Dissertations / Theses: 'Community empowerment'

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Madhany, Nurez N. "Empowerment Through Community Based Monitoring." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2012. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/iph_theses/208.

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Community Based monitoring (CBM): How facilitators can help Dalit and Adivassi communities in rural villages to participate in government programs to improve their health, educate their children, receive social security benefits and pensions, access rural work programs, enroll in pre and post natal care programs, and buy from government sponsored discount shops for basic necessities. In many parts of rural India the Dalit (lower caste) and Adivassi (tribal) populations are unjustly discriminated against and denied access to many government sponsored programs that could greatly improve their lives. Unnati is a NGO based in Gujarat with a location in Rajasthan. From the Rajasthan office, Unnati and partner organizations worked through facilitators to help citizens in 50 different villages form citizen collectives. These collectives were trained in basic community based monitoring techniques. Through CBM (Community Based Monitoring), these citizens with help from their facilitators, Unnati, and partner NGOs begin taking a more active role in six government sponsored programs or schemes. The facilitator manual I helped create is being used to further train current facilitators in Rajasthan and Gujarat. The manual will also be shared with other NGOs so that this program can be replicated with ease. The manual consists of an introduction to CBMs, criteria for being an Unnati facilitator, the facilitator roles and responsibilities, facilitator and village collectives’ goals, and a case study of two villages. Unnati asked me to undertake this project so that documentation exists for best practices as the CBM project continues. The CBM project began in April 2011. Survey results were recorded beginning in May. In June, surveys were reformatted and the current format has remained in place till December of 2011. Additionally, a part of the manual includes survey results as a model of correct and incorrect ways to document information as well as to show the importance of each question and what it indicates in terms of overall community health.

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TerMaat, Richard J. "Community empowerment through economic development." Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN), 1995. http://www.tren.com.

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Norman, Lita. "Community empowerment approaches to environmental stewardship." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ35919.pdf.

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Gomez-Monroy, Carla 1977. "eRadio : empowerment through community Web radio." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/26743.

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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2004.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 115-120) and index.
The eRadio project proposes to be an effective aid to increase interaction and reduce alienation among the members of dispersed communities by using a holistic approach to participatory and interactive web radio-production, with ad hoc methodology and ad hoc electronic tools. Through eRadio individuals can contribute to a participatory process of community self-discovery, identification, and assimilation by voicing their concerns and views as well as by expressing aesthetic and cultural ways of rejoicing. eRadio participators can trigger processes that may lead to the sustainability and empowerment of different segments of the dispersed community, and of the whole, by airing issues of collective importance and thus moving individuals, groups, and institutions to reflection and cooperation. Volunteers become communicators that get others to tell anecdotes or discuss issues as they audio-record them. Then they creatively edit and transmit the finished audio pieces via the web and, if local conditions permit it, they radio broadcast it. Interactive transmission from different sites is done by two or more segments of the dispersed community. The project includes development of a hardware and software package that supports simple task-based production of digital audio files. The hardware is a simple computer called "VoxPopBox" which can be connected to a portable digital recorder in order to download audio clips that have been recorded in the field. The software is divided into four task areas which guide the user through gathering audio, producing a piece, publishing their work, and listening to other audio publications. Each box is connected to other boxes via the Internet. This thesis describes the pilot implementation of the eRadio project with the Tulcingo community, which is a dispersed transnational community with a hometown in Mexico and about half of its population in New York City. After two nine-day workshops, we produced and transmitted two radio programs, one from the town of Tulcingo and the other from the city of New York. As a result the Tulcingo community is interested in a long-term eRadio implementation. If done, Tulcingo would be an eRadio seed community from which other communities can bloom.
by Carla Gomez-Monroy.
S.M.

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Jones, Darryl Maurice. "Sport and community empowerment : moving the game into the community." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/74798.

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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1988.
Title as it appears in M.I.T. Graduate List, June 1988: Sports and community empowerment--moving the game into the community.
Includes bibliographical references.
by Darryl Maurice Jones.
M.C.P.

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Ford, Ramsey A. "Design and Empowerment: Learning from Community Organizing." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1242854164.

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Ford, Ramsey. "Design and empowerment learning from community organizing /." Cincinnati, Ohio : University of Cincinnati, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc_num=ucin1242854164.

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Thesis (Master of Design)--University of Cincinnati, 2009.
Advisor: Mike Zender. Title from electronic thesis title page (viewed July 27, 2009). Includes abstract. Keywords: design; design for social impact; social design;design and community empowerment; design and economic development; poverty and design. Includes bibliographical references.

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Casey, Lynda. "Perceptions of Community Health Board members regarding community empowerment and participation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0008/MQ36347.pdf.

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Murray, Justina E. "Exploring empowerment : a new conceptual framework for the study of empowerment in practice." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.298690.

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Becker, Alexander W. "Platforms of empowerment : an imaginarium." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/45276.

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Tamefusa, Chihiro. "Environmental Justice in Remediation: Tools for Community Empowerment." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2016. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/pomona_theses/144.

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Exide Technologies finally closed its secondary lead-battery recycling plant on March 12, 2015. The community of primarily Hispanics around the facility had to fight many years to have the polluting facility shut down. Because government agencies, whose job is to protect citizens from polluters, were not regulating the facility properly, residents are not sure if they can trust the agencies to carry out remediation effectively and efficiently either. In this paper I explore the environmental justice issues associated with environmental remediation and what community members can do to make sure that their neighborhood is cleaned up properly. Through interviews with government agencies and environmental activists heavily involved in this case, I discovered that the main environmental justice issue in remediation is increased exposure to toxins. I argue that strong community activism and involvement are necessary for remediation to happen properly, and explore some tools that can be used in this process.

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Swart, Hentus. "Community empowerment in emerging markets : a sustainable approach." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/22839.

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This study describes a sustainable empowerment process used to mobilise, capacitate and sustainably empower communities.An approach to unlock the potential of the high number of unemployed youth within the emerging markets was investigated. These unemployed youth do not have the correct skills, experience and opportunities to become productive citizens of a country. This research looked at methods used to enable the youth to contribute sustainably to the formal economy as a key to empowering the community.The success factors for community empowerment and the contributions made by stakeholders were explored.The research was based on exploratory research of a South African company, Next S and their operations within local communities. Next S was used because of their innovative and dynamic operations and long history with community projects.
Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted

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Emley, Elizabeth A. "Empowerment Education to Promote Youth and Community Health." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1598277140759782.

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Rådelius, Elias. "Community Radio 2.0 - Reinventing Participation, Empowerment and Community in Converging Public Spheres." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23049.

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New technologies, such as social media and web services, are becoming increasingly common and important tools for community radio stations. The convergence of community radio, social media and web services opens up new opportunities for participation from the audience and challenges previous conceptions of community, participation, empowerment and the public sphere. This study focuses on how this convergence affects notions of participation, empowerment, community and the public sphere as well as the resulting challenges and opportunities. The study was conducted at three community radio stations in the Western Cape, South Africa and used a mixed-methods approach of qualitative interviews, a survey and netnographic observations of social media and web presence.The findings show that social media and web services increases and changes participation by extending possibilities to interact independently of spatiotemporal limitations of radio broadcasts. It has direct effects on the content of the radio shows and the audience is empowered as co-producers and contributors of content. Additionally, the interaction itself creates new content in other mediums, such as blogs. The study also shows how the converging public spheres of community radio and social media are contradictory as participation becomes economized and exclusionary and relies heavily on financial means, access and digital literacy of the community. The expanded, global reach of community radio also challenges the notion of community as it includes distant and diasporic communities. However, the presence in the global mediascape harmonizes with community radio values of self-representation and self-expression. The study concludes that community radio stations need to both strategize their social media use while balancing their mandate to be a voice of the voiceless that lack access and/or digital literacy to participate.

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Suadnya, I. Wayan. "Power in empowerment : who wields it ? : an analysis of empowerment programs in coastal Lombok, Indonesia / y I Wayan Suadnya." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2006. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19455.pdf.

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Deetlefs, Rhodian Meyer. "Digitally crafted community futures: A distributed approach to remedial craft for community empowerment." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/210970/1/Rhodian_Deetlefs_Thesis.pdf.

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This research explores the synergistic potential between disability support practice and creative industries. It adopts an autoethnographic approach informed by the researcher's lived experience with a psychiatric disability, his interest in peer support practice, and his role as a goldsmith and jewellery designer. Project 1 investigated the field of his emergent practice as a Remedial Creative Practitioner, while Project 2 produced the Integrated Resource Design System (IRDS). The democratisation of digital technology is at the heart of this project and includes computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD & CAM) technology and the sharing economy in a distributed approach to community empowerment.

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Dunn, Susan F. "Toward Empowerment: Women and Community-Based Tourism in Thailand." Thesis, Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/6122.

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Smith, Roger. "Human Development and Youth Empowerment in the Caribbean community." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.508916.

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Pacheco, Pedro. "Rinconada : a study of resident empowerment for community development." Virtual Press, 2003. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1272426.

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The purpose of this study in 2002-2003 was to explore the relationships between individual and community empowerment and community development as reported by five government officials of the City of Oaxaca, Mexico, and by three community leaders, two NGO representatives, and three residents of Rinconada, an urban neighborhood on the outskirt of Oaxaca City. This study documents the dynamics of the Committee for Urban Life (COMVIVE), a community development program founded under the principle of resident participation. More specifically, this study describes the ways by which residents of the developing community of Rinconada were empowered by COMVIVE to participate substantially in community development initiatives.The Case Study research methodology was used to identify the setting, the unit of analysis, and the informants. Ethnographic procedures such as interviews, participant observation, and analysis of documents were used to collect, analyze, and report the evidence. Further analysis of the evidence was done with the help of ATLAS.ti, a computer program that allowed faster retrieval of interview information.The evidence presented suggests that the COMVIVE principles, structure, and process contributed to residents' empowerment to take action for community development. The COMVIVE program and its coordinators recognized and used the community organizational structure as the basis for resident participation, provided residents with a network of agencies and experts to access information and resources to undertake their projects, formed partnerships with residents and local NGOs, facilitated democratic decisions, provided tools to make development processes transparent and democratic, had a direct contact with residents, and facilitated residents participation in the decision-making process.The evidence also suggests that resident empowerment for community development is much more that involvement. It entails residents' control of their projects and responsibility to obtain appropriate information for decision making. In the context of low-income human settlements, having appropriate information is important for residents as they take actions to improve their living environments. Additional studies about empowerment for environmental improvement would add value to this study and inform practitioners to help plan and implement meaningful development programs.
Department of Educational Leadership

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Sanborn, Robert A. "Land, wealth and the origins of minority community empowerment." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/77322.

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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1986.
MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH
Bibliography: leaves 59-63.
by Robert A. Sanborn.
M.C.P.

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Dolezal, Claudia. "Questioning empowerment in community-based tourism in rural Bali." Thesis, University of Brighton, 2015. https://research.brighton.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/14e3dc07-4d2f-4ab0-8a61-9dba6470cf49.

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The term 'empowerment' is used with greater frequency in tourism for development, particularly in the context of community-based tourism (CBT), which is often referred to as a tool to 'empower' communities in the initiation, implementation and management of tourism. Still, critical and empirically grounded research on empowerment remains limited, particularly as emerging from social relationships in CBT. These are in many cases regarded as disempowering for community members, such as the tourism encounter and community relationships in cases where they lead to conflicts and jealousy, rather than collaboration. This research analyses these social relationships prevalent in CBT to take them as a potential starting point for social empowerment. Its aim is to locate social spaces of empowerment in CBT by unravelling power relations between the actors involved at local level. In these social spaces of empowerment, the basis of empowerment is generative power, defined as collective power with and power within, based on self-respect, to achieve power to generate positive change and to overcome power over (i.e. dominating power). The fieldwork was conducted in three rural villages in Bali, which engage in CBT and are supported by a local NGO that aims at empowering communities. The methodology draws upon ethnographic traditions alongside semi-structured interviews and participant observations. Symbolic interactionism provides the methodological position, regarding meaning as constructed through interaction. A reflexive chapter discusses the intersubjectivities between the researcher and participants and links the methodology with the intellectual argument and the findings of the study. Empirical evidence reveals that empowerment opportunities are unequal in the studied villages, with obstacles such as language, a lack in skills and caste hindering villagers' empowerment. The village tourism committees (VTCs), a local and trained elite, take control over the space of CBT and the tourism encounter, by employing notions of 'authenticity' to sell the CBT product. Although CBT creates hope for change and empowerment for community members, it currently remains empowering for a few, while others generally experience tokenistic pseudo-participation and a silent involvement. At the same time, this study reveals first signs of empowerment based on power with and power within, generated in the tourism encounter and through villagers' social ties, which are visualised in a 'CBT power diagram'.

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Modiba, Benjamin Maboke. "Radio Turf as a community radio station :empowerment possibilities." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2965.

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Thesis (M.A.(Media Studies)) --University of the North, 2002
This research report looks at Radio Turf as a radio station serving the university community as well af the neighbouring communities. It seeks to establish whether Radio Turf is indeed an empowering tool to the community it serves, looking at language usage, skills development, promotion of local music, gender issues and education. It further seeks to establish whether it is indeed a community radio station in the true sense of the word. The research report lso looks at ways and means of improving community radio stations in general as a way of empowering the communities they serve through participation and involvement. The report could be of assistance to the radio station in as far as knowing its weaknesses and strong points as a way of improving its service to the community it serves

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Donato, Eric G. (Eric Gonzalez). "The role of community schools in community empowerment : a historical case study of the Quincy Community School." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/65667.

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Kearney, Shanon C. "The Community Garden as a Tool for Community Empowerment: A Study of Community Gardens in Hampden County." Amherst, Mass. : University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2009. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/361/.

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Reynolds, J. "Enacting 'community' : conceptualisations and practices of 'community' in a UK area-based, empowerment initiative." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 2016. http://researchonline.lshtm.ac.uk/3141187/.

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The practice of engaging the ‘community’ has established presence in public health efforts to target inequalities. However, there remains a lack of critical consideration of how ‘community’ is conceptualised in delivering and evaluating participatory health interventions. This may contribute to the lack of conclusive evidence of the impact of 'community' engagement on health inequalities in the UK and elsewhere. This thesis explored how ‘community’ was enacted through an area-based, ‘community’ empowerment initiative in the UK, to contribute to approaches for evaluating the impacts of such interventions. Drawing on post-humanist, ontological perspectives and actor-network theory, I examined how ‘community’ was enacted through the delivery of the ‘community’ initiative in two areas. I conducted an ethnographic case study over 13 months between 2014 and 2015, and employed multiple qualitative methods to identify practices and conceptualisations constituting enactments of ‘community’. The research was conducted in parallel with a study evaluating the initiative’s impacts on determinants of health inequalities. ‘Community’ was enacted through ongoing ‘boundary work’; or, the assertion and negotiation of spatial, material and social boundaries around eligibility to contribute to and/or benefit from the initiative. Practices and values of the initiative contributed to positioning the individual as separate from the ‘collective’, and to constructions of the ‘community’ as a holistic but segmented entity. Finally, relations of disconnection – of ‘missing out’ – were identified as inherent to enactments of ‘community’ and to the process of aligning my ethnographic practice with evaluation research. These findings hold implications for theorising the pathways to improved health via collective empowerment, and processes of inclusion and exclusion in participatory initiatives. They indicate that evaluation practice must explore how the multiple ways of doing ‘community’ cut across the intervention-context divide, and consider the relevance of this for producing transferable evidence on engaging the ‘community’ to address health inequalities.

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Harrison, Tim. "An Australian Rules for radicals? Community activism and genuine empowerment." Thesis, Federation University Australia, 2015. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/97190.

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This thesis seeks to develop a critical understanding of the impact of a particular Community Renewal project on the residents. The Wendouree West Community Renewal was part of a broader Victorian state government intervention, Neighbourhood Renewal, which worked ‘on’ communities identified as disadvantaged. The study investigated the experiences of key residents, along with those of the author, during the period 2001-2013. The main contention is that Wendouree West Community Renewal project colluded with the welfare sector to impose a hegemonic and alien set of understandings on the community. This study is passionate; it takes a stance that is unashamedly political, ideological and partisan. Its key premise is that government interventions of this kind are damaging to communities like the one investigated. The Wendouree West experience promoted a three-fold residualisation: at the level of a ‘breaking down’ of local economies; an undermining of formal and informal education at a community level; and a manipulation of understandings of place, belonging and community that resulted in the imposition of a fake ’aspirational community’ in Wendouree West. The impact of this three-fold residualisation was a deep stigmatisation of Wendouree West as a ‘non-place’ (Auge, 2008), enabling its ultimate ghettoisation, both within the broader context of the regional city of which Wendouree West forms a small part, and within the understandings of residents themselves. This thesis represents struggle at a number of levels: the struggle of the residents to push back against a hegemonic intervention; the struggle of a scholar to make sense of his own role within the action; and the struggle of how to represent the residents’ stories in ways that are powerful and ‘truthful’ within the context of a PhD thesis. ii The ‘critical hope’ of this work is that the residents are able to push back against this program through acts of resistance and that community organising, in the style of the American radical Saul Alinsky, may represent a possible longer term means for empowerment and self-determination.
Doctor of Philosophy

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Mamburu, David Nyadzani. "The evaluarion of the impact of a community empowerment programme on rural communities." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2000. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-03122007-133235.

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Li, Man-kit, and 李文杰. "Community planning : as an empowerment process? : case in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206577.

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In the arena of planning in Hong Kong, the doctrine of community planning is still an abstract idea and has not been formally adopted by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government. Be that as it may, the word “community planning” or “community participation” was always mentioned in strategic dimensions of planning in Hong Kong in recent years. On the other hand, the discussion among community planning around the global asked for a higher and higher participation level in community planning process, shifting from participation to empowerment. Thus, this dissertation attempts to fill this research gap, analyzing the degree of empowerment under the planning frameworks and institutions in Hong Kong and how effective is community planning to empower citizens in Hong Kong. The community engagement elements within the planning related institutional frameworks in Hong Kong were reviewed and analyzed, in order to figure out the extent of empowerment of the community engagement elements in these frame works. On the other hand, a local planning concern group, which adopts community planning based approach, was used as a contextual study of analyzing the effectiveness of community planning based practices to empower citizens in Hong Kong. It was found that the extent of empowerment of the community engagement elements in planning frameworks of Hong Kong is limited, and community planning based practices is effective in empowering citizens. Thus, if planning in Hong Kong is to empower, but not disempower citizens, community planning approaches should be adopted. A series of empowering community planning process was recommended in this final part of this study.
published_or_final_version
Urban Planning and Design
Master
Master of Science in Urban Planning

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Rhoda, Moegamat Faarieg. "Community empowerment through municipal service delivery : a proposed operational framework." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52168.

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Thesis (MPhil) -- Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Legislation encourages local government! municipalitiesl local authorities in South Africa, to fulfil a development role. One of the main objectives of municipalities performing a development role is to empower communities, especially previously disadvantaged communities. This study argues that the services delivered by municipalities are an essential component of a development orientation. In view of this fact, the study proposes an operational framework, whereby community empowerment can be achieved through municipal service delivery. The operational framework suggest that for community empowerment to be achieved through municipal service delivery, requires that the empowerment enabler (municipalities or departments within municipalities) should assure that: disadvantaged communities have access to services, services must be delivered in a non-discriminatory manner, the community should understand the rationale as to why the service is delivered, opportunity should be given for community participation in the delivery process, there should be a constant information channel between the giver (enabler) and receiver of services, and human resources from the local community should be utilised where possible in the delivery process. Lastly, a descriptive evaluation is undertaken of the health department's approach (at the Stellenbosch Municipality) to the delivery of primary healthcare services and service infrastructure. The purpose of the evaluation is to ascertain whether the principles as proposed in the operational framework are present in the health department's approach to service delivery. The evaluation reveals that most of the proposed principles of the operational framework features in the health department's approach to the delivery of primary healthcare services and services infrastructure. Thereby, concluding that the health department follows to a certain extent an approach to service delivery that could ultimately lead to community empowerment.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wetgewing vereis dat plaaslike regering/ plaaslike owerhede/ munisipaliteite in Suid-Afrika, 'n ontwikkelingsrol moet vervul. Een van die doelstellings van 'n ontwikkelingsrol vir munisipaliteite, is om gemeenskappe te bemagtig, spesifiek gemik op agtergeblewe gemeenskappe. Hierdie studie argumenteer dat die dienste gelewer deur munisipaliteite 'n essensiële komponent vorm van 'n ontwikkelings-orientasie. Gevolglik, stel hierdie studie 'n operasionele raamwerk voor, waarvolgens gemeenskapsbemagtiging bewerkstellig kan word deur middel van munisipale dienslewering. Die operasionele raamwerk stel voor dat om gemeenskapsbemagting deur dienslewering te bewerkstellig, vereis dat die bemagtiger (munisipaliteite of departemente binne munisipaliteite) moet toesien dat: agtergeblewe gemeenskappe toegang het tot diente, dienste moet gelewer word op 'n niediskriminerende wyse, die gemeenskap moet verstaan waarom die diens gelewer word, geleentheid moet geskep word vir gemeenskapsdeelname aan die diensleweringsproses, 'n kommunikasie kanaal tussen die ontvanger en leweraar (bemagtiger) van dienste, moet geskep word en laastens moet daar van plaaslike arbeid (waar moontlik), in die diensleweringsproses gebruik word. Laastens word 'n beskrywende evaluering onderneem na die Gesondheidsdepartement (by die Stellenbosch Munisipaliteit) se benadering tot die lewering van primêre gesondheidssorgdienste asook diens infrastruktuur. Die doel van die evaluering is om te bepaal of enige van die faktore, soos beskryf in die operasionele raamwerk, teenwoordig is in die gesondheidsdepartement se benadering tot dienslewering. Die resultate van die ondersoek toon aan dat die meeste van die faktore, soos voorgestel in die operasionele raamwerk, wel teenwoordig is in die gesondheidsdepartement se benadering tot dienslewering. Gevolglik kan daar afgelei word dat die gesondheidsdepartement wel tot 'n mate, 'n benadering tot dienslewering volg, wat kan lei tot gemeenskapsbemagtiging.

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Alder, Stephanie A. Beaver. "Fostering Youth Empowerment & Wellness| Supporting Community College Foster Youth." Thesis, Saint Mary's College of California, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10098575.

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Foster youth face significant challenges as they navigate higher education; estimated rates of those who obtain Bachelor Degrees vary from 1 to 11% (Casey Family Services, 1999; Emerson, 2006; Pecora et al., 2003). Grounded in identity, attachment, development, and student success theories and rooted in relational cultural therapy, this proposed program applies components to help counter and shrink the achievement gap of foster youth. Utilizing case management, a mentoring program, and across-system collaboration and communication, educational outcomes for foster youth can be improved, avenues for positive and consistent interpersonal adult connections can be provided, and access to existing services across campus, local, and county systems for foster youth attending a community colleges can be improved. The challenges facing foster youth, associated theories and proposed intervention components are examined and supported by the literature. Intervention strengths, limitations, and implications are also explored.

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Veloso, Gelson. "Community of Communities : Platform for political empowerment of permaculture groups." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Institutionen för konst, kultur och kommunikation (K3), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-46100.

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This research investigates the potential of digital platforms to broaden the scope of action and empower permaculture communities in their attempt to challenge the capitalist mode of production regarding topics such as food harvesting and consumption patterns. It draws on Manzini’s (2018) critique of neoliberalism and his discussion on designing for social innovation, which suggests focusing on and enhancing existing members' capabilities rather than their needs; fostering cross-collaboration within and among communities; and allowing these collaborations to mature over time. It combines design thinking and co-design to develop further a previously existing proof of concept of a mapping platform that connects permaculture initiatives in Brazil. When it was created in 2018, this platform was tested by potential users who underscored severe usability limitations, and as a result, it was never fully implemented. This thesis discusses such limitations and proposes an improved platform to empower those communities by fostering collaboration beyond individuals and local groups towards regional communities.

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Banda, Castro Ana Lilia, and Zamorano Miguel Arturo Morales. "Psychological Empowerment: A systemic model with individual and community components." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/101236.

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This study aimed to confirm that social participation may influence empowerment as one ofthe four components explained by the theory. The hypothesis proposes systemic interaction of two components of empowerment: intrapersonal and behavioral. 113 urban residents participated in the study. The hypotheses were tested through the use of structural modeling. An intrapersonal component of empowerment, composed of positive empowerment, negative empowerment and socio-political control was identified. This component was affected by the behavioral component that involves social organization, community action and decision making. The hypothesis is accepted and the study provides empirical support to the theory.
Se busca confirmar que la participación social puede influir en el empoderamiento comouno de sus cuatro componentes. La hipótesis propone la interacción sistémica de dos componentes del empoderamiento: intrapersonal y comportamental. Los participantes fueron 113 habitantes urbanos a quienes se les aplicó una encuesta. Los resultados evidencian que el modelamiento estructural identificó un componente intrapersonal del empoderamiento integrado por empoderamiento positivo, empoderamiento negativo y control sociopolítico. Este componente se muestra afectado por el componente de comportamiento conformado por la organización social, las acciones comunitarias y la toma de decisiones. Se acepta la hipótesis y se proporciona sustento empírico a la teoría.

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Hamill, Alexis C. "From Discrimination to Action: Understanding Empowerment in the Deaf Community." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1342307823.

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Lang, Raymond Paul. "Perceiving disability and practising Community-Based Rehabilitation." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327490.

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This thesis explores two distinct yet inter-related issues within the twin fields of disability and developments tudies. First, the evolution of Community-BasedR ehabilitation( CBR) as the "received orthodoxy" for disability service provision throughout the developing world. Second, the developmenot f two theoretical" models"o r perspectiveso f disability: the medicala nds ocial perspectivesT. he assumptionws hichu nderpinC BR haven ot generallyb eens ubjectedto critical examinationn or hasc onsiderationb eeng iven ast o how CBR andt he theoreticalu nderstandings of disabilityi nter-relate. This thesisc ritically analysesth is inter-relationship. The thesisd escribesa ndc ritiquest he theoreticalu nderstandingosf disability,a ndt he philosophy ando perationapl racticeo f CBR, beforec onsideringh ow eacho f thesec anm utuallye nhancea nd developt he other.T his analysiss uggestws aysf orwardt o developinga na lternativeu nderstanding of disability, which is pertinent to the experience of disabled people in a developing country context. It is argued that neither perspective provides an intellectually satisfying analysis. CBR has invariably been perceived by planners and policy makers in a somewhat utopian manner. A field study of four NGO-managed CBR programmes in South India provides an empirical exploration of these issues. The case studies enlighten and contextualise the issues this thesis addresses. It is concludedt hat a universal" model" of disabilityi s inadequateb ut that insightsc an be drawn from both the medical and social perspectives. Importantly, an "improved" understandingo f disabilitym ust take into accountt he way in which the experienceo f disabilitya nd impairmenti s shapedb y economic,s ociala ndc ultural factors.T he thesisa lsoc oncludesth at althought here are problems inherent in the principles and practice of CBR, it has the potential to create an unprecedented opportunity for disabled people to improve their well-being. Given that "empowerment"i s becomein creasinglyim portantw ithin CBR. there is potential in considering the implications of Paulo Freire's philosophy of social transformation for operational practice.

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Stack, Erin Elizabeth. "Empowerment in Community-Based Participatory Research with Persons with Developmental Disabilities: Perspectives of Community Researchers." PDXScholar, 2013. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/550.

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Community-based participatory research (CBPR) is a research approach that benefits from the expertise of community members being involved in the research along all stages of a project (Israel et al., 2003). CBPR is often utilized with marginalized populations in order to amplify a community's voice on important issues in their lives (Bastida, Tseng, McKeever, & Jack, 2010; Minkler & Wallerstein, 2008). In the past, persons with disability have been excluded from research in order to protect them from exploitation. This practice of exclusion undermines opportunities for persons with disabilities to be independent and make decisions that are important for themselves and their communities. Exclusion also limits the generation of new knowledge that can benefit them (McDonald & Keys, 2008). Through involvement on a CBPR project, persons with disabilities are given the opportunity to become empowered within the context of the project (Atkinson, 2004; Oden, Hernandez, & Hidalgo, 2010). This study examined empowerment definitions, evolution of empowerment definitions, and facilitators and barriers to community partners with and without disabilities becoming empowered through their work on a CBPR project. Overall, community partners' definitions of empowerment related to individual and setting-level characteristics. Individual-level empowerment was defined as self-efficacy, self-esteem, control over decision-making, and disability rights advocacy. Facilitators to empowerment within the CBPR process were promoting inclusion, promoting an accessible partnership, sharing of power within and between groups, and actively sharing and gaining knowledge within and between groups. Inaccessible communication, inaccessible language, and lack of project ownership were identified as possible barriers to empowerment. In most cases, empowerment definitions remained stable across one's work on this project, but there were instances of positive change in the lives of some community partners who expressed being empowered through the partnership. CBPR provides an opportunity for persons with developmental disabilities to be included in the research processes as well as possibly gain important qualities throughout, such as empowerment. This study situated the individual's empowerment beliefs and behaviors within the CBPR setting, identifying both facilitators and barriers, and provides support that a CBPR process can be empowering for community partners. Future research in collaboration with community partners should continue to focus on empowerment in all stages of the research project, local collaborations, and continued diversity of community engagement in research. Engaging in a formal reflection process and documenting the process for other researchers to learn from diverse barriers and facilitators to empowerment is encouraged.

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Wongchachom, Chumnong. "An investigation into a community information database system in the northeast of Thailand: Community empowerment through community learning centres." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2006. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/104.

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Following the economic downturn in the late 1990s the Government of Thailand restructured the economy resulting in rapid economic recovery. The society now needs developments to project it into the Information Age. This study is but one creative response to this need. To initiate the study, an extensively validated Questionnaire was implemented with a snowball sample comprising 500 representative, non-randomised respondents from the four provinces of the Inpeng Community Network (ICN). The purpose of the Questionnaire was to ascertain levels of information needs and local knowledge, and to identify ten local experts from ICN for subsequent In-depth Interviews. Data obtained in this way were analysed then classified into a retrievable form of knowledge. A model community information database system (CIDS) was then designed, installed and trialled with a convenience sample of 165 variously prepared respondents using computers in six CLC. Semi-structured Interviews then provided additional data on information needs and refinement of the model CIDS. Respondents saw this refined CIDS as having the potential to be emulated by other rural communities, and in particular, to be a valuable technological tool suitable for dissemination throughout ICN. Respondents believed that community development and empowerment would be enhanced by CIDS, enabling individual problems to be dealt with effectively, and sustainable development to be achieved.

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Wongchachom, Chumnong. "An investigation into a community information database system in the northeast of Thailand community empowerment through community learning centres /." Connect to thesis, 2006. http://portal.ecu.edu.au/adt-public/adt-ECU2006.0018.html.

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Ahalt, Cyrus. "The effects of community radio on women's empowerment in rural Liberia." Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2010. http://worldcat.org/oclc/644674190/viewonline.

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Valdivia, Rossana. "COMMUNITY EMPOWERMENT : Urban Strategies to Overcome Floods Linked to Climate Change." Thesis, KTH, Stadsbyggnad, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-119262.

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Almost half of the major natural disasters happening in the world have to do with flooding. The number of such events has been increasing over the years due to climate change combined with an accelerated and uncontrolled urban growth. My thesis adresses vulnerability in Latin-American cities affected by floods. Adapting to the temporary floods and strengthening the community social and economically to reduce vulnerability and promote a more integrated development .

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Peditto, Gena M. "Artists on display : open studios and the search for community empowerment." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/38654.

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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2007.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 93-95).
The much publicized and mythologized transformation of cities such as Barcelona and urban neighborhoods like SoHo in New York City, have led to broader ideas about the "Creative City," the "Creative Economy," and the "Creative Class." In an attempt to reap the promised riches of wealth, job creation, and prestige, some cities have developed strategies to promote their "livable" neighborhoods and attract "creative" workers and cultural tourism, but these ideas support a specific conception of what art and creativity is and what the role of artists should be in revitalization. The overall message that is conveyed is that consumption-oriented arts and entertainment ventures are more highly valued than noncommercial arts incubators and venues. Much like an ecological system, the success of commercial arts ventures is dependent on the success of the noncommercial arts venues. By focusing solely on commercial exchange, a city may fail to sustain all the parts necessary for a healthy arts community. Likewise, the arts community's embrace of commercial opportunities, in combination with the lack of a unified voice that calls for nurturing the arts community's unique and rich diversity, sends a signal back to the city that the disruption of their "arts ecology" is acceptable. venues, nurture creativity and innovative ideas, and promote diverse conceptions of art?
(cont.) This thesis investigates a portion of that ecology: Open Studio events. It considers nine neighborhood-wide Open Studio events in Boston, Massachusetts, from the perspectives of the organizers (the neighborhoods and the city) and the participants (individual artists), and asks why these events are being created. What purpose do they serve? Beginning with a review of the larger trends that influence Boston's arts communities and its Open Studios, it traces the evolution of underlying motivations in organizing Open Studios - from politics to artist community building to neighborhood economic development and revitalization. It then analyzes the participating artists' complex range of motivations, going well beyond the casual assumption that artists participate to sell their work. This analysis leads to the conclusion that the nature of Open Studios has shifted away from its focus on art and artists. This shift can be nicely explained with Pierre Bourdieu's "Forms of Capital" theory. Born out of a criticism of classical economics, this theory explains the structure and function of society through the relationships between economic, social, and cultural capitals.
(cont.) Finally, the question of what to do with Open Studios is raised. Should they be repositioned away from their current commercial form? Or should Open Studios remain unchanged, thereby requiring the city, developers, and arts community to reconsider how they value noncommercial venues, nurture creativity and innovative ideas, and promote diverse conceptions of art?
by Gena M. Peditto.
M.C.P.

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WIKMAN, FRIDA. "Mobile Phone Utilization in Women’s Community-Based Organizations to Promote Empowerment." Thesis, KTH, Organisation och ledning, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-190705.

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There is a growing recognition that community-based organizations (CBOs) show greater success than other development organizations in promoting empowerment. It has also been acknowledged that information and communication technology (ICT) can be a powerful tool for development. In pursuit of empowerment of women, there is an interest to further study CBOs and ICT, and how they can be combined to take further steps forward. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate how mobile phones can be utilized in women's community-based organizations to promote empowerment, conducted as a case study on a women's CBO in Bangalore, India. The study shows that the main organizational characteristics that promote empowerment in CBOs are the participatory approach and the fostering of sense of community. Mobile phones constitute a valuable tool for enhancing these characteristics. However, the study also shows that the digital gender divide and ICT related risks that women face also have organizational implications that have to be considered by CBOs when utilizing ICT.

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Stutsky, Brenda Jane. "Empowerment and Leadership Development in an Online Story-Based Learning Community." NSUWorks, 2009. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/gscis_etd/318.

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The problem was that there is a shortage of nurses who possess the leadership practices required to fill current and impending nursing leadership vacancies. Hospital-based nurse educators are in a prime position to foster a leadership mindset within nurses, and seek out potential nurse leaders; however, nurse educators first need to develop their own leadership practices and feel empowered to take on the role of mentoring future nurse leaders. The goal was to develop an online learning community where hospital-based nurse educators could develop their own nursing leadership practices through storytelling within an environment that included the elements of teaching presence, cognitive presence, and social presence. The online learning community would be considered an empowering environment, and nurse educators would improve their own feelings of empowerment. A wiki was used as the computer-user interface for the online learning community, and was designed based on the principles of human-computer interaction, learning theory, and instructional design. The wiki was separated into two learning communities, namely, the facilitated community and the self-organizing community. Some of the wiki pages were viewable by both communities, some were community specific, and other pages were private and viewable only to the nurse educator and the facilitator. The researcher/facilitator was the leader of the facilitated community, while self-organizing community members were responsible for leading their own community. The facilitator intervened in the self-organizing community when necessary, mostly to address technical issues. Through direct instruction via narrated presentations available to both communities, and leadership stories written and posted by the community members themselves, nurse educators learned about exemplary practices of leadership. Nurse educators in both communities significantly increased their own perceived leadership practices and perceived levels of empowerment. Educators in both learning communities identified that their communities included the elements of teaching, cognitive, and social presence. There were no differences between the communities, except on the teaching presence subscale of direct instruction, where the facilitated community was rated significantly higher. Given increases in empowerment levels, it was determined that both online learning communities could be considered empowering environments.

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Lathan, Jaguanana. "Community schools, empowerment, systems thinking, and race| A model for change." Thesis, Mills College, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10181993.

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According to the U.S. Department of Education, the 2012-2013 national high school completion rate for Latino (75%), African American (73%), American Indian (70%), and limited English proficient (63%) students increased slightly compared to the 2011 national graduation data. While the national trend shows a one percentage point gain in the overall high school graduation rate across all subgroups, the numbers for African Americans, Latinos and other ethnic groups far trail that of their White (87%) and Asian (89%) peers. It is also far more likely that ethnic groups trailing in high school completion rates live in economically disadvantaged communities that are plagued with the disparate effects of poverty, such as single-family households, poor nutrition, and community safety concerns. As a result, there has been an increase in local and national conversations about how to best amend inequitable educational outcomes for these groups of students.

The conceptual framework for this study is oriented around systems thinking, race, empowerment theory, and community schools and partnerships. More specifically, this study sought to explore systems thinking and opportunities that schools can explore to eradicate the current negative racialized outcomes for African American, Latino, other ethnic minorities, and socially disadvantaged students. The one-year study took place at Roses in Concrete Community School, a newly designed charter school located in Oakland, California.

Findings suggest that during its first year implementation, the school’s leadership team and staff focused primarily on supporting students and families by (a) establishing a foundation of responding to basic needs, (b) partnering with community organizations, universities, and activists to provide additional school and community supports, (c) analyzing the system that produces the current outcomes with the intention of not reproducing inequities, and (d) empowering students and families to have a voice and increase their sense of agency.

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Otterbine, Joseph R. "Youth-led Environmental Awareness: Initiatives Towards a Jain Faith Community Empowerment." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc700090/.

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This project employs participatory action research methods in efforts to create a community specific environmental curriculum for the high school age youth at the only Jain faith community in the North Texas region. Aligned with the community’s goals, the youth led in deciding, creating, and carrying out initiatives that were aimed at increasing the level of awareness about environmental issues amongst community members. The research done by the youth aimed at looking at environmental issues through the lens of Jain doctrine. The final creation of a curriculum as a living document to be used by the youth in efforts to promote critical thinking skills and class discussion continues the participatory model. The curriculum encourages experiential and interpretative learning, which grants ownership of the topics to the youth themselves and ultimately empowering them to learn more and spread the importance of being environmentally friendly.

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Hamill, Alexis Claire. "Empowerment in the Deaf Community: Analyzing the Posts of Internet Weblogs." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1236977452.

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LIOU, YU-SHUO, and 劉育碩. "Community empowerment is not easy." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/749d78.

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碩士
國立聯合大學
客家語言與傳播研究所
106
"Community empowerment is not easy." is a documentary about the challenges and how to solve it when youth to activate the community. Through HSU CHIEN-CHIH , HSU CHI-JUNG who comes from 12 liao, Emei Township, Hsinchu County. First, the primary challenge in activating a community is to establish a link with the community. Free shops and communal kitchens in the community are good ideas that allow local residents and non-local resident to establish a good connection. Second, they must maintain the harmony of the entire community. When there is a distribution of benefits, they need to pay attention on the fairness.

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FANG, CHEN TZY, and 陳姿方. "Community Residents'Participation in Community Empowerment-A Case Study of Gaolin Community." Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40485957602695307761.

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碩士
大葉大學
設計暨藝術學院碩士在職專班
97
The concept of “Think Globally, Act Locally” is to expand the horizons of a community through government’s promotion of community empowerment and allow residents to understand the content and diversity of their community through implementation of community empowerment. This study selected Gaolin Community in Gukeng Township as the research field to investigate community residents’ perception of, participation in, and satisfaction with community empowerment. The research method was mainly based on questionnaire survey and qualitative interview. Through I.P.A. (Importance- Performance Analysis), it was found that community members’ engagement in community empowerment could enhance not only their living quality and but also their understanding of the customs and beliefs within the community. Besides, insufficiency of public facilities, preservation of community cultural assets, and promotion of local cultural features were weaknesses of current community empowerment and could be the directions for future development of community empowerment. Results showed that residents in this community generally held a conservative attitude toward community empowerment. As population aging was serious in this community, “human” became the main driving force and also the main resisting force in community empowerment. Residents had a higher level of participation in recycling of community resources, development of the butterfly ecological park, and community care. Their participation in environmental and landscape maintenance, development of economical industries, and environmental protection should be further improved.

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HSIUNG, WEI-CHIH, and 熊偉智. "“Doing the Community”：Social Workers’ Community Empowerment and Reflection." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/caqqqy.

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碩士
亞洲大學
社會工作學系
104
This study attempts to explore social workers’ interaction strategy during their community empowering process as well as find out their own positive community interaction experiences. Social workers accumulate their experiences through community empowerment. The concept of partnerships between social workers and communities helps social workers connect various resources to response the community needs. There are three research purposes for this study: 1. Investigating how community social workers build community partnerships; 2. Describing the development of social workers’ value beliefs; 3. Understanding the operation strategy as the community social workers face the community issues. Empathy and support are simple concepts, which can truly implement the operation aspect and help community find out the value as time passes by. The core concept of community empowerment is using strengths perspective to develop community capacities. Social workers lead community residents to see their own strengths and potential with community work skills in each key points. In the meantime, social workers assist them to transform suitable ways of working for each individual community. Community social workers need to play an accompany role during empowerment to go together through the painstaking process of community building. Therefore, the community really needs support and encouragement from social workers who imbed the social work values. Finally, both communities and social workers share the beautiful results after great efforts.

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"Social Catalyst: Empowerment of a Community." Tulane University, 2013.

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Chiou, Hsieh-ming, and 邱謝明. "The Social Partnership Between Community Empowerment Organizations and Local Governments -The Case of the Grassroots Community Empowerment." Thesis, 2005. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/47639255791927194923.

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碩士
國立成功大學
政治經濟學研究所專班
94
ABSTRACT 　At the 80s, the public departments of different countries in the world were facing the financial crisis and continual increase of the requirements from the citizen. These have caused the thought of reconstruction in the government and the administration of the government at different countries got involved too. Further, it forms gradually a trend from government to governance, and so is our country. At the same time, Taiwan was facing the social democratic request and social energy liberation before and after the repeal of martial law that the social movement was arisen one after another to have an impact on the appropriateness of the ruler’s ruling. 　Under such circumstance, the “Community Empowerment” policy was brought out and executed by the Council for Cultural Affairs in 1994 to fire the social movement of “official version”. In 2003, the central government passed the executive right of the social construction policy to the local government. 　The 1994 “Community Empowerment” policy was a product of the change of the ruling attitude of the administrative department, which include the following three aspects to change the operation of the community administration through the impetus of the “Community Empowerment” policy: 1. The arrangement of the system: Take the local government, community development association and Li Office of the past as the main roles, and then include the basic Community Empowerment Organization with informal system arrangement. 2. The policy direction: To change the policy direction from the division level commercialized policy structure of the “up to down” mode to respectful “down to up” to combine and adjust. 3. The policy resource: From the view of the public department, it shall turn from the public property and service offered by the public department to private organization cooperation. From the view of the community, to get extra resource through the subsidy of “Community Empowerment” plan rather than from the certain business and service charge of the public department in the past. 　The gradually formed grassroots Community Empowerment Organization is mostly transformed from the community development association and Li Office under the “Community Empowerment” policy which is different from the organization target in the past that the Community Development Association served the national government with policy propaganda, delivery and distribution of welfare, while the Li Office is the businesslike route at the end point of the national government. Under the circumstance that the outside situation of the grassroots Community Empowerment Organization is for the national department to get resource such as a budget subsidy and to satisfy the “volunteerism” and democracy, etc, requirements of the community members to build up good relationship with local government is a necessary trend to bring the community policy influence into fully play. 　To put its force in fully play, the grassroots Community Empowerment Organization must accumulate certain trust at the interaction and long-term cooperation with the local government. The trust from grassroots Community Empowerment Organization and local government is a dynamic process, which required long-term interaction to accumulate achievement. The two factors of trust and long-term interaction shall be built up friendly so that the grassroots Community Empowerment Organization and local government may have a good and steady social partnership. At the same time, through the trust of the local government and the coordination and authorization on activities, it also has the effect to strengthen up the status and converge force of the grassroots Community Empowerment Organization within the community. 　The social partnership between the grassroots Community Empowerment Organization and the local government is built upon the observation of this study on two concrete performance aspects of the excellent decision of the public goods and the other supply source of the public goods.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Community empowerment'

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