Academic literature on the topic 'Community development – Italy'
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Journal articles on the topic "Community development – Italy"
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Garofalo, Domenico. "Regional Competences, Community and International Regulation in Italy." Transition Studies Review 13, no. 1 (May 2006): 28–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11300-006-0084-1.
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Della Puppa, Francesco. "Italian-Bangladeshi in London. A community within a community?" Migration Letters 18, no. 1 (January 28, 2021): 35–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v18i1.1118.
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Based on a multi-sited ethnography in Italy and the United Kingdom, this contribution focuses on the onward migration of Italian-Bangladeshis to London, that is, Bangladeshi migrants who acquired EU citizenship in Italy and then moved to the British Capital. After the presentation of the reasons for this onward migration, the article will analyse the representation, constructed by the Italian-Bangladeshis interviewed in London, of the relationships between them (coming from different districts of Bangladesh) and the members of the “historical” British Bangladeshi community, in London since generations (originating primarily from the Bangladeshi district of Sylhet). Specifically, it will focus on the on mistrust – sometimes a fully-fledged hostility – between the two communities as it was narrated by the Italian-Bangladeshi respondents, framing it as a dichotomy between British citizens and (Southern) European citizens; as a wider dichotomy between residents of Bangladeshi origin in London, but originating from different regional contexts in Bangladesh; as an effect of the social stratification of the “Bangladeshi Diaspora” in the world.
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Candelise, Chiara, and Gianluca Ruggieri. "Status and Evolution of the Community Energy Sector in Italy." Energies 13, no. 8 (April 13, 2020): 1888. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13081888.
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Community energy (CE) initiatives have been progressively spreading across Europe and are increasingly proposed as innovative and alternative approaches to guarantee higher citizen participation in the transition toward cleaner energy systems. This paper focuses the attention on Italy, a Southern European country characterized by relatively low CE sector development. It fills a gap in the literature by eliciting and presenting novel and comprehensive evidence on recent Italian CE sector developments. Through a stepwise approach it systematically maps and reviews Italian CE initiatives, to then focus the attention on three specific case studies to further explore conditions for development as well as of success within the Italian energy system. The analysis presents an Italian CE sector still at its niche level, characterized by small initiatives largely dependent on national photovoltaics (PV) policy support. It also points out how only larger initiatives, able to operate at national scale, developing multiple projects and differentiating their activities have managed to continue growing at the time of discontinuity of policy support and contraction of the national renewable energy market. Recent EU and national legislative development might support revived development of CE initiatives in Italy.
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Fernandez, Isabel, Chiara Callerame, Giada Maslovaric, and Kathleen Wheeler. "EMDR Europe Humanitarian Programs: Development, Current Status, and Future Challenges." Journal of EMDR Practice and Research 8, no. 4 (2014): 215–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1933-3196.8.4.215.
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The efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy has been well established by numerous scientific studies over the past 25 years. The ability to achieve a rapid resolution of trauma symptoms often after only a few EMDR sessions allows clinicians to treat many survivors in a very short period of time. This makes EMDR an ideal intervention after a catastrophic event. The main objective of this article is to describe how European EMDR Associations have provided interventions in emergency situations. Natural and man-made disaster relief projects in Italy, Greenland, and the Netherlands are highlighted. EMDR Europe Humanitarian Assistance Program (HAP) projects sponsored by Austria and Sweden in the Ukraine and Estonia have provided trainings for clinicians. National EMDR Europe associations have developed initiatives in many other areas of the world, such as in Vietnam (EMDR Italy), Cuba (EMDR Spain and Italy), in Pakistan (EMDR United Kingdom and Ireland), in China (EMDR Germany), and in Kenya (EMDR Germany). These projects illustrate the resilience of the populations affected and the generosity of the EMDR Europe community.
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Rusciano, Vincenzo, Gennaro Civero, and Debora Scarpato. "Social and Ecological High Influential Factors in Community Gardens Innovation: An Empirical Survey in Italy." Sustainability 12, no. 11 (June 6, 2020): 4651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12114651.
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In 2015, The United Nations adopted an agenda for sustainable development in order to obtain “a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and for the world now and in the future (United Nations). The United Nations has defined 17 main goals, such as ending poverty, improving health, preserving the ocean, and tackling the climate change, in order to achieve worldwide sustainable development. Sustainable development is a crucial worldwide topic that encompasses three dimensions: economic, social and environmental. Nowadays, social ecological innovation has envisaged a new prominent business model focusing on social and environmental goals to achieve sustainable development. The intent of this paper is to propose the community garden framework as a social and ecological innovation tool in order to boost sustainable development in urban areas as well as rural areas. For this purpose, an empirical analysis based on a structured interview was conducted in the area of Naples on a sample of 150 gardeners. The results of the interviews have been aggregated by using a variance and correlation analysis in order to explore to what extent the social and environmental dimensions are linked to the community gardens and to identify a pattern between community gardens and social ecological innovation. Two attributes of community gardens, that is, urbanization effects mitigation and wellness and community, were identified as having the ability to influence other community garden attributes. Thus, the paper suggests using these highly influential factors to define a social and ecological innovation strategy based on a community gardens framework.
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Wright, Daniel, and Richard Sharpley. "Local community perceptions of disaster tourism: the case of L'Aquila, Italy." Current Issues in Tourism 21, no. 14 (March 7, 2016): 1569–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2016.1157141.
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Iiberatore, Angela. "National environmental policies and the european community: The case of italy." European Environment 2, no. 4 (July 6, 2007): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eet.3320020404.
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LeBlanc, Robin M. "Designing a beautifully poor public: postgrowth community in Italy and Japan." Journal of Political Ecology 24, no. 1 (September 27, 2017): 449. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v24i1.20883.
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Abstract This paper examines images of desirable postgrowth communities pursued by activist architects in Bologna and Tokyo. Their visions are differently shaped by the distinct architectural and cultural environments in their respective cities. Nonetheless, they share an anti-growth, "beautifully poor" aesthetic that seems to challenge the dominant political values of liberal nations in the post-World War II era, redefining the democratic public in terms of spontaneity and conviviality. Conceptions of successful communities in rich countries have been shaped around the presumption that they must sustain citizens' material wellbeing by sustaining economic growth. But given the global environmental and social justice problems that have resulted from a single-minded focus on growth, we need new imaginaries of communities that can thrive without economic growth, especially in the global north. Decades of low to zero growth and demographic decline in Italy and Japan are forcing community stakeholders from elected officials to urban planners to confront the question of how to maintain good communities even where material affluence is irrevocably diminished. Keywords: degrowth, public space, urban planning, architecture, political ecology
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Bruni, Cecilia, Çağrı Akyol, Giulia Cipolletta, Anna Laura Eusebi, Donatella Caniani, Salvatore Masi, Joan Colón, and Francesco Fatone. "Decentralized Community Composting: Past, Present and Future Aspects of Italy." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (April 19, 2020): 3319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083319.
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Italy is among the top biowaste-generating countries in Europe, and has a well-structured waste management framework with quite a number of centralized composting facilities. In recent years, there has also been huge interest from local communities in decentralized composting. Although decentralized community composting is common in some countries, there is still a lack of information on the operative environment together with its potential logistical, environmental, economic, and social impacts. Considering the national Italian legislation on community composting as well as successfully implemented projects at EU level, Italy can set a model especially for Mediterranean countries that intend to build decentralized composting programs. Therefore, in the context of this review paper, a brief overview of the composting process was presented together with main applications in centralized and especially in decentralized composting, while the main focus was kept on the operative and legislative information gathered from Italian community composting. There is a huge difference in the number of composting plants between the regions, and the lack of centralized facilities in the central and southern regions can be supported by decentralized solutions. Decentralizing waste treatment facilities and thus creating local solutions to urban waste management strategies will help to achieve the resource recovery and valorization targets in line with the circular economy.
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Consonni, Gabriella, Giulia Castorina, and Serena Varotto. "The Italian Research on the Molecular Characterization of Maize Kernel Development." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 19 (September 27, 2022): 11383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms231911383.
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The study of the genetic control of maize seed development and seed-related pathways has been one of the most important themes approached by the Italian scientific community. Maize has always attracted the interest of the Italian community of agricultural genetics since its beginning, as some of its founders based their research projects on and developed their “schools” by adopting maize as a reference species. Some of them spent periods in the United States, where maize was already becoming a model system, to receive their training. In this manuscript we illustrate the research work carried out in Italy by different groups that studied maize kernels and underline their contributions in elucidating fundamental aspects of caryopsis development through the characterization of maize mutants. Since the 1980s, most of the research projects aimed at the comprehension of the genetic control of seed development and the regulation of storage products’ biosyntheses and accumulation, and have been based on forward genetics approaches. We also document that for some decades, Italian groups, mainly based in Northern Italy, have contributed to improve the knowledge of maize genomics, and were both fundamental for further international studies focused on the correct differentiation and patterning of maize kernel compartments and strongly contributed to recent advances in maize research.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Community development – Italy"
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Savio, Monica. "A pathway to professionalism : the development of community psychiatric nursing in Britain and Italy." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1994. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1390/.
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This thesis focuses on a comparative analysis of Community Psychiatric Nursing in Britain and Italy. The nursing role is examined cross-nationally in relation to the development of community care in the two countries. The central role acquired by nurses in developing and implementing deinstitutionalisation is the starting point for the investigation of professional attitudes and experiences in relation to institutional changes. The purpose of the study is threefold: a) to investigate similarities and differences between community psychiatric nursing practices in the two countries in relation to organisational models, ideological approaches to care, and professional cultures; b) to analyse whether there are universal elements in the nursing profession which are central to the process of change in both countries; c) to identify contextual factors which can constrain or facilitate the professionalisation of psychiatric nursing in Britain and in Italy. The methodology is based on case study research methods. Two samples of nurses have been interviewed, in Britain and Italy, by means of two sets of questionnaires. The thesis is organized into two main parts. First, the theoretical chapters provide an historical account of community care and psychiatric nursing developments in the two countries. A conceptual framework for the empirical study is built through the discussion of contributions from the sociology of professions, the sociology of knowledge, and organizational analysis. Secondly, the empirical chapters describe and analyse results obtained from fieldwork. Whilst the empirical investigation has been limited to England, the literature review includes the whole of Britain. The results suggest that both British and Italian community psychiatric nurses are professionally at a turning point. The advent of community care significantly changed nursing practices and models of intervention, influencing also the self-perceived professional role and identity. The findings also indicate that the different organization of labour, of nursing training, and of ideological approaches to psychiatric care are explanatory variables for the diversity in nurses' practices and experiences in the two countries. Despite these differences, both British and Italian nurses seem to enjoy a considerable degree of professional autonomy, which makes psychiatric nursing into a particular case within the overall nursing field. Finally, the prospects for the professionalisation of community psychiatric nursing are discussed by comparing the national situations with indications from the literature on professions.
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ORTECA, MARIA KATIA. "Capitale sociale e innovazione nelle imprese: analisi empirica con un confronto tra Italia e UK." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1081.
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Questo lavoro intende analizzare la correlazione tra innovazione delle imprese e capital sociale, misurato da indicatori classici (come la partecipazione politica e le attività nel tempo libero) e da indicatori maggiormente legati alla dimensione aziendale (come accordi e cooperazioni). L’analisi viene fatta sia per l’Italia che per il Regno Unito attraverso l’uso della Community Innovation Survey 4, la survey europea sull’innovazione e la R&S nelle imprese per i dati su innovazione e capital sociale aziendale. Inoltre vengono utilizzate l’Indagine Multiscopo 2000 per l’Italia e l’Indice di Deprivazione per l’Inghilterra come misure di capitale sociale classico. Infine viene proposta una comparazione dei risultati per i due paesi per l’analisi sul capitale sociale aziendale. Questa comparazione è riletta alla luce di più generali considerazioni sui due differenti sistemi produttivi ed economici.This work would try to test the correlation between innovation in firms and social capital, measured by classic indicators (like political participation, leisure and activities) and more corporate indicators (like agreements and collaborations). The analysis is carried out for Italy and UK and we use the Community Innovation Survey 4, the European survey on innovation and R&D in the firms, for the data on innovation and corporate social capital. We use the Multipurpose Survey 2000 for Italy and the Index of Deprivation for England like measures of classic social capital. We further try a comparison of the results between the two countries for the analysis on corporate social capital. This comparison is finally referred to more general issues like the two different productive and economic systems.
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ORTECA, MARIA KATIA. "Capitale sociale e innovazione nelle imprese: analisi empirica con un confronto tra Italia e UK." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1081.
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Questo lavoro intende analizzare la correlazione tra innovazione delle imprese e capital sociale, misurato da indicatori classici (come la partecipazione politica e le attività nel tempo libero) e da indicatori maggiormente legati alla dimensione aziendale (come accordi e cooperazioni). L’analisi viene fatta sia per l’Italia che per il Regno Unito attraverso l’uso della Community Innovation Survey 4, la survey europea sull’innovazione e la R&S nelle imprese per i dati su innovazione e capital sociale aziendale. Inoltre vengono utilizzate l’Indagine Multiscopo 2000 per l’Italia e l’Indice di Deprivazione per l’Inghilterra come misure di capitale sociale classico. Infine viene proposta una comparazione dei risultati per i due paesi per l’analisi sul capitale sociale aziendale. Questa comparazione è riletta alla luce di più generali considerazioni sui due differenti sistemi produttivi ed economici.This work would try to test the correlation between innovation in firms and social capital, measured by classic indicators (like political participation, leisure and activities) and more corporate indicators (like agreements and collaborations). The analysis is carried out for Italy and UK and we use the Community Innovation Survey 4, the European survey on innovation and R&D in the firms, for the data on innovation and corporate social capital. We use the Multipurpose Survey 2000 for Italy and the Index of Deprivation for England like measures of classic social capital. We further try a comparison of the results between the two countries for the analysis on corporate social capital. This comparison is finally referred to more general issues like the two different productive and economic systems.
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CAPPELLI, Gabriele. "The uneven development of Italy’s regions, 1861-1936 : a new analysis based on human capital, institutional and social indicators." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/33868.
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Defence date: 21 November 2014Examining Board: Professor Youssef Cassis, EUI and RSCAS (Supervisor); Professor Michelangelo Vasta, University of Siena (External Supervisor); Professor Giovanni Federico, University of Pisa; Professor Joan Roses, London Schools of Economics and Political Science.
This thesis sheds new light on the process of economic divergence that characterized Italy’s regions in the second half of the nineteenth century and the Interwar period. It shows that social capital had a limited impact on the regions’ economic fortune prior to the Great War. Further, only specific dimensions of social capital affected regional economic growth. Instead, the country’s regional inequalities grew large as a result of different endowments of human capital. In turn, human capital differences inherited from pre-unification states remained large as a result of public policy, which established a decentralized education system in 1859. This choice delayed convergence in primary schooling across regions, because of the tight connection between municipal fiscal capacity and the supply of schools and teachers. Centralized education, introduced with the Daneo-Credaro Reform in 1911, loosened this link and favoured regional convergence in human capital. Contrary to expectations, local institutional mechanisms did not play a large role in the growth of mass education: a detailed analysis of the determinants of primary schooling across Italy’s provinces in the years 1871 – 1911 confirms that local economic conditions influenced the development of human capital far more than political participation and access to local decision-making. These results cast doubt on recent interpretations of the socioeconomic divergence experienced by Italy’s regions. While further research is needed on the link between local institutions and the development of basic education, this work calls for a renewed focus on the way that central policy affected regional divergence and Italy’s overall economic development before the Second World War.
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FALCO, ENZO. "Dealing with Betterment Value: Different Trends between Italy and England." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/918762.
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Betterment value has always been a controversial subject. In many countries there have been
and there are different experiences that deal with the common objective of sharing with the
wider community the benefits that derive from the development of land. Different approaches
are the consequence of diverse real private property regimes, planning legislations and
histories of land ownership. However different the approach, the objective remains unchanged
and prompts new research and practices. Approaches vary from the imposition of taxes on the
increase in the value of land to compulsory acquisition at existing use value, transfer of
development rights involving case-by-case negotiation and in-kind contributions.
Bearing in mind such differences, it is believed that learning from other experiences and
approaches is still possible. The focus of the present work is therefore on the planning
practices used in Italy and England to deal with the question of betterment value trying to
capture a portion of betterment created by development of land. The literature review and the
original research centre around the practices for dealing with betterment value and, because of
this, background and debate on the wider subject of economic rent, its economic theories and
diverse causes are deliberately left out. The relevant literature refers to various attempts to tax
the increase in the value of land as they have come, one after another, over time, to planning-
led approaches mainly through compulsory acquisition and to the currently used negotiation-
based mechanisms, based on the transfer of development rights.
A short definition of betterment is thus deemed as essential for the purpose of this work
and would help understand the differences that exist between betterment value and the
broader concept of economic rent. In fact, betterment value can be described as the increase in
the value of land determined by changes in the planning regime, which means that it is
concerned with planning decisions which determine the rise in the value of land caused by the
granting of planning permission for a higher value use (Healey et al, 1995). Thus, the focus is
on betterment produced by the planning activity and specifically by the granting of planning
permission. Other forms of betterment deriving for example from infrastructure
improvements, provision of new services and all the other factors which determine the value
of a piece of land (e.g. accessibility) are not taken into consideration for the major part of this
work.
The importance of capturing at least a part of the increase in the value of land has long
been discussed within planning literature with examples from all across the world (Bernoulli,
1946). The issue that underpins the need to recover part of increases in land value has to do
with the necessary condition to make developers and landowners contribute to the
construction of the public city and share with the wider community part of the unearned
increment which has accrued to them. Hans Bernoulli (1946) in his major volume “Die Stadt
und ihr Boden - Towns and the Land” pointed out the importance of public ownership of land
for the implementation of plans and generally for the realisation of a good land policy.
In the preface to the Italian translation of Bernoulli‟s work, Luigi Dodi (1951) wrote: “the
awkward question of urban land [...] is at the basis of nearly all of the current planning issues
and [...] affects the possibility of bringing about the ideal city”1. Further, Bernoulli wrote:
“whoever talks or writes about Planning often easily skips this prejudicial problem and
prefers looking at the most attractive part of urban design”2.
Interestingly, confirming the existing diversity and various approaches to betterment value,
Italy and England have recently changed their respective policies and practices and are
currently moving in different directions. Thus, it is the observation of these divergent trends
which has prompted this research and which necessarily shows the features proper to a
comparative study. The approaches do not vary substantially but the analysis of the
trajectories which characterise the two countries is considered of huge interest.
Specifically of interest is the fact that Italian planning seems to be adopting an approach very
similar to the one which England is currently seeking to abandon because of several and
diverse reasons. The research question that prompts this research is: why are municipalities in
Italy adopting an approach which is currently subject to reform in another country? The aim is
to analyse, compare, explain and assess the potential as well as the issues of the two systems
bearing in mind the existing administrative and legal differences between the two countries;
fundamental features of a comparative study.
This work is intended to be of interest to an international audience who is concerned with
the continuing issue of betterment value. By exploring the trends of two different countries it
highlights the different approaches that might be adopted and the general issues related to
them so as to make it easier to understand the dynamics of current planning-gain practice.
Nevertheless, it should be noted that this research does not focus on policy transfer. Through
such a form of comparison this research intends to shed light on the current approaches
adopted in order to raise awareness and encourage reflection on the current and future issues
which are likely to characterise planning-gain practice in Italy through the direct analysis of
the Italian context and by comparing it with a country that has already gone through the
problems arising from betterment collection by way of a negotiative approach.
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O'NEILL, Claire Marie. "Transnational institution building for local development : the case of European Union cohesion policy in Ireland and Sardinia." Doctoral thesis, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5343.
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Defence date: 22 April 2005Examining Board: Prof. Martin Rhodes (EUI, supervisor) ; Prof. Yves Mény (EUI, co-supervisor) ; Prof. John Loughlin (University of Cardiff) ; Prof. Simona Piattoni (University of Trento)
First made available online on 31 January 2017.
Books on the topic "Community development – Italy"
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Thomson, David. South African Development Community: Marine fisheries : policy, strategy and programme of work : a report by ICI, Italy. [Rome?]: Istituto Culturale Italiano, 1994.
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The iron age community of Osteria dell'Osa: A study of socio-political development in central Tyrrhenian Italy. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press, 1992.
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Santamaita, Saverio. Educazione, comunità, sviluppo: L'impegno educativo di Adriano Olivetti. Roma: Fondazione Adriano Olivetti, 1987.
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Jensen, Anthony, Greg Patmore, and Ermanno C. Tortia, eds. Cooperative Enterprises in Australia and Italy. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-868-2.
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This book arises from a three-year comparative research program concerning co-operative enterprises in Australia and Italy. The book explores the historical development, legal framework and the peak organisations of co-operatives in the two countries. Specific comparative chapters focus on consumer, credit, and worker-producer co-operatives. The book deepens the analysis of co-operatives by containing chapters that examine specific theoretical and empirical issues such as the theory of co-operative firms as collective entrepreneurial action. Monographic chapters include more in depth analysis of specific typologies of co-operatives, such as social and community oriented co-operatives, some of which were created to contrast organized crime in Southern Italy. The book concludes with an assessment of the implications of the project for public policy.
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Un altro Fontego. Venezia: Cafoscarina, 2012.
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Sabino, Giovanna Meyer. Democrazia è femmina: Donne calabresi e cambiamento. Cosenza: Pellegrini, 1995.
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Guetta, Silvia, and Antonella Verdiani, eds. The Community of Practices (CoP) of UNESCO Chairs for Interreligious and Intercultural Dialogue for Mutual Understanding / La Communauté de pratiques comme outil de dialogue interreligieux et interculturel. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-096-9.
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From 2008 to 2009 the UNESCO Chair of Human Development and Culture of Peace of Florence coordinated a 'Community of Practices on Interreligious and Intercultural Dialogue for Mutual Understanding' (CoP), a peace education programme which brought together international researchers, universities and other UNESCO Chairs. This book presents a selection of the original contributions in English and French submitted by the CoP participants from Brazil, Canada, Lebanon, United States, France and Italy. It also aims to contribute in a concrete way to the promotion of innovative methodologies, practices and tools for students and peace education researchers all around the world.
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Morton, Bruce. Amadeo Bordiga, Antonio Gramsci and the development of communism in Italy. S.l: The Author, 1991.
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Jouni, Häkli, and Minca Claudio, eds. Social capital and urban networks of trust. Aldershot, Hants, England: Ashgate Pub. Company, 2008.
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Politics and ideology in the Italian workers'movement: Union development and the changing role of the Catholic and Communist subcultures in postwar Italy. Oxford: Berg, 1995.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Community development – Italy"
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Ruzindana, Ernest, Federica Gaspari, Erneste Ntakobangize, Chiara Ponti, Carlo Andrea Biraghi, Candan Eylül Kilsedar, Massimo Tadi, Zacharia Muindi, Peter Agenga, and Laura Mugeha. "Open Data Addressing Challenges Associated with Informal Settlements in the Global South." In Sustainable Development Goals Series, 13–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-05182-1_2.
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AbstractThe United Nations estimates that 3 billion people living in urban contexts will need adequate and affordable housing by 2030. We urgently need alternative perspectives and methodologies for urban development that are environmentally sustainable and inclusive of the local community. This chapter illustrates the design and results of projects carried out by YouthMappers in Rwanda, Italy, and Kenya, focused on informal settlements in the Global South and the value of geospatial data for addressing SDG 1 No Poverty and SDG 11 Sustainable Cities and Communities.
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van den Berg, Karijn, Constance Dupuis, Jacqueline Gaybor, and Wendy Harcourt. "Epilogue: Learning, Unlearning, and Relearning." In Gender, Development and Social Change, 293–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82654-3_14.
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AbstractThe process of engaging with and learning from each other that culminated in this book has been a beautiful experiment in community building. We are grateful for the time and care that each contributor has put into this—beginning with shared laughter and good food in an idyllic setting in Bolsena, Italy, and continuing with the unhurried reading of and commenting on each other’s draft chapters. By way of bringing the collection to a close, we, the editors, offer a few reflections on how to do feminist research. We open up questions around: what it means to trouble and be troubled by; how to learn and unlearn together; and in what ways our methodologies take us beyond academic knowledge production.
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Pampanin, S. "Simplified Analytical/Mechanical Procedure for Post-earthquake Safety Evaluation and Loss Assessment of Buildings." In Springer Tracts in Civil Engineering, 3–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-68813-4_1.
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AbstractThe crucial need to develop and implement simple and cost-effective repair and retrofit strategies and solutions for existing structures has been once again emphasized, if at all needed, by the recent catastrophic earthquake events. The significant socio-economic impacts of the Canterbury earthquakes sequence in 2010–2011 as well as of the “series” of independent events within few years in Italy (L’Aquila 2009; Emilia 2012; Central Italy 2016) have triggered a stepchange in the high-level approach towards the implementation of seismic risk reduction, introducing either a mandatory enforcement or significant financial incentives for a national-wide program to assess (and reduce by remedial intervention) the seismic vulnerability/capacity of the whole (non-dwelling) building stock, including safety and expected repairing costs (direct economic losses). This chapter provides an overview of the motivations, challenges and (possible) solutions for such a complex and delicate task with the intent to stimulate awareness, discussion and synergetic actions within the wider international community. Particular focus will be given to the development and on-going continuos refinement of a simplified analytical-mechanical methodology—referred to as SLaMA (Simple Lateral Mechanism Analysis) method—as part of a proposed integrated methodology for either pre- and post-earthquake safety evaluation and loss assessment of buildings, in order to support the engineering community and stakeholders through the various steps of the decision making process of risk (assessment and) reduction.
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Falcucci, Beatrice. "“Rievocare certe nobili opere dei nostri maggiori”: the Istituto per il Medio ed Estremo Oriente (IsMEO) and the “Myth” of Italian Travellers to the East." In Rereading Travellers to the East, 29–64. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-579-0.04.
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This study aims to investigate the development of a shared sense of identity and community that occurred in Italy from its unification until the end of the colonial empire, and its traces in the republican period. This nation-building process will be examined by analysing Italy’s relationship with the early modern age of the Peninsula and its pre-unification travellers to the East. We will see how the production and dissemination of an Italian national consciousness and sentiment was based largely on the construction of a “mythical past” through exhibitions, collections, printed works, magazines and institutes dedicated to magnifying the “exploits” of travellers and explorers in the East, from Marco Polo to Giuseppe Tucci.
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Storti, Michele, Elisa Mazzieri, and Lorenzo Cesaretti. "Weturtle.Org: A Web Community for Teacher Training and Sharing Resources in Educational Technologies." In Makers at School, Educational Robotics and Innovative Learning Environments, 315–21. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-77040-2_42.
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AbstractIn recent years, there has been a stronger than ever need in Italy for teacher training in digital skills and pedagogical and teaching innovations. This is also due to an increase in national funds and European resources available for innovation in the field of education. This paper first describes the main innovations in learning that are made possible by web-based and other technologies, and how they currently meet teacher training needs. Next, the authors present Weturtle.org, a practical example of a “Community of Practice” and the TPCK model, which enables an integrative view at the subject, pedagogical and technological levels, to face the challenge of learning innovation. In the middle section, Weturtle.org is described with a focus on the opportunities for teacher training and validation, not only as an active user of the community, but also as a trainer him or herself. Finally, the authors present browsing data from October 2018 to September 2019, final considerations and future developments for the platform.
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"A different kind of social enterprise: social cooperatives and the development of civic capital in Italy." In Cooperatives and Community Development, 75–100. Routledge, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315829678-9.
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Barca, Stefania, and Emanuele Leonardi. "Working-class communities and ecology: reframing environmental justice around the Ilva steel plant in Taranto (Apulia, Italy)." In Class, Inequality and Community Development. Policy Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447322450.003.0004.
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The first part of this chapter offers a critical review of environmental sociology and political ecology, highlighting the contribution they have made to a redefinition of class, and social inequalities in general. The authors then elaborate on their definition of ‘Working-Class Community Ecology.’ The second part of this chapter applies this concept to the case of a working-class community in the city of Taranto, southern Italy, where the 2012 confiscation of a giant steelmaking complex, the ILVA plant – due to serious violations of environmental regulations – is jeopardizing thousands of jobs, thus forming a threat to the local community’s subsistence and identity. The authors investigate the surreptitious way through which both governmental and business actors have actively prevented the making of a class-based environmental consciousness in Taranto.
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Fioritti, Angelo. "Basaglia’s legacy and Italian mental healthcare today." In Basaglia's International Legacy: From Asylum to Community, 69–78. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198841012.003.0004.
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After Law 180 of 1978, universally known as ‘Basaglia Law’, Italy started a process of progressive closure of all mental hospitals and the establishment of a community mental healthcare system. Dehospitalization was completed in 1997, whilst the development of community services has continued over the last 40 years. Today, mental healthcare in Italy is within the National Health System, with liberal regulations on coercion and the lowest number of beds in general hospitals and residential facilities. However, the last decade has seen many threats challenging the system, mostly due to rapid social changes and to the financial consequences of the economic crisis. This chapter analyses the accomplishments and pitfalls of the reform process and discusses how Basaglia’s vision may continue to further the development of mental healthcare services in Italy.
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Cummins, Ian. "International perspectives." In Mental Health Services and Community Care, 95–110. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447350590.003.0007.
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This chapter will examine deinstitutionalisation in Italy, the United States, and post-apartheid South Africa. In examining the different drivers and outcomes of policies in these areas, similar themes to the UK experience emerge. These include: the role of scandals in the pressure for change, the role of fiscal considerations in the development of policy, an initial period of optimism and the impact of scandals. In Italy, the work of the psychiatrist, Franco Basaglia was seen as a possible blueprint for wider reforms. Basaglia’s work became very influential amongst radicals and the anti-psychiatry movement. The USA was at the forefront of the deinstitutionalisation policy. The links between the closure of psychiatric facilities and the expansion of the use of imprisonment have been most closely examined in this context. Finally, the chapter examines the total policy failure that led to the deaths of one hundred and forty-four patients in Gauteng Province, South Africa in 2014
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Sessa, Kristina. "Rome at War: The Effects of Crisis on Church and Community in Late Antiquity." In Urban Developments in Late Antique and Medieval Rome. Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789462989085_ch02.
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This chapter explores ecclesiastical responses to the military and subsistence crises that directly impacted Italy, and the city of Rome, during the later fifth and sixth centuries. It examines how a series of events, such as the civil war in 489–493 between the barbarian warlords Odoacer and Theoderic, the Gothic War from c. 535–554, and regional food shortages shaped the development of the Roman church both culturally and materially. While acknowledging the deleterious impact of these crises on individual bodies and communities, the chapter argues that war and its related effects were essentially generative in nature, offering opportunities for churchmen and laypeople to formulate new ecclesiastical ideals, practices, and spaces.
Conference papers on the topic "Community development – Italy"
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Valiante, Caterina, and Annunziata Maria Oteri. "The Role of Heritage Communities in Local Development Processes through the reuse of Architectural Heritage. Some Examples in Italian Rural Areas." In HERITAGE2022 International Conference on Vernacular Heritage: Culture, People and Sustainability. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/heritage2022.2022.14304.
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Over the last three decades, various initiatives promoted by the European Union concerning the involvement and empowerment of communities in recognising and creating cultural values have flourished. They include, for instance, the Faro Convention, programs for ecomuseums and community mapping, and have contributed to giving voice to bottom-up initiatives for enhancing not only so-called monumental architecture but also "ordinary" architecture and built and vernacular cultural heritage. In general, this approach has also contributed to focusing attention on the importance of local communities in local development processes. In Italy, the so-called inner areas are often characterised by ordinary and vernacular heritage related to rural or manufacturing activities. In these small villages, some local communities, also thanks to the Italian National Strategy for Inner Areas, recognised reuse of part of the vernacular local built heritage as a strength for the community itself and the broader context. Some cases have demonstrated that valorisation of architectural heritage is possible without creating tourism-related facilities only (hotels, museums, etc.) but also creating services needed by "local" users that facilitate the everyday life of the place. In this perspective, attention should also be focused on heritage education and the intergenerational transmission of knowledge, which should involve the entire community at different levels, starting from experiences already in place in similar contexts. In this sense, a community can be intended as a broad concept, a constantly evolving process that includes the resident citizens and a broader network related to a specific territory. Through analyses of case studies, this contribution aims to propose reflections on the role of heritage community experiences in empowering vernacular architectural heritage and its wider context.
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Miolo De Oliveira, Caio, Rita Assoreira Almendra, Ana Rita Lourenço, and Tiago Leitão. "Community Engagement Methodology for the Academic Design Curriculum." In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001372.
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Design profession has become quite resignified over time, being increasingly associated with an approach to involve people working collaboratively to co-create new opportunities for the welfare, solve complex problems or even favor innovation processes, whether they are applied in business environments or in the social sphere. By acting in this scope, Design is articulating social innovation processes, as it is developing strategies, whether through products or services, so that the actors related to the existing context can be active agents of transformation. In synergy with this approach, there is another participatory aspect, originating from other areas of knowledge: Community Engagement Methodology. This encompasses a process for providing information, empowering the community to identify solutions to their needs, as well as influencing priorities and strategic decisions. In this context, despite having enough theoretical and practical research implemented to favor community engagement, it appears that the academic curricula of Design courses do not work so specifically with community engagement/ implementation of social innovation processes. Thus, this paper reveals a methodology developed during PhD research in Design that aimed to favor the social reintegration of offenders and ex-offenders. This methodology, made up of different methods, was created in codesign with a Portuguese social cooperative, which was one of the promoters of a project co-founded by the European Union, between 2017 and 2020. The methodology was applied to professionals of the Criminal Justice System who work within the scope of reintegration in four countries (Portugal, Italy, Romania, and Germany), who evaluated it very positively. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to reveal the community involvement methodology created and propose ways that it can be implemented in Design curricula, to encourage and favor the development of solutions and improvements in different social contexts.
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Alonso-Monasterio, Pau, and Laura Uixera Cotano. "Community School Museums as a tool for education." In HERITAGE2022 International Conference on Vernacular Heritage: Culture, People and Sustainability. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/heritage2022.2022.15054.
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Community Schools Museums (COSMUS) is an initiative that has been developing an approach to school education from a perspective of multi-dimensional diversity, creativity and community involvement under the Erasmus+ programme in six different countries (Portugal, Greece, Italy, Romania, Poland and Turkey) and in different kinds of schools (arts, music, primary school, high school, VET).This initiative, relies on different educational and multicultural principles, such as the European Youth Charter on Inclusion and Diversity in Education or the European Education Area, and uses a combination of three dimensions that compose the new concept of Community School Museum.The first dimension refers to the local community in which each of the schools is located. This not only enhances concepts such as local traditions, society, or sense of belonging, but also connects with them and involves them in the school activity and curricula content.The second dimension is the school, where education curricula and physical space interact to support those types of knowledge that are essential to sustaining human development, using critical thinking, using creativity or cooperation to promote multicultural meanings.The third dimension is the museum, understood as a flexible tool acting as a communication channel (bi-directional), with elements that act as significance bearers. It uses the approach of learning by doing in order to learn to be, one of the four pillars of learning. It also employs the recommendations of the International Committee for Education and Cultural Action and applies the seven areas of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network.Results of the Community School Museum projects show a sound diversity of approaches, which points to the success of the methodology, given that diverse educational, social and cultural contexts give rise to diverse museum contents and designs. One of these results focuses on vernacular heritage.
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Tibu, Speranta. "THE USE OF ICT WITHIN THE ROMANIAN SCHOOL GUIDANCE COMMUNITY." In eLSE 2014. Editura Universitatii Nationale de Aparare "Carol I", 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-14-199.
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The potential of using ICT in guidance is very big, but the real integration into the practice is still unknown in Romania. The articles presents the results of a quantitative study on the use of ICT in the Romanian school guidance community, based on Anthony Barnes`(1) distinction in relation to the way in which ICT can be used in such a context: as a resource, as a medium and/or for the development of further resources. 130 practitioners from 41 Romanian counties, plus Bucharest, participated in an online survey during November 2013-January 2014. The research questionnaire has been developed based on the instruments developed within international ICT Skills 1 and 2 Leonardo da Vinci projects (2). Results are discussed in relation to earlier Romanian studies and initiatives on the same topic (Stanescu, 2000; Jigau, 2002; ICT skills 1 and 2 project, 2005-2009). Some short overview on the policies and legal provisions for the guidance system is offered, as well as discussions on the initial training and continuous professional development of counsellors. Conclusions are drawn in relation to the most frequently used tools, as well as on the access on ICT in rural versus urban schools in which practitioners are working. Difficulties and obstacles mentioned by respondents are analysed together with good practices, in order to offer a comprehensive picture related to the daily practice on using ICT in guidance and counselling in Romania. Trends, future challenges for guidance counsellors and recommendations are drawn with the view of improving policies and practices in the field. (1) Cogoi, C., Barnes, A., La Gro, N. Orientare ?i TIC: contextul. In: Competen?e TIC 2. Instrumente TIC ?i formarea practicienilor de orientare care utilizeaz? computerul. Afir Publishing House, Bucharest, 2009. (2) *** ICT Skills 2.ICT Tools and Training for e-Guidance practitioners. ASTER Scienza Tecnologia Impresa S. Cons. p. a, Publishing House, Bologna, Italy, 2009.
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Vižintin, Liliana. "Krepitev zmogljivosti skupnosti o vlogi ekosistemskih storitev pri prilagajanju na podnebne spremembe." In Values, Competencies and Changes in Organizations. University of Maribor Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/978-961-286-442-2.74.
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Ecosystem services are all goods and benefits that humans obtain from ecosystems. These are essential for human survival, social and economic development. With the impacts of climate change, ecosystem degradation and loss of biodiversity, the efficient and complete provision of ecosystem services is also under threat. The paper presents community capacity building activities on ecosystem services and climate change implemented under the ECO - SMART project (Cooperation program Interreg V-A ItalySlovenia 2014-2020). Since the design of coordinated local climate change adaptation plans of selected pilot Natura 2000 sites in Slovenia and Italy is a project objective, activities aimed at strengthening competences of crossborder local communities and confronting different stakeholder views are of particular importance. The educational needs of the community were identified through a questionnaire. The respondents' knowledge regarding mentioned contents, interest for capacity building and participation in training events were analysed. The results were taken in consideration during design of capacity building activities.
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Caragiuli, Manila, Agnese Brunzini, Alessandra Papetti, Michele Germani, Pietro Scendoni, and Chiara Mazzoni. "Multidimensional assessment of elderly people’s health for the development of a fall risk index." In 8th International Conference on Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002791.
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As life expectancy increases, the likelihood of more falls and fall-related hospitalizations increases with a significant impact on the health system. Given the high incidence of falls in healthy elderly people, in order to prevent them, it is necessary to identify predisposing risk factors, analyze the specific needs of the subjects and use a targeted preventive strategy. This paper investigates the influence of multidimensional health parameters on the fall risk of community-dwelling older people, living in inner areas of Marche Region (Italy). Multidimensional data on the global health of each individual has been collected among several health domains (i.e., mobility, psychological, nutritional, cardiological, social). Statistical analysis has been applied for the assessment of the relationship among the defined health variables and the influence on the fall risk. The binary logistical regression analysis has produced a statistical model with good characteristics of fit and good predictability. The following features have been proven to be strong predictors of fall: female (OR for Gender, 5.526; 95% CI, 1.49–20.53), limited range of movement (OR 3.278; 95% CI, 1.01-10.68), diabetes (OR 4.487; 95% CI, 1.02-19.80), previous syncope (OR 7.686; 95% CI, 1.01-58.55), and body mass index (OR 1.176; 95% CI, 1.03-1.35). Future work will allow the development of a fall prediction index to have a framework of the elder’s global health status and to define a personalized intervention strategy for any adverse event prevention.
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Grugni, Francesco, Marco Voltolina, and Tiziano Cattaneo. "Use of Object Recognition AI in Community and Heritage Mapping for the Drafting of Sustainable Development Strategies Suitable for Individual Communities, With Case Studies in China, Albania and Italy." In CAADRIA 2022: Post-Carbon. CAADRIA, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52842/conf.caadria.2022.1.717.
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Gabriele, Marzia, Raffaella Brumana, Mattia Previtali, and Alberta Cazzani. "MONITORING LANDSCAPE DEGRADATION IN MEDITERRANEAN AREAS INTEGRATING MEDALUS AND REMOTE SENSING FOR FRAGILE ARCHEOLANDSCAPE PLANNING: THE BASILICATA CASE STUDY." In ARQUEOLÓGICA 2.0 - 9th International Congress & 3rd GEORES - GEOmatics and pREServation. Editorial Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia: Editorial Universitat Politécnica de Valéncia, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/arqueologica9.2021.12147.
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The main objective of the research was identifying the phenomena that generate land degradation (LD), in the Basilicata region’s landscape (southern Italy),with a MEDALUS (Kosmas et al., 1999) and RS approach, through the help of 6 main indicators (Soil Quality Index, Climate Quality Index, Vegetation Quality Index, Management Quality Index, Landslide Risk Index, Water Availability Index) and through NDVI differencing thresholds evaluation in time intervals, covering a 20 years’ time span going from 2000 to 2020. The Basilicata region saw this phenomenon increased in the past centuries, both because there has never been any monitoring of LD at regional planning-level, and for the fact that historically the region suffered severe agricultural stress, with enormous deforestations that have led to soil degradation and consequently to the depopulation of the internal marginal areas. These elements caused a strong impact on the potential regional progress, both economic and social, leading to a huge ecological damage. The methodology helped to outline the future LD predictions for the region, and consequentially its management possibilities and implications in relation to this critical issue, in order to maintain or restore the pre-existing values, thus integrating the study of Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs) in a scientific validated Decision Support System (DSS), for new coherent and integrated landscape strategies in marginal territories. This objective derives from recognizing the landscape as defined in the European Convention (Council of Europe, 2000) as an important element for community interest, on the cultural, ecological, environmental and social point of view, and as a resource for economic development, pursued by enhancing the preservation of its fundamental component of cultural and natural heritage.
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Langer, Sabina. "PARTICIPATION TO EMPOWER CHILDREN AND STRENGTHEN THE COMMUNITY." In International Conference on Education and New Developments. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021end069.
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In a pandemic, children’s participation is even more important than before. This paper presents the first stage of an exploratory study for my PhD research in Pedagogy beginning in January 2021 in Milan. The participants are 19 pupils of class 4B (primary school), their parents and the teachers who joined energies to reproject a square, in order to transform it into a welcoming space for the entire community. In Italy, public speeches did not mention children who could not finally use public spaces for months as they were identified as the “plague spreaders”. The project revisits this perspective by considering children as potential actors of the transformation. Only if adults set the conditions for a change, children, their needs and their imagination could become agents for that change and centre of the community. The project name is Piazziamoci (Let’s place ourselves here) to signify the conscious act of taking a place together. After a theoretical framework of the study within Student Voice, I describe the generative circumstances, the context and the first steps of the project. The children explored the square, interviewed the inhabitants, shared information and dreams with their classmates coming up with proposals to present to City Council. This first phase aimed to set the basis of my investigation on the participants self-awareness as people and members of the community; it also focuses on the perception of the square as a common good. To this purpose, this work introduces concepts as the capacity to aspire (Appadurai, 2004), imagination and creativity (Vygotsky, 1930/2004), interdependence (Butler, 2020), and, therefore, a political and educational interpretation of the project.
Reports on the topic "Community development – Italy"
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Pretari, Alexia. Resilience in the West Bank: Impact evaluation of the ‘From Emergency Food Security to Durable Livelihoods: Building Resilience in the Occupied Palestinian Territory’ project. Oxfam GB, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2021.8106.
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The ‘From Emergency Food Security to Durable Livelihoods: Building Resilience in the Occupied Palestinian Territories’ project was implemented in the West Bank, in the Occupied Palestinian Territory, between November 2015 and January 2018 by Oxfam, together with two partners: the Land Research Centre (LRC) and the Palestinian Livestock Development Centre (PLDC). The project, funded by the Belgian Cooperation, through Oxfam Italy, focused on improving protection around three key areas at community level to build resilience: supporting animal health, rehabilitating protected rangelands and strengthening community-based legal protection mechanisms. The combination of these key areas is the focus of this Effectiveness Review: the evaluation assesses the impact of this cross-sectorial approach on the resilience capacities of male and female members of Bedouin communities in the West Bank, at risk of displacement. It combines a quantitative quasi-experimental design with a questionnaire with community leaders. Find out more by reading the full report now.
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Ripoll, Santiago, Tabitha Hrynick, Ashley Ouvrier, Megan Schmidt-Sane, Federico Marco Federici, and Elizabeth Storer. 10 Ways Local Governments in Multicultural Urban Settings can Support Vaccine Equity in Pandemics. SSHAP, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.016.
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At national and aggregate levels, COVID-19 vaccination across G7 countries appears successful. To date, 79.4% of the total population of G7 countries have received a first dose, 72.9% a second, and 45.4% a booster shot (28th April 2022 data). In France, 80.6% of the total population has had a first dose, 78.2 % have had two doses, and 55.4% have had their booster jabs (28th of April 2022 data). In the UK, 79.3% of the total population has received one dose, 74.1% a second one, and 58.5% have received a booster. In Italy, 85.2% of the total population has had a first dose, 80.4% have had two doses, and 66.5% have had their booster jabs (28th of April 2022 data). These figures indicate enthusiasm across G7 countries for COVID-19 vaccines. Yet high overall vaccination rates at the national level, disguise significant in-country disparities. For example, by the end of 2021, less than 50% of residents of the Northern Districts of Marseille were vaccinated, compared with over 70% in wealthier neighbourhoods. In the Ealing borough of Northwest London, 70% of the eligible population has had a first dose – which is almost 10% percent below the national average (4th of April 2022 data). Disparities are also seen in other urban metropolises across the G7. This brief investigates these disparities through the lens of “vaccine (in)equity”, focusing on the role of local actors. It builds on ethnographic and qualitative research carried out in the Northern Districts of Marseille and ongoing research engagement around vaccine equity in Ealing (Northwest London), as well as qualitative research carried out in Italy among networks of healthcare providers, intercultural mediators, and civil society organizations that collaborated during the COVID-19 campaign in the Emilia Romagna region and in Rome. This brief is based on research conducted between October and December 2021 in Marseille and ongoing engagement in Ealing which started in May 2021. It identified how local governments, health actors, community groups and residents play key roles in shaping vaccine (in)equity. This brief was developed for SSHAP by Santiago Ripoll (IDS), Tabitha Hrynick (IDS), Ashley Ouvrier (LaSSA), Megan Schmidt-Sane (IDS), Federico Federici (UCL) and Elizabeth Storer (LSE). It was reviewed by Eloisa Franchi (Università degli Studi di Pavia) and Ellen Schwartz (Hackney Council Public Health). The research was funded through the British Academy COVID-19 Recovery: G7 Fund (COVG7210038). Research was based at the Institute of Development Studies (IDS), University of Susssex, and the Laboratoire de Sciences Sociales Appliquées (LaSSA). The brief is the responsibility of SSHAP.