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Academic literature on the topic 'Community Atmospheric Model'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Community Atmospheric Model"

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Long, M. S., W. C. Keene, R. Easter, R. Sander, A. Kerkweg, D. Erickson, X. Liu, and S. Ghan. "Implementation of the chemistry module MECCA (v2.5) in the modal aerosol version of the Community Atmosphere Model component (v3.6.33) of the Community Earth System Model." Geoscientific Model Development Discussions 5, no. 2 (June 12, 2012): 1483–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmdd-5-1483-2012.

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Abstract. A coupled atmospheric chemistry and climate system model was developed using the modal aerosol version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model (modal-CAM) and the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry's Module Efficiently Calculating the Chemistry of the Atmosphere (MECCA) to provide enhanced resolution of multiphase processes, particularly those involving inorganic halogens, and associated impacts on atmospheric composition and climate. Three Rosenbrock solvers (Ros-2, Ros-3, RODAS-3) were tested in conjunction with the basic load balancing options available to modal CAM (1) to establish an optimal configuration of the implicitly-solved multiphase chemistry module that maximizes both computational speed and repeatability of Ros-2 and RODAS-3 results versus Ros-3, and (2) to identify potential implementation strategies for future versions of this and similar coupled systems. RODAS-3 was faster than Ros-2 and Ros-3 with good reproduction of Ros-3 results, while Ros-2 was both slower and substantially less reproducible relative to Ros-3 results. Modal-CAM with MECCA chemistry was a factor of 15 slower than modal-CAM using standard chemistry. MECCA chemistry integration times demonstrated a systematic frequency distribution for all three solvers, and revealed that the change in run-time performance was due to a change in the frequency distribution chemical integration times; the peak frequency was similar for all solvers. This suggests that efficient chemistry-focused load-balancing schemes can be developed that rely on the parameters of this frequency distribution.
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Long, M. S., W. C. Keene, R. Easter, R. Sander, A. Kerkweg, D. Erickson, X. Liu, and S. Ghan. "Implementation of the chemistry module MECCA (v2.5) in the modal aerosol version of the Community Atmosphere Model component (v3.6.33) of the Community Earth System Model." Geoscientific Model Development 6, no. 1 (February 22, 2013): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-255-2013.

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Abstract. A coupled atmospheric chemistry and climate system model was developed using the modal aerosol version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model (modal-CAM; v3.6.33) and the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry's Module Efficiently Calculating the Chemistry of the Atmosphere (MECCA; v2.5) to provide enhanced resolution of multiphase processes, particularly those involving inorganic halogens, and associated impacts on atmospheric composition and climate. Three Rosenbrock solvers (Ros-2, Ros-3, RODAS-3) were tested in conjunction with the basic load-balancing options available to modal-CAM (1) to establish an optimal configuration of the implicitly-solved multiphase chemistry module that maximizes both computational speed and repeatability of Ros-2 and RODAS-3 results versus Ros-3, and (2) to identify potential implementation strategies for future versions of this and similar coupled systems. RODAS-3 was faster than Ros-2 and Ros-3 with good reproduction of Ros-3 results, while Ros-2 was both slower and substantially less reproducible relative to Ros-3 results. Modal-CAM with MECCA chemistry was a factor of 15 slower than modal-CAM using standard chemistry. MECCA chemistry integration times demonstrated a systematic frequency distribution for all three solvers, and revealed that the change in run-time performance was due to a change in the frequency distribution of chemical integration times; the peak frequency was similar for all solvers. This suggests that efficient chemistry-focused load-balancing schemes can be developed that rely on the parameters of this frequency distribution.
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Chen, Yong, Yong Han, Quanhua Liu, Paul Van Delst, and Fuzhong Weng. "Community Radiative Transfer Model for Stratospheric Sounding Unit." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 28, no. 6 (June 1, 2011): 767–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010jtecha1509.1.

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Abstract To better use the Stratospheric Sounding Unit (SSU) data for reanalysis and climate studies, issues associated with the fast radiative transfer (RT) model for SSU have recently been revisited and the results have been implemented into the Community Radiative Transfer Model version 2. This study revealed that the spectral resolution for the sensor’s spectral response functions (SRFs) calculations is very important, especially for channel 3. A low spectral resolution SRF results, on average, in 0.6-K brightness temperature (BT) errors for that channel. The variations of the SRFs due to the CO2 cell pressure variations have been taken into account. The atmospheric transmittance coefficients of the fast RT model for the Television and Infrared Observation Satellite (TIROS)-N, NOAA-6, NOAA-7, NOAA-8, NOAA-9, NOAA-11, and NOAA-14 have been generated with CO2 and O3 as variable gases. It is shown that the BT difference between the fast RT model and line-by-line model is less than 0.1 K, but the fast RT model is at least two orders of magnitude faster. The SSU measurements agree well with the simulations that are based on the atmospheric profiles from the Earth Observing System Aura Microwave Limb Sounding product and the Sounding of the Atmosphere using Broadband Emission Radiometry on the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics satellite. The impact of the CO2 cell pressures shift for SSU has been evaluated by using the Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA) model profiles. It is shown that the impacts can be on an order of 1 K, especially for SSU NOAA-7 channel 2. There are large brightness temperature gaps between observation and model simulation using the available cell pressures for NOAA-7 channel 2 after June 1983. Linear fittings of this channel’s cell pressures based on previous cell leaking behaviors have been studied, and results show that the new cell pressures are reasonable. The improved SSU fast model can be applied for reanalysis of the observations. It can also be used to address two important corrections in deriving trends from SSU measurements: CO2 cell leaking correction and atmospheric CO2 concentration correction.
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Baumgaertner, A. J. G., P. Jöckel, A. Kerkweg, R. Sander, and H. Tost. "Implementation of the Community Earth System Model (CESM) version 1.2.1 as a new base model into version 2.50 of the MESSy framework." Geoscientific Model Development 9, no. 1 (January 19, 2016): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-125-2016.

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Abstract. The Community Earth System Model (CESM1), maintained by the United States National Centre for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) is connected with the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy). For the MESSy user community, this offers many new possibilities. The option to use the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) atmospheric dynamical cores, especially the state-of-the-art spectral element (SE) core, as an alternative to the ECHAM5 spectral transform dynamical core will provide scientific and computational advances for atmospheric chemistry and climate modelling with MESSy. The well-established finite volume core from CESM1(CAM) is also made available. This offers the possibility to compare three different atmospheric dynamical cores within MESSy. Additionally, the CESM1 land, river, sea ice, glaciers and ocean component models can be used in CESM1/MESSy simulations, allowing the use of MESSy as a comprehensive Earth system model (ESM). For CESM1/MESSy set-ups, the MESSy process and diagnostic submodels for atmospheric physics and chemistry are used together with one of the CESM1(CAM) dynamical cores; the generic (infrastructure) submodels support the atmospheric model component. The other CESM1 component models, as well as the coupling between them, use the original CESM1 infrastructure code and libraries; moreover, in future developments these can also be replaced by the MESSy framework. Here, we describe the structure and capabilities of CESM1/MESSy, document the code changes in CESM1 and MESSy, and introduce several simulations as example applications of the system. The Supplements provide further comparisons with the ECHAM5/MESSy atmospheric chemistry (EMAC) model and document the technical aspects of the connection in detail.
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Blackmon, Maurice, Byron Boville, Frank Bryan, Robert Dickinson, Peter Gent, Jeffrey Kiehl, Richard Moritz, et al. "The Community Climate System Model." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 82, no. 11 (November 2001): 2357–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<2357:tccsm>2.3.co;2.

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Collins, William D., Philip J. Rasch, Byron A. Boville, James J. Hack, James R. McCaa, David L. Williamson, Bruce P. Briegleb, Cecilia M. Bitz, Shian-Jiann Lin, and Minghua Zhang. "The Formulation and Atmospheric Simulation of the Community Atmosphere Model Version 3 (CAM3)." Journal of Climate 19, no. 11 (June 1, 2006): 2144–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3760.1.

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Abstract A new version of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) has been developed and released to the climate community. CAM Version 3 (CAM3) is an atmospheric general circulation model that includes the Community Land Model (CLM3), an optional slab ocean model, and a thermodynamic sea ice model. The dynamics and physics in CAM3 have been changed substantially compared to implementations in previous versions. CAM3 includes options for Eulerian spectral, semi-Lagrangian, and finite-volume formulations of the dynamical equations. It supports coupled simulations using either finite-volume or Eulerian dynamics through an explicit set of adjustable parameters governing the model time step, cloud parameterizations, and condensation processes. The model includes major modifications to the parameterizations of moist processes, radiation processes, and aerosols. These changes have improved several aspects of the simulated climate, including more realistic tropical tropopause temperatures, boreal winter land surface temperatures, surface insolation, and clear-sky surface radiation in polar regions. The variation of cloud radiative forcing during ENSO events exhibits much better agreement with satellite observations. Despite these improvements, several systematic biases reduce the fidelity of the simulations. These biases include underestimation of tropical variability, errors in tropical oceanic surface fluxes, underestimation of implied ocean heat transport in the Southern Hemisphere, excessive surface stress in the storm tracks, and offsets in the 500-mb height field and the Aleutian low.
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Pedatella, N. M., H. L. Liu, and A. D. Richmond. "Atmospheric semidiurnal lunar tide climatology simulated by the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model." Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics 117, A6 (June 2012): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2012ja017792.

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Bonan, Gordon B., Keith W. Oleson, Mariana Vertenstein, Samuel Levis, Xubin Zeng, Yongjiu Dai, Robert E. Dickinson, and Zong-Liang Yang. "The Land Surface Climatology of the Community Land Model Coupled to the NCAR Community Climate Model*." Journal of Climate 15, no. 22 (November 2002): 3123–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<3123:tlscot>2.0.co;2.

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Sander, Rolf, Andreas Baumgaertner, David Cabrera-Perez, Franziska Frank, Sergey Gromov, Jens-Uwe Grooß, Hartwig Harder, et al. "The community atmospheric chemistry box model CAABA/MECCA-4.0." Geoscientific Model Development 12, no. 4 (April 5, 2019): 1365–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-12-1365-2019.

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Abstract. We present version 4.0 of the atmospheric chemistry box model CAABA/MECCA that now includes a number of new features: (i) skeletal mechanism reduction, (ii) the Mainz Organic Mechanism (MOM) chemical mechanism for volatile organic compounds, (iii) an option to include reactions from the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM) and other chemical mechanisms, (iv) updated isotope tagging, and (v) improved and new photolysis modules (JVAL, RADJIMT, DISSOC). Further, when MECCA is connected to a global model, the new feature of coexisting multiple chemistry mechanisms (PolyMECCA/CHEMGLUE) can be used. Additional changes have been implemented to make the code more user-friendly and to facilitate the analysis of the model results. Like earlier versions, CAABA/MECCA-4.0 is a community model published under the GNU General Public License.
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Jochum, Markus, Alexandra Jahn, Synte Peacock, David A. Bailey, John T. Fasullo, Jennifer Kay, Samuel Levis, and Bette Otto-Bliesner. "True to Milankovitch: Glacial Inception in the New Community Climate System Model." Journal of Climate 25, no. 7 (March 28, 2012): 2226–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-11-00044.1.

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Abstract The equilibrium solution of a fully coupled general circulation model with present-day orbital forcing is compared to the solution of the same model with the orbital forcing from 115 000 years ago. The difference in snow accumulation between these two simulations has a pattern and a magnitude comparable to the ones inferred from reconstructions for the last glacial inception. This is a major improvement over previous similar studies, and the increased realism is attributed to the higher spatial resolution in the atmospheric model, which allows for a more accurate representation of the orography of northern Canada and Siberia. The analysis of the atmospheric heat budget reveals that, as postulated by Milankovitch’s hypothesis, the only necessary positive feedback is the snow–albedo feedback, which is initiated by reduced melting of snow and sea ice in the summer. However, this positive feedback is almost fully compensated by an increased meridional heat transport in the atmosphere and a reduced concentration of low Arctic clouds. In contrast to similar previous studies, the ocean heat transport remains largely unchanged. This stability of the northern North Atlantic circulation is explained by the regulating effect of the freshwater import through the Nares Strait and Northwest Passage and the spiciness import by the North Atlantic Current.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Community Atmospheric Model"

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Porter, William Christian. "Community Earth System Model: Implementation, Validation, and Applications." PDXScholar, 2012. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/547.

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The Community Earth System Model (CESM) is a coupling of five different models which are combined to simulate the dynamic interactions between and within the Earth's atmosphere, ocean, land, land-ice, and sea-ice. In this work, the installation and testing of CESM on Portland State University's Cluster for Climate Change and Aerosol Research (CsAR) is described and documented, and two research applications of the model are performed. First, the improved treatment of cloud microphysics within recent versions of CESM's atmospheric module is applied to an examination of changes in shortwave cloud forcing (SWCF) and results are compared to output from older versions of the model. Second, the CESM model is applied to an examination of the effect that increased methane (CH4) concentrations have had on the catalytic destruction of stratospheric ozone (O3) by ozone depleting compounds (ODCs) such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and nitrous oxide (N2O).
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Zhang, Huai-Min Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Application of an inverse model in the community modeling effort results." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/58152.

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Sklut, Micah. "Investigating SST influence on the North Atlantic Oscillation using the NCAR community atmospheric model." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 5.62Mb, 121 p, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/1428196.

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Mooring, Raymond Derrell. "On using empirical techniques to optimize the shortwave parameterization scheme of the community atmosphere model version two global climate model." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005, 2005. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-04172005-231106/unrestricted/mooring%5Fraymond%5Fd%5F200505%5Fphd.PDF.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005.
Dickinson, Robert, Committee Chair ; Jenkins, Gregory, Committee Member ; Vidakovic, Brani, Committee Member ; Fu, Rong, Committee Member ; Cunnold, Derek, Committee Member. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Wang, Aihui, Xubin Zeng, and Donglin Guo. "Estimates of Global Surface Hydrology and Heat Fluxes from the Community Land Model (CLM4.5) with Four Atmospheric Forcing Datasets." AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/621989.

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Global land surface hydrology and heat fluxes can be estimated by running a land surface model (LSM) driven by the atmospheric forcing dataset. Previous multimodel studies focused on the impact of different LSMs on model results. Here the sensitivity of the Community Land Model, version 4.5 (CLM4.5), results to the atmospheric forcing dataset is documented. Together with the model default global forcing dataset (CRU-NCEP, hereafter CRUNCEP), three newly developed, reanalysis-based, near-surface meteorological datasets (i.e., MERRA, CFSR, and ERA-Interim) with the precipitation adjusted by the Global Precipitation Climatology Project monthly product were used to drive CLM4.5. All four simulations were run at 0.5 degrees x0.5 degrees grids from 1979 to 2009 with the identical initialization. The simulated monthly surface hydrology variables, fluxes, and the forcing datasets were then evaluated against various observation-based datasets (soil moisture, runoff, snow depth and water equivalent, and flux tower measurements). To partially avoid the mismatch between model gridbox values and point measurements, three approaches were taken. The model simulations based on three newly constructed forcing datasets are overall better than the simulation from CRUNCEP, in particular for soil moisture and snow quantities. The ensemble mean from the CLM4.5 simulations using the four forcing datasets is generally superior to individual simulations, and the ensemble mean latent and sensible heat fluxes over global land (60 degrees S-90 degrees N) are 42.8 and 40.3 W m(-2), respectively. The differences in both precipitation and other atmospheric forcing variables (e.g., air temperature and downward solar radiation) contribute to the differences in simulated results. The datasets are available from the authors for further evaluation and for various applications.
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Shawky, Sharkawi Sameh Sherif. "Perfromance analysis of the Parallel Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) application." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-1761.

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Chang, Loren. "Analysis of the migrating diurnal tide in the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model." Diss., Connect to online resource, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1439426.

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Martin, Chris J. "Chemical models for, and the role of data and provenance in, an atmospheric chemistry community." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2009. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/1596/.

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This thesis presents research at the interface of the e-Science and atmospheric chemistry disciplines. Two inter-related research topics are addressed: first, the development of computational models of the troposphere (i.e. in silico experiments); and secondly, provenance capture and representation for data produced by these computational models. The research was conducted using an ethnographic approach, seeking to develop in-depth understanding of current working practices, which then informed the research itself. The research focused on the working practices of a defined research community; the users and developers of the MCM (Master Chemical Mechanism). The MCM is a key data and information repository used by researchers, with an interest in atmospheric chemistry, across the world. A computational modelling system, the OSBM (Open Source Box Model) was successfully developed to encourage researchers to make use of the MCM, within their in silico experiments. Taking advantage of functionality provided by the OSBM, the use of in situ experimental data to constrain zero dimensional box models was explored. Limitations of current methodologies for constraining zero dimensional box models were identified, particularly associated with the use of piecewise constant interpolation and the averaging of constraint data. Improved methodologies for constraining zero dimensional box models were proposed, tested and demonstrated to offer gains in the accuracy of the model results and the efficiency of the model itself. Current data generation and provenance related working practices, within the MCM community, were mapped. An opportunity was identified to apply Semantic Web technologies to improve working practices associated with gathering and evaluating feedback from in silico experiments, to inform the ongoing development of the MCM. These envisioned working practices rely on researchers, performing in silico experiments, that make use of the MCM, capturing data and provenance using an ELN (Electronic Laboratory Notebook). A prototype ELN, employing a user-orientation approach to provenance capture and representation, was then successfully designed, implemented and evaluated. The evaluation of this prototype ELN highlighted the importance of adopting a holistic approach to the development of provenance capture tools and the difficulties of balancing researchers’ requirements for flexibility and structure their scientific processes.
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Collier, Jonathan Craig. "Tropical precipitation simulated by the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM3): an evaluation based on TRMM satellite measurements." Texas A&M University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/2715.

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This study evaluates the simulation of tropical precipitation by the Community Climate Model, Version 3, developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research. For an evaluation of the annual cycle of precipitation, monthly-mean precipitation rates from an ensemble of CCM3 simulations are compared to those computed from observations of the TRMM satellite over a 44-month period. On regional and sub-regional scales, the comparison fares well over much of the Eastern Hemisphere south of 10◦S and over South America. However, model - satellite differences are large in portions of Central America and the Caribbean, the southern tropical Atlantic, the northern Indian Ocean, and the western equatorial and southern tropical Pacific. Since precipitation in the Tropics is the primary source of latent energy to the general circulation, such large model - satellite differences imply large differences in the amount of latent energy released. Differences are seasonally-dependent north of 10◦N, where model wet biases occur in realistic wet seasons or model-generated artificial wet seasons. South of 10◦N, the model wet biases exist throughout the year or have no recognizable pattern. For an evaluation of the diurnal cycle of precipitation, hourly-averaged precipitation rates from the same ensemble of simulations and for the same 44-month period are compared to observations from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. Comparisons are made for 15◦ longitude ?? 10◦ latitude boxes and for larger geographical areas within the Tropics. The temporally- and spatially-averaged hourly precipitation rates from CCM3 and from TRMM are fit to the diurnal harmonic by the method of linear leastsquares regression, and the phases and the amplitudes of the diurnal cycles are compared. The model??s diurnal cycle is too strong over major land masses, particularly over South America (by a factor of 3), and is too weak over many oceans, particularly the northwestern Tropical Pacific (by a factor of 2). The model-satellite phase differences tend to be more homogeneous. The peak in the daily precipitation in the model consistently precedes the observations nearly everywhere. Phase differences are large over Australia, Papua New Guinea, and Saharan Africa, where CCM3 leads TRMM by 4 hours, 5 to 6 hours, and 9 to 11 hours respectively. A model sensitivity experiment shows that increasing the convective adjustment time scale in the model??s deep convective parameterization reduces its positive amplitude bias over land regions but has no effect on the phase of the diurnal cycle.
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Foster, Kristi A. "Field Ecology Patterns of High Latitude Coral Communities." NSUWorks, 2011. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/82.

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Some climate models predict that, within the next 30-50 years, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) will frequently exceed the current thermal tolerance of corals (Fitt et al. 2001; Hughes et al. 2003; Hoegh-Guldberg et al. 2007). A potential consequence is that mass coral bleaching may take place (i) during warm El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events which are predicted to occur in some regions more frequently than the current 3-7 year periodicity (Hoegh-Guldberg 1999; Sheppard 2003) or (ii) perhaps as often as annually or biannually if corals and their symbionts are unable to acclimate to the higher SSTs (Donner et al. 2005, 2007). Global data also indicate an upward trend toward increasing frequencies, intensities, and durations of tropical hurricanes and cyclones (Emanual 2005; Webster et al. 2005). As coral communities have been shown to require at least 10-30 years to recover after a major disturbance (e.g. Connell 1997; Ninio et al. 2000; Bruno & Selig 2007; Burt et al. 2008), it is possible that future coral communities may be in a constant state of recovery, with regeneration times exceeding the periods between disturbances. Life history traits (e.g. reproduction, recruitment, growth and mortality) vary among species of hard corals; thus, gradients in community structures may have a strong influence on susceptibilities to disturbance and rates of recovery (Connell 1997; Ninio & Meekan 2002). Taxa which are more susceptible to bleaching and mechanical disturbance (e.g. tabular and branching acroporids and pocilloporids) may experience continual changes in population structure due to persistent cycles of regeneration or local extirpation, while the more resistant taxa (e.g. massive poritids and faviids) may display relatively stable population structures (Woodley et al. 1981; Hughes & Connell 1999; Baird & Hughes 2000; Marshall & Baird 2000; Loya et al. 2001; McClanahan & Maina 2003). Determining whether resistant coral taxa have predictable responses to disturbances, with consistent patterns over wide spatial scales, may improve predictions for the future affects of climate change and the composition of reefs (Done 1999; Hoegh-Guldberg 1999; McClanahan et al. 2004). The work presented in this dissertation describes the spatial and temporal patterns in community structures for high latitude coral assemblages that have experienced the types of natural disturbances which are predicted to occur in tropical reef systems with increasing frequency as a result of climate change. The primary area of focus is the southeastern Arabian Gulf, where the coral communities are exposed to natural conditions that exceed threshold limits of corals elsewhere in the world, with annual temperature ranges between 14-36°C (Kinzie 1973; Shinn 1976) and salinities above 40 ppt. Two additional regions are included in this study for comparisons of high latitude coral community structures. The northwestern Gulf of Oman is adjacent to the southeastern Arabian Gulf (i.e. the two bodies of water are connected by the Strait of Hormuz); however, the environmental conditions are milder in the Gulf of Oman such that the number of coral taxa therein is threefold that found in the southeastern Arabian Gulf (i.e. 107 coral species in the Gulf of Oman compared to 34 species in this region of the Arabian Gulf (Riegl 1999; Coles 2003; Rezai et al. 2004)). Broward County, Florida is geographically remote from the Gulfs and, therefore, serves as a benchmark for testing whether consistent patterns in community structures exist despite different climatic and anthropogenic influences. The coral communities within the southeastern Arabian Gulf, the northwestern Gulf of Oman, and Broward County, Florida have been exposed to recurrent elevated sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies, sequential cyclone and red tide disturbances, and frequent hurricanes and tropical storms, respectively. These disturbances and other impacts (e.g. bleaching episodes, disease outbreaks, anthropogenic stresses) have affected the more susceptible acroporids and pocilloporids, resulting in significant losses of coral cover by these families and shifts towards massive corals as the dominant taxa. During the post-disturbance scarcity or absence of branching and tabular corals, the resistant massive taxa have become the crux of the essential hard coral habitat for fish, invertebrates and other marine organisms. Because recovery to pre-disturbance community structures may take decades or may not occur at all, it is vital that scientists and resource managers have a better understanding of the spatial and temporal ecology patterns of the corals that survive and fill in the functional gaps that are created by such disturbances. To aid in this understanding, this dissertation presents spatial and temporal patterns for the coral assemblages which have developed after the respective disturbances. Spatial ecology patterns are analyzed using graphical descriptions (e.g. taxa inventories, area cover, densities, size frequency distributions), univariate techniques (e.g. diversity indices), distributional techniques (e.g. k-dominance curves) and multivariate techniques (e.g. hierarchical clustering, multidimensional scaling). Temporal comparisons at monitoring sites within the southeastern Arabian Gulf and northwestern Gulf of Oman describe the coral population dynamics and are used to create size class transition models that project future population structures of massive corals in the recovering habitats.
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Books on the topic "Community Atmospheric Model"

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Tsing-Chang, Chen, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Equatorial waves simulated by the NCAR community climate model: Technical report. Ames, Iowa: Atmospheric Sciences Program, Dept. of Earth Sciences, Iowa State University, 1988.

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2

United States. General Accounting Office, ed. Global warming: Limitations of general circulation models : statement of Peter F. Guerrero, Director, Environmental Protection Issues, Resources, Community, and Economic Development Division, before the Subcommittee on Energy and Environment, Committee on Science, House of Representatives. [Washington, D.C.]: The Office, 1995.

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Low Choy, Samantha, Justine Murray, Allan James, and Kerrie Mengersen. Combining monitoring data and computer model output in assessing environmental exposure. Edited by Anthony O'Hagan and Mike West. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198703174.013.18.

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This article discusses an approach that combines monitoring data and computer model outputs for environmental exposure assessment. It describes the application of Bayesian data fusion methods using spatial Gaussian process models in studies of weekly wet deposition data for 2001 from 120 sites monitored by the US National Atmospheric Deposition Program (NADP) in the eastern United States. The article first provides an overview of environmental computer models, with a focus on the CMAQ (Community Multi-Scale Air Quality) Eta forecast model, before considering some algorithmic and pseudo-statistical approaches in weather prediction. It then reviews current state of the art fusion methods for environmental data analysis and introduces a non-dynamic downscaling approach. The static version of the dynamic spatial model is used to analyse the NADP weekly wet deposition data.
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Biosphere-atmosphere transfer scheme (BATS) for the NCAR community climate model. Boulder, CO: National Center for Atmospheric Research, 1993.

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Bin, Wang, Yimin Liu, Tianjun Zhou, and Yongqiang Yu. Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model: A Modeling Tool for the Climate Change Research Community. Springer, 2016.

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Bin, Wang, Yimin Liu, Tianjun Zhou, and Yongqiang Yu. Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model: A Modeling Tool for the Climate Change Research Community. Springer London, Limited, 2013.

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Brunner, Ronald D., and Amanda H. Lynch. Adaptive Governance. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.601.

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Adaptive governance is defined by a focus on decentralized decision-making structures and procedurally rational policy, supported by intensive natural and social science. Decentralized decision-making structures allow a large, complex problem like global climate change to be factored into many smaller problems, each more tractable for policy and scientific purposes. Many smaller problems can be addressed separately and concurrently by smaller communities. Procedurally rational policy in each community is an adaptation to profound uncertainties, inherent in complex systems and cognitive constraints, that limit predictability. Hence planning to meet projected targets and timetables is secondary to continuing appraisal of incremental steps toward long-term goals: What has and hasn’t worked compared to a historical baseline, and why? Each step in such trial-and-error processes depends on politics to balance, if not integrate, the interests of multiple participants to advance their common interest—the point of governance in a free society. Intensive science recognizes that each community is unique because the interests, interactions, and environmental responses of its participants are multiple and coevolve. Hence, inquiry focuses on case studies of particular contexts considered comprehensively and in some detail.Varieties of adaptive governance emerged in response to the limitations of scientific management, the dominant pattern of governance in the 20th century. In scientific management, central authorities sought technically rational policies supported by predictive science to rise above politics and thereby realize policy goals more efficiently from the top down. This approach was manifest in the framing of climate change as an “irreducibly global” problem in the years around 1990. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established to assess science for the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The parties negotiated the Kyoto Protocol that attempted to prescribe legally binding targets and timetables for national reductions in greenhouse gas emissions. But progress under the protocol fell far short of realizing the ultimate objective in Article 1 of the UNFCCC, “stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference in the climate system.” As concentrations continued to increase, the COP recognized the limitations of this approach in Copenhagen in 2009 and authorized nationally determined contributions to greenhouse gas reductions in the Paris Agreement in 2015.Adaptive governance is a promising but underutilized approach to advancing common interests in response to climate impacts. The interests affected by climate, and their relative priorities, differ from one community to the next, but typically they include protecting life and limb, property and prosperity, other human artifacts, and ecosystem services, while minimizing costs. Adaptive governance is promising because some communities have made significant progress in reducing their losses and vulnerability to climate impacts in the course of advancing their common interests. In doing so, they provide field-tested models for similar communities to consider. Policies that have worked anywhere in a network tend to be diffused for possible adaptation elsewhere in that network. Policies that have worked consistently intensify and justify collective action from the bottom up to reallocate supporting resources from the top down. Researchers can help realize the potential of adaptive governance on larger scales by recognizing it as a complementary approach in climate policy—not a substitute for scientific management, the historical baseline.
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Book chapters on the topic "Community Atmospheric Model"

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Martin, Chris, Mohammed H. Haji, Peter Dew, Mike Pilling, and Peter Jimack. "Semantically-Enhanced Model-Experiment-Evaluation Processes (SeMEEPs) within the Atmospheric Chemistry Community." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 293–308. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-89965-5_29.

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Steele, Guy L., Xiaowei Shen, Josep Torrellas, Mark Tuckerman, Eric J. Bohm, Laxmikant V. Kalé, Glenn Martyna, et al. "Community Atmosphere Model (CAM)." In Encyclopedia of Parallel Computing, 341. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-09766-4_2386.

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Gbode, Imoleayo E., Vincent O. Ajayi, Kehinde O. Ogunjobi, Jimy Dudhia, and Changhai Liu. "Impacts of Global Warming on West African Monsoon Rainfall." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 2469–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_93.

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AbstractThe impacts of global warming on rainfall in West Africa were examined using a numerical framework for 5 monsoon years (2001, 2007, 2008, 2010, and 2011). Rainfall characteristics over the three climatic zones, Guinea coast, Savannah, and Sahel, were analyzed. The potential changes associated with global warming were assessed by the pseudo-global warming (PGW) downscaling method. Multiple PGW runs were conducted using climate perturbation from the 40-member ensemble of the Community Earth System Model version 1 (CESM1) coupled with Community Atmospheric Model version 5.2 (CAM5.2) component large ensemble project. The model output was compared with Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission and Global Precipitation Climatology Project rainfall alongside surface temperature from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecast Reanalysis. Results show that the estimated rainfall amount from the future climate in the 2070s increases slightly compared with the current climate. The total rainfall amount simulated for the current climate is 16% and 63% less than that of the PGW runs and observations, respectively. Also found is an increase (decrease) in heavy (light and moderate) rainfall amount in the PGW runs. These results are, however, contingent on the global circulation model (GCM), which provides the boundary conditions of the regional climate model. CESM1.0-CAM5.2, the GCM employed in this study, tends to provide a greater surface temperature change of about 4 °C. This projected temperature change consequently caused the increase in the simulated precipitation in the PGW experiments, thus highlighting the advantage of using the PGW method to estimate the likely difference between the present and future climate with reduced large-scale model differences and computational resources. The findings of this study are, however, useful to inform decision-making in climate-related activities and guide the design of climate change adaptation projects for the West African region.
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Yu, Yongqiang. "Overview of FGOALS Contribution to International Climate Modeling Community During Past Years." In Flexible Global Ocean-Atmosphere-Land System Model, 61–65. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-41801-3_9.

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Brazeau, Stéphanie, Cécile Vignolles, Ramesha S. Krishnamurthy, Juli Trtanj, John Haynes, Steven Ramage, Thibault Catry, et al. "Needs, challenges, and opportunities: a review by experts." In Earth observation, public health and one health: activities, challenges and opportunities, 93–103. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781800621183.0003.

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Abstract This book chapter discusses all the information collected has been grouped together into eight categories: (i) aligning with and supporting UN Sustainable Development Goals; (ii) focusing on public health needs and key theme areas for further research; (iii) accessing and developing Earth Observation (EO) and geospatial evidence-based data and products leveraging public health capacities; (iv) developing a sustainable community of practice; (v) developing knowledge and know-how; (vi) developing solutions: methods, tools, and systems; (vii) implementing technical infrastructures and technologies; and (viii) participating in EO satellite mission development for monitoring disease risks. One such advancement attributable to Landsat data is the ability to monitor changing patterns in forest cover loss and human encroachment on previously wild areas that allows for better prediction of zoonotic disease emergence. For example, the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) sensors onboard the US Aqua and Terra satellites offer atmosphere, land, cryosphere, and ocean products that are used in several user communities. MODIS indicator data sets have been so successful that they do not require additional remote sensing analysis; they can be used directly in predictive models. Some EO satellite systems offer ARD (i.e. pre-processed images) and related information products derived from the raw data stream generated by the satellite instruments and the use of algorithms.
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Rale, Vinay, and Pooja Tendulkar. "Common Duckweeds as a Model System for Climate Change Impact Assessment." In Reconsidering the Impact of Climate Change on Global Water Supply, Use, and Management, 364–72. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1046-8.ch019.

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Common duckweeds – Lemna – are free-floating aquatic macrophytes belonging to Lemnaceae family. They occur universally, in tropical and temperate zones and are enabled to grow in stagnant, slow-flowing, nutrient-enriched waters. They have an ability to grow over a wide range of temperatures (6 – 33 0C) and pH (optimum 5.5 – 7.5). Lemna species also manifest a characteristic macrophyte community in association with plants functioning as a dominant primary producer. Asexual mode of reproduction is exclusive and therefore, all resources are directed towards vegetative growth. Structure wise they show leaflets (frond) and root-like diffuse form. This simple morphological and physiological form offers special scientific and engineering properties – reflected in easy handling and manipulation under laboratory conditions. As a result they are regarded as a model plant system for a number of chemical and biogeochemical studies. Climate change affects plant growth and physiology. For example, increasing atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) and ozone (O3) or increase in ultraviolet (UV) radiation (due to the thinning of the ozone layer) can have pronounced effects on the growth and development of plants. In many instances the decrease in growth rate can create disturbances in photosynthetic processes. In the recent past there has been a surge in the interest in looking for alternative remediation technologies to meet formidable demands of polluting materials and situations. One such approach is phytoremediation – the use of plants and associated microbes for environmental cleanup. Cardinal points in favour of such an approach are – cost-effectiveness, natural energy-driven and minimal capital and running costs. Potency of Lemna spp. as a phytoremediation agent as well as its limitations haven dealt with in details in literature. Moreover, Lemna spp. are accepted and highly standardized as test organisms in aquatic ecotoxicology. The authors have shown earlier that Lemna spp. can play a vital role in combating pollution burden in a glaring local situation of river pollution. However, the recent trend in research indicates that Lemna spp (duckweeds at large) can play a critical and sensitive role in being an indicator of overt and subtle climate change. The following is an attempt to take a review of such recent trends.
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"Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation." In Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation, edited by Joseph DeAlteris, Laura Skrobe, and Christine Lipsky. American Fisheries Society, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569124.ch16.

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<em>Abstract.</em> —Seabed disturbance by mobile bottom-fishing gear has emerged as a major concern related to the conservation of essential fish habitat. Unquestionably, dredges and trawls disturb the seabed. However, the seabed is also disturbed by natural physical and biological processes. The biological communities that utilize a particular habitat have adapted to that environment through natural selection, and, therefore, the impact of mobile fishing gear on the habitat structure and biological community must be scaled against the magnitude and frequency of seabed disturbance due to natural causes. Fishers operating in the mouth of Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island use trawls to harvest lobsters, squid, and finfish and dredges to harvest mussels. These mobile fishing gears impact rock, sand, and mud substrates. Side-scan sonar data from 1995 with 200% coverage were available from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for the mouth of Narragansett Bay. Analysis of these data indicates that evidence of bottom scarring by the fishing gear is restricted to deeper waters with a seabed composition of soft cohesive sediments, despite the observation that fishing activity is ubiquitous throughout the bay mouth. A quantitative model has been developed to compare the magnitude and frequency of natural seabed disturbance to mobile fishing gear disturbance. Wave and tidal currents at the seabed are coupled with sediment characteristics to estimate the degree of seabed disturbance. Field experiments designed to compare the longevity of bottom scars indicate that scars in shoal waters and sand sediments are short-lived, as compared to scars in deep water and mud sediments, which are long-lasting. Finally, the model results are compared to the recovery time of sediments disturbed by the interaction of the fishing gear with the seabed. The impact of mobile fishing gear on the seabed must be evaluated in light of the degree of seabed disturbance due to natural phenomena. The application of this model on a larger scale to continental shelf waters and seabed sediment environments will allow for the identification of problematic areas relative to the degradation of essential fish habitat by mobile fishing gear.
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"Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation." In Fish Habitat: Essential Fish Habitat and Rehabilitation, edited by Joseph DeAlteris, Laura Skrobe, and Christine Lipsky. American Fisheries Society, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781888569124.ch16.

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<em>Abstract.</em> —Seabed disturbance by mobile bottom-fishing gear has emerged as a major concern related to the conservation of essential fish habitat. Unquestionably, dredges and trawls disturb the seabed. However, the seabed is also disturbed by natural physical and biological processes. The biological communities that utilize a particular habitat have adapted to that environment through natural selection, and, therefore, the impact of mobile fishing gear on the habitat structure and biological community must be scaled against the magnitude and frequency of seabed disturbance due to natural causes. Fishers operating in the mouth of Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island use trawls to harvest lobsters, squid, and finfish and dredges to harvest mussels. These mobile fishing gears impact rock, sand, and mud substrates. Side-scan sonar data from 1995 with 200% coverage were available from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for the mouth of Narragansett Bay. Analysis of these data indicates that evidence of bottom scarring by the fishing gear is restricted to deeper waters with a seabed composition of soft cohesive sediments, despite the observation that fishing activity is ubiquitous throughout the bay mouth. A quantitative model has been developed to compare the magnitude and frequency of natural seabed disturbance to mobile fishing gear disturbance. Wave and tidal currents at the seabed are coupled with sediment characteristics to estimate the degree of seabed disturbance. Field experiments designed to compare the longevity of bottom scars indicate that scars in shoal waters and sand sediments are short-lived, as compared to scars in deep water and mud sediments, which are long-lasting. Finally, the model results are compared to the recovery time of sediments disturbed by the interaction of the fishing gear with the seabed. The impact of mobile fishing gear on the seabed must be evaluated in light of the degree of seabed disturbance due to natural phenomena. The application of this model on a larger scale to continental shelf waters and seabed sediment environments will allow for the identification of problematic areas relative to the degradation of essential fish habitat by mobile fishing gear.
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Hall, Edward. "Rethinking Responses to Hate: Towards a Socio-ecological Approach." In Landscapes of Hate, 217–37. Policy Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529215175.003.0012.

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Current hate crime policy and practice is dominated by a criminal justice approach, focused on reporting and prosecuting acts of harassment and violence. While this is crucially important for victims and wider communities, it does not address the micro and local contexts, and wider structural factors, that contribute to the production of hate. The chapter adopts a socio-ecological model to examine the different scales of influence that shape the incidence of hate, and to identify potential points and spaces for intervention. This model draws on an emerging public health approach to hate, emphasizing preventative measures. The chapter discusses examples of prevention, including Community Safety Partnerships, safe spaces, addressing broader causal factors or ‘atmospheres’; and non-criminal justice responses, including restorative justice, community-based initiatives to improve social relations and celebrate diversity, and information and education campaigns.
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Brahimi, Tayeb, and Ion Paraschivoiu. "Aerodynamic Analysis and Performance Prediction of VAWT and HAWT Using CARDAAV and Qblade Computer Codes." In Entropy and Exergy in Renewable Energy [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96343.

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Wind energy researchers have recently invited the scientific community to tackle three significant wind energy challenges to transform wind power into one of the more substantial, low-cost energy sources. The first challenge is to understand the physics behind wind energy resources better. The second challenge is to study and investigate the aerodynamics, structural, and dynamics of large-scale wind turbine machines. The third challenge is to enhance grid integration, network stability, and optimization. This chapter book attempts to tackle the second challenge by detailing the physics and mathematical modeling of wind turbine aerodynamic loads and the performance of horizontal and vertical axis wind turbines (HAWT & VAWT). This work underlines success in the development of the aerodynamic codes CARDAAV and Qbalde, with a focus on Blade Element Method (BEM) for studying the aerodynamic of wind turbines rotor blades, calculating the induced velocity fields, the aerodynamic normal and tangential forces, and the generated power as a function of a tip speed ration including dynamic stall and atmospheric turbulence. The codes have been successfully applied in HAWT and VAWT machines, and results show good agreement compared to experimental data. The strength of the BEM modeling lies in its simplicity and ability to include secondary effects and dynamic stall phenomena and require less computer time than vortex or CFD models. More work is now needed for the simulation of wind farms, the influence of the wake, the atmospheric wind flow, the structure and dynamics of large-scale machines, and the enhancement of energy capture, control, stability, optimization, and reliability.
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Conference papers on the topic "Community Atmospheric Model"

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Hartwell, William T., and David S. Shafer. "The Community Environmental Monitoring Program: A Model for Stakeholder Involvement in Environmental Monitoring." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7180.

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Since 1981, the Community Environmental Monitoring Program (CEMP) has involved stakeholders directly in its daily operation and data collection, as well as in dissemination of information on radiological surveillance in communities surrounding the Nevada Test Site (NTS), the primary location where the United States (US) conducted nuclear testing until 1992. The CEMP is funded by the US Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration, and is administered by the Desert Research Institute (DRI) of the Nevada System of Higher Education. The CEMP provides training workshops for stakeholders involved in the program, and educational outreach to address public concerns about health risk and environmental impacts from past and ongoing NTS activities. The network includes 29 monitoring stations located across an approximately 160,000 km2 area of Nevada, Utah and California in the southwestern US. The principal radiological instruments are pressurized ion chambers for measuring gamma radiation, and particulate air samplers, primarily for alpha/beta detection. Stations also employ a full suite of meteorological instruments, allowing for improved interpretation of the effects of meteorological events on background radiation levels. Station sensors are wired to state-of-the-art dataloggers that are capable of several weeks of on-site data storage, and that work in tandem with a communications system that integrates DSL and wireless internet, land line and cellular phone, and satellite technologies for data transfer. Data are managed through a platform maintained by the Western Regional Climate Center (WRCC) that DRI operates for the U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The WRCC platform allows for near real-time upload and display of current monitoring information in tabular and graphical formats on a public web site. Archival data for each station are also available on-line, providing the ability to perform trending analyses or calculate site-specific exposure rates. This configuration also allows for remote programming and troubleshooting of sensors. Involvement of stakeholders in the monitoring process provides a number of benefits, including increased public confidence in monitoring results, as well as decreasing costs by more than 50 percent from when the program was managed entirely by U.S. federal employees. Additionally, the CEMP provides an ideal platform for testing new environmental sensors.
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Freire-Gormaly, M., and A. M. Bilton. "Optimization of Renewable Energy Power Systems for Remote Communities." In ASME 2015 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2015-47509.

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Many remote communities rely on diesel generators as their primary power source, which is expensive and harmful to the environment. Renewable energy systems, based on photovoltaics and wind turbines, present a more sustainable and potentially cost-effective option for remote communities with abundant sun and wind. Designing and implementing community-owned and operated renewable power generation alternatives for critical infrastructure such as hospitals, water sanitation, and schools is one approach towards community autonomy and resiliency. However, configuring a cost-effective and reliable renewable power system is challenging due to the many design choices to be made, the large variations in the renewable power sources, and the location specific renewable power source availability. This paper presents an optimization-based approach to aid the configuration of a solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine generator and lead-acid battery storage hybrid power system. The approach, implemented in MATLAB, uses a detailed time-series system model to analyze system Loss of Load Probability (LOLP) and a lifetime system cost model to analyze system cost. These models are coupled to a genetic algorithm to perform a multi-objective optimization of system reliability and cost. The method was applied to two case studies to demonstrate the approach: a windy location (Gibraltar, UK), and a predominantly sunny location (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia). Hourly solar and wind resource data was extracted for these locations from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for five-year data sets. The village load requirements were statistically generated from a mean daily load for the community estimated based on the population and basic electricity needs. The case studies demonstrate that the mix and size of technologies is dependent on local climatic conditions. In addition, the results show the tradeoff between system reliability and cost, allowing designers to make important decisions for the remote communities.
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Bolchover, Joshua. "Incremental Development Manual: The Ger Innovation Hub, Mongolia." In 2020 ACSA Fall Conference. ACSA Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.27.

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The traditional Mongolian dwelling or ger has evolved in direct correlation to the demands of nomadic life. However, its mobility, affordability and reproducibility have contributed to a rapid urbanization process in the city of Ulaanbaatar, resulting in the creation of sprawling districts with no basic infrastructure that house over 70% of the city’s population.1 During the cold winters, each household uses coal as their main heating source contributing to toxic atmospheric pollution. The lack of water and sanitation infrastructure is coupled with a lack of community provision in the form of kindergartens, schools and play spaces. As the ger districts gradually transform into more permanent forms of settlement, they are beset with ever-increasing sets of problems that have no easy fix. The implementation of large-scale infrastructure and housing development is unfeasible due to the extent of the settlements and the fact that the majority of residents own their land.2 The aim of the project is to create an Incremental Development Manual as a strategic framework for sustainable and affordable district upgrading. This paper will report o n o one component of t his M anual, T he G er Innovation Hub, a prototype for a community centre that demonstrates a methodology to engage the climate crisis through the intersection between research, design practice, and education. The process includes fieldwork, household surveys, environmental modelling, community workshops, student design-build courses, event programming, financial planning, and in-use performance testing. The paper will explain how the project innovated with passive environmental strategies to provide a low-cost solution to reduce energy consumption and the reliance on coal as a heating source. Operational since January 2020, the article will report on the effectiveness of the prototype in terms of its environmental performance and its capacity to become a model for community provision that can be replicated across other ger district areas.
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Davis, Donald W., and Roland J. Guidry. "University Expertise and the Oil and Gas Industry: Development of Cost Effective Solutions to Applied Oil-Spill-Related Research Issues." In ASME 1997 Turbo Asia Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/97-aa-054.

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Immediately after the Exxon Valdez incident, the United States Oil Pollution Act of 1990 was passed. This Act clarified the lines of responsibility associated with future oil spills. In addition to this Federal legislation, Louisiana lawmakers in 1991 enacted the Oil Spill Prevention and Response Act. Financial awards associated with this Act support a wide-range of research activities. Since 1993, 24 projects have been funded. The scope and nature of this research includes: • Oil Spill Awareness through Geoscience Education (OSAGE); • Used Oil Recycling in Louisiana’s Coastal Communities; • Evaluation and Characterization of Sorbents; • Landsat TM and Synthetic Aperture Radar to Facilitate Coastline Delineation; • Environmental Effects and Effectiveness of In-Situ Burning in Wetlands; • Bioremediation Protocol for Small-Scale Oil Spills; • Oil Spill Risk on Louisiana’s Largest Waterway; • River Time-of-Travel Modeling; • Composting Technology for Practical and Safe Remediation of Oil-Spill Residuals; • Predictability of Oceanic and Atmospheric Conditions off the Mississippi Delta; and • Phytoremediation for Oil Spill Cleanup and Habitat Restoration in Louisiana’s Marshes. Each of these projects, and others, are the result of the marriage of industry and university researchers in the identification and solution of applied oil-spill-related problems. The alliance is a good one. Important environmental issues are addressed because the selection process ensures each research initiative has the potential of being implemented by the response community. The work and knowledge gained from these projects is a clear indication of how industry and the university community can function in a collaborative manner to solve important issues — a significant partnership that clearly shows how both can benefit and a model for others to follow.
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Durocher, Antoine, Gilles Bourque, and Jeffrey M. Bergthorson. "Quantifying the Effect of Kinetic Uncertainties on NO Predictions at Engine-Relevant Pressures in Premixed Methane-Air Flames." In ASME Turbo Expo 2019: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2019-90486.

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Abstract Accurate and robust thermochemical models are required to identify future low-NOx technologies that can meet the increasingly stringent emissions regulations in the gas turbine industry. These mechanisms are generally optimized and validated for specific ranges of operating conditions, which result in an abundance of models offering accurate nominal solutions over different parameter ranges. At atmospheric conditions, and for methane combustion, a relatively good agreement between models and experiments is currently observed. At engine-relevant pressures, however, a large variability in predictions is obtained as the models are often used outside their validation region. The high levels of uncertainty found in chemical kinetic rates enable such discrepancies between models, even as the reactions are within recommended rate values. The current work investigates the effect of such kinetic uncertainties in NO predictions by propagating the uncertainties of 30 reactions, that are both uncertain and important to NO formation, through the combustion model at engine-relevant pressures. Understanding the uncertainty sources in model predictions and their effect on emissions at these pressures is key in developing accurate thermochemical models to design future combustion chambers with any confidence. Lean adiabatic, freely-propagating, laminar flames are therefore chosen to study the effect of parametric kinetic uncertainties. A non-intrusive, level 2, nested sparse-grid approach is used to obtain accurate surrogate models to quantify NO prediction intervals at various pressures. The forward analysis is carried up to 32 atm to quantify the uncertainty in emissions predictions to pressures relevant to the gas turbine community, which reveals that the NO prediction uncertainty decreases with pressure. After performing a Reaction Pathway Analysis, this reduction is attributed to the decreasing contribution of the prompt-NO pathway to total emissions, as the peak CH concentration and the CH layer thickness decrease with pressure. In the studied lean condition, the contribution of the pressure-dependent N2O production route increases rapidly up to 10 atm before stabilizing towards engine-relevant pressures. The uncertain prediction ranges provide insight into the accuracy and precision of simulations at high pressures and warrant further research to constrain the uncertainty limits of kinetic rates to capture NO concentrations with confidence in early design phases.
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Fu, Haohuan, Junfeng Liao, Wei Xue, Lanning Wang, Dexun Chen, Long Gu, Jinxiu Xu, et al. "Refactoring and Optimizing the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) on the Sunway TaihuLight Supercomputer." In SC16: International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis. IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sc.2016.82.

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Kameda, Takahiko, Joji Ishizaka, and Hiroshi Murakami. "Two-phytoplankton community model of primary production for ocean color satellite data." In Second International Asia-Pacific Symposium on Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere, Environment, and Space, edited by Robert J. Frouin, Hiroshi Kawamura, and Motoaki Kishino. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.411670.

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Kedukodi, Sandeep, David Gomez-Ramirez, Srinath V. Ekkad, Hee-Koo Moon, Yong Kim, and Ram Srinivasan. "Analysis on Impact of Turbulence Parameters and Swirl Angle Variation on Isothermal Gas Turbine Combustor Flows." In ASME 2016 Heat Transfer Summer Conference collocated with the ASME 2016 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting and the ASME 2016 14th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ht2016-7134.

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The current computational study deals with the isothermal fluid flow and heat transfer analysis of a gas turbine combustor subject to different boundary conditions. A 90 degree sector model was studied computationally in order to identify the impingement and peak heat transfer locations along the combustor liner in addition to heat transfer augmentation. Validation experiments were carried out for the full scale industrial swirler-fuel nozzle using PIV and IR thermography to obtain flow and heat transfer data. Inlet conditions into the swirler were set to a Reynolds number of 50000 and the outlet was set to atmospheric conditions. The swirler vanes provided a radially varying swirl to the flow entering into the combustor. The k-w SST turbulence model was employed to investigate the effects of different inlet turbulence parameters on the accuracy of the simulation, i.e., calculations with experimental inlet turbulent kinetic energy and deduced dissipation rate profiles, and prescribed constant turbulent intensity and length scale. It was observed that the former provided conforming results with the experiments at specific locations and improved convergence, while both cases showed discrepancy in velocity profiles within the central recirculation region of the combustor. The peak heat transfer and impingement location along the liner were in excellent agreement with the experimental data. However the peak magnitude prediction was over-predicted up to 27%. This discrepancy was attributed to the limitations of two-equation turbulence model predictions near the stagnation region. An additional study was performed to investigate the effect of different inlet swirl angles on the impingement location. It was observed that a higher swirl angle shifts the impingement location upstream. Overall, the present study provides a probe into the capability of steady RANS models to predict combustor swirling flows and wall heat transfer; and also aids in using the steady state results as initialization data for the future scale resolved turbulence model based simulations. In spite of the quantitative discrepancies, the liner heat transfer trends are expected to provide valuable insight to the industrial community in the design of combustor liners based on less expensive computational tools.
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Sparks, L., P. Lyster, J. E. Patterson, and J. L. Fanselow. "Large-Scale Retrieval of Atmospheric Parameters from Remote Sounding Data." In Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1991.ome4.

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The remote sounding instruments that fly as part of NASA's Earth Observing System (EOS) will generate vast quantities of observational data. The analysis of these data will permit nearly continuous monitoring of the global distributions of temperature, pressure, and molecular abundances over a fifteen year period. The EOS program requires that the analysis of each data set be performed rapidly and the results conveyed quickly to the scientific community. Within the context of existing models for atmospheric radiation, these goals may be achieved only by developing retrieval methods that improve upon current rates of data analysis by several orders of magnitude.
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Yang, Zong-Liang, Guo-Yue Niu, and Qianru Zeng. "Impacts of Fractional Snow Cover on Surface Air Temperature in the NCAR Community Atmosphere Model (NCAR-CAM2)." In Ninth Biennial Conference on Engineering, Construction, and Operations in Challenging Environments. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40722(153)38.

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Reports on the topic "Community Atmospheric Model"

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Johannesson, G., and D. Lucas. Detecting and Testing for Structural Error in Computer Models with Application to the Community Atmospheric Model. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1129137.

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Gettelman, Andrew. Collaborative Project. A Flexible Atmospheric Modeling Framework for the Community Earth System Model (CESM). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1224107.

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Zhang, Minghua. Using ARM Measurements to Understand and Reduce the Double ITCZ Biases in the Community Atmospheric Model. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1334768.

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Covey, C. How to run the Venus Community Atmosphere Model. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1238238.

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Liu, Han-Li, Astrid Maute, Liying Qian, Arthur D. Richmond, Raymond G. Roble, and Stanley C. Solomon. Thermospheric/Ionospheric Extension of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada573274.

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Zhang, Guang J. Improving Convection Parameterization Using ARM Observations and NCAR Community Atmosphere Model. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), July 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1088858.

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Long, M. S., William C. Keene, J. Zhang, B. Reichl, Y. Shi, T. Hara, J. S. Reid, et al. Evaluation of Simulated Marine Aerosol Production Using the WaveWatchIII Prognostic Wave Model Coupled to the Community Atmosphere Model within the Community Earth System Model. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1331376.

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Johannesson, Gardar, Donald Lucas, Yun Qian, Laura Painton Swiler, and Timothy Michael Wildey. Sensitivity of precipitation to parameter values in the community atmosphere model version 5. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1204103.

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Covey, C., S. Brandon, P. Bremer, D. Domyancis, X. Garaizar, G. Johannesson, R. Klein, et al. A New Ensemble of Perturbed-Input-Parameter Simulations by the Community Atmosphere Model. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1035301.

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Zhang, Guang J. Improving Convection and Cloud Parameterization Using ARM Observations and NCAR Community Atmosphere Model CAM5. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1331005.

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