Relevant bibliographies by topics / Communism – Hungary – History

Academic literature on the topic 'Communism – Hungary – History'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Communism – Hungary – History"

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H.R.H. "Divided Nations and the Politics of Borders." Nationalities Papers 24, no. 3 (September 1996): 369–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999608408452.

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The ghost of Trianon continues to haunt Central Europe. The consequences of the unmaking of the Habsburg Kingdom of Hungary still confront diplomats, even more so now in the aftermath of communism and the demise of Soviet hegemony. The plight of Hungarian minorities in Hungary's neighboring states is a constant concern to diplomats as satisfactory accommodation of ethnic minorities fails throughout post-communist Eastern Europe. Specifically, a fear of destabilization on account of a crisis related to the several Hungarian minorities scattered in half a dozen adjacent states is never far from the surface.
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Godawa, Grzegorz, and Erzsébet Rákó. "Social Pedagogy Training in Poland and Hungary." Person and the Challenges. The Journal of Theology, Education, Canon Law and Social Studies Inspired by Pope John Paul II 12, no. 2 (September 15, 2022): 163–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15633/pch.12209.

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In the present study we compare the formation and development of Polish and Hungarian social pedagogy. The main aspects of the comparison are the principal stages in the history of social pedagogy, the development of training, and the current situation in Hungary and Poland.The history of social pedagogy can be divided into three stages, following key events in the history of Central and Eastern Europe, as these historical events had an impact on the appearance and development of social pedagogy. The first stage is the early period, in the era before 1945, the second is the period after 1945, when the number of orphaned children increased significantly after the second World War and communism determined the socio-economic development of both Poland and Hungary. The third period started after 1989 when, after the collapse of communism, the development of both countries was placed on new socio-economic foundations, and new social problems appeared in the subsystems of society, which were partly addressed by social pedagogical solutions. In what follows, we give a brief overview of the 20th century history of Polish and Hungarian social pedagogy, the initial period of its formation.
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Deli, Peter. "Esprit and the Soviet Invasions of Hungary and Czechoslovakia." Contemporary European History 9, no. 1 (March 2000): 39–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300001028.

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There has been extensive debate on changing attitudes within the French left-wing intelligentsia in the decades following the Second World War and more specifically on why so many intellectuals became fellow travellers and were attracted to Stalinism in the period between 1945 and 1953. Esprit's reactions to de-Stalinisation from the time of the Russian invasion of Hungary in 1956 to the Soviet suppression of the Czech attempt to reform communism from within in 1968 are of interest, since Esprit was the most prominent Catholic left-wing but non-Marxist journal in France. In view of Esprit's very strong reaction to the Hungarian Revolution, its relative silence in 1968 on the drama that was being played out in Czechoslovakia requires explanation. Finally, because Esprit broke with communism in late 1956, intellectuals writing for that journal experienced little difficulty in adjusting to the new French intellectual climate of the mid-1970s.
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Batkay, William M., and Gyorgy Peteri. "Effects of World War I: War Communism in Hungary." American Historical Review 91, no. 1 (February 1986): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1867323.

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Buclin, Hadrien. "Swiss Intellectuals and the Cold War: Anti-Communist Policies in a Neutral Country." Journal of Cold War Studies 19, no. 4 (December 2017): 137–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws_a_00767.

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Political and cultural life in Switzerland in the 1950s was characterized by a particularly fervent anti-Communism. This position was sustained by Swiss authorities as they promoted “spiritual national defense,” a policy that consisted—in the struggle against Soviet influence—of subsidies for patriotic works of art or essays and the covert prosecution of citizens (in particular, intellectuals and artists) suspected of having Communist sympathies. This article examines the rise of Swiss anti-Communism, including the reestablishment of political censure at the beginning of the Cold War, which led to a series of legal procedures against Communist intellectuals and on several occasions to prison sentences. The article assesses the impact of major international events on official policy measures implemented in Switzerland, including the Korean War, the rise of McCarthyism, and the Soviet intervention in Hungary. It also examines the attenuation of “spiritual national defense” in the 1960s with the rise of East-West détente.
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Sajó, András. "Legal Consequences of Past Collective Wrongdoing after Communism." German Law Journal 6, no. 2 (February 1, 2005): 425–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200013729.

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In these notes, I reflect on the possibilities of confronting the darkest chapters of East-Central European history, namely, genocide. This problem is closely related to the moral refoundation of society, law and politics. My concerns are primarily related to the role of law in the process, both descriptively, by trying to explain very contradictory developments in Hungary, and normatively, by arguing for a shame dictated legal policy.
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Lénárt, András. "La imagen de Hungría en el cine franquista." Acta Hispanica 19 (January 1, 2014): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/actahisp.2014.19.101-111.

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The complex relationship between film and history represents a thoughtprovoking interdisciplinary research field. The formation of a suitable film policy constituted a substantial assignment in all European dictatorships of the 20th century. Among them, the cinema of Francisco Franco's regime was one of the most interesting examples. The Spanish general considered that communism was the most dangerous and a genuinely diabolical enemy of the Christian civilization. In compliance with this obsession, the regime's film industry produced quite a few movies that backed the dictator's deep-rooted anticommunism. Hungary, a Central European country under communist rule, also belonged to this paradigm: Hungarian topics, events and individuals appeared every now and then in those films that discussed the drawbacks and horrors of being part of the Soviet block. In this paper I analyze three Spanish propaganda movies from the 1950's where Hungary and Hungarians played a central role.
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Hanebrink, Paul. "Islam, Anti-Communism, and Christian Civilization: The Ottoman Menace in Interwar Hungary." Austrian History Yearbook 40 (April 2009): 114–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0067237809000101.

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On 4 October 1948, József Cardinal Mindszenty preached a sermon for the rosary feast in front of 35,000 Catholic faithful. He began by reminding his congregation of the origins of the feast day that they were celebrating: the victory of Europe's Christian states over the Ottoman Turkish fleet at the naval battle of Lepanto in 1571. This great victory in the struggle of universal Christendom against the infidel enemy recalled to Mindszenty a second, more particularly Hungarian parallel: the victory of Habsburg forces over the Ottoman Turkish enemy at the battle of Temesvár in 1716. “Hungarian history recalls too such a rosary victory—the Hungarian Christians won it over the Turks in 1716 at Temesvár.” Both military victories represented moments when Europeans had repelled a force seen at the time, and ever after, as hostile to Christian civilization.
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Várallyay, Julius. "Roger Gough, A Good Comrade: János Kádár, Communism and Hungary." Journal of Cold War Studies 11, no. 1 (January 2009): 167–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jcws.2009.11.1.167.

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Hanebrink, Paul. "European Protestants Between Anti-Communism and Anti-Totalitarianism: The Other Interwar Kulturkampf?" Journal of Contemporary History 53, no. 3 (July 21, 2017): 622–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009417704894.

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In the late 1930s, Protestants across Europe debated how best to resist the threat of encroaching secularism and radical secular politics. Some insisted that communism remained the greatest threat to Europe’s Christian civilization, while others used new theories of totalitarianism to imagine Nazism and communism as different but equal menaces. This article explores debates about Protestantism, secularism, and communism in three locations – Hungary, Germany, and Great Britain. It concludes that Protestants perceived Europe’s culture war against secularism in very different ways, according to their geopolitical location. The points of conflict between Europe’s Protestants foreshadowed the dramatic shifts in the coordinates of Protestant Europe’s culture wars after 1945.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Communism – Hungary – History"

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Szigeti, Thomas Andrew. "Bridge Over Troubled Waters:Hungarian Nationalist Narratives and Public Memory of Francis Joseph." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429889907.

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Csipke, Zoltan Pal. "The 1956 revolution and the politics of history and memory in post-communist Hungary." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.526835.

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Calkin, Rachael. ""Cracking the Stalinist crust" : the impact of 1956 on the Australian Communist Party /." Saarbrücken : VDM-Verl, 2009. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=017394864&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.

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Bauquet, Nicolas. "Pouvoir, Eglise et société en Hongrie communiste, 1944-1964 : histoire intérieure d’une domination." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013IEPP0045/document.

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Cette thèse retrace l’évolution des rapports entre le pouvoir communiste, l’institution ecclésiastique et les laïcs catholiques en Hongrie, de l’arrivée de l’Armée rouge, à la fin de l’année 1944, jusqu’à la signature de l’Accord partiel entre le Saint-Siège et le gouvernement hongrois, le 15 septembre 1964. Elle retrace le processus au terme duquel la domination communiste a été profondément intériorisée, aussi bien par les membres du clergé que par les fidèles eux-mêmes. Elle cherche aussi à comprendre de quelle manière cette domination a pu influer sur l’évolution de la vie ecclésiale et religieuse. Elle vise enfin à reconstituer la dynamique politique qui a porté cette volonté de domination, et la manière dont elle s’est transformée, notamment après le choc de la révolution de 1956. La thèse s’appuie sur un large corpus de sources inédites ou publiées, issues aussi bien de l’appareil de l’Etat-Parti (police politique, Bureau des Affaires ecclésiastiques, département de l’agit-prop du Parti) que de celui de l’Eglise (archives épiscopales, des ordres religieux ou des paroisses), corpus complété par des témoignages et des archives orales, produits avant comme après la chute du régime communiste. La thèse est divisée en trois grandes parties chronologiques : les années d’après-guerre, de 1944 à 1948 ; les années staliniennes, de 1948 à 1956 ; les premières années du kadarisme, de 1956 à 1964. A ce découpage chronologique se superpose une structure qui distingue les trois points de vue étudiés dans la thèse : celui de l’appareil communiste, celui de l’institution ecclésiastique et de la société cléricale, et enfin celui des laïcs
This thesis reconstructs the development of relations among the Communist regime, the Church, and the Catholic laity in Hungary, from the arrival of the Red Army at the end of 1944 through the signing of the Partial Agreement between the Holy See and the Hungarian government on 15 September 1964. The thesis takes as its task the reconstruction of a process under whose auspices Communist domination was deeply internalized, as much by members of the clergy as by the faithful themselves. It seeks also to understand the manner in which that domination was able to shape the development of ecclesiastical and religious life. Finally, it aims to reconstruct the political dynamics that brought about this bid for domination and the manner in which that bid was subsequently transformed, particularly following the shock of the Revolution of 1956. The thesis is based on a large body of unpublished and published sources, hailing from the Party-State apparatus (political police, Office of Ecclesiastical Affairs, the Party agit-prop department) as well as the Church (collections of the Episcopate, religious orders, and parishes), supplemented by oral history testimony gathered both before and after the fall of the Communist regime
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APOR, Peter. "Corpus communismi mysticum :history, politics and continuity in communist Hungary." Doctoral thesis, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/5706.

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Examining board: Bo Stråth, European University Institute ; István Rév, Central European University ; Luisa Passerini, European University Institute ; Andrea Pető, European University Institute
Defence date: 11 June 2002
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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APOR, Balazs. "Methods of cult-building and cult-dismantling in communist Hungary : the case of Mátyás Rákosi, 1945-1956." Doctoral thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/6594.

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Defence date: 29 September 2006
Examining board: Prof. Arfon Rees (Supervisor) ; Prof. László Bruszt ; Prof. Robert Service ; Prof. Árpád von Klimo
PDF of thesis uploaded from the Library digitised archive of EUI PhD theses completed between 2013 and 2017
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Cortez, Gabriel A. "Education, politics, and a hunger strike : a popular movement's struggle for education in Chicago's Little Village community /." 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3314751.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2008.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-05, Section: A, page: 1705. Adviser: James D. Anderson. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 170-176) Available on microfilm from Pro Quest Information and Learning.
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Csiszer, Monika. "Towards a new vision of the laity and their mission : an exploration of the response of the Roman Catholic Church in Hungary to the Vatican II documents." Diss., 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/2493.

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The present study explores how the guiding principles and aspirations of the II Vatican Council concerning the theological status and significance of the laity and their involvement in the apostolic mission of God come to fruition in the `movement church' within the Roman Catholic Church of Hungary. The restoration of the lay status and function, distorted through the centuries in the Roman Catholic Church worldwide, is a crucial and indispensable task of the Roman Catholic Church if she wants to fulfil her prophetic, pastoral and holistic mission. This is indispensable for the Church to become what she really is, the eschatological people of God. Two revival movements in the Roman Catholic Church in Hungary are studied: the Bokor Movement and the Roman Catholic Charismatic Movement from the perspective of the role of the laity.
Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology
M.Th. (Missiology)
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Books on the topic "Communism – Hungary – History"

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Watson, Sandy. One perfect day: Hungary, 1956. East Melbourne, Victoria: Lacuna, 2013.

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From Béla Kun to János Kádár: Seventy years of Hungarian communism. New York: Berg, 1990.

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The history of the working class movement in Hungary. [Budapest]: Corvina, 1988.

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Roman, Eric. The Stalin years in Hungary. Lewiston, NY: E. Mellen Press, 1999.

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Retroactive justice: Prehistory of post-communism. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 2005.

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Hungary from the Nazis to the Soviets: The establishment of the Communist regime in Hungary, 1944-1948. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006.

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A communist odyssey: The life of József Pogány/John Pepper. Buapest: Central European University Press, 2012.

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Red conspirator: J. Peters and the American communist underground. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2011.

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Berényi, Zoltán. Constitutional democracy and civil society in post-communist Hungary. Budapest: Research Center of Ethno-regional Studies at the Institut for Political Science of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1999.

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Saxonberg, Steven. The fall: Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, and Poland in a comparative perspective. Uppsala: Uppsala University, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "Communism – Hungary – History"

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Szegedy-Maszák, Mihály. "The Introduction of Communist Censorship in Hungary 1945–49)." In Comparative History of Literatures in European Languages, 114. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/chlel.xxii.18sze.

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Dobos, Balázs. "Cultural Autonomy, Safe Haven or Window-Dressing? Institutions Maintained by Minority Self-Governments in Hungary." In Realising Linguistic, Cultural and Educational Rights Through Non-Territorial Autonomy, 155–70. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-19856-4_11.

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AbstractIn the history of national cultural autonomy (NCA) in Hungary, the emphasis since the mid-2000s has been placed on institutionalisation, with the aim of establishing, or taking over and maintaining various cultural and educational institutions with appropriate budget support by the minority self-governments (MSGs), the local variants of NCA. However, in practice this remained mostly on paper in the 1990s. But now there are hundreds of institutions—kindergartens, primary and secondary schools, dormitories, museums, libraries, theatres, research institutes, etc.—that are run by minorities. In this way, MSGs have become main actors in implementing linguistic, cultural and educational minority rights in the country.This is all the more important because recent experiences have shown that the transmission of minority languages ​​and identities in families is now largely interrupted, and minority educational institutions have an increasingly important role to play. However, this has been somewhat controversial, and still characterises minorities to varying extents, with those previously recognised in the communist era remaining in better positions with their pre-existing networks of institutions. It has only been possible for the establishment of these institutions, recognised later under the 1993 Minority Act, to begin in the last two decades. In some places, the idea of MSGs taking over existing institutions met resistance from the local populations, especially parents. In other places, especially during the Orbán governments in the 2010s, such a takeover became a kind of escape route so that the school in the municipality would neither be closed, nor continue to be maintained by the state or the churches. It has also been a question of how these minority schools perform on a variety of indicators, and thus whether it is worthwhile for parents to enrol their children. In addition, some ‘institutions’, especially certain ‘research centres’ employing only one person, cannot be considered real institutions. To address the issues above, the major aim of the study is to introduce and analyse the complex process of institutionalisation, and to summarise and evaluate its experiences, especially with regard to the impact of these institutions on the linguistic, cultural and educational rights of minorities.
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Gyóni, Eszter Cúthné. "In the Shadow of the Communist Power. A History of the Catholic Church in Hungary from the Conclusion of World War II until the Trials known as the „Black Ravens” series." In Christen und totalitäre Herrschaft in den Ländern Ostmittel- und Südosteuropas von 1945 bis in die 1960er Jahre, 245–60. Köln: Böhlau Verlag, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7788/9783412527501.245.

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Uslaner, Eric M. "Poland and Hungary." In National Identity and Partisan Polarization, 98—C7.T2. Oxford University PressNew York, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197633946.003.0007.

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Abstract Hungary and Poland were formerly ruled by Communist governments imposed by the Soviet Union. Both had long histories of their own culture, based upon ethnic heritage and religion. Once Communism was overthrown, both had brief periods of liberal democracy. The countries did not have a long history of democratic values and viewed immigrants as threats to their lineage. The ruling parties now favor exclusivist national identities but generous support for people of their own blood lines. They worry that people who are not of their ethnicity or religion threaten their historic cultures and have taken actions to restrict the rights of Muslims, Jews, and gays and lesbians.
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Apor, Péter. "Canons of Civilization and Experiments of Spectacle: Exhibiting Contemporary History in Hungary." In Occupation and Communism in Eastern European Museums. Bloomsbury Academic, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350103733.ch-011.

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Manchin, Anna. "Rethinking Jewishness in Networked Publics: The Case of Post-Communist Hungary." In Connected Jews, 261–78. Liverpool University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906764869.003.0011.

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This chapter cites scholars that viewed the fall of communism in 1989 as a potential turning point for east European Jewish communities. It explains how political freedom promised new possibilities for organizing religious and secular Jewish life and for representing individual Jewish identities and communities. It also describes what form political change could take that will lead to a new flourishing of Jewish religion and culture. The chapter talks about Hungary's Hungarian-born Jewish population in Budapest that represents the largest community in any central European city and was thought to hold great potential for community building. It discusses how Jews were partaking in new manifestations of cultural ethnicity, such as an interest in Jewish history.
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Bobryk, Roman. "Hungary – The East or the West? The Image of Hungary in Contemporary Polish Literature and Popular Tourist Guides." In At the Crossroads of the East and the West: The Problem of Borderzone in Russian and Central European Cultures, 413–26. Institute of Slavic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/4465-3095-3.19.

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The image of Hungary in Poland has remained positive for centuries. There is even a famous proverb: “The Pole, the Hungarian are twobrothers...”. However, this image has been changing in the last decade depending on political conditions, on the point of view of the narrator, and, occasionally, on her political views. In the 1970s and 1980s, Hungary seemed a Western country to the Poles who visited it. In modern Polish literature, the Hungarian topic is present primarily in essays. A special place in this respect is taken by the series of three books by the writer of Polish-Hungarian origin, Krzysztof Varga, who talks about Hungarian history and modernity. In the documentary essays of Andrzej Stasiuk, Hungary is usually represented as a transit country. The writer expresses, among other things, the opinion that “to the East and South of Prague and Budapest begins something like terra incognita.” Ziemowit Szczerek describes Hungary differently. He emphasises that due to the affiliation to Habsburg Empire, it belonged to the Western civilization for a long time, but years of communism made it different from modern Western standards in many aspects.
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Nadkarni, Maya. "Recovering National Victimhood at the House of Terror." In Remains of Socialism, 112–37. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501750175.003.0005.

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This chapter explores how the center-right, Fidesz-led coalition government revived remains as a looming threat in Hungary's postsocialist culture and politics at the time of the 2002 elections. It talks about Fidesz's creation of the House of Terror, a controversial museum to commemorate Hungary's victims of fascism and communism, that became the key to the shift in the politics of memory. It looks at the purpose of the House of Terror in reviving the remains of socialism as a hidden danger that threatened Hungary. Although the Statue Park Museum's democratic preservation of socialism's monuments ultimately attracted few visitors, the House of Terror's history of victimization would make it enduringly popular with a public that increasingly blamed the persistence of socialist remains for the failure to enter transition's promised future. The chapter also reviews the efforts in funding the creation of the House of Terror.
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Nadkarni, Maya. "The Hole in the Flag." In Remains of Socialism, 51–77. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501750175.003.0003.

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This chapter examines two significant attempts to replace the remains of communist history with new democratic content during the first decade of postsocialism. It describes the political battles to claim the revolutionary inheritance of Hungary's failed rebellion against Soviet rule in 1956. The chapter also discusses the commemorative activities of the center-right Fidesz coalition that was in power between 1998 and 2002. In different ways, it analyzes the two democratic attempts' efforts to transform a national community united by pessimism and perceptions of victimhood into a victorious, forward-looking citizenry. But, like the Statue Park Museum, these attempts to create new historical foundations for postsocialist Hungary would also struggle with the recent memory of Kádárism.
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Péti, Miklós. "Samson." In Locating Milton, 169–90. Liverpool University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781949979725.003.0009.

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Chapter 8 traces the reception history of Milton’s Samson Agonistes in postwar Hungary, showing how Samson becomes a socialist hero and Milton a Communist within the writing and rhetoric of Hungarian writers and scholars. Tracing this reception in scholarly translations of Milton’s work, in the popular socialist press, and in scholarly engagements, it demonstrates how Communists in Hungary incorporated Milton’s work and his hero into a revolutionary aesthetic. It suggests new conceptual angles for a version of Milton as a revolutionary and radical.
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Conference papers on the topic "Communism – Hungary – History"

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Neupauer, František. "Dr. Korbuly Pál, sudca Štátneho súdu v Bratislave." In Protistátní trestné činy včera a dnes. Brno: Masaryk University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5817/cz.muni.p210-9976-2021-10.

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The history of law indeed refers to persons handing down judgments and often offers interesting stories, such as the story of a judge working under various political regimes Dr. Pavel Korbuly (1906–1970). On May 4, 1934, Korbuly was appointed a single judge in criminal matters, after 1948 he became an instrument of justice under the communist regime and was one of the most active judges of the State Court in Bratislava. Prior to the Vienna Arbitration, he was a judge in the Czechoslovak Republic, then in Hungary, and after 1948 he was one of the judges who tried and sentenced victims of the communist regime (more than 500 people) in Slovakia. By the same communist regime, however, Korbuly was later prosecuted due to his active support of the anti-communist uprising in Hungary in 1956. Unlike others, he was one of the judges who had realized their responsibility for convicting the innocent and committed public repentance. From this perspective, his life story is unique in Central Europe as well as worldwide.
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Arapu, Valentin. "From „black plague” to „red plague”: meanings, symbols and impact (historical, literary, medical, imagological and ethnocultural)." In Patrimoniul cultural: cercetare, valorificare, promovare. Institute of Cultural Heritage, Republic of Moldova, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.52603/9789975351379.21.

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The „Black Plague” pandemic (1347–1351) was a biological and epidemiological phenomenon. The term „red plague” was first used by F. Reinhardt in his work „Die Rote Pest” (1930). The „Red Plague” is a plague of Bolshevik / communist ideological, political and military fanaticism, installed in October 1917 in Russia and later spread to several countries. The origin of these two plagues is totally different; at the same time, there are multiple affinities of imagological, symbolic, ethnological, demographic, demonological and semiotic type between them. The medieval plague appeared simultaneously with Death, Hunger and War, respectively, the communist regimes, associated with the „red plague”, are guilty of mass extermination of tens and even hundreds of millions of people worldwide. The “red plague” has far outweighed its disastrous impact on any plague or pandemic in human history.
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