Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Community development Indonesia Ponyong'

Over the past decade the rapid pace of technological innovation has changed the knowledge-based society and gradually changed the way teaching and learning are conducted (Hargreaves, 2003). Teachers are increasingly viewed as not only the knowledge providers, but also the facilitators of a learning process. These changes have been difficult for teachers to adapt to, requiring substantial amounts of professional development. In Indonesia, the government has continually developed a number of strategic education policies and implemented various pathways to improve the professionalism of teachers. Nonetheless, there are still a large number of teachers who struggle to access the professional development support provided by the Indonesian government for a variety of reasons. This is particularly the case for teachers who work in rural and remote areas, because many of the current Teacher Professional Development (TPD) practices still focus on teacher-centred approaches instead of collaborative approaches, and often only in the format of face-to-face interaction. Research has shown that an Online Learning Community (OLC) can support TPD and facilitate collaboration among teachers. As an open and voluntary form of gathering that involves education practitioners concerned with the general practice of teaching or specialist disciplines or areas of interest (Lloyd & Duncan-Howell, 2010), OLC promotes active and collaborative learning processes (Helleve, 2010) and gives an opportunity for teachers to engage in reflective practice that can lead to transformative professional development (Windschitl, 2002). This thesis presents the results of a study that set out to develop and implement an OLC to support the current TPD practices in Indonesia. This online learning community was called the Online Learning Community for Teacher Professional Development (OLC4TPD). The study investigated the facilitating and inhibiting factors of OLC4TPD implementation in Indonesia, and analysed how OLC4TPD supported TPD within the Indonesian context.

Community Driven Development (CDD) is an aid delivery strategy that emphasises community control over planning decisions and investment resources. In light of convincing articulations of this approach, CDD programs have evolved and expanded rapidly within and outside the World Bank’s development agenda. While the CDD narrative remains appealing, a growing body of evidence suggest that CDD programs deliver less than promised. While agency-sponsored research argues that CDD is generally pro-poor and improves the effectiveness of infrastructure development, other studies highlight the gap between CDD narrative and CDD practice. While CDD provides the state with new technologies and methods to deliver aid, critics suggest CDD programs are frequently captured by elites, generate struggles over access to program resources, and weaken local capacities for collective action. Furthermore, CDD systematically shapes communities to fit with a governance reform agenda without addressing asymmetrical power relationships. While offering valuable insights, such examinations of CDD programs are limited to the analysis of donor narratives and village-level studies. These studies provide inadequate analysis of how complex CDD practices work across scale in diverse social conditions and institutional environments, and overlook the possibility that other actors might change CDD processes and adjust the distribution of benefits. Based on qualitative and ethnographic field-based investigations of a CDD program in Papua Province, this thesis considers three questions: How do actors work across scale to control CDD policy, to change CDD processes and to shape the distribution of benefits? How do diverse social relations and institutional environments influence the ability of actors to shape community development? How do actors’ strategies of control effect the alignment between the substantial policy objectives of CDD and field-level outcomes? To answer these questions, this study develops a framework for analysing power and accountability, situating CDD within a broader developmental perspective. This framework is applied to analyse the processes whereby actors secure the compliance of others, the systems that regulate the behaviours of actors, and the responsiveness of actors to accountability mechanisms. First, the thesis argues that, as the program moves down the administrative scale, the CDD program narrative is reinterpreted in line with the power and interests of key actors at each level. In the process, actors change CDD agendas and policies, transforming CDD’s decentralised and participatory mechanisms into an approach more focused on meeting administrative standards of success. While this approach can improve financial accountability, it leads the program to over-construct village infrastructure. Although in half of the cases examined, the CDD program construct under-utilised “monuments” while neglecting the activities that facilitate village development, in a limited number of cases facilitators use their individual capacity and experiences to contest central authority and support the interests of community groups. Second, the thesis argues that the processes and the institutions used to promote public administration reform limit CDD agendas and shift CDD policy away from its decentralised and participatory objectives towards meeting administrative criteria of program success, reinforcing upward accountability and providing the means to strengthen the centralised power of political authorities. Finally, this research calls into question the use of rigid public administration reform or governance mechanisms, suggesting that the over application of these approaches strengthens centralised power and moves the program away from its participatory objectives. Nevertheless, the thesis concludes that positive outcomes remain a possibility were the CDD system to provide a range of conditions and mechanisms to avoid capture, to encourage facilitators to use their discretionary power to facilitate meaningful village development, and to deliver through an agency committed to substantive objectives.

This study investigates the role of development planning in empowering rural communities in Indonesia’s decentralised era. Evidence is produced that the combination of procedural justice in planning development and social learning in its implementation can assist self-organisation and help empower local communities. Significant benefits are shown to result in: the acquisition and use of collective resources; the development of shared knowledge, skills, values and trust; community leadership; and the development of social networks. Two features of this empowerment model are community-based planning, utilising participatory rural appraisal at the level of the natural village, and the organisation of collective action. These are shown to be effective ways of incorporating procedural justice and social learning in self organisation and community empowerment.

Mainstreaming natural resource management (NRM) within a community-driven development program to achieve more sustainable rural development involves diverse and complex dynamics of resource governance. Social capital has been identified as one of the key elements in facilitating collective action that could enhance the effectiveness of resource governance in socio-ecological systems. In the context of NRM, this concept focuses on social networks, specifically, on the mixes of ‘horizontal’ and ‘vertical’ relations that operate through engagements within (bonding or internal ties) and between (bridging or external ties) social networks. Linking social capital concerns the ‘vertical’ relations that are found in both bonding and bridging forms of social capital, with an additional focus on relations with formal institutions beyond the community's local resources. The thesis explores the effectiveness (as well as the lack thereof) of a communitydriven development (CDD) program to improve local NRM management. Empirical evidence provided in two South East Sulawesi case studies revealed three main findings: (1) high levels of network density in local institutions indicated the existence of strong bonding ties that theoretically should increase the possibilities for collective action in resource management; (2) regardless of the long involvement in a CDD program, bridging social capital remained weak; and (3) vertical relations continued to dominate processes of engagement within and across social networks, and with higher levels of government in the context of decentralised resource governance. Findings from the study of this CDD-NRM program indicate the need to: establish a network of expertise among the villages; develop a clear mechanism of accountability within the framework of the representation system; facilitate hamlet interactions that enable a reporting-back mechanism through the representation system; provide secure but accountable financial transfers from higher authorities to the village level; and provide incentives for better resource governance.

Cette thèse propose une analyse de certaines des politiques considérées actuellement comme étant des éléments-clé de toute stratégie de développement, avec l’objectif de contribuer au récent débat sur le développement international. Je considère en particulier l’élaboration, la mise en oeuvre et l’évaluation des politiques de protection sociale, de développement participatif et d’intégration régionale. Le premier chapitre repose sur l’idée que, pour être efficaces en matière de réduction de la pauvreté, les politiques de protection sociale doivent avoir pour double objectif de permettre aux ménages pauvres d’accéder à des ressources suffisantes pour satisfaire leurs besoins de base, ainsi que de réduire le risque auquel les ménages non pauvres sont confrontés de voir leur niveau de bien-être diminuer sous le seuil de pauvreté. Je propose une méthode permettant d’estimer le degré de vulnérabilité à la pauvreté des ménages. La vulnérabilité est ici définie comme la probabilité pour un ménage de se trouver sous le seuil de pauvreté dans le futur, étant données ses caractéristiques actuelles. Dans le second chapitre, je me place dans un contexte de ciblage des programmes de protection sociale par un score approximant le niveau de vie (proxy-means testing). La précision, et donc l’efficacité, de cette approche pour identifier les ménages pauvres dépendent de la capacité à prédire avec exactitude le niveau de bien-être des ménages, laquelle découle de la sélection de variables pertinentes. Je propose une méthode basée sur l’estimation d’un échantillon aléatoire de modèles de consommation, pour identifier les variables dont la corrélation avec le bien-être des ménages est à la fois élevée et robuste. Ces variables appartiennent à différentes catégories, y compris la possession de biens durables, l’accès aux services d’énergie domestique et d’assainissement, la qualité et le statut d’occupation du logement, et le niveau d’éducation des membres du ménage. Les troisième et quatrième chapitres de cette thèse proposent une analyse ex-post des politiques de développement, et portent en particulier sur les conséquences inattendues d’un programme de développement participatif et les raisons de l’insuffisante performance de politiques d’intégration régionale, respectivement. Le troisième chapitre évalue dans quelle mesure la réaction des deux groupes rebelles présents aux Philippines face à la mise en oeuvre d’un programme participatif d’aide au développement est compatible avec l’idée que ces deux groupes ont différentes idéologies, caractéristiques et raisons pour lutter contre le gouvernement. Il utilise une base de données collectées en utilisant les reportages d’un journal local concernant les épisodes de guerre impliquant ces deux groupes, ainsi que les prédictions d’un modèle d’insurrection basé sur la recherche de rente (rent-seeking). Les résultats sont conformes à la classification proposée de ces deux groupes rebelles ; leur réaction face au projet dépend de leur position idéologique. Le dernier chapitre analyse l’impact des guerres civiles en Afrique sur la performance des communautés économiques régionales, approximée par la synchronisation des cycles économiques des différents partenaires régionaux. Les résultats montrent que la synchronisation des cycles économiques diminue avec l’occurrence de guerres civiles, non seulement pour les pays directement affectés, mais également pour leurs voisins en paix
In this thesis, I aim to contribute to the recent international development debate, by providing an analysis of some of the policies that are considered key elements of a development strategy. Focusing on social protection, community-based development and regional integration, I consider aspects related to their design, implementation and evaluation. In the first chapter, I propose a method to estimate ex ante vulnerability to poverty, defined as the probability of being poor in the near future given one’s current characteristics. This is based on the premise that effective social protection policies should aim not only to help the poor move out of poverty, but also to protect the vulnerable from falling into it. In the second chapter, I consider the issue of identifying the poor in a context of targeting social protection programs using a Proxy-Means Testing (PMT) approach, which precision, and therefore usefulness relies on the selection of indicators that produce accurate predictions of household welfare. I propose a method based on model random sampling to identify indicators that are robustly and strongly correlated with household welfare, measured by per capita consumption. These indicators span the categories of household private asset holdings, access to basic domestic energy, education level, sanitation and housing. The third and fourth chapters of this thesis provide an ex-post analysis of development policies and focus in particular on the unintended consequences of a community-driven program and on the reasons for the lack of progress in regional economic integration. The third chapter assesses whether the reaction of the two distinct rebel groups that operate in the Philippines to the implementation of a large-scale community-driven development project funded by foreign aid is consistent with the idea that these two groups have different ideologies, characteristics and motives for fighting. It is based on a unique geo-referenced dataset that we collected from local newspaper reports on the occurrence of conflict episodes involving these rebel groups, and on the predictions of a rent-seeking model of insurgency. The findings are consistent with the proposed classification of the rebel groups; the impact of the foreign aid project on each rebel group depends on their ideological stance. In the last chapter, I analyze how civil conflicts affect the economic fate of African regional economic communities through its effect on the synchronicity of regional partners’ economies. I find that conflict decreases business cycle synchronicity when it occurs within a regional economic community, both for the directly affected countries and for their more peaceful regional peers

Mining industries are widely perceived as damaging the environment and local communities. The Indonesian government requires mining industries to undertake Corporate Social Responsibility including community development activities. This study investigated the implementation of community development by a mining company on Sumbawa Island, West Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. It focussed on the participation of the local community in decision making processes for the implementation of the mining company’s community development programs. The study also examined how the mining company has involved other parties, including NGOs and local government in its community development program implementation.

The key tourism decision-makers in Indonesia have pursued tourism growth and development with insufficient regard to its impact on local communities and the environment. This study explores a community-based approach to tourism development in Indonesia. In particular, it examines the extent and nature of local community participation during various stages of the tourism development process in three case studies: in Bali, Yogyakarta, and Central Java.

The marine aquarium trade has played an important role in shaping the ecological state of coral reefs in Indonesia and much of the Asia-Pacific. The use of cyanide by ornamental fishers in Buleleng District, Bali, in the 1980s and 1990s has resulted in a precipitous decline in the ecological health of reefs. Cyanide-free harvesting techniques were introduced after 2000, along with reef restoration measures. This thesis examines social and ecological processes in the fishing village of Les, Bali, in ending the use of cyanide and the resulting ecological restoration. An emphasis on conservation-development (with livelihood objectives) was important in securing interest and cooperation across stakeholder groups. Adaptive approaches to governance and knowledge co-production were also important. The strategy used at Les is now being exported to other communities across Indonesia, and provides a promising example of a marine resources-based conservation-development initiative that may be implemented at other, similar communities.

Zusammenfassung Die drei Essays dieser Dissertation leisten einen Beitrag zum Verständnis der politischen Ökonomie Indonesiens in Zeiten der Dezentralisierung. Vor dem Hintergrund des „Urban Poverty Project 2“ (UPP2), einem kommunalen Entwicklungsprojekt in Indonesien, untersucht der erste Essay empirisch die Rolle von „Elite Capture“. Auf Grundlage von Daten der Wirkungsuntersuchung von UPP2 sowie zusätzlichen administrativen Daten, wird der Zusammenhang zwischen einer ungleichen kommunalen Konsumverteilung und verstärktem „Elite Capture“ betrachtet. Dabei bestätigt sich der positive Zusammenhang zwischen kommunalen Ungleichheiten, welche sich in der Machtverteilung ausdrücken, und der Ressourcenallokation durch die gewählten Vertreter der lokalen Gemeinde. Insbesondere für die derzeit in Entwicklungsländern großflächig vorangetriebenen kommunengesteuerten Entwicklungsprogramme (CDD) ist dieses Ergebnis relevant. Es wird angeregt, dass politische Entscheidungsträger bestehende lokale Machtstrukturen verstärkt beachten sollten, um sicherzustellen, dass die durchgeführten Projekte tatsächlich die ärmere, benachteiligte Bevölkerung erreichen. Vor dem Hintergrund der Dezentralisierung in Indonesien untersucht der zweite Essay den Zusammenhang zwischen Bestechungsgeldern und der Wirksamkeit der Bereitstellung von öffentlichen Dienstleistungen. Die Studie prüft die Korruptionshypothese des „grease the wheels", nach der Bestechung als eine Methode der Beschleunigung von Verwaltung funktioniert. Anhand von Unternehmensdaten aus Indonesien wird gezeigt, dass Firmen, die höhere Bestechungsgelder zahlen, mehr Zeit mit Beamten verbringen. Letzteres wird als Proxy für Bürokratie verwendet. Diese Resultate widersprechen der obigen Hypothese und erweisen sich als robust auch nachdem für mögliche Kausalumkehrung kontrolliert sowie konkurrierende Bestechung unter asymmetrischer Information berücksichtigt wurde. Diese Resultate bestätigen damit die kontraproduktiven Effekte von Bestechung und unterstützen die Anti-Korruptionskampagnen, die von Regierungen und internationalen Organisationen durchgeführt werden. Der dritte Essay diskutiert die Rolle von Frauen als Entscheidungsträgerinnen im Kontext von UPP2. Erörtert wird, ob die Ressourcenallokation des Projektes stärker auf die Präferenzen von Frauen ausgerichtet sind, wenn mehr Frauen in lokalen Institutionen vertreten sind. Nach Prüfung des Medianwählermodells wird die Rolle von Genderzusammensetzungen in lokalen Vertretungen in Bezug auf die Veränderungen politischer Entscheidungen analysiert. Unter Verwendung von detaillierten Daten bezüglich ex-ante Präferenzen von Wählern sowie politischen Stellvertretern, kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass der weibliche Anteil in lokalen, politischen Institutionen keinen Einfluss auf politische Entscheidungen hat. Dennoch korreliert der Frauenanteil mit den Präferenzen der Medianwähler und denen von Wählerinnen, die mehr Aufmerksamkeit für öffentliche Hygiene fordern. Diese Ergebnisse lassen die Prognosen des Medianwählermodells anzweifeln.

Baitul Maal Tamwil (BMT) is a community-based and cooperative microfinance approach, and combines economic and socio-religious objectives in providing financial services to poor people and helping the needy participate in a dynamic Muslim society. The study objective is to examine the development of the BMT sector in Yogyakarta and in particular to assess the role and performance of and assesses the extent to which the BMT's philosophy and modus operandi is sustainable in achieving the dual missions of poverty alleviation following Islamic principles. This study addresses research questions of how and what role of the BMT institutions, as the Islamic microfinance model in the Javanese Muslim community, and to what extent the BMT sector is sustainable.

This thesis examines the relationships between participation and project sustainability. By using the Participatory Integrated Development in the Rain-fed Areas (PIDRA), an integrated rural development project, in three districts of East Java, Indonesia, as a case study, it addresses the question about what kind of participation will lead the intended beneficiaries to continue to use and benefit from the services that remain beyond the project period. The research found that the project mostly targeted the poor, marginalised, and vulnerable people, and widows as household heads. However, some high school graduates and wealthy villagers were also included as target beneficiaries. Most participants were actively involved and participated in the project implementation activities, but rarely participated in project planning and design as well as monitoring and evaluation. The results also show that factors influencing participation of the intended beneficiaries of the PIDRA Project in the target areas were: the responsibility of the beneficiaries to the groups as members and as leaders part of the management team; the level of education, knowledge, and skills of participants; incentives provided to access credits; the availability and use of sanctions; the geographical situation; poverty; age; support from the government; and the role of facilitators. Analysis of the case study shows that the PIDRA Project in East Java will likely have some sustainable activities and benefits in the short term. Furthermore, participation is likely lead to the project sustainability of some project elements when participation is not only used as a means but also as an end. However, the results also suggest the increasing cooperation and collaboration of government and the NGOs, and defining participant groups based on similar educational background and socio-economic situation will enhance participation and project sustainability. This study would also raise the attention of development practitioners of the dangers of the participatory approach in their practice because it could be manipulative, harm people who are supposed to be advantaged, and hence create “new tyranny” in development interventions.

A prominent idea in the decentralisation and development literature is that decentralisation leads to deeper and stronger community participation. This thesis seeks to examine this argument by investigating the practice of community participation in the Indonesian decentralisation context, focusing on parental participation through access to and control over school financial resources. Drawing on a case study in Depok city, the practice of parental involvement has been explored by identifying the characteristics and the extent of parents’ participation in school management. School Committees (SCs), as a mechanism of community involvement provided by the decentralised education policy, were also examined in this research to develop an understanding of parental representation in school management. The study found that the characteristics and the extent of parents’ participation in school management have changed and decreased significantly as a result of a new Free School Programme (FSP) introduced by the government in 2009 which freed parents from school operational cost. Prior to FSP, parents actively participated in terms of supplying resources and involvement in school meetings, had some access to financial information, and had limited engagement with school budgeting through representation in SCs. However, the new absence of financial contribution by parents has affected parental participation by transforming it into a weaker form of participation where parents act as mere beneficiaries. The study also revealed that in the Indonesian context, the SCs, as institutional channels for community involvement in education provided by the education decentralisation policy, are not effective in terms of representing and engaging parents in school management. Based on the evidence above, this thesis concluded that in the context of the Indonesian education system, decentralisation has not necessarily enhanced community participation. In this respect, decentralisation is not the only possible answer for achieving a meaningful and empowering parental participation in education. Furthermore, other contextual factors surrounding participation also have to be taken into account. While FSP brings the benefit of allowing students to access education freely, the absence of parental financial contribution has been proved to impact parental participation in a way that is contradictory to one of the purposes of decentralisation policy, which is to engage the community in educational management.

The natural environment plays a major role in determining destination attractiveness, particularly in the case of small island destinations characterised by sparse natural resources and a limited environmental carrying capacity. When uncontrolled tourism development occurs in such settings, environmental degradation may occur, thereby reducing destination attractiveness. This pattern is particularly prevalent in small island destinations within developing countries, where the capability of the local government is often lacking, and where resident populations have limited environmental awareness and education. The recent literature on sustainable tourism has embraced a holistic view of tourism systems that acknowledges the need for joint management by stakeholders, including tourism business operators, local government, ecosystem ecologists, non-government organisations (NGOs) and local residents. This view considers that effective environmental conservation in small island tourism destinations within developing countries requires collaboration between relevant stakeholders. This should include the creation of networks and the development of a shared understanding about the collaborative actions governing environmental conservation. Some of small island destinations in developing countries have developed