Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Community-based Ecotourism'

Ecotourism emerged as an alternative form of tourism in the 1990s to mitigate the faults of conventional (mass) tourism in meeting the needs of sustainable development. It has since become widespread in Thailand and is adopted not only in natural areas but also in rural communities. Key elements of ecotourism include a focus on ecological resources, sustainable management, environmental education, and community participation. Community participation receives a high degree of consideration among developers in Thailand. Ecotourism (ET) is seen to support this concept and is increasingly geared in the direction of social development. These trends form the backdrop to this study on community participation in ecotourism development. The study applies a triangulation methodology to collect data by combining both qualitative and quantitative methods, combining theory and empirical study to analyse the context of how local people have participated in ecotourism development. The study pays particular attention to the practices and opinions of local people in recognition of communities' rights and responsibilities in controlling their own development. The empirical study was carried out at two levels, including a general survey by postal questionnaire (thirty-one respondents) and in-depth study in four areas (Umphang, Khiriwong, Sasom and Tha Madua). The research merges theory and practice into an analysis and empirical presentation throughout the study. Theoretically, the thesis is informed by political economy and political ecology approaches, together with the concept of participation in community development and tourism development models. The research found that many communities achieve a degree of self-management in offering tourism services such as homestays, guided tours, cultural performances and cultural products. Community ecotourism organisations have been established in most communities in order to serve these new activities and to create a collective management process. Similarities in pattern and differentiation in practices among many communities were supported by different outside initiatives, developed according to similar aims and involving similar processes, but there is no uniformity or single model that is effectively applied to all communities. One significant barrier for local communities to take a major role in ecotourism is the access to ecotourism resources, which are mostly located in protected areas and are controlled by state agencies. This has led them to promote primarily their own cultural resources. Consequently, these practical changes have led to a transformation of the dominant development concept from Ecotourism (ET) to Community-based Ecotourism (CBET). Results also show that most practices involve a level of cooperation in decision-making and action with other stakeholders who are in a better position to run tourism businesses. It is difficult for local communities to be empowered to control the whole situation, which is sometimes claimed to be the ultimate goal level of local participation. The demands of marketing and conflict in management among local people, together with the limitations in accessing natural resources, are the weakest points of and constraints on the communities. To deal with these limitations, communities try to create relationships with outsiders. To develop better management of community tourism, many communities rely on help and support from outside, especially from government agencies. This, however, impels the community to become dependent on outsiders. It is also hard for communities to generate a high level of income offering basic services, since there are many levels of demand from different types of ecotourists. In summary, the main contributions of this study are: an understanding of community tourism in Thailand; the experiences of ecotourism development in the community from the leading case studies; directions, roles and responsibilities of actors and community organisations in particular; a range of options for community action in support of a more participatory process in ecotourism development. Last but not least is a set of recommendations for community-based ecotourism development from the level of policy application to practical improvement at the community level.

Ecotourism emerged as an alternative form of tourism in the 1990s to mitigate the faults of conventional (mass) tourism in meeting the needs of sustainable development. It has since become widespread in Thailand and is adopted not only in natural areas but also in rural communities. Key elements of ecotourism include a focus on ecological resources, sustainable management, environmental education, and community participation. Community participation receives a high degree of consideration among developers in Thailand. Ecotourism (ET) is seen to support this concept and is increasingly geared in the direction of social development. These trends form the backdrop to this study on community participation in ecotourism development. The study applies a triangulation methodology to collect data by combining both qualitative and quantitative methods, combining theory and empirical study to analyse the context of how local people have participated in ecotourism development. The study pays particular attention to the practices and opinions of local people in recognition of communities' rights and responsibilities in controlling their own development. The empirical study was carried out at two levels, including a general survey by postal questionnaire (thirty-one respondents) and in-depth study in four areas (Umphang, Khiriwong, Sasom and Tha Madua). The research merges theory and practice into an analysis and empirical presentation throughout the study. Theoretically, the thesis is informed by political economy and political ecology approaches, together with the concept of participation in community development and tourism development models. The research found that many communities achieve a degree of self-management in offering tourism services such as homestays, guided tours, cultural performances and cultural products. Community ecotourism organisations have been established in most communities in order to serve these new activities and to create a collective management process. Similarities in pattern and differentiation in practices among many communities were supported by different outside initiatives, developed according to similar aims and involving similar processes, but there is no uniformity or single model that is effectively applied to all communities. One significant barrier for local communities to take a major role in ecotourism is the access to ecotourism resources, which are mostly located in protected areas and are controlled by state agencies. This has led them to promote primarily their own cultural resources. Consequently, these practical changes have led to a transformation of the dominant development concept from Ecotourism (ET) to Community-based Ecotourism (CBET). Results also show that most practices involve a level of cooperation in decision-making and action with other stakeholders who are in a better position to run tourism businesses. It is difficult for local communities to be empowered to control the whole situation, which is sometimes claimed to be the ultimate goal level of local participation. The demands of marketing and conflict in management among local people, together with the limitations in accessing natural resources, are the weakest points of and constraints on the communities. To deal with these limitations, communities try to create relationships with outsiders. To develop better management of community tourism, many communities rely on help and support from outside, especially from government agencies. This, however, impels the community to become dependent on outsiders. It is also hard for communities to generate a high level of income offering basic services, since there are many levels of demand from different types of ecotourists. In summary, the main contributions of this study are: an understanding of community tourism in Thailand; the experiences of ecotourism development in the community from the leading case studies; directions, roles and responsibilities of actors and community organisations in particular; a range of options for community action in support of a more participatory process in ecotourism development. Last but not least is a set of recommendations for community-based ecotourism development from the level of policy application to practical improvement at the community level.

The global trend towards sustainability is influencing humankind on a daily basis. One of the aspects of human life that is significantly influenced by this trend is decision making with regard to travel and holidays. The investigation was initiated in an attempt to monitor the sustainability of community-based ecotourism in southern Africa and to set a baseline for future comparison. A comprehensive inventory of 331 community-based tourism ventures across southern Africa was compiled as part of the study. A spatial selection was undertaken to refine the selection of ventures which could be safely and economically visited in southern Africa. A telephonic interview was carried out with each of the remaining 241 community-based tourism ventures in order to determine which ventures may be categorized as community-based ecotourism ventures. The results of the telephonic interview were used to classify the community-based ecotourism ventures into types. A random selection within types followed to select six case studies for further investigation. An evaluation framework was constructed to monitor the sustainability of the selected community-based ecotourism ventures. The evaluation framework made use of a number of sustainability issues and their associated indicators. The evaluation framework was then tested for its applicability to investigate the social, economic and environmental sustainability of the six case studies. Thereafter a cross-case analysis was undertaken to compare the results and to obtain baseline data for future comparison. The utility of the constructed evaluation framework was subsequently commented on and changes were recommended. The study provided a time- and cost-effective evaluation framework for monitoring the sustainability performance of community-based ecotourism ventures. The constructed framework also makes an important contribution as a departure point in the adaptive learning cycle for the development and implementation of sustainable tourism indicators for community-based ecotourism ventures. Case study specific recommendations were made in order to improve the sustainability performance of the investigated case studies. The results of this study serve as a benchmark against which future investigations into the sustainability of community-based ecotourism ventures in southern Africa may be compared. Conclusions relating to the sustainability of community-based ecotourism ventures in southern Africa are drawn, and a number of recommendations for further research are made.

Tourism development sometimes focuses too much on short term monetary benefits and inadvertently causes environmental and social degradation. Community-based ecotourism (CBET) is an alternative model of tourism development that has the potential to avoid certain negative side-effects while promoting environmental, cultural, and economic sustainability. Adult learning and education and gender issues are two critical but under-researched areas in ecotourism development. Informed by a combination of theoretical concepts in adult learning, environmental adult education, and women's empowerment in community development, this study examines the content, process, and outcomes of community member learning in three aspects of a CBET project in Vietnam. These include: 1) The development and management of the CBET project; 2) The protection and conservation of the local environment; and 3) Local women's empowerment. Field research for the study was undertaken on a model CBET project in Giao Xuan commune near Xuan Thuy National Park, Vietnam, a wetland recognized for its importance to environmental conservation by the Ramsar Convention. The study took an interpretive case study approach incorporating qualitative research methods of interviews, participant observation, and document analysis. Thirty-one research participants took part in the study, including seven project staff and consultants, and twenty-four community members. Study findings indicate that even though there is much room for the improvement of the planning and implementation of the CBET project, community members in the Giao Xuan CBET project have actively learned to make CBET an effective strategy linking the development of ecotourism with sustainable development. The CBET project has brought a new source of income to the local community, promoted local environmental conservation and made positive changes in local gender roles and relations. Study findings contribute to knowledge of the effectiveness of CBET as a means of community development, the role of adult learning and education in CBET, and the integration of a gender perspective into the planning and implementation of CBET.
Education, Faculty of
Educational Studies (EDST), Department of
Graduate

Thesis (M.S.) -- University of Montana, 2008.
Title from author supplied metadata. Description based on contents viewed on June 22, 2009. ETD number: etd-12192008-142929. Includes bibliographical references.

This is a qualitative study examining conservation attitudes and resource use of 63 individuals in Kasigau, Kenya. Community members described their perceptions of conservation, the resources that they use, the location and availability of these, their support for the protection of Mt. Kasigau, their likes and dislikes of plant and animal species, and their support of ecotourism in Kasigau. All individuals listed conservation behaviors and agreed that protecting Mt. Kasigau is important. Many recognized the mountain as the only source of water. Some resources were limited, especially at certain times of the year. All interviewed community members except one would like tourists to visit Kasigau and are interested in cultural exchange. There is an apparent difference between conservation and ecotourism attitudes in Makwasinyi and the other six villages which could be because Makwasinyi has a lower level of education and is isolated on the northeastern side of the mountain. Gender differences between males and females were also present as each gender uses different resources coupled with a division of labor. The main theory that evolved was rational choice theory. People of Kasigau are trying to sustain their livelihoods and will pick conservation activities due to their benefits and chance they will increase income. When developing a community-based conservation model, these attitudes, education level, and gender differences must be considered to make a plan the whole community can agree on and from which it will benefit.

Nunavut has experienced significant growth in tourism since the 1980s, and ecotourism has all but become policy in the region. With the recent thrust in tourism literature suggesting that tourism research furthers the industry's development in communities, it is timely that more studies examine the tourism industry in the changing face of 'Nunavut'. This thesis is a case study presentation of a Nunavut community's experience with tourism. The research examines the changes and restructuring that have come about in the tourism industry since the signing of the Nunavut Land Claims Agreement, and whether community-controlled tourism is facilitated by these changes.
The results of this research indicate that the basic needs of Kimmirut residents are not being met by current tourism policy. The community's entrepreneurial spirit and willingness to host tourists are not being fully recognized by industry and government, although the desire on behalf of the latter exists.

Thesis (MA (Geography and Environmental Studies)--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research focuses on the black rhinoceros and ecotourism in three conservation areas in the Kunene region of Namibia. The reciprocal impact between black rhino and community-based ecotourism is analysed. The research is located in two communal conservancies, #Khoadi-//Hôas and Torra, and in a photographic tourism concession, the Palmwag Concession Area. The research aims to explore and describe the reciprocal impact of community-based ecotourism efforts and black rhino spatial movement patterns in three conservation areas in north-west Namibia. An in-depth literature review was undertaken on the reciprocal impact between rhino-tracking tourism and conservation. A comparison was also made between the effects of human-induced disturbance on spatial movement patterns of black rhinos and the perception of tourists about tracking black rhinos. The value of black rhinos to community-based ecotourism was also determined. Quantitative research methodology was used for this study. Explorations of objectives were conducted through direct field observation with the aid of radio-telemetry tracking and aerial surveying for data gathering. The researcher employed SRT (Save the Rhino Trust) trackers in the study areas to assist with the tracking. The sample consisted of 24 transmitter-fitted black rhino in the three conservation areas. Rhino not fitted with transmitters have been included in the sample for more accurate results. Four hundred questionnaires were distributed at four tourist lodges in the study area. The hypothesis that sustainable ecotourism does not influence black rhino spatial behaviour was rejected. Rhinos in the study were easily disturbed and did not readily return to undisturbed behaviour. Their major response to disturbance was to run away. The disturbance was influenced by their initial activity when found. The highest disturbance occurred early in observations. Rhinos illustrated similar causes of disturbance throughout the study sites. The Springbok River emerged as the area with the most severe reactions to disturbance. This was supported by home range data and ecological constraints. Analysis of tourist responses regarding rhino tracking indicated a high demand for and level of satisfaction. This was the single determining factor for tourists to return to the Kunene region to do rhino tracking again. Tourists were willing to pay close to market price to track black rhino. It is recommended that tracking of black rhino should be avoided in the Springbok River and Aub/Barab areas. Tracking protocols should stipulate that tracking should only be conducted early in the morning; that rhinos may only be approached from downwind; that observation time may not exceed 15 minutes; that groups must be kept small; and that the approach distance may not be less than 100 metres.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die fokus van die navorsing is op swart renosters en ekotoerisme in drie bewaringsgebiede in die Kunene streek van Namibia. Die wedersydse wisselwerking tussen swart renosters en gemeenskaps-gebaseerde ekotoerisme is nagevors. Die navorsing het plaasgevind in twee kommunale bewaringsgebiede, #Khoadi-//Hôas en Torra asook ‘n konsessie vir fotografie in die Palmwag Konsessie Gebied. Die doel van die navorsing was om die wedersydse wisselwerking van gemeenskapsgebaseerde ekotoerisme en swart renosters se geografiese bewegingspatrone in drie bewaringsareas in noordwes Namibië te ondersoek en te omskryf. ‘n Deeglike literatuurstudie is gedoen ten opsigte van die wedersydse wisselwerking tussen toerisme met die doel om renosters waar te neem deur spoorsny en bewaring van die spesies. Die uitwerking van versteuring deur mense op die geografiese bewegingspatrone van swart renosters is vergelyk met die persepsie van toeriste ten opsigte van spoorsny van swart renosters. Die waarde van swart renosters ten opsigte van ekotoerisme is ook bepaal. Kwantitatiewe navorsingsmetodologie is gebruik in die studie. Die doelstelling van die navorsing is uitgevoer deur direkte veld waarnemings met behulp van radio-telemetriese opsporing en data insameling met behulp van lugsensusse. Die navorser het spoorsnyers van SRT (Save the Rhino Trust), wat in die studiegebied werk, in diens geneem om van hulp te wees met die spoorsny van renosters. Die steekproef het bestaan uit 24 swart renosters toegerus met seintoestelle in drie bewaringsgebiede. Renosters wat nie seintoestelle gehad het nie, is ook in die steekproef ingesluit ten einde beter dekking te verkry. Vierhonderd vraelyste is by vier toeristeoorde in die studiegebied versprei. Die hipotese dat volhoubare ekotoerisme nie ‘n invloed uitoefen op die geografiese gedrag van swart renosters nie, is verwerp. Renosters in die studie-gebied is maklik versteur en het nie geredelik teruggekeer tot onversteurde gedrag nie. Hulle reaksie op versteuring was gekenmerk deur weg te hardloop. Die mate van versteuring is bepaal deur die renosters se aanvanklike aktiwiteit by opsporing. Die meeste versteuring het gedurende vroeë waarneming plaasgevind. Dieselfde oorsake van versteuring is in al drie gebiede gevind. Die Springbokrivier was die gebied waar die sterkste reaksies ten opsigte van versteuring bespeur is. Dit word ondersteun deur die grootte van die loopgebiede van die renosters en ekologiese beperkings van die gebied. Data-analise van toeriste-vraelyste het aangetoon dat daar ‘n groot aanvraag en belangstelling is in die spoorsny van renosters. Die grootste bepalende faktor vir toeriste om na die Kunene streek terug te keer, is om renosters te sien deur middel van spoorsny. Toeriste is gewillig om die heersende markprys vir spoorsny van renosters te betaal. Navorsingsaanbevelings sluit in dat spoorsny van swart renosters in die Springbokrivier en Aub/Barab gebiede vermy word. Spoorsny-protokol moet stipuleer dat dit net in die vroeë oggend gedoen word, dat renosters slegs van onderkant die wind genader word, waarnemingstyd mag nie 15 minute oorskry nie, groepe moet klein wees en die afstand vanaf die diere mag nie nader as 100 meter wees nie.

With the rapid growth of the global ecotourism industry, the sector has had difficulty attaining its intended goals of environmental responsibility and local development. In recent years, there has been a recognized need for greater incorporation of local communities into tourism operations. This thesis explores the challenges facing ecotourism, while arguing for the potential found in ecotourism enterprises owned and operated by indigenous communities in Ecuador. An analysis of two distinct Ecuadorian cases demonstrates the potential for multi-faceted environmental and social impact in diverse contexts. Finally, by understanding the processes that build impact embedded in the business models, this study reveals key components and strategies applicable to community-based ecotourism around the world.

This study evaluates the potential for community-based ecotourism as conservation and development strategy in Kome village, which is an unprotected area. The study adopts the ecotourism concept to illustrate how communitybased ecotourism can be a tool for conservation and development in poor rural communities. Adopting the intensive case study design, the study investigates the major challenges for community-based ecotourism in Kome village. Findings reveal that Kome community derives low socio-economic benefits including limited earnings, low employment, poor benefits sharing and lack of entrepreneurships. Kome has a potential to offer better community-based ecotourism products due to diverse tourist attractions ranging from historical, cultural activities to natural scenery. The study suggests and recommends formation of a partnership between the Kome community, private, public sector and the NGOs as a strategy for development. The study concludes that ecotourism can be an appropriate option for conservation and development for Kome village.

Stakeholders’ collaboration is receiving growing recognition in tourism planning and management. However, inadequate research has been undertaken into this topic within developing or underdeveloped countries. This study has evaluated the potential for stakeholders’ collaboration as a key factor in the prospects for Community Based Ecotourism (CBE) in coastal areas of Pakistan. Core concepts of strategic analysis and collaboration theory were applied to case studies and field research. Sustainable practices were identified from three selected CBE case studies (Ulugan Bay, Philippines; Operation Wallacea, Indonesia and Kaikoura District Council, New Zealand), all of which champion stakeholder collaboration in their operations. Field level research was carried out in Pakistan to identify gaps in sectoral management approaches to tourism. Attributes observed within all the three case studies were then critically compared with the situation in Pakistan. In order to explore CBE potential as a viable option for coastal tourism in Pakistan, an assessment of ecologically sensitive coastal areas for their potential in CBE together with an assessment of the stakeholder environment for collaboration in CBE was undertaken. Application of the first exercise to seven ecologically sensitive coastal areas (Jiwani, Miani Hor, Pasni-Astola Island, Harjana Village Bamboor, Kaka Pir Village, Mubarak Village and Keti Bandar) identified two major issues of concern. Namely how to avoid external threats for establishing CBE at each destination and how to access regional opportunities for developing CBE. With respect to second exercise, the stakeholder environment of Sindh Province was assessed for essential preconditions to enable stakeholders’ collaboration in CBE. Notwithstanding some major positive attributes of collaboration, the existing power based approach was considered to be a major obstacle. In order to conceptualise collaboration theory application to CBE in Pakistan, results of the empirical research into the stakeholders’ environment of Sindh were evaluated using a three-stage model of collaboration. The model was advanced through six propositions and the need for the model to recognise practical issues, biodiversity resources and scenic assessment values was identified. In order to successfully establish stakeholders’ collaboration in CBE in coastal areas of Pakistan the collaboration model recommended optimum conditions such as the inclusion of broad range of stakeholders; identification of a suitable convenor; application of a ‘search conference’; strategic repositioning of stakeholders and finally, establishing a collaborative organisation structure. This research concluded that selected rural coastal locations in Pakistan offer an alternative to unsustainable urban tourism on the beaches close to Karachi. Furthermore, the contextual environment of Sindh Province has a potential for stakeholders’ collaboration in CBE, but this is currently thwarted by stakeholders’ power based approach and the political instability of the country. Further work is needed to establish whether such a model could be applied elsewhere in the developing world.

Bibliography: pages 27-33.
Ecotourism is often endorsed as an ideal tool sustainable development that can successfully link the dual goals of nature conservation and rural development. However, critics have highlighted that the negative impacts ecotourism on local communities can undermine the value community development. The participation of local communities in planning for, and implementing, ecotourism development has, therefore, been recommended. This paper addresses some of the problems facing a local community that has the opportunity to develop its own ecotourism venture. It focuses on the difficulties that have been encountered in securing the necessary local participation in planning for a proposed tourism development. These problems include a lack of local awareness about the proposed development, lack of support for the development and lack of capacity to plan a marketable, environmentally sustainable tourism product. Some of the actions for eliciting greater local participation and equipping local to plan for and accommodate tourism are presented. The application of these to the case study reveals a need for sensitivity to local conditions on the part of external agents of change.

In 1998, a dispute between a federal government agency and the local community of Chacchoben resulted in the emergence of a community-based ecotourism (CBE) enterprise to be fully owned and operated by the community in conjunction with a complex arrangement of agreements and partnerships with external actors. CBE is usually framed as a lower-impact, often small-scale alternative to mass tourism and as a conservation and development strategy that can hypothetically protect biologically diverse landscapes while improving the lives of marginalized peasant and indigenous communities through their participation. This case study analyzes the roles of common property land tenure and social capital and how the unique dilemma of a mass community-based ecotourism theme park emerged in Chacchoben. Findings indicate that local decisions and processes of development, conservation, and land use are affected by the complex interaction between local and external institutions and fluctuating levels of social capital.

Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2009.
Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains vi, 107 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 61-64).

Many believe community-based ecotourism (CBE) can assist in conservation efforts and community development; however, little research has been done to assess the potential of CBE in a specific region. As part of a large, long-term, international research project, I define three problematic areas that may impede successful CBE efforts in the Kasigau location of southeast Kenya: bushmeat utilization, community attitudes and wildlife abundance. Samples of meat purchased from butcheries and meat markets are identified to species using molecular analysis, community attitudes are ascertained via written social surveys and transect sampling methods are used to determine the relative abundance and diversity of wildlife on Maungu Ranch in Kasigau. Through these three separate analyses a clear picture of problematic issues facing CBE in Kasigau becomes clear. This study provides valuable baseline data that can be used in future research to determine the impacts of CBE in the region.

As tourism expands across the globe, tourists seek “undeveloped” areas to explore. This influx of visitors has lasting impacts on the natural environment and the socio-economic structures of host communities. Ecotourism has the potential to positively implement tourism that values the natural environment and its’ people. I argue that ecotourism initiatives led by outside agents prioritize natural environment over the indigenous peoples who have lived on the lands for centuries. Indigenous-led tourism inherently is ecotourism, and in Aymara culture ties to Pachamama and their way of live are more sustainable than green tourists traveling to their communities. This thesis draws on the recognized need for local communities to lead tourism initiatives, and examines the difference in outside involvement. An analysis of Isla de la Luna (Coati) and Isla del Sol (Challapampa) in Lake Titicaca, I argue that autonomy and respect of the Aymara people and their cultures should be prioritized as the tourism industry develops in Bolivia. Safeguarding against reproducing and increasing class divisions amongst community members is necessary to preserving sustainable cultural and communal relationships.

Assignment (MFor)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The ongoing environmental destruction that results from the continuous use of the woodland resources for economic purposes has caused extensive changes in the original vegetation of Goba area of southern Mozambique. Developing alternative sources of income for communities can reduce their dependence on the production of charcoal, building materials and wood carvings. The lack of infrastructure and remoteness of these localities from the markets make alternatives economically unfeasible and thus unsustainable for rural development. Ineffective policy planning that does not address the problem in a holistic way causes the dilemma of local people in remote areas. The challenge at Goba is to develop alternative livelihoods that are economically, socially and ecologically sustainable. Nature-based tourism has been identified as such an alternative to realize this goal. However, this development requires incentives for sustainable resource use, which can be created either by expanding the benefits accruing from the efficient use of the resource or by changing the distribution of the benefits and cost in favor of the users. In many cases, local communities have developed tourism initiatives in ecologically fragile, remote areas, without sound planning based on detailed ecological and socio-economic information. Uncontrolled flows of tourists in unplanned tourist destinations degrade these areas. These destinations lose their aesthetic appeal; tourism flow decreases and consequently new attractions are opened. This study is of a land use planning nature and follows a combination of existing framework tools. The primary aim of this study was to develop simple guidelines for nature-based tourism that contribute to the conservation and management of the rural woodland areas as well as to the improved socio-economic welfare of rural communities in the Goba area. The study used baseline information for planning, focusing on the tourism market and on the ecological and socia-economical aspects of the siudy area. Two strategies were used to obtain the information, namely market research and attraction resources analysis. The market research in the southern part of Mozambique shows that: International tourist flows are at present from Southern African countries mostly South Africa (more than 50%), North America, Europe and Australia or Asia. Mozambique is perceived mainly as a sunny beach destination for vacations and weekends though most of the tourists were engaged in multi-destination itineraries that included safari, wildernesses, bird watching, touring and curiosity. There was no evidence from any tourist that nature tourism was the reason to visit Mozambique, but many of them said that they would visit ecotourism and nature tourism destinations if available. The average daily expenditure per tourist was found to be US$47. Tourists from long-haul distances had higher disposable expenditures and stayed longer in both attraction assets and in the country. Sixty nine per cent (69%) of surveyed tourists were over 50 years of age and they were mostly males (57%). The results show clearly that many issues must be taken into consideration where the development of ecotourism and nature-based tourism, especially in rural areas, is concerned. Such considerations should include (i) careful planning of the destinations based on the local developmental policy; (ii) developing saleable tourist products and packages and (iii), promotional strategies to expand the market to capture tourists with high average daily expenditure. The rural communities can then have a chance to develop nature-based tourism that uses outstanding natural resources. The resources analysis study results revealed that: The rugged topographic, climatic conditions of Goba water catchment area and the distance from settlements have naturally preserved local forest resources from human utilization. The area has well conserved and differentiated natural scenic landscape. These scenic landscapes have recreational values as well as environmental contrast, scientific discovery potential and retention of vanishing biological species. To preserve or improve the management of these landscapes, it is essential to consider recreation use in relation to all other potential values. Few existing landscapes showed a relative ability to absorb impacts produced by facility development with a minimum negative effect on the visual and ecological quality of the landscape. The majority of the landscapes have some potential for primitive and sensitive recreational spectrum. All these results are consistent with results from similar studies on watershed and water catchment ecology. Given the constraints on the environmental settings of the Goba landscapes, it is recommended that the basic and logic framework development should attract tourists interested in the more primitive portion of the recreational spectrum and should have fewer facilities of small-scale building. These facilities should be rustic in character with less service and more emphasis on self-reliance. Improved management of the Goba ecosystem is needed to maintain the ecological functions of the catchment and local culture and rurality. In conclusion, this study suggests that, if on these remote fragile ecosystems local communities can protect and market attractive quality-of-life-amenities, maintain a relatively low cost of living, and offer serviceable links to global telecommunication infrastructures in order to attract tourists and retirees, these communities can survive and may even thrive as local economies. An incentive planning method and sustained extension outreach effort in rural development, which focuses on nourishing local action at the grassroots level, will complement such a policy strategy.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Omvattende verandering van die natuurlike plantegroei in die Goba area van suiderlike Mosambiek is teweeg gebring deur die deurlopende bentting van die omgewing deur die misbruik van die natuurlike hulpbronne vir ekonomiese wins. Die ontwikkeling van alternatiewe inkomstebronne vir plaaslike gemeenskap kan hul afhanklikheid van hout vir die produksie van houtskool, boumateriaal en houtsneewerk verminder. Die gebrek aan infrastruktuur en die groot afstande na markte maak die verkoop van die houtprodukte in stedelike gebiede onprakties en dus nie 'n volhoubare oplossing vir landelike ontwikkeling nie. Oneffektiewe beleidsbeplanning wat die probleem nie holisites benader nie veroorsaak 'n dilemma vir inwoners in afgeleë gebiede. Die uitdaging in Goba is om alternatiewe bronne van inkomste te ontwikkel wat ekonomies, sosiaal en ekologies volhoubaar is. Natuurgebaseerde toerisme is geïdentifiseer as 'n moontlike alternatief wat aan die doel kan beantwoord. Die ontwikkeling van eko-toerisme sal egter net slaag indien die plaaslike bevolking genoegsaam aangemoedig word om die natuurlike hulpbronne op 'n volhoubare basis te benut. Dit kan gedoen word óf deur winste terug te ploeg in die omgewing en so die toerisme basis te vergroot óf deur winsdeling op 'n gebruikersgunstige voordele- en kostebasis te behartig. In baie gevalle het plaaslike gemeenskappe toerisme inisiatiewe in sensitiewe, afgeleë gebiede ontwikkel, sonder deeglike beplanning wat op uitgebreide ekologiese en sosio-ekonomiese inligting berus. Die onbeheerde toeriste aanloop na onbeplande areas lei tot die stelselmatige vernietiging daarvan. Hierdie bestemmings verloor hul estetiese waarde en het tot gevolg dat toeriste ander ongerepte areas gaan soek. Hierdie studie handeloor die beplanning van grondgebruik en volg 'n kombinasie van bestaande raamwerk prosedure. Die primêre doel van hierdie ondersoek is om eenvoudige riglyne vir natuurgebaseede eko-toerisme te ontwikkel wat 'n bydra kan lewer tot die bewaring en bestuur van die natuurlike wonde en wat die sosioekonomiese welvaart van die plaaslike bevolking van Goba sal bevorder. Die studie maak gebruik van basiese inligting vir beplanning, en fokus op die toeristemark sowel as op die ekologiese en sosioekonomiese aspekte van die studie-area. Die twee strategieë wat gevolg is om inligting in te win is marknavorsing en die analise van toeriste-attraksie hulpbronne. Marknavorsing in die suide van Mosambiek toon dat die meerderheid internasionale besoekers aan Mosambiek afkomstig is van lande in Suidelike Afrika (Suid-Afrika alleen 50%), en daarna uit Noord- Amerika, Europa and Australië/Asië. Mosambiek word hoofsaaklik as 'n sonnige strandoord-bestemming vir vakansies en naweke beskou, hoewel die meeste toeriste 'n multi-bestemming reisplan volg wat safaris, ornitologie, reis en besoeke aan besienswaardighede insluit. Daar is geen bewys gevind dat enige toeris Mosambiek besoek het met eko-toerisme as doel nie, maar baie sou belangstelom dit te doen indien ekoen natuurgebaseerde toeriste-betemmings beskikbaar was. Die gemiddelde daaglikse uitgawe per toeris was US$47. Toeriste wat groot afstande moes aflê om hul bestemming te bereik het meer beskikbare fondse en bly langer, beide in die land en by verskillende attraksies. Van die toeriste by wie die opname gemaak is 69% ouer as 50 jaar en die meerderheid (57%) was mans. Die resultate toon dat daar talle faktore is om in ag te neem by die ontwikkeling van 'n landelike area vir natuurgebaseede en eko-toerisme. Daar moet aandag gegee word aan (i) deeglike beplanning van die bestemming gebaseer op die plaaslike ontwikkelingsbeleid; (ii) die ontwikkeling van verkoopbare toeriste produkte en pakkette;en (iii), promosie strategieë om die mark uit te brei om toeriste wat meer spandeer te lok. Die landelike gemeenskappe word sodoende die geleentheid gebied om hul besondere natuurlike hulpbronne te ontwikkel vir natuurgebaseerde toerisme. Die hulpbron-analise toon dat die afgeleë en bergagtige topografie en die klimaatsomstandighede van Goba se wateropvangsgebied as natuurlike beskerming vir inheense woude teen die benutting deur die plaaslike bevolking gedien het. Die area is goed bewaar met skouspelagtige natuurtonele. Die skouspelagtige landskap beskik oor rekreasiewaarde sowel as omgewingskontras, potensiaal vir wetenskaplike ontdekkings en vir bewaring van seldsame fauna en flora. Om hierdie landskap te bewaar of die bestuur daarvan te verbeter, moet gebruik vir rekreasie in verhouding tot die ander potensiële waardes beskou word. Daar is beperkte areas wat die vermoë besit om ontwikkeling te absorbeer en waar die verbouing van fasiliteite slegs 'n minimale negatiewe effek op die visuele en ekologiese kwaliteit sal hê. Die potensiaal bestaan egter vir alle areas om op 'n beperkte skaalontwikkel te word vir die primitiewe en sensitiewe sektor van die rekreasie spektrum. Die resultate van die vavorsing stem ooreen met soortgelyke studies van waterskeiding- en wateropvangsgebied-ekologie en ontwikkeling. Vir die gegewe omgewingsbeperkings van Goba word dit aanbeveel dat ontwikkeling op 'n basiese vlak geskied om daadie proporsie van die toeriste te lok wat in die sogenaamde wildernis-ervaring belangstel. Geboue en beperkte fasiliteite moet slegs op klein skaal opgerig word. Die fasiliteite moet by die omgewing inpas en die klem moet op selfvoorsiening eerder as op dienstelewering val. Die bestuur van die Goba ekosisteem moet egter verbeter om die ekologiese funksie en die plaaslike kultuur en landelikeid te behou. Die bevinding van die studie is dat indien ver-afgeleë en sensitiewe ekosisteme deur die plaaslike bevolking bestuur en beskerm word, dit tot ekonomiese welvaart van die landelike gebiede kan lei. Hierdie areas moet bestuur word sodat die landelike karakter as toeriste aantreklikheid behou word, dat die lewenskoste relatief laag bly en dat verbindings met die buitewêreld op telekommunikasie vlak ingestel word. Beplanning moet op 'n aansporingsbasis gegrond wees met uitreikingsprogramme met landelike ontwikkeling as doel. Aanmoediging van plaaslike aksie op grondvlak behoort so 'n beleidstrategie te versterk.

This study aimed to analyse the potential and challenges for ecotourism development and how it can be applied as an integrated tool to provide economic incentives and better opportunities for community development, while improving natural resource management and conservation in Isimangaliso. The capital assets, the context of vulnerability of the local communities along with other significant attributes of the supply side were investigated in-depth. In addition, the potentials and challenges for ecotourism development in the selected Isimangaliso, Khula Village were studied. The impacts of ecotourism on local livelihood improvement, biodiversity resources and natural environment, and management and conservation of the area were also explored through sustainability concepts. However, the focus of the study was not only on ecotourism potentials and opportunities but was also on the development of sound guiding principles for planning and management of ecotourism development in Isimangaliso in a sustainable manner. It was found that community‟s willingness to participate in local development and natural resource management remains a questionable issue to be achieved. This is because local communities are strongly influenced by vertical network of the state administration. The study reveals that there is a strong interaction and interdependency between local livelihoods or poverty and the status and effectiveness of natural resource management in Isimangaliso. The study indicates that the area has plenty of potential natural and cultural resources. These resources signify three fundamental elements for ecotourism destination: quantity, quality, and fascination. The natural attractions consist of vital and sensitive biological and scenic values of the destination area.

Ecotourism is a rapidly growing global export industry that aims to uphold the ethics of responsible tourism by engaging with local communities and encouraging environmentally conscious travel. With existing critiques of the greenwashing of ecotourism and the tendency for tourism agencies to exploit host communities, I advocate for participatory community-based models of ecotourism. This thesis explores both the material and conceptual benefits of community-based ecotourism through the critical examination of community-based ecotourism projects in Rio de Janeiro Brazil. Focusing on the implementation of ecotourism in of some of Rio de Janeiro’s peripheral communities, areas that are impacted by social and spatial marginalization, this thesis argues that the cultural and environmental history of a location are inseparable. When ecotourism is participatory and community-based, it can be a method for sharing cultural and environmental knowledge. Exploring the parallels between environmental justice toxic tourism and community-based ecotourism, this thesis examines the extent to which ecotourism can be used as a tool for social justice, serving to valorize the land histories and lived experiences of communities. Beyond generating money for host communities, the case studies of participatory ecotourism demonstrate the potential for ecotourism to serve as a platform for advocating for land rights in historically marginalized communities.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Making reference to the practice of tourism in the Barra do Rio Mamanguape community located in the APA of the Barra do Rio Mamanguape - PB and the natural potential of the site for the practice of tourist activities, the purpose of this study sought to conduct a diagnosis of tourist community, analyzing their interrelationships to the participatory construction of Ecotourism Community Base. Analyze the dynamic tourism and its potential for tourism development is preliminary to the planning of tourism in a region action, especially for the tourism develops in a responsible manner while minimizing impacts to the environment and culture of indigenous communities. For purposes of analysis, literature searches were conducted primarily about the concepts that concern research. Shortly after empirical research with qualitative and quantitative basis were conducted from January 2014 to October 2014 in Barra do Rio Mamanguape community, with the help of tools like questionnaires and interviews with internal and external stakeholders of the local tourism development. Although surveys were conducted onsite for identification of in loco tourism and documentary research in order to recognize the tourist flows in the region. From the data analysis it was found the potential for participatory community building community-based ecotourism as regards the tourism potential, but for the development of fact, there is still much to be articulated not only by the interest of the community site, but the support from government to subsidize its construction. Although there is potential for its development, it is necessary a sharper insight into their future development, since the current impasse occurs from the sanction of the management plan for the conservation unit community is located, because through this rules for the use of territories which could draw the attention of private sector large for construction of tourism in the region, which would extinguish the time of the community in developing tourism in the region as a community will be dictated. However, protrudes through this research the importance of articulating the community, with government and non-government planning of participatory tourism agencies, preceding the establishment of the private tourism sector in the region.
Tomando por referência a prática do turismo na comunidade da Barra do Rio Mamanguape, localizada na APA da Barra do Rio Mamanguape - PB e as potencialidades naturais do local para a prática de atividades turísticas, a proposta desse estudo buscou realizar um diagnóstico turístico da comunidade, analisando suas interelações para a construção participativa do Ecoturismo de Base comunitária. Analisar a dinâmica turística e suas potencialidades para o desenvolvimento do turismo é ação preliminar para o planejamento da atividade turística de uma região, sobretudo para que o turismo se desenvolva de forma responsável, minimizando os impactos ao meio ambiente e à cultura das comunidades autóctones. Para fins de análise, primeiramente foram realizadas pesquisas bibliográficas acerca dos conceitos que tangem a pesquisa. Logo após, foram realizadas pesquisas empíricas com base quali-quantitativa no período de janeiro de 2014 à outubro de 2014 na comunidade da Barra do Rio Mamanguape, com o auxílio de ferramentas como, questionários e entrevistas com os atores internos e externos do desenvolvimento turístico da comunidade. Ainda foram realizadas pesquisas in loco para a identificação da oferta turística local e pesquisa documental afim de reconhecer o fluxos turístico da região. A partir da análise dos dados constatou-se o potencial da comunidade para a construção participativa do ecoturismo de base comunitária no que se refere as potencialidades turísticas, todavia quanto ao desenvolvimento de fato, ainda existe muito a ser articulado, não só pelo interesse da comunidade local, mas do apoio de entidades governamentais, para subsidiar a sua construção. Embora, haja potencialidades para o seu desenvolvimento, faz-se necessário uma visão mais aguçada sobre o seu desenvolvimento futuro, já que o impasse atual se dá a partir da sanção do plano de manejo da Unidade de conservação que a comunidade está inserida, pois através deste serão ditadas regras de utilização de territórios, o que poderá chamar a atenção do setor privado de grande porte para a construção do turismo na região, o que extinguiria a vez da comunidade em desenvolver o turismo de forma comunitária na região. Contudo, salienta-se através dessa pesquisa a importância da articulação da comunidade, com os órgãos governamentais e não governamentais para o planejamento do turismo participativo, antecedendo o estabelecimento do setor turístico privado na região.

Biodiversity loss caused by human activities is considered to be one of the greatest challenges to the stability of our planet. Protected areas emerged as a solution to this challenge, but they are not always successful due to the exclusion and displacement of local communities that live in proximity to the protected area, especially in low income countries. The Maasai Mara conservancy model presents an opportunity to mitigate these problems by increasing wildlife habitat and simultaneously improving the livelihoods of surrounding Maasai communities. However, the model is threatened by the Covid-19 pandemic which has suspended the international tourism on which the conservancies rely. In order to understand how the model can potentially increase its resilience to future global shocks, I interviewed stakeholders about their experiences within the model, during the pandemic and relating to past global shocks. Using the concept of environmentality, I sought to evaluate the structure of the model, its historical roots and the governance tools which enable its function. Some already existing issues were emphasised by the impact of the pandemic, while new opportunities for evolution were also unearthed. The most prominent theme arising from these conversations was that of equity - between tourism partners and landowners, relating to the rights of women and to the place of Maasai youth in the future of the model. The colonial history of wildlife conservation also created discussions around the exclusion of local tourists and the underlying biases that may exist. Finally, I attempt to understand how the governance enacted within the conservancy model creates different kinds of environmental subjects. Although previous discussions on environmental governance have assumed that regulation is successful, I illustrate here that power is not unidirectional because resistance and negotiation by the governed population is common. By interrogating the different layers of environmentality and how they interplay, I trace the creation new environmental subjectivities in those who are involved in the conservation of wildlife in the Maasai Mara.

Thesis (MTech (Tourism and Hospitality Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2015.
Research indicates that community-based tourism (CBT) has economic relevance and is often viewed as an alternative source of income for rural communities that are endowed with rich cultural and natural tourism resources, yet the success of CBT projects is negligible. This research was designed to explore the importance of considering pre-conditions for CBT before proceeding with the actual implementation of the project with a sample of CBT project members directly involved in CBT. Ignoring this fundamental step often led to failure of CBT projects. The research sought to establish whether the CBT projects in Mpondoland were either faced with challenges or presented with opportunities and to propose a CBT Pre-condition Management and Evaluation Model (PEM). The participants were selected because of their relevant knowledge and experience in relation to the case. All seventeen members who were operating a CBT business at the time of the study in the village of Noqhekwane and all five members from the village of Ndengane were approached to participate in the study. This study employed a mixed-methods approach for data collection, more specifically, the qualitative approach was used to gather more in-depth information from respondents, based on their CBT project in the context of their specific socio-economic status, their local environment, education levels, management and background of their project, and infrastructures of the area. Interpretive analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data using thematic categories from the analysis as sub-headings. Other data collected from the responses was analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21.0.

碩士
國立嘉義大學
管理學院碩士在職專班
96
Taiwan is a small island with abundant natural resources and diverse culture. Although the scope of ecotourism here is small, the diversity is high. Most ecotourism naturally occurs in the community or close to the community, resulting in a close connection between the development of ecotourism and communities in Taiwan. Taking Tao-mi and Nei-wan Communities as examples, this study intends to research the development of community-based ecotourism under different consulting service models, and to investigate factors which cause differences between ideal and applied ecotourism. The study also researches how the government assists community-based ecotourism, and provides suggestions for consultants to assist communities in operating successful ecotourism based on principles of environmental protection and feedback to the community. From the case study in this research, I found that in Tao-mi Community, the consulting team focused on resource conservation to structure a better environment for ecotourism. In Nei-wan Community however, the consulting team focused on the development of tourism industry. Due to having different goals, these two communities thus developed very different types of ecotourism. This research is a preliminary study. It designs a “community-based ecotourism consulting pattern.” According to this pattern, consultants need to respect nature as well as people. Investigating resources of ecotourism, condensing common consensus, education and training, structuring the mechanism of business operation and resources management, commercializing ecotourism resources, marketing, and self-reviewing are all major aspects of their work. This consulting system would help structure the model of community-based ecotourism comprising “community management” “resource management” and “tourism management” as proposed by Dr. Wu, Tsung-Chiung, and form a community-based ecotourism which emphasizes conservation, community, and sustainability.

碩士
國立臺北藝術大學
文創產業國際藝術碩士學位學程
104
Ecotourism is a subset of nature based tourism. Especially to tourists who enjoy wide range of recreational and leisure activities, including involving themselves in activities to conserve and sustain the natural resources, as well as giving benefit to the local communities. Moreover, community based ecotourism (CBET) is a subset of ecotourism that emphasizes the central involvement and empowerment of communities to utilize natural, cultural and historic assets for tourism as well as nature conservation. CBET plans had been successful in many places such as Australia, Fiji where the government provides support for the local communities to be involves in tourism planning and preservation plans. Starting from 1980s, writers who are interested into the headhunting culture, Bidayuh culture and orang utan, had visited the tribe and wrote articles about their experiences; Thus, increasing the number of visitors to Annah Rais Village. However, the opening of these protected places to visitor had cause security issues and big changes in culture due to the influence from these foreign visitors. In addition, agriculture development had greatly affected the surrounded environment. Notably, the reduction of orang utan which became a main discussion on the wildlife protection. Thus, Brunei Darussalam-Indonesia-Philippines-East ASEAN Growth Area (BIMP- EAGA) sub regional cooperation framework has identified CBET as an important development activity that can contribute to poverty reduction, natural recourse conservation, and sustaining the traditional and livelihoods of local communities. Through researching, the MOTAC have suggested the Annah Rais Village to the Joint Tourism Development Cluster (JTDC) which is an organization under BIMP-EAGA. Both MOTAC and BIMP-EAGA are part of the CBET strategy covering 2010-2015, supported by the Asian Development Bank (ADB). The support includes coverage on technical support for nature resources preservation, infrastructure and enhance human resources, community and private sector participation. The purpose of this research is to examine the long term strategy of CBET in Annah Rais Village to achieve the goal to take CBET in BMIP-EAGA forward to 2020.

Thai rural communities had been politically, sociocultually, economically voiceless and powerless in development and conservation before national transformations in 1997. This initiative promotes human development and participation of communities, particularly rural area in civil society. Community-based ecotourism (CBET) has been promoted as a tool to empower and support economies. Although local people have limited knowledge and capacity regarding ecotourism and development approaches, these can be learned with the collaborative efforts of external bodies and local communities. This thesis examines how CBET operations transform the local way of life. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with policy-makers and related ecotourism stakeholders to examine CBET in the rural communities of Mae Kampong, Ban Busai and Khiriwong. Ethnographic techniques were employed to understand the complexity of social interactions. The results reveal transformations in power relations among local members and between local communities and external bodies. Given that the villagers in CBET communities promote themselves as a collective group, the issues of obscure power differentials, power resistance and dominance, and inequality in intra-community management, which lead to social conflicts and disparity between individuals and within communities, still exist. Nevertheless, these issues can be internally managed which is a foundation for participation towards collective power. Whilst the communities gradually accumulated experience, knowledge and knowhow through CBET operations over time, they have also learned the way to connect community collective power with external power-bases— supranational institutions, state, institutions, governmental organisations, non-governmental organisations, academics, tourists and entrepreneurs — in order to gain benefits to enhance their way of life. The study concludes that empowerment in CBET can arise and is a viable proposition in the cases studied.

碩士
朝陽科技大學
建築及都市設計研究所
95
In recent years, many countries have aggressively promoted, with the aim to give more control and participating opportunities to local communities on the development and management in ecotourism, as well as to share most of the profits. Currently, eco-communities in Taiwan have been developed sustainably for a number of years. The community-based ecotourism developed by eco-community emphasizes on the autonomy of the community and the necessity of the participation by and management of local resident. However, due to the lack of understanding on the actual needs of the residents and inability to realize the participation mechanism, the results are undermined. This study aims to understand the relationship among “recognition concerning the eco-community”, “attitudes toward the ecotourism development of the community”, “willingness to participate the community-based ecotourism”, “means of participating in the community-based ecotourism”, and “basic attributes of the residents”. Questionnaire survey was adopted to collect data from the local residents. The results showed that: 1) Residents of different attributes have significant difference in the “recognition concerning the eco-community”, “attitudes toward the participating the community-based ecotourism”, “willingness to participate the community-based ecotourism”, “means of participating in the community-based ecotourism”. 2) The residents’ recognition concerning the eco-community is significantly correlated with “recognition concerning the eco-community”, “attitudes toward the participating the community-based ecotourism”, and “direct participation” in the “means of participating in the community-based ecotourism”. 3) The residents’ recognition concerning the eco-community is significantly correlated with the “attitudes toward the participating the community-based ecotourism” and “direct participation” in the “means of participating in the community-based ecotourism”. 4) The residents’ attitudes toward the participating the community-based ecotourism is significantly correlated with the “direct participation” and “investment-based participation” in the “means of participating in the community-based ecotourism”. The results showed that although living in eco-community, the residents’ recognition on eco-community and community-based ecotourism is insufficient. Therefore, enhancing residents’ recognition may strengthen their positive participating attitude can promote their willingness to participate. Also, the study showed that the residents have higher tendency in “providing related service and marketing” in the “direct participation”, which indicates that the residents are rather conservative in the means of participating in the community-based ecotourism. Therefore, appropriate residents’ participation is conducive to means of participation and diverse development.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
地理環境資源學研究所
99
In recent years, the international conservation groups have been paying more attention to community-based natural resources management (CBNRM) and community-based ecotourism. Both of them emphasize the interdependence of local community and natural resources. This concept of ecotourism combines with conservation, business and the development of the local community. Recently, the public have more interests in this kind of cases. The first part of the study is using the case study method to analyze the cases of the communities which developing ecotourism in Taiwan. And then not only make the development processes into stages, but also provide the characteristics, key issues and possible solutions on each stage. In addition, the study also provide the conversion mechanism between stages. The following part of the study is using the result of the phases of community-based ecotourism development to examine shanyuan community. Besides, the study also wants to provide the guidelines to domestic communities which want to develop ecotourism through natural resources management. This study identified five critical phases of the community-based ecotourism development. They are (1) the hardship of livelihoods, (2) to identify the core resources of the community and launch conservation action, (3) to establish ecological park, (4) the implement of ecotourism plans, (5) the sustainable management. The study found that the action of fishing protection along the local waterfront in shanyuan community have interrelationships with the five critical phasas. Shanyuan community is now on the fourth stage, “the implement of ecotourism plans”. That is to say, the community may face the fifth stage, “the sustainable management” in the future. Therefore, the study provided several suggestions to Shanyuan community through the previous study results.

碩士
中國文化大學
觀光事業研究所
92
Personnel, money and technical knowledge are key points when audits. Toami community is lack of audit personnel. Once, there come more audit indicators or broaden audit area, it must give more financial benefits to residents in order to attract stakeholders’ participation. There have three kinds of fund resources: governments, community organizations and business companies. Toami is only rely on government’s financial support, so that in the future it must seek multiple financial supports to maintain environmental audit. In the technical part, the study respondents all believe that education towards auditors must be continue, in order to learn more environmental auditing knowledge and technical. The stakeholders in Toami have only interpreters participate in data collecting. Other’s such as environmental audit goal setting, choose indicators or evaluate and make ecosystem’s protect strategies are all depends on Endemic species research institute. Therefore, Toami doesn’t touch the community-based environmental protection’s spiritual.

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
熱帶農業暨國際合作系
102
Nowadays Taiwanese people highly regarded the leisure time, ecotourism become a popular activity. Tour agencies and travel websites supply or suggest package tours that can't measure up to tourists' expectation. Because of people would like to plan tour by themselves. Another reason is the influence of tour planning on personal demand, predilection, attitude, goal, experience and travel time. One of the ecotourism rules is carrying capacity, and community is small scale. Tour scheduling only from one community is not enough and attraction. For increasing customers’ satisfaction degree and providing different produces in different market, customization tour is the effective method to solve these problems. In this study, travel tour planning with customization method was discussed by heuristics. Furthermore, it also provides the tour planning rules and under ecotourism standards. At the end, this research uses the real tour to map this system. It exhibits that the travel planning can really close to traveler’s requirement. The research result can let the users apply the travel planning method for travel plan. It can give them a convenient way for customization.

碩士
國立屏東科技大學
森林系所
98
Ecological monitoring is an important work for resource reservation. However, it lack support of human resource and finance if the work is operated by government agency or academy only. Therefore, community resources are required to assist the work. It is often to see community members are hired to monitor natural environment with money payment. And the work of monitor will stop if the research project is ended. Than results of monitor will keep in research agency and the information will be not share with community members. This study employs the content analysis to search records of meetings and research plan of Shirding community for 2006 to 2009, and interviews eight community members who participated in the patrol work to discuss the possibility for community to do work of monitor without payment. Results show that the ecological monitoring without any pay in Shirding community has practiced for four years. There are four monitoring items, including night monitoring, daytime monitoring , seedings and birds monitoring, and other monitoring items asked by Kending National Park. Furthermore, the study also designs the framework of community-involved monitoring, which divided into four parts: community mapping, capacity building, monitoring dynamics and information delivery. The study finds that reasons to keep the willing for community member to participate monitoring works are: First, patrol monitoring objective should definitely focus on developing ecotourism. Then monitoring rules should be settled and executed. Finally, let community members know the importance of monitoring for their nature environment.

This thesis uses three case studies to analyze and contextualize the interface between Western conceptions of indigenous peoples and nature and community-based conservation and development schemes in the Amazon: Kapawi Ecolodge (Ecuador), Chalalán Ecolodge (Bolivia), and Posada Amazonas (Peru). It explores how three Amazonian communities represent their indigenous identity in the online marketing of their ecotourism lodges. As a methodological tool, this research identifies four characteristics of the Ecologically Noble Savage stereotype: the spatial, the spiritual, the temporal, and the cultural. Current ethnographic literature describing these communities is used to analyze these self-representations. This thesis examines these representations within larger academic discussions on authenticity, power and control, and the long-term viability of ecotourism as a community-based development model.

碩士
國立中興大學
國際農學碩士學位學程
105
Many countries have determined sustainable development as their main goal for centuries. One of alternative ways to achieve this goal is the Community-based Ecotourism (CBET). CBET itself is a kind of ecotourism that addresses more community member’s participation as a key element of its implementation. Additionally, CBET has impacts to the sustainable development’s aspects, particularly environment. Based on this background, this study aims to identify environmental impacts of CBET by a case study in Ruanbikeng Leisure Agricultural Area, Taiwan. Subsequent to this, it also estimates the effects of overall satisfaction on visiting behavior of tourists in Ruanbikeng, and evaluates these effects on willingness to pay (WTP) of Ruanbikeng’s tourists as well. In this study, most local communities agree that CBET has positive impacts on environment. Although they also realize that CBET also has negative impact, the result only shows an agreement to traffic jam issue as the negative impact of CBET. Then, the visitors are satisfied to the CBET’s feature. However, three significant features that affects to their visiting behavior are tour guide, ecological education and natural resources. In the other side, only conservation habitat which is the CBET feature has significant effect to WTP of Ruanbikeng’s visitors. Next, recommend to other people and bring friend(s)/relative(s) behavior are two visiting behavior that correlate with WTP of Ruanbikeng’s visitors.

碩士
國立暨南國際大學
經濟學系
105
The rural development in Taiwan has many common resource management issues, including ecology, landscape, and culture. Therefore, how to operate common-pool resources (CPR) is a key factor in local sustainable development. The recent agglomeration payments (AP) are taken into account, and this mechanism gives the policy participant a payment, and when the participant's neighbors decide to cooperate, the participants will receive an additional allowance (Bonus). This mechanism not only provides incentives to participate in the policy, but also the interdependence relationships to stimulate the potential social norms that make the community supervising each other to improve the adoption rate of the policy, as well as to reduce the monitoring costs significantly. The Agent based model (ABM) model describes the complex interactions between agents and organizations in the system, taking into account the time and space factors, which can be closer to real-world simulations. Therefore, the ABM model is used to evaluate the ecological benefits of the AP system in the management of the land use in Puli. A simulation environment is established in Excel to include the ecological benefit function as the assessment tool. If the agglomeration payments can make the land use density increased, the effect is significant. Through this method, the most suitable environment for the implementation of agglomeration payments can be identified.

Zimbabwe has for the past three decades prioritised land reform as its broad and long term strategy to reduce poverty and inequality among its citizens. However, during the Fast Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP) in 2000, national parks and forest reserves, (the principal habitats for Zimbabwe’s biodiversity in plant, tree and wildlife species) were acquired and re-allocated under ‘A1’ and ‘A2’ farming models. In terms of its approach, the FTLRP was predominantly guided by agricultural considerations, despite the latter’s dwindling contribution to the Zimbabwe’s Gross Domestic Product. The interaction of land reforms with other land-based economic activities like community-based ecotourism and wildlife management has been overlooked or neglected by land reform authorities in the country. The aim of the study is to explore the impact of the FTLRP on communitybased ecotourism initiatives, with particular reference to the Masera community in Beitbridge district, located in south eastern Zimbabwe. The Beitbridge district is a dry region and potential for agriculture is very limited. Prior to the FTLRP, this district had substantial commercial farms engaged in various wildlife protection programmes. The acquisition and re-allocation of these farms under small-holder agriculture threatened these programmes that were in place to protect biodiversity and endangered species. The Masera community was purposively identified as a case study area because of the beneficiaries’ initiative to protect natural resources under their jurisdiction and at the same time benefitting from their use. Many land reform beneficiary communities have not achieved the same degree of organisation and cohesion and land reform initiatives and natural resources in their areas have suffered irreparable damage. The study sought to describe and assess the current status of this initiative where community-based ecotourism is being promoted as a development strategy. The study is intended to enhance the capacity of community-based ecotourism as an important development strategy for balancing economic growth and conservation and thus contribute to the sustainable development of the region. The study concludes that community-based ecotourism is seen as a way of bringing financial benefits for households as well as biodiversity conservation, although economic growth for the community has been very limited. Both beneficiaries and non-beneficiaries interviewed at the study site support the initiative for conservation and are optimistic that ecotourism benefits will meet intended results once proper planning mechanisms are put in place. Recommendations are proposed based on the study findings and the literature on land reform, sustainable development and ecotourism. Results and recommendations could inform planning and management processes, and thus enhance the capacity of ecotourism to generate benefits at least at the study site and possibly elsewhere around the region.

The ecotourism industry is experiencing increasing popularity as the demand grows for tourism that is environmentally sensitive, informative, and beneficial for local communities. For over a decade, Lao PDR, an underdeveloped country, has been promoting its 20 National Protected Areas as ecotourism destinations. These ecotourism projects are positioned as tools for protecting natural resources and reducing poverty, and are generating hope for the creation of local sustainable development. At this point in time, however, the Lao government lacks effective strategies for ensuring their long term success. This thesis was designed to address this concern by analysing the potential for one of these projects, Xe Pian ecotourism, to contribute to local sustainable development. The current outcomes of the Xe Pian ecotourism project were analysed and input was sought from all stakeholders concerning ideas for desirable strategies. Kiet Ngong village, located inside the Xe Pian NPA, Lao PDR, was selected for case study. Data was gathered by employing mostly quantitative methods consisting of semi-structured interviews, informal and formal interviews, private walks and observation, and questionnaire surveys. The findings illustrated that ecotourism in Kiet Ngong has impacted local livelihoods and other environmental, economic, social, and cultural factors in both positive and negative ways. However, the positive effects of Xe Pian ecotourism were found to be more significant than the negative effects. Importantly, Kiet Ngong residents expressed optimism about the future of ecotourism and have claimed that any negative consequences cannot discourage their desire for continuing ecotourism development. This research also revealed that the stakeholders involved in the project are able to offer a variety of strategies for resolving problems that have arisen along the way. Results from this study identified three main points that need to be addressed in order to maintain Xe Pian ecotourism, namely the promotion of economic and political empowerment of the local population, the development of external and internal regulations, and the adoption of a community-based ecotourism approach. Further recommendations are offered for the policy planners of both the government and the project‘s administrative bodies, as well as for the residents of Kiet Ngong. These are followed by additional suggestions for further study.

This study evaluated how three conservation approaches implemented by the Brazilian Sea Turtle Conservation Program (the TAMAR Project) are related to local support for sea turtle conservation in Praia do Forte, Brazil. Four species of sea turtles nest in Praia do Forte. In Praia do Forte, locals harvested sea turtles for their meat and eggs on a regular basis to support subsistence needs. The three conservation strategies analyzed are employment opportunities and alternative sources of income from sea turtle ecotourism; enforcement of federal sea turtle protection laws; and implementation of environmental education programs via sea turtle ecotourism. These conservation strategies, which are implemented since 1982, represent both top-down and bottom-up conservation paradigms. Qualitative and quantitative data were gathered through nine months of fieldbased research (between May 2006 and September 2008), using tools of participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and key informant interviews. Results indicate that conservation strategies implemented by TAMAR seem to influence local support for sea turtle conservation. Income and environmental education programs to the local children are cited as the main benefits sea turtle conservation brings to the community. Enforcement caused resentment when first implemented, but is now perceived as a necessary strategy to protect sea turtles. The relative lack of community participation in sea turtle conservation seems not to have hampered local support for sea turtle conservation. In fact, the majority of respondents perceive TAMAR as the most appropriate entity to manage sea turtles, and only a minority believes the community should co-manage sea turtle conservation with TAMAR. Though these three conservation strategies seem to help maintain traditional ecological knowledge, the future of this knowledge across generations is uncertain. Though community-based sea turtle conservation is working at the community scale, external factors associated with tourism development at the larger scale seem to influence both livelihoods and sea turtle survival. On a negative side, larger scale tourism development is associated with an increase in the cost of living, the introduction of drugs, violence and greater sense of insecurity, changes in the local fishing culture, and with ongoing threats to sea turtle survival. Tourism development is associated with benefits as well, including improvements in the local infrastructure, employment opportunities, and alternative sources of income. Since tourism development, at both local and regional scales, is unlikely to decrease any time soon, sea turtle survival no longer solely depends in getting local support for sea turtle conservation, but also in addressing the external factors that drive conservation and consumption of sea turtles. Overall, sea turtle ecotourism is one part of a larger strategy for meeting local socioeconomic needs while also protecting sea turtles in Praia do Forte.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
建築與都市設計研究所
94
Taiwan experienced diversified development of tourism in recent years. Sustainable environmental operation, community-oriented itinerary and community involvement will be the basis for future development of ecotourism.This study is targeted at 4 objectives: 1.Through review of international and domestic literatures, to clarify the definition and connotation of “ecotourism”and reflect the significance of community involvement from the process of current development.2.To explore and analyze the process in which foreign/domestic communities develop ecotourism, understand how community organizations and residents coordinates with one another and maintain effective communication, and identify its function in “community development” and “community involvement.”3. Taking Wanan Community of Chihshan Township, Taitung County, as the subject of empirical study, to examine the roles of “Wanan Community Development Association” and “Chi-Tan-Yuen-Liu Association” in incorporation of local industries in the process of community development.4. Through academic research process and empirical examination of community cases, to propose the operational model for promotion of community ecotourism, with the hope that it would help maintain sustainable utilization of environmental resources and give full play to the operational mechanism of community organizations. The theoretic basis of this study is founded on theories pertinent to “ecotourism” and “community involvement. Through literature collection and analysis, operational experiences of foreign/domestic communities, and in-depth interviews with and analysis of public agencies and private entities, it establishes an operational model for community development of ecotourism. It selects Wanan Community of Chihshan Township, Taitung County, as the subject of empirical study and explains how the operational model can be applied to community development of ecotourism. Finally, it proposes that the endeavor should begin with unique cultural backgrounds and natural resources of a community, and based on a collaborative mechanism that incorporates community residents, local industries, public/private agencies and private enterprises establish amenities that meet the recreational needs of specific tourist group and shape up a community of special features.

碩士
國立台北護理學院
旅遊健康研究所
93
This is a study focusing on the health impact assessment for ecotourism in an aborigine community in Hsin-Chu County-Tayal Smangus. The studied area has good landscape, scenery, fruitful nature resource of reservation and its uniqueness of Tayal culture, rather, with some old huge trees clustering discovered since 1991. Since then in the past decade, for the sake of improving the poverty, inhabitant clans in the aborigine community decided to make good use of their currently natural condition & status, and initiated the business management for the ecotourism. Tourists have visited this isolated area on holidays. But that also affects lots of domains such as economic structure, society, the culture and the health of residents in the mountainous isolated community or village, including physical, psychological, social aspect…..etc.. All the impacts can be divided into two ways, i.e. positive and negative ones. Health impact assessment is an assessment of the health effects in the community. We intend and try to assess the health effects of the potential impacts by the conducting of the residents’ observation, participants’ interviewing in depth and collecting all necessary helpful information about health impact assessment (HIA) for analyzing. Ultimately, our study impressed us that, globally with positive impacts, people in the community running the ecotourism brought themselves more income to share by all clans involved, and they gained the better living level and regained the aborigine esteem because of their unique culture appreciated by the tourists. Furthermore, the positive impacts also include better promising vision, culture emphasizing, social support, community spiritual participation, demographic immigration, income, formation of non-statutory groups/agencies, and public transport system. In other words, positive ones of economic and social empowerment could be reached and validated; the negative counterparts include tension of interpersonal relationship, discrimination, air quality, noise and negative change of life style. Yet, social and politic empowerment was still situated under the lower winds. As for the individual health impacts, the positive ones include their adult education, social support, and the accessibility to transport; however, the negative ones includes high peer pressure/stress, poorer air quality, noise, negative change of life style (decrease of activity & exercise level). So, the policy maker and residents ought to lead and reinforce the positive impacts, but to attenuate or buffer the negative ones from now on.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements of Master’s Degree in Technology: Tourism and Hospitality, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2016.
The primary aim of the study is to evaluate the community-based tourism model adopted by the Zulu-Mpophomeni Tourism Experience (ZMTE). ZMTE is a community-based tourism initiative that aims to provide visitors with a combined experience encompassing the elements of culture, history and nature. It is fully owned and managed by the Mpophomeni local residents. ZMTE is made up of different service providers including cultural and township tours, accommodation, restaurants as well as arts and crafts, which are all locally owned and managed. The inception of ZMTE was influenced by the growth in demand for authentic cultural and township experience by international markets as well as the immediate need to improve the livelihood of the local community. However, increased tourism activity results in a number of positive and negative implications to the area of Mpophomeni and its residents, primarily because the local community forms part of the tourism product. ZMTE is selected as a significant area of study due to its great potential for growth and has generated increased interest from different stakeholders within the tourism industry as well as the Mpophomeni local community. Its inception has largely improved tourism in the area of Mpophomeni and the province of KwaZulu-Natal in particular (KwaZulu-Natal Tourism Authority: 2012). The study findings are based on a sample of 280 Mpophomeni local community members, one managing director of the ZMTE and six establishments that are service providers of the ZMTE. The study adopted both quantitative and qualitative methods for data collection. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to obtain data from the Mpophomeni local community. Face- to-face interviews were conducted to obtain data from ZMTE service providers and one managing director of this project. The results suggest the ZMTE is not beneficial to the majority of the local people and a lot still needs to be done in order to improve its viability. The major factor contributing to the lack of positive contribution of the ZMTE to the local community is due to the lack of knowledge about approaches that the local people can adopt in order to be part of the ZMTE and benefit from it. Findings derived from this study will unveil the CBT model adopted by the ZMTE. This will enable to revelation of areas that require improvement within the ZMTE so that benefits and opportunities are exploited.
M

碩士
國立虎尾科技大學
休閒遊憩研究所
102
The purpose of this study was to analyze the relationship between community-based ecotourism force participation and empowerment Demand. This study used questionnaires to residents of Yunlin County coastal living area(Mailiao Township、Taisi Township、Sihhu Township、Sihhu Township)of, for example, using purposive sampling carried out for the 391 valid questionnaires. After its effective reliability and validity of the questionnaire, descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA, regression analysis, the study found: 1.In this study, survey respondents to woman in the majority, the age distribution was mainly over 65 years occupation as providers, farmers, workers majority, the average income of 20000 (inclusive) yuan, mostly educated and more as high school，and most of the inhabitants are married to live in time to the community, 21-30 years at most, and the majority of the residents not engaged in tourism services work project, and have been engaged in tourism services residents had a general store at most. 2. The degree of participation in community-based ecotourism can predict the overall demand for empowerment。 3. Participation Level in community-based ecotourism 「involvement contribution」dimension can effectively predict「economic empowerment needs」、 「psychological empowerment needs」。4. Participation Level in community-based ecotourism 「to attend the discussion」、「Control Run」 can effectively predict 「social empowerment needs」、「political empowerment needs」。

O turismo é uma das principais indústrias do mundo e, pesem embora os benefícios, também é responsável por muitos problemas, sendo o mais proeminente o impacto negativo sobre o meio ambiente. Nas últimas décadas, esta questão logrou obter um substancial avanço, atenta a crescente consciência ambiental, tendo o ecoturismo surgido como um substituto do turismo de massa que, por um lado, propõe atenuar os impactos negativos das formas convencionais de turismo e, por outro, manter as vantagens econômicas. Em sintonia com a tendência global, a cidade do Porto viu um aumento significativo no turismo, quer pelo clima, pela história, características arquitetónicas e recursos naturais. Seguindo a estratégia do governo português, os líderes da cidade e organizações procuram apostar no turismo sustentável, sendo certo que, com as mudanças na procura pelos consumidores, o ecoturismo pode ser o caminho para levá-lo até lá. No entanto, em primeiro lugar, é necessário entender quais os atributos que atraem turistas aos destinos do ecoturismo, a fim de oferecer os produtos de ecoturismo corretos. Para atingir este objetivo, a nossa investigação incluiu a leitura e interpretação de artigos de revistas, jornais, livros e outros documentos focados no turismo e ecoturismo, bem como a análise estatística de um questionário realizado por nós a turistas da cidade do Porto. De um modo geral, a maioria dos turistas inquiridos conhece o conceito de ecoturismo, considerando a natureza a principal motivação, seguida pela sustentabilidade ambiental. Antecipando um pouco as nossas conclusões, foi possível percebermos que os turistas consideram o Porto um bom destino para quem procura esta forma de turismo, mas as principais motivações para escolher este destino basearam se nos atributos histórico e cultural provando a necessidade de estudar os atributos do ecoturismo para oferecer o produto correto. No entanto, este estudo foi limitado devido ao surto da pandemia de Covid-19, que afetou o número de questionários que puderam ser aplicados.
Tourism is one of the major’s industries in the world and despite the benefits it offers its also accountable for many problems, being the most prominent the negative impact it has on the environment. In the last decades this issue was brought forward as a result of the a growing environmental conscious and ecotourism appears as a substitute of conventional forms of tourism proposing to attenuate this issue while maintaining the economic benefits. In concert with the global trend, the city of Oporto as seen a significant increase in tourism either for is climate as well as is history, architectonic and natural features. Following the Portuguese government strategy, this city leaders and tourism organizations aim for a sustainable tourism, and with the changes in consumers demand, ecotourism may be the path to lead it there. Nonetheless, in first place there is a necessity to understand what are the attributes that attract tourists to ecotourism destinations in order to offer the correct ecotourism products. To accomplish this goal the methods used comprised the examination of articles of magazines and journals, books and other documents that focus on tourism and ecotourism as well as a survey to tourists in Oporto. In general, the majority of the inquired tourists were familiar with the concept of ecotourism considering nature the principal motivation, followed by environmental sustainability, to choose an ecotourism destination. But, although the majority consider Oporto as good destination for those who seek this form of tourism, the attributes historical and cultural obtain a majority of votes as why Oporto was selected as a destination proving the necessity to study the attributes in order to offer the correct ecotourism product. However, this study was limited given the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic that impacted the number of questionnaires that were able to be applied.

碩士
南華大學
旅遊管理學系旅遊管理碩士班
107
Wildlife tourism is a part of ecotourism and plays an important role in the tourism industry. However, it generates high environmental pressure for the wildlife species. Especially in the wildlife tourism market, sensitive species (or protected species) are targeted. Therefore, how to manage wildlife tourism to achieve sustainable tourism is an important topic of research. This study is based on the case of nighttime ecological frogs watching in the Shanglin community of Dalin Town, Chaiyi County, as the tree frogs (species of Rhacophorus arvalis) in the research area are secondary level protected species, and the bamboo forest inhabited is the main economic crop of Dalin Town. Recently, the community promotes Community Based Ecotourism (CBET) through the concept of six grade industry. How management of ecotourism can sustain the activities? What are the difficulties community encountered in the process of ecotourism? How to overcome the difficulties? The researchers would like to understand all these questions in this study. Therefore, the researchers participate in community activities, and give suggestions to CBET through observation, interviews with stakeholders, literature review and self-reflection on the activities. 　　The results show that to develop community based ecotourism, we should first empower the community and understand the original intention and objective of ecotourism. Secondly, the economic benefits, introduction of environmental education, and the participation of community residents are important for CBET. Therefore, the community should charge fee for ecotourism. When money comes, the stakeholders should communicate and come to consensus on the distribution of money and the rules of worker dispatch. In addition, the training of narrator is important, but is also difficult for the rural areas like Shanglin. Therefore, the community leading cadres are important for the promotion of CBET. Furthermore, the effectiveness of narrator's commentary should be evaluated each time to ensure that the objective is reached. In terms of management, the safety requirements of tourists, restrictions on the number of tourists, the use of venues, way of flashlight irradiation, and the time of irradiation of target species should be clearly defined to mitigate the negative impact of activities on the environment and ecology. In addition, activity monitoring and evaluation is also a key in CBET. This study found that this is the most common negligence in promoting ecotourism. Therefore, this study suggests that it is necessary for community to introduce external resources, and promote ecotourism sustainably through community empowerment.