational data, and implemented structural equation modeling through an information-theoretic framework to identify nest web plausibility across a large spatial extent. I tested some predictions of the stress gradient hypothesis by regressing juveniles-per-nest and a metric of cyprinid community structure on a composite measure of physical stress (scaled gradients of catchment-scale agricultural land use and catchment area). I used two-species occupancy modeling to model co-occurrence of N. leptocephalus hosts and two associates, C. oreas and Clinostomus funduloides, and used an information-theoretic framework to compare hypotheses representing the importance of biotic interactions, habitat covariates or both at determining species co-occurrence.
Results corroborated some (but not all) model predictions, and identified room for improvement in each of the general models. Nest associative spawning by C. oreas was not context dependent; C. oreas did not spawn in the absence of a reproductively active male N. leptocephalus at any treatment level. However, the net fitness outcome of host and associate species was mutualistic, and the interaction outcome switched from commensalistic to mutualistic with abiotic context. N. leptocephalus reproductive success was improved by C. oreas presence in less-silted habitats, but not in heavily-silted habitats. This is most likely because broods were subject to predation in both habitat types, but were also negatively affected by siltation in silted habitats. Accordingly, egg dilution by associates was not sufficient to support a mutualistic relationship in less favorable habitats. Results suggest that the biological markets model may be a useful tool for predicting fitness outcomes of nest associative mutualism, but may not be as useful for predicting the behavioral outcomes of obligate mutualisms. Future applications of the biological markets model should carefully consider species traits, specifically the degree to which trading behavior is obligate for participants. Future work with this model will yield more insight by considering highly facultative associates.
Nest webs constructed from nest observational data suggested an interaction topology in which strong (nearly-obligate) associates relied most frequently on N. leptocephalus nests, and less frequently on nests constructed by Campostoma anomalum. Weak (facultative) associates were seldom associated with nests constructed by either species, and probably spawned before hosts began nesting activity. Structural equation models corroborated this topology throughout the New River basin, although some less-supported model evidence specified some nest association by weak associates. Juveniles-per-nest of strong associates responded positively to physical stress, while this metric for other cyprinid reproductive groups showed no relationship. Proportional representation of Nocomis and strong associates also increased predictably with physical stress. This study suggests that the nest web framework can be informative to systems outside the ones for which it was developed; future studies may be able to use this framework to better understand the role of habitat-modifying species in communities other than cavity nesting terrestrial vertebrates and nest associative stream fishes. This work extended the nest web framework by (a) modeling the outcomes of interactions instead of the interactions themselves, and (b) by using structural equation modeling to test nest web predictions with an information-theoretic framework. This study also suggests that the stress gradient hypothesis can be useful for understanding interaction dynamics in vertebrate communities; this represents the first direct evidence that this model can be used in vertebrate communities. Further, I demonstrate that the stress gradient hypothesis may be extended to predict community structure. However, more research in a diversity of systems will be needed to determine the extent to which this can be applied.
This study provides some of the first evidence of large-scale positive co-occurrence patterns in vertebrates. However, the precise roles of habitat covariates and biotic interactions were species-specific. Occupancy results suggest that co-occurrence between N. leptocephalus and nest associate C. funduloides is driven only by reproductive behavioral interactions. Alternatively, evidence suggests that co-occurrence between N. leptocephalus and C. oreas is driven by both nest association and habitat covariates. That two-species occupancy modeling can be a useful tool for comparing difficult-to-test hypotheses involving biotic interactions at large spatial scales. This study represents the first quantitative, multi-scale treatment of positive interactions in stream ecosystems.
This study demonstrates that applying general ecological models to stream fish communities can yield new insights about both the study system and the models themselves. While models of negative interactions, food webs and dispersal have been applied to stream fishes, we stand to gain much ground by also considering positive biotic interactions. In doing so, stream fish ecologists will also be able to contribute to the advancement of general ecology, and thus raise awareness for these understudied ecosystems and taxa.Ph. D.
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Pajunen, A. (Anu). "Willow-characterised shrub vegetation in tundra and its relation to abiotic, biotic and anthropogenic factors." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2010. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514261138.
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Abstract
Deciduous shrubs form the tallest type of vegetation in arctic-alpine areas and are important for ecosystem function. In the southern part of the Eurasian tundra zone, willows (Salix spp.) are the most common species in the shrub layer. In the alpine areas of Northern Fennoscandia, willow shrubs are characteristic to areas between tree line and treeless tundra heaths. Vertical structure and composition of willow-characterized tundra vegetation is affected by a variety of ecological factors including climate and herbivory. In turn, the abundance of the willow canopy affects understory species in several ways that still remain inadequately understood.
In this PhD work I describe compositional differentiation of willow-characterized vegetation by using a large data set spanning from north-western Fennoscandia to the Yamal Peninsula in north-western Siberia. I studied environmental factors affecting willow-characterized vegetation and willow growth by using correlative analyses. The factors under investigation were latitude, distance from the sea, depth of thaw, position in the slope, industrial disturbance and reindeer grazing. In addition, I examined the relationships between the shrub biomass estimate and composition and species richness of understory vegetation. The effects of reindeer grazing on vegetation in an alpine forest-tundra ecotone were studied experimentally using reindeer-proof exclosures.
I found that willow-characterized vegetation is floristically variable and comprises at least eight vegetation types. The most abundant willow thickets typically have a forb-rich understory. The growth of willow increased along with increasing summer temperatures. However the height of willow was more determined by distance from the sea, thaw depth and slope position. Reindeer grazing decreased the abundance of willow and changed the composition of understory vegetation. In addition, industrial activities were detected to have destructed shrub vegetation and turned it into graminoid-dominated vegetation. Shrub canopies facilitated forbs but decreased the cover of all the other groups including dwarf shrubs, bryophytes and lichens. The species richness of vegetation decreased along with increasing shrub abundance.
My study shows that arctic-alpine willow vegetation is more diverse than previously thought. There is a predictable relationship between summer temperatures and willow growth. However, the results also show that there are many factors, both physical and anthropogenic, that are likely to complicate this pattern. Most important of these counteracting effects are industrial activities and reindeer grazing. In the areas where shrubs grow in abundance, the species richness of understory vegetation is likely to decrease and forbs are likely to replace other tundra species.
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Haslem, Neal Ragnar, and neal@nealhaslem net. "The practice and the community: a proposition for the possible contribution of communication design to public space." RMIT University. Applied Communication, 2007. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080212.165002.
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The practice of communication design has developed from a visual-communication service industry into a multi-facetted profession, directly involved with the maintenance and creation of social and cultural capital. The ancestry of communication design has led to its continued perception as a neutral tool for the achievement of communication. This research project aims to investigate the possible contributions of communication design as a practice, if it were to re-align its goals towards supporting and facilitating the community within which it is practiced. This research project is about the communication designer and the communities within which they practice: clients; target markets; companies; managers; neighbourhood groups; groups in a particular place and time; communities of practitioners; and emergent or yet to emerge communities. The project investigates designer agency and the ways for a communication designer to work holistically within communities: being or becoming part of them; working through and with them toward the achievement of communication goals. As much as it is about communicating, it is also about community. It is about designers working as conduits, facilitating and enabling the communities of their practice to find expression. It is about a democratisation of communication design authorship and power. It is about the design process as an educational process - all parts and participants within a design projects' community learning and teaching simultaneously. The research project encompasses a series of component projects, across a range of different media, using a practice-led-research framework and a reflective practitioner methodology as the key investigative tool.
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Bao, Zhe. "Biotic Interaction of Invasive, Early-Succession Trees and Their Effects on Community Diversity: a Multi-Scale Study Using the Exotic Invasive Ailanthus altissima and the Native Robinia pseudoacacia in the Mid-Appalachian Forest of Eastern United States." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/73303.
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Invasive plants can displace native species, deteriorate native forest, and change plant communities and ecosystem functions. Native plant populations are fundamentally impacted by invasive species because of the interactions between invasive species and native plants. This study focuses on understanding the extent, mechanisms and consequences of interaction between a non-indigenous invader Ailanthus altissima and its functionally similar native species Robinia pseudoacacia in the Mid-Appalachian region, from an individual scale to a regional scale. These two subject species are common and coexist in early-successional eastern deciduous forest. The interactions between these two common species are important to community structure and canopy tree regeneration.
To address the type and extent of interactions of these two species, a greenhouse experiment utilizing various species proportions, nutrient levels and seed sources was performed. In addition, a common-garden experiment with various species densities and proportions over three consecutive growing seasons was performed in a more natural condition than that of the greenhouse experiment. We found at the seedling stage, the dominant interaction was competition, and R. pseudoacacia was the winner both above- and belowground. The allelopathic compounds of A. altissima may have inhibited nodulation of R. pseudoacacia. Ailanthus altissima seedlings from its native region had slightly stronger competitive abilities compared with the seedlings from its invaded range. In the common garden experiment, R. pseudoacacia plants grew quicker than A. altissima, but A. altissima inhibited the growth of R. pseudoacacia by interspecific competition. The negative impact of A. altissima on R. pseudoacacia became larger as time progressed.
To assess the community-level consequences of the two species, we conducted a forest mapping and a complete target-tree-based forest survey, and analyzed regional-scale data from the Forest Inventory Analysis Data Base. The two target species were significantly associated with themselves and with each other. Community species composition and diversity were significantly different across sites. A negative impact of both species on the understory community diversity and tree regeneration at the neighborhood scale was detected; while at a regional level, tree diversity in the FIA plots with either A. altissima or R. pseudoacacia was higher than the reference plots.Ph. D.
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Nagel, Lynette. "The dynamics of learner participation in a virtual learning environment." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/22951.
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While online students should take charge of their own learning and form collaborative learning communities, constructivist instructors should scaffold online learning without dominating course discussions. This research continues the longitudinal investigation of web-based courses at the Faculty of Education, University of Pretoria. The mixed methodological approach this investigation followed consisted predominantly of qualitative methods, augmented with quantitative approaches. I used two distinct online tools to explore student participation in an eight-week online Masters’-level course delivered via the WebCT™ platform. First, I reviewed the use of metaphors in the literature by a framework of requirements for successful online learning. The use of metaphor supports constructivism, facilitates course interaction, helps to avoid students’ initial inertia in online discussions, and contributes to the development of virtual learning communities. I researched how an explanatory metaphor as tool supported online participation and indicated that metaphors eased students’ communication of important and difficult issues. Secondly, I used the tool of a covert virtual student that also acted as an additional facilitator and course helper. I examined the ethical implications of the carefully concealed real identity of the mythical online helper, methical Jane. As she took part in all course activities and assignments, as well as providing her co-students with cognitive and technical support, the students accepted and integrated her presence in their virtual learning community. I consequently analysed students’ reactions to her identity after disclosure of her origin after the course. Although the exposure precipitated students’ shock, disbelief and dismay as she was a convincing virtual student, they did not object to the presence of a virtual student, but rather felt betrayed due to her hidden real identity. The benefits of this teaching intervention include experts supplying technical expertise, multiple faculty enriching the learning experience, and support and teaching assistants and tutors participating with smaller groups in large online classes. I further examined how frequency of course access, discussion postings, collaborative behaviour and integration into a virtual learning community relate to learning and course completion. Quantitative indices indicated highly significant differences between the stratifications of student performance. Absent and seldom-contributing students risked missing the benefits of the online learning community. Students were discontent with peers who rarely and insufficiently contributed to group assignments. Low participation varied from only reading, skimming, or deliberately harvesting others’ contributions, to high student contributions of little value. Conclusions on the formation of an online learning community indicate that the passport to membership of the community is quality participation, rather than prior peer acquaintance. I indicated that students’ learning benefited from contributing high quality inputs to online learning communities while students with poor participation did not benefit from the online learning community. Online facilitators contribute to students’ learning through the timeliness and quality of tailored scaffolding. Recommendations for future research include uncovering the reasons for students’ stressful experiences of online learning; the effect of online assessment on student course participation; the alignment of learning metaphors in multi-cultural learning environments; and the support of non-participating online students.Thesis (PHD)--University of Pretoria, 2009.
Curriculum Studies
unrestricted
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Ruzicka, Matthew Robert. "Facilitating an online community among community college peer tutor trainees." CSUSB ScholarWorks, 2005. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/2895.
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The project presents a web-based component for a tutor training program at College of the Desert, Palm Desert, California. The application is designed to be responsive and adaptable to the tutor's needs. It also addresses the logistic and pedagogical problems that plague many community college tutor trainers and helps to mitigate this through an online instructional system that facilitates communication among the tutors so that learning can occur in a situated context.
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Laurent, Lisa. "Apports d’une approche écosystémique à l’étude de la dynamique des communautés végétales forestières : vers une prise en compte des interactions écologiques multiples." Thesis, Orléans, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ORLE2050/document.
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Un des principaux challenges pour prédire la composition, la structure et la dynamique des communautés végétales est de déterminer comment l’environnement biotique et abiotique va modifier la direction et l’amplitude des interactions entre plantes. L’objectif de ma thèse est de mettre en évidence le rôle prépondérant des interactions complexes (impliquant plus de deux compartiments biotiques) dans la dynamique forestière et plus particulièrement dans la dynamique de régénération des ligneux d’intérêt sylvicole tel que le chêne sessile. Les résultats soulignent l’importance de prendre en compte : (i) l’effet des cervidés sur les patrons de réponses des interactions entre plantes le long des gradients de ressources, (ii) les interactions indirectes et notamment la facilitation indirecte, (iii) des paramètres démographiques différents en relation avec la phénologie des espèces en présence, (iv) la séparation des mécanismes sous-jacents à une interaction écologique multiple via un suivi des conditions environnementales. Ainsi, ma thèse appuie l’idée que les gestions se focalisant sur une unique pression et ignorant les autres pressions ne sont pas capables de maintenir des populations d’espèces cibles car elles ne tiennent pas compte des interactions multiples. Ceci souligne l’importance d’utiliser des stratégies complémentaires pour permettre la pérennité des écosystèmes forestiers et notamment une régénération suffisante dans le cadre des changements globaux que sont le changement climatique et la surabondance de cervidésOne of the main challenges to predict vegetation dynamics and plant community composition is to identify how biotic and abiotic factors modify the nature and magnitude of plant-plant interactions. The objective of my thesis is to highlight the leading role of multiple interactions (involving more than two biotic compartments) in forest understory dynamics and more specifically regeneration dynamics of target species such as sessile oak. The results emphasize the importance of: (i) effects of deer on response patterns of plant-plant interactions along resource gradients, (ii) indirect interactions, in particular indirect facilitation, (iii) demographic parameters in relation to species phenology, (iv) distinguishing among underlying mechanisms of multiple interactions thanks to environmental monitoring. Thus, my thesis supports the idea that management practices focusing on a single pressure, while ignoring others, are unable to conserve populations of target species because they don’t consider multiple interactions. This highlights the importance to use complementary management strategies to achieve sustainability in the context of global changes (climatic change and deer overabundance)
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Madhany, Nurez N. "Empowerment Through Community Based Monitoring." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/208.
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Community Based monitoring (CBM): How facilitators can help Dalit and Adivassi communities in rural villages to participate in government programs to improve their health, educate their children, receive social security benefits and pensions, access rural work programs, enroll in pre and post natal care programs, and buy from government sponsored discount shops for basic necessities.
In many parts of rural India the Dalit (lower caste) and Adivassi (tribal) populations are unjustly discriminated against and denied access to many government sponsored programs that could greatly improve their lives. Unnati is a NGO based in Gujarat with a location in Rajasthan. From the Rajasthan office, Unnati and partner organizations worked through facilitators to help citizens in 50 different villages form citizen collectives. These collectives were trained in basic community based monitoring techniques. Through CBM (Community Based Monitoring), these citizens with help from their facilitators, Unnati, and partner NGOs begin taking a more active role in six government sponsored programs or schemes.
The facilitator manual I helped create is being used to further train current facilitators in Rajasthan and Gujarat. The manual will also be shared with other NGOs so that this program can be replicated with ease. The manual consists of an introduction to CBMs, criteria for being an Unnati facilitator, the facilitator roles and responsibilities, facilitator and village collectives’ goals, and a case study of two villages.
Unnati asked me to undertake this project so that documentation exists for best practices as the CBM project continues. The CBM project began in April 2011. Survey results were recorded beginning in May. In June, surveys were reformatted and the current format has remained in place till December of 2011. Additionally, a part of the manual includes survey results as a model of correct and incorrect ways to document information as well as to show the importance of each question and what it indicates in terms of overall community health.
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Mitchell-Banks, Paul Jonathan. "Tenure arrangements for facilitating community forestry in British Columbia." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ46394.pdf.
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Nice, Jako Albert. "Community engagement - South Africa : a development in community theory and education engagement. Architecture a facilitator." Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2009. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01082009-162529.
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Briggs, Peter Douglas. "Community development with indigenous communities, facilitating the creation of appropriate environments." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ40397.pdf.
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Ho, Chun-kit, and 何俊傑. "Facilitating community development for low income female migrants in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2000. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31260251.
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Ho, Chun-kit. "Facilitating community development for low income female migrants in Hong Kong /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B2228509X.
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Curran, Holly J. "Facilitating Collaboration Among School and Community Providers In Children's Mental Health." ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/4434.
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Interprofessional collaboration among school-based and community-based mental health providers in children's mental has been studied in relation to specific providers and as part of program evaluation; however, limited information exists as to how to overcome barriers to collaborative relationships. This study describes the experiences of school and community mental health service providers and those who supervise them. Using phenomenological methodology, three focus-group interview transcripts were analyzed by identifying recurrent themes relevant to the experience of collaboration from school and community providers' perspectives. Although participants viewed aspects of collaboration positively, barriers frequently interfered with collaborative relationships. Support for collaboration from state, district or organization administration was considered necessary for widespread collaboration across settings. To reduce time constraints on existing school staff, school-based professionals suggested it may be necessary to employ additional staff to manage collaborative relationships. Participants' ideas for funding included cutting costs, reducing risks, and grant writing. Jointly developing procedures, increasing accessibility by having services available within the school setting, and collecting outcome data regularly to share with stakeholders were discussed. Understanding the experiences of collaboration among school and community mental health providers has the potential to ignite social change by helping schools and community agencies overcome barriers to collaboration through improved coordination of services for children with unmet mental health needs.
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Hepplewhite, Elizabeth. "Opening the space : investigating responsivity in the expertise of applied theatre practitioners." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2017. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/opening-the-space-investigating-responsivity-in-the-expertise-of-applied-theatre-practitioners(2f440452-7ed1-4791-8117-9bf6fdeaa86f).html.
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This thesis investigates the expertise of applied theatre practitioners and proposes a concept of 'responsivity' to define their skills, knowledge, qualities and understanding. Practice-responsive research methods were devised to analyse how artists make decisions in-action in a range of applied theatre practice in community, education and health contexts. Research included the use of reflective dialogues following observations of practice, stimulated by joint researcher-practitioner reflection on a video recording of the observed session. Working from detailed analysis of this observed practice and dialogic reflection, new vocabularies are introduced and developed, with the aim of better articulating particular skills and approaches. The role of applied theatre practitioners is multi-faceted and primarily focussed on facilitating positive outcomes for the participants. Planning activity is informed by projected outcomes for the work and the context of practice, such as environment, nature of the participants, individual identities, etc. Practitioner skills build on art form knowledge and the ability to guide activity to create performance outcomes, alongside a concern for aesthetic and ethical issues of the work, as well as social and political awareness of the context. Adaptations to moment-by-moment activity reflect their ability to facilitate engagement and nurture interactive exchange. I suggest that, to manage these multiple demands, practitioners demonstrate heightened attendance to issues of inter-subjectivity and empathy, thereby developing an enhanced expertise in response to the work and the people and contexts involved in that work. The thesis proposes that responsive approaches are common to practitioners and enable her/him to make good choices within the moments of practice. Applied theatre's responsive-ness is indicative of a prioritisation of participant experience, however, the research also revealed the way in which a responsive ethos impacted and enriched the practitioners through supporting their own generative engagement with the work. The critical framework of responsivity proposed in this thesis acknowledges the importance of impact for all participants, including the artists. Whilst the methods and outcomes of applied theatre have received scholarly attention, this research focusses on how practitioners themselves define their expertise, embracing a consideration of skills learning and development. The concepts of response and dialogue informed this investigation in a number of significant ways, and as a result responsivity is proposed as a key methodological imperative for applied theatre research as well as the substantive focus of my thesis. This mode of operating as artists and researchers is particular to applied theatre's overarching aims to be socially responsive, politically engaged, ethically considerate and emancipatory. Responsivity is offered as a way to distinguish applied theatre practice from other performance participation and as an underpinning ethos for understanding the expertise of applied theatre practitioners.
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Morales, Monica R. "Defining Community-Based Art Therapy: How Art Therapy in School Settings is Facilitating Community-Based Art Therapy." Digital Commons at Loyola Marymount University and Loyola Law School, 2018. https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/etd/497.
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This research explores the overlap between community-based art therapy and school-based art therapy through the surveyed experiences of art therapists working in school settings, and informed by community-based art therapy components and characteristics identified in A Model for Art Therapists in Community Practice by Dylan Ottemiller and Yasmine Awais. A literature review focused on five components and characteristics identified within the community-based art therapy literature, and informed the review of school-based art therapy literature based on the community-based art therapy themes. A qualitative survey approach was utilized through the distribution and data analysis of an electronic survey and findings were enriched by the researcher’s participation in the development and implementation of a brief community-based art therapy program providing an art therapy experience to families receiving services at a domestic violence intervention center. Analysis of the data revealed three major themes and specific areas where school-based practice is facilitating community-based art therapy (CBAT) components and characteristics. The findings discuss which CBAT components and characteristics are and are not being facilitated within school-based practice, and in conclusion the research offers ways school-based art therapy programs may offer opportunities for community-based practice.
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Kotzé, Herculene. "'n Ondersoek na die veranderlike rol van die opvoedkundige tolk / Herculene Kotzé." Thesis, North-West University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/8004.
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Die rol wat die tolk vervul, is sentraal tot die sukses van die kommunikasie waarby sprekers van verskillende tale betrokke is. Professionele liggame en instellings vereis van ʼn tolk om tydens enige tolkgeleentheid aan etiese kodes en praktykstandaarde te voldoen. Hierdie etiese kodes en praktykstandaarde is rigtinggewend in dié opsig dat dit in ʼn mate voorskryf hoe die tolk sy rol moet benader en vervul. Wat egter opgesluit is in dergelike voorskrifte is die voortdurende ondersteuning van die sogenaamde ‘kanaal’-rol, waarin die tolk as onsigbare ‘masjien’ gesien word. Die uitdaging wat dus aan die tolk gestel word, is om binne sy moontlike unieke omgewing slegs volgens die voorskriftelike kanaal-rolbeskrywing te funksioneer. Wat in die literatuur oor die onderwerp bevind is, is dat die verwagtinge wat deur so ʼn voorskriftelike rolbeskrywing aan die tolk gestel word, nie noodwendig haalbaar is in die praktyk nie. In die lig hiervan bring hierdie studie die rol van die opvoedkundige tolk op die voorgrond.
Gemeenskapstolking in die breë verwys na tolking wat alle sosiaal-geörienteerde tolking saamvat, insluitend tolking wat verband hou met opvoeding of opleiding. Hierdie studie ondersoek gemeenskapstolktipes om vas te stel wat die ooreenkomste en verskille tussen die onderskeie tipes gemeenskapstolking is, en bevind dat opvoedkundige tolking uniek van aard is en dus ʼn unieke benadering noodsaak. Dit sluit aan by Mullamaa (2006:25) se siening dat ʼn sosiale ommekeer in tolknavorsing plaasgevind het en dat daar tans ʼn groter bewustheid van die kompleksiteit van tolking gekweek word. Toury (1995:53) en Pym (2010) ondersteun hierdie siening en voer aan dat die taalpraktisyn homself as deel van die sosiale omstandighede van die kommunikasiegeleentheid moet kan handhaaf.
Op ʼn teoretiese vlak is Toury (1995:55) se normkonsep ingespan omdat dit kontekssensitief is en die inherente sosiale dinamika waarbinne vertaal- en tolkpraktyke gevestig word, verreken. Geskoei op die teoretiese normmodelle van Toury (1995:55) en Shlesinger (1999:65-77), wat ʼn meganisme daarstel waardeur normatiewe gedrag en rolgedrag gemeet kan word, asook Niska (2002:137-138) se teoretiese tolkrolmodel wat aanvoer dat die gemeenskapstolk homself in ʼn piramiede van betrokkenheid bevind, is bestaande en nuutingesamelde data geanaliseer om vas te stel presies wat die dinamiek is wat verreken behoort te word in die omskrywing van die rol wat opvoedkundige tolk vervul.Daar is bevind dat ʼn definisie van die rol van die opvoedkundige tolk gevind kan word tussen dit wat van die opvoedkundige tolk verwag word en dit wat in die werklikheid geskied. Die studie het bewys dat die rol van die opvoedkundige tolk inderdaad veranderlik is, en dat die wending na ʼn meer sosiaal-dinamiese rolmodel vir tolking ook by die rolvervullingsmodel vir opvoedkundige tolking inpas. Die teorie wat geponeer word, is dat die opvoedkundige tolk homself deurgaans op ʼn dinamiese kontinuum van beweeglikheid bevind waarbinne hy verskeie rolle vervul na gelang die spesifieke behoeftes van die tolkgeleentheid.
Aanbevelings word gemaak vir die implementering van ʼn model vir opvoedkundige tolkrolvervulling in Suid-Afrika, asook vir verdere navorsingsmoontlikhede ten opsigte van die tolkrolgesprek.Thesis (PhD (Linguistics and Literary Theory))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2012